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「雄黄」:修訂間差異

維基百科,自由的百科全書
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| boxbgcolor =
| boxbgcolor =
| image = Realgar-229713.jpg
| image = Realgar-229713.jpg
| imagesize =
| imagesize = 260
| alt =
| alt =
| caption = 雄黄晶体,来自美国[[金县 (华盛顿州)|华盛顿州金县]]Royal Reward矿
| caption = 来自美国[[金县 (华盛顿州)|华盛顿州金县]]Royal Reward矿的雄黄晶体
| formula = As<sub>4</sub>S<sub>4</sub>或AsS
| formula = As<sub>4</sub>S<sub>4</sub>或AsS
| IMAsymbol = Rlg<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Warr|first=L.N.|date=2021|title=IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mineralogical-magazine/article/imacnmnc-approved-mineral-symbols/62311F45ED37831D78603C6E6B25EE0A|journal=Mineralogical Magazine|volume=85|issue=3 |pages=291–320|doi=10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |bibcode=2021MinM...85..291W |s2cid=235729616 }}</ref>
| IMAsymbol = Rlg<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Warr|first=L.N.|date=2021|title=IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mineralogical-magazine/article/imacnmnc-approved-mineral-symbols/62311F45ED37831D78603C6E6B25EE0A|journal=Mineralogical Magazine|volume=85|issue=3|pages=291–320|doi=10.1180/mgm.2021.43|bibcode=2021MinM...85..291W|s2cid=235729616|access-date=2022-06-05|archive-date=2022-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615125628/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mineralogical-magazine/article/imacnmnc-approved-mineral-symbols/62311F45ED37831D78603C6E6B25EE0A}}</ref>
| molweight =
| molweight =
| strunz = 2.FA.15a
| strunz = 2.FA.15a
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| other = 有毒性和[[致癌性]]。长时间暴露于光线下分解成副雄黄或由亚砷酸盐和雌黄组成的粉末。
| other = 有毒性和[[致癌性]]。长时间暴露于光线下分解成副雄黄或由亚砷酸盐和雌黄组成的粉末。
| alteration =
| alteration =
| references = <ref name=Handbook>{{cite web |url=http://rruff.info/doclib/hom/realgar.pdf |title=Realgar |website=Handbook of Mineralogy |publisher=RRUFF Project}}</ref><ref name=Mindat>{{Mindat |id=3375 |name=Realgar}}</ref><ref name=Webmin>{{WebMineral |url=http://webmineral.com/data/Realgar.shtml |name=Realgar}}</ref><ref name=Klein>{{cite book |first1=Cornelis |last1=Klein |first2=Cornelius S. |last2=Hurlbut |title=Manual of Mineralogy |url=https://archive.org/details/manualofmineralo00klei |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |year=1985 |edition=20th |page=[https://archive.org/details/manualofmineralo00klei/page/282 282] |isbn=0-471-80580-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hejny |first1=Clivia |last2=Sagl |first2=Raffaela |last3=Többens |first3=Daniel M. |last4=Miletich |first4=Ronald |last5=Wildner |first5=Manfred |last6=Nasdala |first6=Lutz |last7=Ullrich |first7=Angela |last8=Balic-Zunic |first8=Tonci |title=Crystal-structure properties and the molecular nature of hydrostatically compressed realgar |journal=Physics and Chemistry of Minerals |date=May 2012 |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=399–412 |doi=10.1007/s00269-012-0495-y|bibcode=2012PCM....39..399H |s2cid=96885484 }}</ref>
| references = <ref name=Handbook>{{cite web |url=http://rruff.info/doclib/hom/realgar.pdf |title=Realgar |website=Handbook of Mineralogy |publisher=RRUFF Project |access-date=2022-06-05 |archive-date=2022-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713072544/https://rruff.info/doclib/hom/realgar.pdf }}</ref><ref name=Mindat>{{Mindat |id=3375 |name=Realgar}}</ref><ref name=Webmin>{{WebMineral |url=http://webmineral.com/data/Realgar.shtml |name=Realgar}}</ref><ref name=Klein>{{cite book |first1=Cornelis |last1=Klein |first2=Cornelius S. |last2=Hurlbut |title=Manual of Mineralogy |url=https://archive.org/details/manualofmineralo00klei |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |year=1985 |edition=20th |page=[https://archive.org/details/manualofmineralo00klei/page/282 282] |isbn=0-471-80580-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hejny |first1=Clivia |last2=Sagl |first2=Raffaela |last3=Többens |first3=Daniel M. |last4=Miletich |first4=Ronald |last5=Wildner |first5=Manfred |last6=Nasdala |first6=Lutz |last7=Ullrich |first7=Angela |last8=Balic-Zunic |first8=Tonci |title=Crystal-structure properties and the molecular nature of hydrostatically compressed realgar |journal=Physics and Chemistry of Minerals |date=May 2012 |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=399–412 |doi=10.1007/s00269-012-0495-y|bibcode=2012PCM....39..399H |s2cid=96885484 }}</ref>
}}
}}
'''雄黄'''({{lang-en|Realgar}}),又称'''鸡冠石''',是一种含[[砷]][[硫化物矿物]],[[化学式]]为[[同质异形体|α]]-As<sub>4</sub>S<sub>4</sub>。它是一种柔软的可切矿物,以[[单斜晶系]]晶体或粒状、紧密块和粉末形式出现,常与[[雌黄]](As<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>)共生;它呈橙红色,在320°C时熔化,并产生蓝色火焰,释放出砷和硫的烟雾。雄黄质地柔软,[[莫氏硬度]]为1.5至2,[[比重]]为3.5。它的[[条痕]]是橙色的。
'''雄黄'''({{lang-en|Realgar}}),又称'''鸡冠石''',是一种含[[砷]][[硫化物矿物]],[[化学式]]为[[同质异形体|α]]-[[四硫化四砷|As<sub>4</sub>S<sub>4</sub>]]。它是一种柔软的可切矿物,以[[单斜晶系]]晶体或粒状、紧密块和粉末出现,常与[[雌黄]](As<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>)共生;它呈橙红色,在320°C时熔化,并产生蓝色火焰,释放出砷和硫的烟雾。雄黄质地柔软,[[莫氏硬度]]为1.5至2,[[比重]]为3.5。它的[[条痕]]是橙色的。


