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An difríocht idir athruithe ar: "Cáin Adomnáin"

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Is conradh dlí é '''Cáin Adhamhnáin''' ([[Sean-Ghaeilge]] '''Cáin Adomnáin'''), aitheanta fosta mar ''Lex Innocentium'' (dlí na ndaoine neamhchiontacha) um mná agus neamhthrodaí a chosaint in aimsir chogaidh. Glaoitear "Comhaontuithe na Ginéive" na nGael ársa air as ucht na cosanta seo, ag leathnú go sibhialtaigh [[Cáin Phádraig]], a thug cosaint do mhanaigh. Ainmníodh é as an té a spreag é, [[Naomh Adhamhnán]], naoú Abb [[Í Cholm Cille]] i ndiaidh Naomh [[Colm Cille|Cholm Cille]] féin. Cuireadh i bhfeidhm é ag tionól [[Gaeil|Gael]], [[Dál Riada]] and [[Cruithnigh|Cruithneach]] ag [[Sionad Bhiorra]] sa bhliain [[697]]. Spreag Adhamhnán an sionad tar éis [[aisling]]e inar thug a mháthair íde béil dó faoina theip mná agus linbh na hÉireann a chosaint.
Is conradh dlí é '''Cáin Adhamhnáin''' ([[Sean-Ghaeilge]] '''Cáin Adomnáin'''), aitheanta fosta mar ''Lex Innocentium'' (dlí na ndaoine neamhchiontacha) um mná agus neamhthrodaí a chosaint in aimsir chogaidh. Glaoitear "Comhaontuithe na Ginéive" na nGael ársa air as ucht na cosanta seo, ag leathnú go sibhialtaigh [[Cáin Phádraig]], a thug cosaint do mhanaigh. Ainmníodh é as an té a spreag é, [[Naomh Adhamhnán]], naoú Abb [[Í Cholm Cille]] i ndiaidh Naomh [[Colm Cille|Cholm Cille]] féin. Cuireadh i bhfeidhm é ag tionól [[Gaeil|Gael]], [[Dál Riada]] and [[Cruithnigh|Cruithneach]] ag [[Sionad Bhiorra]] sa bhliain [[697]]. Spreag Adhamhnán an sionad tar éis [[aisling]]e inar thug a mháthair íde béil dó faoina theip mná agus linbh na hÉireann a chosaint.


Líne 18: Líne 17:
Meastar go raibh cúiseanna éagsúla eile ann chun Adhamhnán a spreagadh, san áireamh [[deabhóid Mhuire]]<ref name=Dumville/> agus dea-shampla [[Colm Cille|Cholm Cille]] féin.<ref>cf. Adomnán, ''Life'', II, 24 agus II, 25.</ref> Aitheanta ar dtús mar ''Lex Innocentium'', ainmníodh í as Adhamhnán agus í á athnuachan sa bhliain 727.<ref name=Charles>Charles-Edwards, T.M., [https://books.google.com/books?id=g6yq2sKLlFkC&pg=PA567&lpg=PA567&dq=C%C3%A1in+Adomn%C3%A1in&source=bl&ots=tx7qpqFhc_&sig=2bA_MTxOn8DKNvLE7Z4o32HvoWA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=o2HdU7CHIde0yATDroFw&ved=0CFYQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=C%C3%A1in%20Domnaig&f=false ''Early Christian Ireland''], lch. 560, Cambridge University Press, 2000 {{ISBN|9780521363952}}</ref>
Meastar go raibh cúiseanna éagsúla eile ann chun Adhamhnán a spreagadh, san áireamh [[deabhóid Mhuire]]<ref name=Dumville/> agus dea-shampla [[Colm Cille|Cholm Cille]] féin.<ref>cf. Adomnán, ''Life'', II, 24 agus II, 25.</ref> Aitheanta ar dtús mar ''Lex Innocentium'', ainmníodh í as Adhamhnán agus í á athnuachan sa bhliain 727.<ref name=Charles>Charles-Edwards, T.M., [https://books.google.com/books?id=g6yq2sKLlFkC&pg=PA567&lpg=PA567&dq=C%C3%A1in+Adomn%C3%A1in&source=bl&ots=tx7qpqFhc_&sig=2bA_MTxOn8DKNvLE7Z4o32HvoWA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=o2HdU7CHIde0yATDroFw&ved=0CFYQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=C%C3%A1in%20Domnaig&f=false ''Early Christian Ireland''], lch. 560, Cambridge University Press, 2000 {{ISBN|9780521363952}}</ref>


