Beijing
English
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]- Běijīng (rare)
- Peking (dated)
- Pei-ching, Peiching (uncommon, Wade–Giles)
- Pekin, Pachin, Paquin, Pequin (obsolete)
Etymology
[edit]c. 1958, the atonal Hanyu Pinyin[1] romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 北京 (Běijīng), composed of 北 (“north, northern”) and 京 (jīng, “capital”), distinguishing it from Nanjing to the south, and first applied informally during the reign of the Yongle Emperor of the Ming Dynasty, who preferred to rule from Beijing but was obliged to treat Nanjing as a secondary capital by the dynastic injunctions of his father the Hongwu Emperor. The name continued a practice of several preceding dynasties—especially those of nomadic conquerers from the north such as the Jin and Liao—of maintaining a number of separate capitals designated by their cardinal directions. (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)
Pronunciation
[edit]- IPA(key): /beɪˈd͡ʒɪŋ/, /ˌbeɪˈd͡ʒɪŋ/, enPR: bāʹjǐngʹ
- (hyperforeign) IPA(key): /beɪˈʒɪŋ/, /ˌbeɪˈʒɪŋ/[2]
- Rhymes: -ɪŋ
Proper noun
[edit]Beijing
- A direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China. [from c. 1958]
- 1976 [1966], Hao Ran, “Debut”, in Wong Kam-ming, transl., Revolutionary Literature in China: An Anthology[2], White Plains, New York: M. E. Sharpe, Inc., →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 92:
- Liu Lao-zheng sidled right up to Zao-hua and said: “That’s right. I went to Beijing [Peking] to visit with my daughter. Zao-hua, I hear that you have become the workpoint recorder.” […]
Liu Lao-zheng pulled out an abacus from a sack he was carrying over his shoulder. “Huala, huala,” he shook it several times and said: “I bought one in Beijing. I’ll lend it to you to use.”
- 2020 August 7, Steven Lee Myers, Keith Bradsher, “Beijing Launches Another Demolition Drive, This Time in Its Bucolic Suburbs”, in The New York Times[3], →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 07 August 2020, Asia Pacific[4]:
- Backhoes moved house by house, laying waste to a community called Xitai that was built in a plush green valley on the northern edge of Beijing, only a short walk from the Great Wall of China.
- 2022 October 24, Yuan Li, “A Lonely Protest in Beijing Inspires Young Chinese to Find Their Voice”, in The New York Times[5], →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 24 October 2022, Business[6]:
- A protester unfurled two banners on a highway overpass in central Beijing on Oct. 13, denouncing Xi Jinping as a “despotic traitor.” China’s censors went to great lengths to scrub the internet of any reference to the act of dissent, prohibiting all discussion and shutting down many offending social media accounts.
- 2023 March 22, “China: Sandstorms blanket Beijing as air pollution spikes”, in Deutsche Welle[7], archived from the original on 22 March 2023[8]:
- Beijing regularly faces dust storms in March and April due to its proximity to the Gobi desert as well as deforestation throughout northern China.
- For more quotations using this term, see Citations:Beijing.
- (metonymically) The government of the People's Republic of China. [from late 20th c.]
- 1980, Melvin Gurton, Byong-Moo Hwang, China under Threat: The Politics of Strategy and Diplomacy[9], Johns Hopkins University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 210:
- In Beijing’s view, in the absence of an explicit treaty provision, the central line of the main channel—the Thalweg principle—provided a legal basis for delimiting the boundary in the two rivers. On this basis, Beijing claimed that 600 of the rivers’ 700 islands—including Zhenbao Island on the Ussuri River, just 180 miles southwest of an important Soviet city, Khabarovsk—belonged to the P.R.C.
- 1992, Richard Nixon, “The Pacific Triangle”, in Seize the Moment[10], Simon & Schuster, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 181:
- In the Shanghai Communiqué of 1972, we recognized the fact that both Beijing and Taipei viewed Taiwan as part of China but unequivocally expressed our support for a peaceful settlement of the unification issue. While we should not alter the fundamental pillars of our policy, we should consider certain steps that will raise Taiwan's international standing.
- 2022 June 2, Cate Cadell, Ellen Nakashima, “Beijing chafes at Moscow’s requests for support, Chinese officials say”, in The Washington Post[11], →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 06 June 2022[12]:
- Russian officials have raised increasingly frustrated requests for greater support during discussions with Beijing in recent weeks, calling on China to live up to its affirmation of a “no limits” partnership made weeks before the war in Ukraine began. But China’s leadership wants to expand assistance for Russia without running afoul of Western sanctions and has set limits on what it will do, according to Chinese and U.S. officials.
