北京
Chinese
north | capital; Beijing (abbrev.) | ||
---|---|---|---|
trad. (北京) | 北 | 京 | |
simp. #(北京) | 北 | 京 | |
Literally: “northern capital”. |
Etymology
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): be2 jin1
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): Быйҗин (Bɨyžin, I-I)
- Cantonese
- (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): bak1 ging1
- (Taishan, Wiktionary): bak2 gen1
- (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): bak1 ging1
- Gan (Wiktionary): bet6 jin1
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): bei2 jing1
- Northern Min (KCR): Bă̤-géng
- Eastern Min (BUC): Báe̤k-gĭng
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 7poq-cin
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): be6 jin1
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄅㄟˇ ㄐㄧㄥ
- Tongyong Pinyin: Běijing
- Wade–Giles: Pei3-ching1
- Yale: Běi-jīng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Beeijing
- Palladius: Бэйцзин (Bɛjczin)
- Sinological IPA (key): /peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄅㄟˇ ㄐㄧㄥㄦ
- Tongyong Pinyin: běijingr
- Wade–Giles: pei3-ching1-ʼrh
- Yale: běi-jīngr
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: beeijiengl
- Palladius: бэйцзинр (bɛjczinr)
- Sinological IPA (key): /peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiɤ̯̃ɻ⁵⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: be2 jin1
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: be gin
- Sinological IPA (key): /pɛ²¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: Быйҗин (Bɨyžin, I-I)
- Sinological IPA (key): /pei²⁴ t͡ɕiŋ²⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: bak1 ging1
- Yale: bāk gīng
- Cantonese Pinyin: bak7 ging1
- Guangdong Romanization: beg1 ging1
- Sinological IPA (key): /pɐk̚⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: bak2 gen1
- Sinological IPA (key): /pak̚⁵⁵ ken³³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: bet6 jin1
- Sinological IPA (key): /pɛt̚⁵ t͡ɕin⁴²/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Pet-kîn
- Hakka Romanization System: bed` gin´
- Hagfa Pinyim: bed5 gin1
- Sinological IPA: /pet̚² kin²⁴/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: bei2 jing1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /pei⁵³ t͡ɕĩŋ¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: Bă̤-géng
- Sinological IPA (key): /pɛ²⁴ keiŋ⁵⁴/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: Báe̤k-gĭng
- Sinological IPA (key): /pøyʔ²⁴⁻²¹ kiŋ⁵⁵/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- Wu
- Xiang
- (Changsha)
- Wiktionary: be6 jin1
- Sinological IPA (key): /pɤ̞²⁴ t͡ɕin³³/
- (Changsha)
- Middle Chinese: pok kjaeng
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*pˤək [k]raŋ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*pɯːɡ kraŋ/
Proper noun
北京
- (~市) Beijing (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)
- 這話本也出在本朝宣德年間,有一老者,姓劉,名德,家佐河西務鎮上。這鎮在運河之旁,離北京有二百里田地,乃各省出入京都的要路。 [Written Vernacular Chinese, trad.]
- From: Feng Menglong, Stories to Awaken the World, 1627 CE
- Zhè huàběn yě chū zài běncháo Xuāndé nián jiān, yǒu yī lǎozhě, xìng Liú, míng Dé, jiā zuǒ Héxīwù zhèn shàng. Zhè zhèn zài yùnhé zhī páng, lí běijīng yǒu èrbǎi lǐ tiándì, nǎi gè shěng chūrù jīngdōu de yàolù. [Pinyin]
- This story took place during the Xuande era of the current dynasty. There was an elderly man named Liu De who resided in Hexiwu town. This town is located beside the canal, about 200 lis away from Peking, and serves as a crucial route for people traveling to and from the capital from various provinces.
这话本也出在本朝宣德年间,有一老者,姓刘,名德,家佐河西务镇上。这镇在运河之旁,离北京有二百里田地,乃各省出入京都的要路。 [Written Vernacular Chinese, simp.]
- (metonymically) Beijing (the government of the People's Republic of China)
- (historical) northern capital
- [5th c. CE] Jiankang (capital of Liu Song dynasty)—in modern-day Nanjing, Jiangsu province
- [5th c. CE] Jingkou (birthplace of Liu Song dynasty)—in modern-day Zhenjiang, Jiangsu province
- [5th c. CE] Pingcheng (capital of Northern Wei dynasty)—in modern-day Datong, Shanxi province
- [8th–10th c. CE] Taiyuan Fu (birthplace of Tang dynasty and many subsequent states)—in modern-day Taiyuan, Shanxi province
- [11th c. CE] Daming Fu (visited by Emperor Zhenzong)—in modern-day Handan, Hebei province
- [12th c. CE] Shangjing Linhuang Fu (one of the capitals of Jin dynasty)—in modern-day Chifeng, Inner Mongolia
- [12th c. CE] Zhongdu (one of the capitals of Jin dynasty)—in modern-day Beijing
- [14th c. CE] Kaifeng Fu (Ming dynasty)—in modern-day Kaifeng, Henan province
Usage notes
- Modern sense since 15th century (capital of Ming, Qing, ROC formerly and now PRC)
- The name was chosen by the Yongle Emperor to distinguish the city from 南京 (Nánjīng, “Nanjing; southern capital”).