<!--Tá amhrais orm faoin téacs seo. An meascán é den Fhéineachas, Cáin Phádraig, Seanchas Mór agus Cáin Adhamhnáin?
== Ábhar ==
== Ábhar ==
''The indigenous [[Brehon Laws]] were committed to parchment about the 7th century, most likely by clerics. Most scholars now believe that the secular laws were not compiled independently of monasteries. Adomnan would have had access to the best legal minds of his generation.<ref name=Grigg/>
''The indigenous [[Brehon Laws]] were committed to parchment about the 7th century, most likely by clerics. Most scholars now believe that the secular laws were not compiled independently of monasteries. Adomnan would have had access to the best legal minds of his generation.<ref name=Grigg/>
Líne 27: Líne 27:
The laws also provided sanctions against many things like the killing of children, clerics, clerical students and peasants on clerical lands; rape; impugning the chastity of a noblewoman and women from having to take part in warfare. Much repeated traditional Irish laws.
The laws also provided sanctions against many things like the killing of children, clerics, clerical students and peasants on clerical lands; rape; impugning the chastity of a noblewoman and women from having to take part in warfare. Much repeated traditional Irish laws.


''The law described both the secular fines which criminals must pay and the ritual curses to which lawbreakers were subject. Bystanders who did nothing to prevent the crime were as liable as the perpetrator.<ref name=Grigg>[https://www.academia.edu/5817305/Aspects_of_the_Cain_Adomnans_Lex_Innocentium Grigg, Julianna. "Aspects of the Cain: Adomnan's Lex Innocentium", ''Journal of the Australian Early Medieval Association'', Vol.1, 2005]</ref> "Stewards of the Law" collected the fine and paid it to the victim or next of kin.<ref name=Charles/>
''The law described both the secular fines which criminals must pay and the ritual curses to which lawbreakers were subject. Bystanders who did nothing to prevent the crime were as liable as the perpetrator.<ref name=Grigg>[https://www.academia.edu/5817305/Aspects_of_the_Cain_Adomnans_Lex_Innocentium Grigg, Julianna. "Aspects of the Cain: Adomnan's Lex Innocentium", ''Journal of the Australian Early Medieval Association'', Vol.1, 2005]</ref> "Stewards of the Law" collected the fine and paid it to the victim or next of kin.<ref name=Charles/>-->


== Oidhreacht ==
== Oidhreacht ==
Is amhlaidh go raibh tionscnamh AAdhamhnáinar cheann den chéad iarrachtaí i measc Chríostaithe chun brúidiúlacht cogaidh a laghdú, gaisce suntasach do dhuine ar imeall iargúlta na hEorpach. Thug sé sampla áitiúil, i gcomhthéacs nósanna dlí na nGael, do ghluaiseacht Chríostaí níos leithne chun foréigean a chosc.<ref>[http://www.travels-in-time.net/e/scotland12arteng.htm "Adomnán's Law of the Innocents"], ''Travels in Time''</ref> Sampla de dhlí idirnáisiúnta atá ann, curtha i bhfeidhm i nÉirinn agus san Albain.<ref name=Dumville/>
Is amhlaidh go raibh tionscnamh Adhamhnáin ar cheann den chéad iarrachtaí i measc Chríostaithe chun brúidiúlacht cogaidh a laghdú, gaisce suntasach do dhuine ar imeall iargúlta na hEorpach. Thug sé sampla áitiúil, i gcomhthéacs nósanna dlí na nGael, do ghluaiseacht Chríostaí níos leithne chun foréigean a chosc.<ref>[http://www.travels-in-time.net/e/scotland12arteng.htm "Adomnán's Law of the Innocents"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708182128/http://travels-in-time.net/e/scotland12arteng.htm |date=2015-07-08 }}, ''Travels in Time''</ref> Sampla de dhlí idirnáisiúnta atá ann, curtha i bhfeidhm in Éirinn agus in Albain.<ref name=Dumville/>


