Jump to content

An difríocht idir athruithe ar: "Cáin Adomnáin"

Ón Vicipéid, an chiclipéid shaor.
Browse history interactively
← Gabh chuig an difear roimhe seoAn chéad dhifear eile →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
→‎Stair: ... ag aistriú
clib: Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit
→‎Oidhreacht: ... ag aistriú
clib: Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit
Líne 30: Líne 30:


== Oidhreacht ==
== Oidhreacht ==
''Adomnán's initiative appears to be one of the first systematic attempts to lessen the savagery of warfare among Christians, a remarkable achievement for a churchman on the remote outer edge of Europe. In it, he gave local expression, in the context of the Gaelic legal tradition, to a wider Christian movement to restrain violence.<ref>[http://www.travels-in-time.net/e/scotland12arteng.htm "Adomnán's Law of the Innocents",''Travels in Time'']</ref>
Is amhlaidh go raibh tionscnamh AAdhamhnáinar cheann den chéad iarrachtaí i measc Chríostaithe chun brúidiúlacht cogaidh a laghdú, gaisce suntasach do dhuine ar imeall iargúlta na hEorpach. Thug sé sampla áitiúil, i gcomhthéacs nósanna dlí na nGael, do ghluaiseacht Chríostaí níos leithne chun foréigean a chosc.<ref>[http://www.travels-in-time.net/e/scotland12arteng.htm "Adomnán's Law of the Innocents"], ''Travels in Time''</ref> Sampla de dhlí idirnáisiúnta atá ann, curtha i bhfeidhm i nÉirinn agus san Albain.<ref name=Dumville/>

''It was an early example of international law in that it was to be enforced in Ériu and Albu, (Ireland and Britain) although Britain refers to only what is now northern Scotland for it was the kings of that region who were guarantors of the Law.<ref name=Dumville/>

⚫
''As with later clerical efforts, such as the [[Peace and Truce of God]] movement in millennial [[France]], the law may have been of limited effectiveness. [[Fergus Kelly]] notes that no cases relating to the Cáin Adomnáin have been preserved.<ref>Kelly, p. 79.</ref> Thus, it is unknown whether the harsh penalties which it mandates, which may have contradicted the general character of Irish law, were rigidly enforced.<ref>Kelly, pp.234&ndash;235: "the law texts of the ''Senchas Már'' collection consistently favour reparation by payment rather than the death penalty for murder and other serious offences (by either sex)."</ref>


⚫
''As with later clerical efforts, such as the [[Peace and Truce of God]] movement in millennial [[France]], the law may have been of limited effectiveness. [[Fergus Kelly]] notes that no cases relating to the Cáin have been preserved.<ref>Kelly, lch. 79.</ref> Thus, it is unknown whether the harsh penalties which it mandates, which may have contradicted the general character of Irish law, were rigidly enforced.<ref>Kelly, ll.234&ndash;235: ''"the law texts of the ''[[Senchas Már]]'' collection consistently favour reparation by payment rather than the death penalty, for murder and other serious offences."''</ref>
<!-- ní léir dom gur cáin Adhamhnáin atá i gceist anseo:
''There are annalistic examples of the justice of the Cáin Adomnáin being applied, such as here by [[Northern Uí Néill|Cenél nEógain]] High King [[Niall Glúndub]], for whom the [[O'Neill Clan]] of [[Ulster]] are named.
''There are annalistic examples of the justice of the Cáin Adomnáin being applied, such as here by [[Northern Uí Néill|Cenél nEógain]] High King [[Niall Glúndub]], for whom the [[O'Neill Clan]] of [[Ulster]] are named.


* ''In 907 the sanctuary of [[Ard Macha]] was violated by [[Cearnachan mac Duilgen]] who took a captive from the church and drowned him in [[Lough Cier]] nearby.''
* ''In 907 the sanctuary of [[Ard Macha]] was violated by [[Cearnachan mac Duilgen]] who took a captive from the church and drowned him in [[Lough Cier]] nearby.''
* ''This perpetrator was taken by Nial Glundub mac Aedha, Righ an Tuaisceirt, having replaced his brother Domnall as king of the north, and he drowned Cearnachan in the same lake Lough Cier in revenge for the violation of [[Saint Patrick|Padraicc]].''
* ''This perpetrator was taken by Nial Glundub mac Aedha, Righ an Tuaisceirt, having replaced his brother Domnall as king of the north, and he drowned Cearnachan in the same lake Lough Cier in revenge for the violation of [[Saint Patrick|Padraicc]].''-->


== Féach freisin==
== Féach freisin==

Leagan ó 12:25, 18 Márta 2021

Is conradh dlí é Cáin Adhamhnáin (Sean-Ghaeilge Cáin Adomnáin), aitheanta fosta mar Lex Innocentium (dlí na ndaoine neamhchiontacha) um mná agus neamhthrodaí a chosaint in aimsir chogaidh. Glaoitear "Comhaontuithe na Ginéive" na nGael ársa air as ucht na cosanta seo, ag leathnú go sibhialtaigh Cáin Phádraig, a thug cosaint do mhanaigh. Ainmníodh é as an té a spreag é, Naomh Adhamhnán, naoú Abb Í Cholm Cille i ndiaidh Naomh Cholm Cille féin. Cuireadh i bhfeidhm é ag tionól Gael, Dál Riada and Cruithneach ag Sionad Bhiorra sa bhliain 697. Spreag Adhamhnán an sionad tar éis aislinge inar thug a mháthair íde béil dó faoina theip mná agus linbh na hÉireann a chosaint.