==用途==
==用途==
雄黄在中国、秘鲁和菲律宾用于提取少量砷的[[矿石]]。<ref>{{cite web |title=Arsenic |date=January 2021 |website=Mineral commodity summaries |publisher=United States Geological Survey |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-arsenic.pdf |access-date=28 February 2021}}</ref>
雄黄在中国、秘鲁和菲律宾用于提取少量砷的[[矿石]]。<ref>{{cite web |title=Arsenic |date=January 2021 |website=Mineral commodity summaries |publisher=United States Geological Survey |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-arsenic.pdf |access-date=28 February 2021 |archive-date=2022-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212064728/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-arsenic.pdf }}</ref>


雄黄有毒。它有时被用来杀死[[杂草]]、[[昆虫]]和[[啮齿动物]],<ref>{{cite report |title=Realgar |date=April 2008 |series=Hazardous Substance Factsheet |publisher=State of New Jersey |department=N.J. Department of Environmental Protection |url=http://nj.gov/health/eoh/rtkweb/documents/fs/0156.pdf |access-date=2022-06-05 |archive-date=2022-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418104638/https://nj.gov/health/eoh/rtkweb/documents/fs/0156.pdf }}</ref>
在[[铝]]、[[镁]]和[[钛]]等金属粉末出现之前,烟花制造商就使用雄黄来制造烟花中的白色。它仍然与[[氯酸钾]]结合用于制造称为“红色炸药”的接触炸药,用于某些类型的鱼雷和其他新奇的爆炸烟花,被标记为“爆竹球”,以及某些类型的爆裂星的核心。

雄黄有毒。它有时被用来杀死[[杂草]]、[[昆虫]]和[[啮齿动物]],<ref>{{cite report |title=Realgar |date=April 2008 |series=Hazardous Substance Factsheet |publisher=State of New Jersey |department=N.J. Department of Environmental Protection |url=http://nj.gov/health/eoh/rtkweb/documents/fs/0156.pdf}}</ref>即使有更有效的砷基抗虫剂,例如[[二甲胂酸]],(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>AsO<sub>2</sub>H,一种用作除草剂的[[有机砷化学|有机砷化合物]],还用于杀死[[蚂蚁]]和[[老鼠]]。