''As with later clerical efforts, such as the [[Peace and Truce of God]] movement in millennial [[France]], the law may have been of limited effectiveness. [[Fergus Kelly]] notes that no cases relating to the Cáin have been preserved.<ref>Kelly, lch. 79.</ref> Thus, it is unknown whether the harsh penalties which it mandates, which may have contradicted the general character of Irish law, were rigidly enforced.<ref>Kelly, ll.234&ndash;235: ''"the law texts of the ''[[Senchas Már]]'' collection consistently favour reparation by payment rather than the death penalty, for murder and other serious offences."''</ref>
Maraon le hiarrachtaí eile amhail is [[Síocháin agus Sos Dé]] sa [[France|Fhrainc]] mhílaoiseach, b'fhéidir é nach raibh ach éifeachtacht teoranta ag an gCáin. Tugann [[Fergus Kelly]] faoi ndeara nach bhfuil cás ar bith caomhnaithe maidir leis.<ref>Kelly, lch. 79.</ref> Ní fios dá bharr ar cuireadh a chuid pionós crua i bhfeidhm, in aghaidh éirim an tSeanchais Mhóir mar a bhí.<ref>Kelly, ll.234&ndash;235: ''"the law texts of the ''[[Senchas Már]]'' collection consistently favour reparation by payment rather than the death penalty, for murder and other serious offences."''</ref>
<!-- ní léir dom gur cáin Adhamhnáin atá i gceist anseo:
<!-- ní léir dom gur cáin Adhamhnáin atá i gceist anseo:
''There are annalistic examples of the justice of the Cáin Adomnáin being applied, such as here by [[Northern Uí Néill|Cenél nEógain]] High King [[Niall Glúndub]], for whom the [[O'Neill Clan]] of [[Ulster]] are named.
''There are annalistic examples of the justice of the Cáin Adomnáin being applied, such as here by [[Northern Uí Néill|Cenél nEógain]] High King [[Niall Glúndub]], for whom the [[O'Neill Clan]] of [[Ulster]] are named.

Leagan reatha ó 04:06, 11 Lúnasa 2023

Is conradh dlí é Cáin Adhamhnáin (Sean-Ghaeilge Cáin Adomnáin), aitheanta fosta mar Lex Innocentium (dlí na ndaoine neamhchiontacha) um mná agus neamhthrodaí a chosaint in aimsir chogaidh. Glaoitear "Comhaontuithe na Ginéive" na nGael ársa air as ucht na cosanta seo, ag leathnú go sibhialtaigh Cáin Phádraig, a thug cosaint do mhanaigh. Ainmníodh é as an té a spreag é, Naomh Adhamhnán, naoú Abb Í Cholm Cille i ndiaidh Naomh Cholm Cille féin. Cuireadh i bhfeidhm é ag tionól Gael, Dál Riada and Cruithneach ag Sionad Bhiorra sa bhliain 697. Spreag Adhamhnán an sionad tar éis aislinge inar thug a mháthair íde béil dó faoina theip mná agus linbh na hÉireann a chosaint.