- 2023 June 15, Didi Tang, “Spotify removes protest song Glory to Hong Kong”, in The Times[13], →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 15 June 2023, World[14]:
- While Beijing has credited the law with restoring peace and order to the city, it has been criticised by rights groups and western governments for imprisoning pro-democracy activists and undermining civil freedoms.
- For more quotations using this term, see Citations:Beijing.
Usage notes
[edit]Rarely used until 1979.[3] Can appear as Běijīng in English language texts with code-switching. Note that cultural terms such as Peking duck, Pekingese, Peking opera and Peking University usually still occur with Peking, though Beijing is sometimes still used: compare Beijing duck, Beijingese and Beijing opera etc.
Synonyms
[edit]- (capital):
- (Chinese government): Zhongnanhai
Coordinate terms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Translations
[edit]
|
See also
[edit]Provinces: Anhui · Fujian · Guangdong · Gansu · Guizhou · Henan · Hubei · Hebei · Hainan · Heilongjiang · Hunan · Jilin · Jiangsu · Jiangxi · Liaoning · Qinghai · Sichuan · Shandong · Shaanxi · Shanxi · Taiwan (claimed) · Yunnan · Zhejiang |
Autonomous regions: Guangxi · Inner Mongolia · Ningxia · Tibet Autonomous Region · Xinjiang |
Municipalities: Beijing · Tianjin · Shanghai · Chongqing |
Special administrative regions: Hong Kong · Macau |
References
[edit]- ^ “Languages Other than English”, in The Chicago Manual of Style[1], Seventeenth edition, University of Chicago Press, 2017, , →LCCN, →OCLC, page 652: “Wade-Giles Postal atlas Pinyin […] Pei-ching (Pei-p’ing) Peking (Peiping) Beijing”
- ^ Chung, Karen Steffen (2016) “Wade–Giles Romanization System”, in The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Chinese Language, Taylor & Francis, →ISBN, →OCLC: “Some good choices still ended up causing confusion, such as the now nearly universal pronunciation of the Pinyin 'j' as in 'Beijing' as [ʒ] instead of [dʒ] as in jingle, which would be a very close approximation of the correct [tɕ].”
- ^ Wade-Giles-romanization, in Encyclopædia Britannica: "The Chinese themselves experimented with several systems to transcribe local expressions for non-Chinese publications, but in mainland China these were all replaced officially in 1979 by the clearer Pinyin romanization system."
Further reading
[edit]- “Beijing”, in Collins English Dictionary.
- Beijing, Peking, Pei-ching, Peiching at the Google Ngram Viewer.
- “Beijing, pn.”, in Lexico, Dictionary.com; Oxford University Press, 2019–2022.
- “Beijing”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.
- “Beijing”, in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 1996–present.
- “Beijing” in TheFreeDictionary.com, Huntingdon Valley, Pa.: Farlex, Inc., 2003–2024.
- Saul B. Cohen, editor (2008), “Beijing”, in The Columbia Gazetteer of the World[15], 2nd edition, volume 1, New York: Columbia University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 359-360
Asturian
[edit]Proper noun
[edit]Beijing ?
- Alternative form of Beixín
Central Huasteca Nahuatl
[edit]Proper noun
[edit]Beijing
- Beijing (the capital city of China)
Finnish
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Proper noun
[edit]Beijing (rare)
- Alternative form of Peking.
Declension
[edit]Inflection of Beijing (Kotus type 5/risti, no gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
nominative | Beijing | — | |
genitive | Beijingin | — | |
partitive | Beijingiä | — | |
illative | Beijingiin | — | |
singular | plural | ||
nominative | Beijing | — | |
accusative | nom. | Beijing | — |
gen. | Beijingin | ||
genitive | Beijingin | — | |
partitive | Beijingiä | — | |
inessive | Beijingissä | — | |
elative | Beijingistä | — | |
illative | Beijingiin | — | |
adessive | Beijingillä | — | |
ablative | Beijingiltä | — | |
allative | Beijingille | — | |
essive | Beijinginä | — | |
translative | Beijingiksi | — | |
abessive | Beijingittä | — | |
instructive | — | — | |
comitative | See the possessive forms below. |
Possessive forms of Beijing (Kotus type 5/risti, no gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
French
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Borrowed from Mandarin 北京 (Běijīng). Doublet of Pékin.
Pronunciation
[edit]Proper noun
[edit]Beijing ?
- (chiefly North America) Synonym of Pékin
German
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Proper noun
[edit]Beijing n (proper noun, genitive Beijings or (optionally with an article) Beijing)
- (uncommon) Synonym of Peking
- 2023 December 3, Shi Ming, “Chinas neue Westpolitik: Lieber zweimal hinsehen”, in Die Tageszeitung: taz[16], →ISSN:
- Als im September die deutsche Außenministerin Annalena Baerbock im US-Fernsehen Chinas Staats- und Parteichef Xi Jinping unverhüllt als Diktator bezeichnete, bestellte Beijing umgehend den deutschen Botschafter ein.