雄黄通常用于皮革制造,以去除动物毛皮上的毛发。但因为雄黄是一种已知的[[致癌物]]和毒物,且存在替代品,故现在很少将其用于此。
雄黄通常用于皮革制造,以去除动物毛皮上的毛发。但因为雄黄是一种已知的[[致癌物]]和毒物,且存在替代品,故现在很少将其用于此。


===历史用途===
===历史用途===
古希腊人称雄黄为{{lang|el|σανδαράκη}} ({{transl|el|sandarákē}})。在中世纪的西班牙和16世纪的英国,它被用来毒死老鼠。<ref>{{cite web |title=[no title cited] |year=1914 |publisher=Clarendon Press at Oxford |url=https://archive.org/stream/oed8aarch#page/n215/mode/1up |via=archive.org |lang=en}}<br/>{{cite web |title=[no title cited] |year=1890 |publisher=Beyrouth Impr. Catholique |url=https://archive.org/stream/remarquessurlesm00lammuoft#page/201/mode/1up |via=archive.org |lang=fr}}<br/>{{full citation needed|date=April 2020|reason=Originally a bare web address}}</ref>由此,雄黄在英语中也被称为''sandarac''。
古希腊人称雄黄为''{{lang|el|σανδαράκη}}''({{transl|el|sandarákē}}。在中世纪的西班牙和16世纪的英国,它被用来毒死老鼠。<ref>{{cite web |title=[no title cited] |year=1914 |publisher=Clarendon Press at Oxford |url=https://archive.org/stream/oed8aarch#page/n215/mode/1up |via=archive.org |language=en}}<br/>{{cite web |title=[no title cited] |year=1890 |publisher=Beyrouth Impr. Catholique |url=https://archive.org/stream/remarquessurlesm00lammuoft#page/201/mode/1up |via=archive.org |language=fr}}<br/>{{full citation needed|date=April 2020|reason=Originally a bare web address}}</ref>由此,雄黄在英语中也被称为''sandarac''。


古希腊药剂师也使用雄黄来制造一种被称为“牛血”的药物。<ref name=Arnould>{{cite journal |last=Arnould |first=Dominique |year=1993 |title=Boire le sang de taureau: La mort de Thémistocle |trans-title=Drinking bull's blood: The death of Themistocles |journal=Revue de philologie, de littérature et d'histoire anciennes |volume=LXVII |issue=2 |pages=229–235 |lang=fr}}</ref>希腊医生[[尼坎德]]描述了“牛血”导致的死亡,这与砷中毒的已知影响相匹配。<ref name=Arnould/>“牛血”据说是[[地米斯托克利]]和[[迈达斯]]用于自杀的毒药。<ref name=Arnould/>
古希腊药剂师也使用雄黄来制造一种被称为“牛血”的药物。<ref name=Arnould>{{cite journal |last=Arnould |first=Dominique |year=1993 |title=Boire le sang de taureau: La mort de Thémistocle |trans-title=Drinking bull's blood: The death of Themistocles |journal=Revue de philologie, de littérature et d'histoire anciennes |volume=LXVII |issue=2 |pages=229–235 |language=fr}}</ref>希腊医生[[尼坎德]]描述了“牛血”导致的死亡,这与砷中毒的已知影响相匹配。<ref name=Arnould/>“牛血”据说是[[地米斯托克利]]和[[迈达斯]]用于自杀的毒药。<ref name=Arnould/>


雄黄常被洒在房屋周围以驱除蛇和昆虫,以及用于[[中药]]。<ref>{{cite journal |author=Jie Liu |author2=Yuanfu Lu |author3=Qin Wu |author4=Robert A. Goyer |author5=Michael P. Waalkes |date=August 2008 |title=Mineral arsenicals in traditional medicines: Orpiment, realgar, and arsenolite |journal=Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics |volume=326 |issue=2 |pages=363–368 |doi=10.1124/jpet.108.139543 |pmid=18463319 |url=https://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/jpet/early/2008/05/07/jpet.108.139543.full.pdf |access-date=2021-06-05|pmc=2693900 }} — On the toxicity of these medications</ref>雄黄与[[黄酒]]混合制成[[雄黄酒]],在[[端午节]]期间饮用以辟邪,暗示其具有驱虫作用。但在现代变得越来越少见,因为人们意识到雄黄是一种有毒的砷化合物。
雄黄常被洒在房屋周围以驱除蛇和昆虫,以及用于[[中药]]。<ref>{{cite journal |author=Jie Liu |author2=Yuanfu Lu |author3=Qin Wu |author4=Robert A. Goyer |author5=Michael P. Waalkes |date=August 2008 |title=Mineral arsenicals in traditional medicines: Orpiment, realgar, and arsenolite |journal=Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics |volume=326 |issue=2 |pages=363–368 |doi=10.1124/jpet.108.139543 |pmid=18463319 |url=https://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/jpet/early/2008/05/07/jpet.108.139543.full.pdf |access-date=2021-06-05 |pmc=2693900 |archive-date=2022-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706070124/https://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/jpet/early/2008/05/07/jpet.108.139543.full.pdf }} — On the toxicity of these medications</ref>雄黄与[[黄酒]]混合制成[[雄黄酒]],在[[端午节]]期间饮用以辟邪,暗示其具有驱虫作用。但在现代变得越来越少见,因为人们意识到雄黄是一种有毒的砷化合物。