Stair

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Idir na blianta 697 agus 887, cuireadh naoi gcáin éagsúla i bhfeidhm taifeadta sna hannála Éireann. Caomhnaítear an téacs de thrí dóibh, Cáin Adhamhnáin ina measc.[1]

Dar le D.N. Dumville, meastar gur mhol Adhamhnáin an cháin seo sa bhliain 697 um bhás Cholm Cille a cheiliúradh.[2] Mar chomharba Cholm Cille, bhí dóthain gradaim ag Adhamhnán chun an tionól a shocrú ag Biorra le 91 taoiseach agus eaglaiseach as Éirinn, Dál Riada agus na Cruithnigh i láthair.[3] Le cois an mhainistir shuntasach ann, bhí Biorra ar thalamh sách neodrach gar den teorainn idir Uí Néill ó thuaidh agus ríthe na Mumhan ó dheas.

Meastar go raibh cúiseanna éagsúla eile ann chun Adhamhnán a spreagadh, san áireamh deabhóid Mhuire[2] agus dea-shampla Cholm Cille féin.[4] Aitheanta ar dtús mar Lex Innocentium, ainmníodh í as Adhamhnán agus í á athnuachan sa bhliain 727.[5]


Oidhreacht

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Is amhlaidh go raibh tionscnamh Adhamhnáin ar cheann den chéad iarrachtaí i measc Chríostaithe chun brúidiúlacht cogaidh a laghdú, gaisce suntasach do dhuine ar imeall iargúlta na hEorpach. Thug sé sampla áitiúil, i gcomhthéacs nósanna dlí na nGael, do ghluaiseacht Chríostaí níos leithne chun foréigean a chosc.[6] Sampla de dhlí idirnáisiúnta atá ann, curtha i bhfeidhm in Éirinn agus in Albain.[2]

Maraon le hiarrachtaí eile amhail is Síocháin agus Sos Dé sa Fhrainc mhílaoiseach, b'fhéidir é nach raibh ach éifeachtacht teoranta ag an gCáin. Tugann Fergus Kelly faoi ndeara nach bhfuil cás ar bith caomhnaithe maidir leis.[7] Ní fios dá bharr ar cuireadh a chuid pionós crua i bhfeidhm, in aghaidh éirim an tSeanchais Mhóir mar a bhí.[8]

Féach freisin

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Foinsí

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  • Adomnán's Law of the Innocents - Cáin Adomnáin: A seventh-century law for the protection of non-combatants, aistr. Gilbert Márkus. Kilmartin, Argyll: Kilmartin House Museum, 2008. ISBN 978-0-9533674-3-6
  • Adomnán of Iona, Life of St Columba, eag. & aistr. Richard Sharpe. Londain: Penguin, 1995. ISBN 0-14-044462-9
  • Adomnán at Birr, AD 697: Essays in Commemoration of the Law of the Innocents. Eag. Thomas O'Loughlin. (Baile Átha Cliath: Four Courts Press. 2001)

Naisc sheachtracha

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Tagairtí

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  1. ↑ Máirín Ní Dhonnchadha, The guarantor list of Cáin Adomnáin, 697, ll. 178-215, Brepols Online.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Dumville, D.N., "Review" of O'Loughlin's Adomnan at Birr, AD 697: Essays in Commemoration of the Law of the Innocents in Catholic Historical Review, ll. 283-284, Imleabhar 89, Uimhir 2a Aibreán 2003
  3. ↑ ""Cain Adomnan"". Birr Historical Society. Dáta rochtana: 2014-08-02.
  4. ↑ cf. Adomnán, Life, II, 24 agus II, 25.
  5. ↑ Charles-Edwards, T.M., Early Christian Ireland, lch. 560, Cambridge University Press, 2000 ISBN 9780521363952
  6. ↑ "Adomnán's Law of the Innocents" Curtha i gcartlann 2015-07-08 ar an Wayback Machine, Travels in Time
  7. ↑ Kelly, lch. 79.
  8. ↑ Kelly, ll.234–235: "the law texts of the Senchas Már collection consistently favour reparation by payment rather than the death penalty, for murder and other serious offences."
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