Synonyms
- (Beijing): (historical) 北平 (Běipíng), (literary, or ironic, humorous) 帝都 (dìdū), (historical, archaic) 燕京 (Yānjīng)
Derived terms
Descendants
Others:
- → Amis: Piking
- → Arabic: بِكِين (bikīn)
- → Asturian: Beijing
- → Belarusian: Пекі́н (Pjekín)
- → Bengali: বেইজিং (beijiṅ)
- → Bouyei: Bagtjingl
- → Burmese: ပေကျင်း (pe-kyang:), ပီကင်း (pikang:)
- → Catalan: Pequín
- → Czech: Peking
- → Danish: Beijing, Peking
- → Dutch: Peking
- → English: Beijing, Peking, Pei-ching
- → French: Pékin
- → Finnish: Peking, Beijing
- → Georgian: პეკინი (ṗeḳini)
- → German: Peking
- → Greek: Πεκίνο (Pekíno)
- → Hebrew: בייג׳ינג (beijing)
- → Hindi: बेजिंग (bejiṅg)
- → Hlai: Bhakgengs
- → Hungarian: Peking
- → Italian: Pechino
- → Japanese: 北京 (Pekin)
- → Kazakh: Бейжің (Beijıñ)
- → Khmer: ប៉េកាំង (peekang)
- → Korean: 베이징 (Beijing)
- → Lao: ປັກກິງ (pak king)
- → Latin: Pechinum
- → Latvian: Pekina
- → Lithuanian: Pekinas
- → Lü: ᦵᦗᦲᧉᦋᦲᧃᧈ (poe²tsiin¹)
- → Macedonian: Пекинг (Peking)
- → Manchu: ᠪᡝᡤᡳᠩ (beging)
- → Mongolian: Бээжин (Beežin) / ᠪᠡᠭᠡᠵᠢᠩ (begeǰing)
- → Nepali: बेइजिङ (beijiṅ)
- → Nuosu: ꀙꏢ (bip ji)
- → Persian: پکن (pekan)
- → Polish: Pekin
- → Portuguese: Pequim
- → Romanian: Beijing, Pekin
- → Russian: Пеки́н (Pekín)
- → Armenian: Պեկին (Pekin)
- → Serbo-Croatian: Пѐкинг / Pèking, Бејџинг / Bejdžing
- → Slovene: Peking
- → Spanish: Pekín, Pequín
- → Swedish: Peking, Beijing
- → Telugu: బీజింగ్ (bījiṅg)
- → Thai: ปักกิ่ง (bpàk-gìng)
- → Tibetan: པེ་ཅིན (pe cin), པེ་ཅིང (pe cing)
- → Urdu: بیجنگ (bējiṅg)
- → Uyghur: بېيجىڭ (bëyjing)
- → Zhuang: Baekging
See also
- Other capitals in the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China: 南京 (Nánjīng) — 洛陽/洛阳 (Luòyáng) — 西安 (Xī'ān)
- Other directions: 南京 (Nánjīng, “southern capital”) — 東京/东京 (Dōngjīng, “eastern capital”) — 西京 (Xījīng, “western capital”)
Japanese
Etymology 1
Kanji in this term | |
---|---|
北 | 京 |
ぺ Grade: 2 |
きん Grade: 2 |
tōon |
Ultimately from the Nanjing court dialect Mandarin 北京 (Běijīng, literally “northern capital”). Compare Portuguese Pequim, Spanish Pekín, Dutch Peking, English Peking, French Pékin, German Peking, Russian Пекин (Pekin).
Pronunciation
Proper noun
- Beijing (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)
See also
- 北京語 (Pekin-go)
- 北京人 (Pekin-jin)
- 北京ダック (Pekin dakku)
- ペキニーズ (Pekinīzu)
- 南京 (Nankin)
- トンキン (Tonkin)
- 東京 (Tōkyō)
Etymology 2
Kanji in this term | |
---|---|
北 | 京 |
ほく > ほっ Grade: 2 |
きょう Grade: 2 |
on'yomi |
Compound of 北 (hoku, “north”) + 京 (kyō, “capital city”). Attested from the 13th century.[2]
Pronunciation
Proper noun
北京 • (Hokkyō) ←ほくきやう (fokukyau)?
References
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
- ^ “ほっ‐きょう[ホクキャウ] 【北京】”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000
- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
Korean
Hanja in this term | |
---|---|
北 | 京 |
Proper noun
Vietnamese
chữ Hán Nôm in this term | |
---|---|
北 | 京 |
Proper noun
北京
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