雄黄与[[雌黄]]同为[[古罗马帝国]]的重要贸易商品,被用作红色[[颜料]]。雄黄作为红色颜料的早期出现以来自[[中国]]、[[印度]]、[[中亚]]和[[埃及]]的艺术品而闻名。它在[[文艺复兴]]时期被用于欧洲美术绘画,这种用途在18世纪就消失了。<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cameo.mfa.org/wiki/Realgar |title=Realgar |publisher=Museum of Fine Arts |place=Boston, MA}}</ref>它也被用作药物。其他传统用途包括制造[[霰弹弹丸|铅弹]]、印刷和染色印花布。
雄黄与[[雌黄]]同为[[古罗马帝国]]的重要贸易商品,被用作红色[[颜料]]。雄黄作为红色颜料的早期出现以来自[[中国]]、[[印度]]、[[中亚]]和[[埃及]]的艺术品而闻名。它在[[文艺复兴]]时期被用于欧洲美术绘画,这种用途在18世纪就消失了。<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cameo.mfa.org/wiki/Realgar |title=Realgar |publisher=Museum of Fine Arts |place=Boston, MA |access-date=2022-06-05 |archive-date=2015-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208054526/http://cameo.mfa.org/wiki/Realgar }}</ref>它也被用作药物。其他传统用途包括制造[[霰弹弹丸|铅弹]]、印刷和染色印花布。


==产生==
==發現==
雄黄最常作为与其他砷和锑矿物伴生的低温[[热液]][[脉]]矿物出现。它也以火山升华和温泉沉积物的形式出现。它与[[雌黄]]、[[砷华]]、[[方解石]]和[[重晶石]]一起出现。<ref name=Handbook/>
雄黄最常作为与其他砷和锑矿物伴生的低温[[热液]][[脉]]矿物出现。它也以火山升华和温泉沉积物的形式出现。它与[[雌黄]]、[[砷华]]、[[方解石]]和[[重晶石]]一起出现。<ref name=Handbook/>


长时间暴露在[[光照]]下后,雄黄变成黄色粉末,称为[[副雄黄]](β-As<sub>4</sub>S<sub>4</sub>)。这种粉末曾被认为是雌黄,但它是一种独特的化合物。<ref name=AM77>{{cite journal|last1=Douglass|first1=D. L.|last2=Shing|first2=Chichang|last3=Wang|first3=Ge|title=The light-induced alteration of realgar to pararealgar|journal=American Mineralogist|date=1992|volume=77|pages=1266–1274|url=http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM77/AM77_1266.pdf|accessdate=11 August 2014}}</ref>
长时间暴露在[[光照]]下后,雄黄变成黄色粉末,称为[[副雄黄]](β-As<sub>4</sub>S<sub>4</sub>)。这种粉末曾被认为是雌黄,但它是一种独特的化合物。<ref name=AM77>{{cite journal|last1=Douglass|first1=D. L.|last2=Shing|first2=Chichang|last3=Wang|first3=Ge|title=The light-induced alteration of realgar to pararealgar|journal=American Mineralogist|date=1992|volume=77|pages=1266–1274|url=http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM77/AM77_1266.pdf|accessdate=11 August 2014|archive-date=2007-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927155114/http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM77/AM77_1266.pdf}}</ref>