Stair

Idir na blianta 697 agus 887, cuireadh naoi gcáin éagsúla i bhfeidhm taifeadta sna hannála Éireann. Caomhnaítear an téacs de thrí dóibh, Cáin Adhamhnáin ina measc.[1]

Dar le D.N. Dumville, meastar gur mhol Adhamhnáin an cháin seo sa bhliain 697 um bhás Cholm Cille a cheiliúradh.[2] Mar chomharba Cholm Cille, bhí dóthain gradaim ag Adhamhnán chun an tionól a shocrú ag Biorra le 91 taoiseach agus eaglaiseach as Éirinn, Dál Riada agus na Cruithnigh i láthair.[3] Le cois an mhainistir shuntasach ann, bhí Biorra ar thalamh sách neodrach gar den teorainn idir Uí Néill ó thuaidh agus ríthe na Mumhan ó dheas.

Meastar go raibh cúiseanna éagsúla eile ann chun Adhamhnán a spreagadh, san áireamh deabhóid Mhuire[2] agus dea-shampla Cholm Cille féin.[4] Aitheanta ar dtús mar Lex Innocentium, ainmníodh í as Adhamhnán agus í á athnuachan sa bhliain 727.[5]

Ábhar

The indigenous Brehon Laws were committed to parchment about the 7th century, most likely by clerics. Most scholars now believe that the secular laws were not compiled independently of monasteries. Adomnan would have had access to the best legal minds of his generation.[6]

This set of laws were designed, among other things, to guarantee the safety and immunity of various types of noncombatants in warfare.[7] It required, for example, that "whoever slays a woman... his right hand and his left foot shall be cut off before death, and then he shall die."

If a woman committed murder, arson, or theft from a church, she was to be set adrift in a boat with one paddle and a container of gruel. This left the judgment up to God and avoided violating the proscription against killing a woman.[6]

The laws also provided sanctions against many things like the killing of children, clerics, clerical students and peasants on clerical lands; rape; impugning the chastity of a noblewoman and women from having to take part in warfare. Much repeated traditional Irish laws.

The law described both the secular fines which criminals must pay and the ritual curses to which lawbreakers were subject. Bystanders who did nothing to prevent the crime were as liable as the perpetrator.[6] "Stewards of the Law" collected the fine and paid it to the victim or next of kin.[5]

Oidhreacht

Is amhlaidh go raibh tionscnamh AAdhamhnáinar cheann den chéad iarrachtaí i measc Chríostaithe chun brúidiúlacht cogaidh a laghdú, gaisce suntasach do dhuine ar imeall iargúlta na hEorpach. Thug sé sampla áitiúil, i gcomhthéacs nósanna dlí na nGael, do ghluaiseacht Chríostaí níos leithne chun foréigean a chosc.[8] Sampla de dhlí idirnáisiúnta atá ann, curtha i bhfeidhm i nÉirinn agus san Albain.[2]

As with later clerical efforts, such as the Peace and Truce of God movement in millennial France, the law may have been of limited effectiveness. Fergus Kelly notes that no cases relating to the Cáin have been preserved.[9] Thus, it is unknown whether the harsh penalties which it mandates, which may have contradicted the general character of Irish law, were rigidly enforced.[10]

Féach freisin

Foinsí

  • Adomnán's Law of the Innocents - Cáin Adomnáin: A seventh-century law for the protection of non-combatants, aistr. Gilbert Márkus. Kilmartin, Argyll: Kilmartin House Museum, 2008. ISBN 978-0-9533674-3-6
  • Adomnán of Iona, Life of St Columba, eag. & aistr. Richard Sharpe. Londain: Penguin, 1995. ISBN 0-14-044462-9
  • Adomnán at Birr, AD 697: Essays in Commemoration of the Law of the Innocents. Eag. Thomas O'Loughlin. (Baile Átha Cliath: Four Courts Press. 2001)

Naisc sheachtracha

Tagairtí

  1. ↑ Máirín Ní Dhonnchadha, The guarantor list of Cáin Adomnáin, 697, ll. 178-215, Brepols Online.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Dumville, D.N., "Review" of O'Loughlin's Adomnan at Birr, AD 697: Essays in Commemoration of the Law of the Innocents in Catholic Historical Review, ll. 283-284, Imleabhar 89, Uimhir 2a Aibreán 2003
  3. ↑ ""Cain Adomnan"". Birr Historical Society. Dáta rochtana: 2014-08-02.
  4. ↑ cf. Adomnán, Life, II, 24 agus II, 25.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Charles-Edwards, T.M., Early Christian Ireland, lch. 560, Cambridge University Press, 2000 ISBN 9780521363952
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Grigg, Julianna. "Aspects of the Cain: Adomnan's Lex Innocentium", Journal of the Australian Early Medieval Association, Vol.1, 2005
  7. ↑ Tá ort na shonrú' 'teideal = agus' 'url = nuair a úsáideann {{ lua idirlín}}."".
  8. ↑ "Adomnán's Law of the Innocents", Travels in Time
  9. ↑ Kelly, lch. 79.
  10. ↑ Kelly, ll.234–235: "the law texts of the Senchas Már collection consistently favour reparation by payment rather than the death penalty, for murder and other serious offences."
Aisghafa ó "https://ga.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cáin_Adomnáin&oldid=997081"