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
Further reading
[edit]- “Beijing” in Duden online
- Beijing, Peking at the Google Ngram Viewer.
Norwegian Bokmål
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]- Peking (“Peking”)
Etymology
[edit]From Mandarin Chinese 北京 (Běijīng, “Beijing”), first part from 北 (“northern”), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ba (“to carry (on back), shoulder”). Last part from 京 (jīng, “capital”), either from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-gaŋ (“hill, ridge, mountain”), or of Austroasiatic origin.
Pronunciation
[edit]Proper noun
[edit]Beijing
- Beijing (the capital city of China)
- Historisk har Beijing først og fremst vært et sentrum for administrasjon, kultur og åndsliv.
- Historically, Beijing has primarily been a center of administration, culture and intellectual life.
- Historisk har Beijing først og fremst vært et sentrum for administrasjon, kultur og åndsliv.
Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]- “Beijing” in Store norske leksikon
Portuguese
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Unadapted borrowing from Mandarin 北京 (Běijīng). Doublet of Pequim.
Proper noun
[edit]Beijing
- Synonym of Pequim
Romanian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Borrowed from Mandarin 北京 (Běijīng).
Pronunciation
[edit]Proper noun
[edit]Beijing n
- Beijing (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)
Declension
[edit]singular | ||
---|---|---|
n gender | indefinite articulation | definite articulation |
nominative/accusative | (un) Beijing | Beijingul |
genitive/dative | (unui) Beijing | Beijingului |
vocative | Beijingule |
Spanish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Borrowed from Mandarin 北京 (Běijīng). Doublet of Pekín.
Pronunciation
[edit]
- Rhymes: -in
- Syllabification: Bei‧jing
Proper noun
[edit]Beijing ?
- Synonym of Pekín
- English terms borrowed from Hanyu Pinyin
- English terms derived from Hanyu Pinyin
- English terms borrowed from Mandarin
- English terms derived from Mandarin
- English terms borrowed from Chinese
- English terms derived from Chinese
- English 2-syllable words
- English terms with IPA pronunciation
- English terms with audio links
- Rhymes:English/ɪŋ
- Rhymes:English/ɪŋ/2 syllables
- English lemmas
- English proper nouns
- English uncountable nouns
- en:Beijing
- en:Municipalities of China
- en:Cities in China
- en:National capitals
- en:Places in China
- English terms with quotations
- English metonyms
- en:Chinese politics
- Asturian lemmas
- Asturian proper nouns
- Central Huasteca Nahuatl lemmas
- Central Huasteca Nahuatl proper nouns
- nch:Beijing
- nch:Cities in China
- nch:National capitals
- nch:Places in China
- Finnish 2-syllable words
- Finnish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Finnish/eijiŋː
- Rhymes:Finnish/eijiŋː/2 syllables
- Finnish lemmas
- Finnish proper nouns
- Finnish rare terms
- Finnish risti-type nominals
- Finnish uncountable nouns
- French terms borrowed from Mandarin
- French terms derived from Mandarin
- French doublets
- French 2-syllable words
- French terms with IPA pronunciation
- French lemmas
- French proper nouns
- North American French
- German 2-syllable words
- German terms with IPA pronunciation
- German lemmas
- German proper nouns
- German neuter nouns
- German terms with uncommon senses
- German terms with quotations
- Norwegian Bokmål terms derived from Mandarin
- Norwegian Bokmål terms derived from Chinese
- Norwegian Bokmål terms derived from Proto-Sino-Tibetan
- Norwegian Bokmål terms derived from Austroasiatic languages
- Norwegian Bokmål terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Norwegian Bokmål/ɪŋ
- Norwegian Bokmål lemmas
- Norwegian Bokmål proper nouns
- nb:Beijing
- nb:Cities in China
- nb:National capitals
- nb:Places in China
- Portuguese terms borrowed from Mandarin
- Portuguese unadapted borrowings from Mandarin
- Portuguese terms derived from Mandarin
- Portuguese doublets
- Portuguese lemmas
- Portuguese proper nouns
- Romanian terms borrowed from Mandarin
- Romanian terms derived from Mandarin
- Romanian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Romanian lemmas
- Romanian proper nouns
- Romanian neuter nouns
- ro:Beijing
- ro:Municipalities of China
- ro:Cities in China
- ro:National capitals
- ro:Places in China
- Spanish terms borrowed from Mandarin
- Spanish terms derived from Mandarin
- Spanish doublets
- Spanish 2-syllable words
- Spanish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Spanish/in
- Rhymes:Spanish/in/2 syllables
- Spanish lemmas
- Spanish proper nouns