==画廊==
==圖集==
<gallery widths="130px" heights="130px">
<gallery widths="130px" heights="130px">
Image:Realgar-unit-cell-3D-balls.png|雄黄的[[晶胞]],清楚表示所含的As<sub>4</sub>S<sub>4</sub>分子
Image:Realgar-unit-cell-3D-balls.png|雄黄的[[晶胞]],清楚表示所含的As<sub>4</sub>S<sub>4</sub>分子
File:Realgar-md56a.jpg|来自美国内华达州洪堡县波托西区亚当峰Getchell矿的雄黄晶簇
File:Realgar-md56a.jpg|来自美国内华达州洪堡县波托西区亚当峰Getchell矿的雄黄晶簇
File:Réalgar, quartz, chalcopyrite, galène 90.3.9834.jpg|雄黄、石英、黄铜矿和方铅矿晶体,产自秘鲁拉利伯塔德Quiruvilca矿
File:Réalgar, quartz, chalcopyrite, galène 90.3.9834.jpg|雄黄、[[石英]][[黄铜矿]][[方铅矿]]晶体,产自秘鲁拉利伯塔德Quiruvilca矿
</gallery>
</gallery>


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{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==扩展阅读==
==延伸阅读==
* ''The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals''. 11th Edition. Ed. Susan Budavari. Merck & Co., Inc., N.J., U.S.A. 1989.
* ''The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals''. 11th Edition. Ed. Susan Budavari. Merck & Co., Inc., N.J., U.S.A. 1989.
* William Mesny. ''Mesny’s Chinese Miscellany. A Text Book of Notes on China and the Chinese.'' Shanghai. Vol. III, (1899), p.&nbsp;251; Vol. IV, (1905), pp.&nbsp;425–426.
* William Mesny. ''Mesny’s Chinese Miscellany. A Text Book of Notes on China and the Chinese.'' Shanghai. Vol. III, (1899), p.&nbsp;251; Vol. IV, (1905), pp.&nbsp;425–426.
* American Mineralogist Vol 80, pp 400–403, 1995 [http://www.minsocam.org/msa/AmMin/toc/Articles_Free/1995/Bonazzi_p400-403_95.pdf#search=%22American%20Mineralogist%2C%20Volume%2077%2C%20pages%201266-1274%2C%20%22]
* American Mineralogist Vol 80, pp 400–403, 1995 [http://www.minsocam.org/msa/AmMin/toc/Articles_Free/1995/Bonazzi_p400-403_95.pdf#search=%22American%20Mineralogist%2C%20Volume%2077%2C%20pages%201266-1274%2C%20%22] {{Wayback|url=http://www.minsocam.org/msa/AmMin/toc/Articles_Free/1995/Bonazzi_p400-403_95.pdf#search=%22American%20Mineralogist%2C%20Volume%2077%2C%20pages%201266-1274%2C%20%22 |date=20220621153638 }}
* American Mineralogist Vol 20, pp 1266–1274, 1992 [http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM77/AM77_1266.pdf#search=%22American%20Mineralogist%2C%20Volume%2077%2C%20pages%201266-1274%2C%20%22]
* American Mineralogist Vol 20, pp 1266–1274, 1992 [http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM77/AM77_1266.pdf#search=%22American%20Mineralogist%2C%20Volume%2077%2C%20pages%201266-1274%2C%20%22] {{Wayback|url=http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM77/AM77_1266.pdf#search=%22American%20Mineralogist%2C%20Volume%2077%2C%20pages%201266-1274%2C%20%22 |date=20070927155114 }}


==外部链接==
==外部链接==
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*[https://sys01.lib.hkbu.edu.hk/cmed/mmid/detail.php?pid=B00406 雄黃] 中藥材圖像數據庫 (香港浸會大學中醫藥學院) {{zh}}{{en}}
*[https://sys01.lib.hkbu.edu.hk/cmed/mmid/detail.php?pid=B00406 雄黃] 中藥材圖像數據庫 (香港浸會大學中醫藥學院) {{zh}}{{en}}
* [http://libproject.hkbu.edu.hk/was40/detail?channelid=44273&searchword=herb_id=D00205 雄黃 Xiong Huang] {{Wayback|url=http://libproject.hkbu.edu.hk/was40/detail?channelid=44273&searchword=herb_id=D00205 |date=20210501131958 }} 中藥標本數據庫 (香港浸會大學中醫藥學院) {{zh-hant}}{{en}}
* [http://libproject.hkbu.edu.hk/was40/detail?channelid=44273&searchword=herb_id=D00205 雄黃 Xiong Huang] {{Wayback|url=http://libproject.hkbu.edu.hk/was40/detail?channelid=44273&searchword=herb_id=D00205 |date=20210501131958 }} 中藥標本數據庫 (香港浸會大學中醫藥學院) {{zh-hant}}{{en}}
*[https://sys02.lib.hkbu.edu.hk/cmfid/details.asp?lang=cht&id=F00098 安宮牛黃丸] {{Wayback|url=https://sys02.lib.hkbu.edu.hk/cmfid/details.asp?lang=cht&id=F00098 |date=20210624202338 }} 中藥方劑像數據庫 (香港浸會大學中醫藥學院) {{zh}}{{en}}
*[https://sys02.lib.hkbu.edu.hk/cmfid/index.asp?query=all%2C%2C%E7%B4%AB%E9%87%91%E9%8C%A0&facet=type_&lang=cht 紫金錠] {{Wayback|url=https://sys02.lib.hkbu.edu.hk/cmfid/index.asp?query=all%2C%2C%E7%B4%AB%E9%87%91%E9%8C%A0&facet=type_&lang=cht |date=20220209202548 }} 中藥方劑像數據庫 (香港浸會大學中醫藥學院) {{zh}}{{en}}

{{Portal|地球科学}}


[[Category:硫化物礦物]]
[[Category:硫化物礦物]]

於 2023年7月21日 (五) 04:33 的最新修訂

雄黃
來自美國華盛頓州金縣Royal Reward礦的雄黃晶體
基本資料
類別硫化物礦物
化學式As4S4或AsS
IMA記號Rlg[1]
施特龍茨分類2.FA.15a
晶體分類稜柱形 (2/m)
H-M記號相同)
晶體空間群P21/n (no. 14)
晶胞a = 9.325(3) Å
b = 13.571(5) Å
c = 6.587(3) Å
β = 106.43°; Z = 16
性質
顏色紅色至黃橙色;拋光部分淺灰色,具有豐富的黃色至紅色內部反射
晶體慣態稜柱狀條紋晶體;更常見塊狀、粗到細粒狀或結殼
晶系單斜
雙晶{100}接觸雙晶
解理{010}好
韌性/脆性可切,略脆
莫氏硬度1.5–2
光澤樹脂到油脂
條痕橙紅色到紅色
透明性透明
比重3.56
光學性質雙軸 (-)
折射率nα = 2.538
nβ = 2.684
nγ = 2.704
雙折射δ = 0.166
多色性幾乎無色至淡金黃色
2V夾角40°
色散率r > v,非常強
其他特徵有毒性和致癌性。長時間暴露於光線下分解成副雄黃或由亞砷酸鹽和雌黃組成的粉末。
參考文獻[2][3][4][5][6]

雄黃(英語:Realgar),又稱雞冠石,是一種含硫化物礦物化學式α-As4S4。它是一種柔軟的可切礦物,以單斜晶系晶體或粒狀、緊密塊狀和粉末狀出現,常與雌黃(As2S3)共生;它呈橙紅色,在320°C時熔化,並產生藍色火焰,釋放出砷和硫的煙霧。雄黃質地柔軟,莫氏硬度為1.5至2,比重為3.5。它的條痕是橙色的。

用途[編輯]

雄黃在中國、秘魯和菲律賓用於提取少量砷的礦石[7]

雄黃有毒。它有時被用來殺死雜草昆蟲齧齒動物[8]

雄黃通常用於皮革製造,以去除動物毛皮上的毛髮。但因為雄黃是一種已知的致癌物和毒物,且存在替代品,故現在很少將其用於此。

歷史用途[編輯]

古希臘人稱雄黃為σανδαράκηsandarákē)。在中世紀的西班牙和16世紀的英國,它被用來毒死老鼠。[9]由此,雄黃在英語中也被稱為sandarac

古希臘藥劑師也使用雄黃來製造一種被稱為「牛血」的藥物。[10]希臘醫生尼坎德描述了「牛血」導致的死亡,這與砷中毒的已知影響相匹配。[10]「牛血」據說是地米斯托克利邁達斯用於自殺的毒藥。[10]

雄黃常被灑在房屋周圍以驅除蛇和昆蟲,以及用於中藥[11]雄黃與黃酒混合製成雄黃酒,在端午節期間飲用以辟邪,暗示其具有驅蟲作用。但在現代變得越來越少見,因為人們意識到雄黃是一種有毒的砷化合物。

雄黃與雌黃同為古羅馬帝國的重要貿易商品,被用作紅色顏料。雄黃作為紅色顏料的早期出現以來自中國印度中亞埃及的藝術品而聞名。它在文藝復興時期被用於歐洲美術繪畫,這種用途在18世紀就消失了。[12]它也被用作藥物。其他傳統用途包括製造鉛彈、印刷和染色印花布。

發現[編輯]

雄黃最常作為與其他砷和銻礦物伴生的低溫熱液礦物出現。它也以火山升華和溫泉沉積物的形式出現。它與雌黃砷華方解石重晶石一起出現。[2]

長時間暴露在光照下後,雄黃變成黃色粉末,稱為副雄黃(β-As4S4)。這種粉末曾被認為是雌黃,但它是一種獨特的化合物。[13]

圖集[編輯]

參見[編輯]

參考資料[編輯]

  1. ^ Warr, L.N. IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine. 2021, 85 (3): 291–320 [2022-06-05]. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. S2CID 235729616. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. (原始內容存檔於2022-06-15). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Realgar (PDF). Handbook of Mineralogy. RRUFF Project. [2022-06-05]. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2022-07-13). 
  3. ^ Realgar, MinDat.org 
  4. ^ Realgar, WebMineral.com 
  5. ^ Klein, Cornelis; Hurlbut, Cornelius S. Manual of Mineralogy 20th. Wiley. 1985: 282. ISBN 0-471-80580-7. 
  6. ^ Hejny, Clivia; Sagl, Raffaela; Többens, Daniel M.; Miletich, Ronald; Wildner, Manfred; Nasdala, Lutz; Ullrich, Angela; Balic-Zunic, Tonci. Crystal-structure properties and the molecular nature of hydrostatically compressed realgar. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals. May 2012, 39 (5): 399–412. Bibcode:2012PCM....39..399H. S2CID 96885484. doi:10.1007/s00269-012-0495-y. 
  7. ^ Arsenic (PDF). Mineral commodity summaries. United States Geological Survey. January 2021 [28 February 2021]. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2022-02-12). 
  8. ^ Realgar (PDF). N.J. Department of Environmental Protection (報告). Hazardous Substance Factsheet. State of New Jersey. April 2008 [2022-06-05]. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2022-04-18). 
  9. ^ [no title cited]. Clarendon Press at Oxford. 1914 –透過archive.org (英語). 
    [no title cited]. Beyrouth Impr. Catholique. 1890 –透過archive.org (法語). 
    [需要完整來源]
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Arnould, Dominique. Boire le sang de taureau: La mort de Thémistocle [Drinking bull's blood: The death of Themistocles]. Revue de philologie, de littérature et d'histoire anciennes. 1993, LXVII (2): 229–235 (法語). 
  11. ^ Jie Liu; Yuanfu Lu; Qin Wu; Robert A. Goyer; Michael P. Waalkes. Mineral arsenicals in traditional medicines: Orpiment, realgar, and arsenolite (PDF). Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. August 2008, 326 (2): 363–368 [2021-06-05]. PMC 2693900可免費查閱. PMID 18463319. doi:10.1124/jpet.108.139543. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2022-07-06).  — On the toxicity of these medications
  12. ^ Realgar. Boston, MA: Museum of Fine Arts. [2022-06-05]. (原始內容存檔於2015-12-08). 
  13. ^ Douglass, D. L.; Shing, Chichang; Wang, Ge. The light-induced alteration of realgar to pararealgar (PDF). American Mineralogist. 1992, 77: 1266–1274 [11 August 2014]. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2007-09-27). 

延伸閱讀[編輯]

  • The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 11th Edition. Ed. Susan Budavari. Merck & Co., Inc., N.J., U.S.A. 1989.
  • William Mesny. Mesny’s Chinese Miscellany. A Text Book of Notes on China and the Chinese. Shanghai. Vol. III, (1899), p. 251; Vol. IV, (1905), pp. 425–426.
  • American Mineralogist Vol 80, pp 400–403, 1995 [1]頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館
  • American Mineralogist Vol 20, pp 1266–1274, 1992 [2]頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館

外部連結[編輯]