Ilimin ilimin likitanci
academic discipline (en) | |
Bayanai | |
Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
soil science (en) |
Bangare na |
labarin ƙasa, soil science (en) |
Is the study of (en) | ƙasa |
Gudanarwan |
pedologist (en) |
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Wannan mukalar bata da Reference (Manazarta) ko daya, ka taimaka ta hanyar samar da Manazarta daga littafi ko yanar gizo, duba wannan shafin domin samun masaniya akan yanda zaka samar da Reference (Manazarta) a cikin wannan mukalar.
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Pedology (daga Girkanci: πέδον, pedon, "ƙasa"; da λόγος, tambura, "nazari") wani horo ne a cikin kimiyyar ƙasa wanda ke mai da hankali kan fahimta da siffanta samuwar ƙasa, juyin halitta, da ka'idojin ka'idoji don yin ƙirar ƙasa, sau da yawa a ciki. mahallin yanayin yanayi. Ana ganin ilimin ilimin kimiyya sau da yawa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan rassa biyu na binciken ƙasa, ɗayan kuma shine edaphology wanda a al'adance ya fi dacewa da aikin gona kuma yana mai da hankali kan yadda kaddarorin ƙasa ke tasiri ga al'ummomin shuka (na halitta ko noma). A cikin nazarin mahimman abubuwan abubuwan da ke faruwa na ƙasa, misali samuwar ƙasa (aka pedogenesis ), masana ilimin ilimin ilmin ilmin halitta suna ba da kulawa ta musamman ga lura da yanayin yanayin ƙasa da rarraba ƙasa, da sanya jikin ƙasa zuwa mafi girma na ɗan lokaci da sararin samaniya. Ta yin haka, masana ilimin ilimin ilmin halitta suna haɓaka tsarin rarrabuwar ƙasa, taswirar ƙasa, da ka'idoji don nuna alaƙar ɗan lokaci da sarari tsakanin ƙasa. Akwai wasu ƙananan ƙa'idodi na ilimin ilimin ilimin ilimin ilimin ilimin ilimin ilimin ilimin halitta; wato ilimin ilmin halitta da kuma ƙasa geomorphology. Pedometrics yana mai da hankali kan haɓaka dabarun ƙididdige ƙasa, musamman don dalilai na zayyana kaddarorin ƙasa yayin da ƙasa geomorphology yana nazarin alaƙa tsakanin hanyoyin geomorphic da samuwar ƙasa.
Dubawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ƙasa ba wai kawai goyon bayan ciyayi ba ne, amma kuma pedosphere, wurin da yawancin hulɗar tsakanin yanayi ( ruwa, iska, zazzabi ), rayuwar ƙasa (micro-kwayoyin, shuke-shuke, dabbobi) da ragowarsa, kayan ma'adinai na ma'adinai . na asali da kuma ƙara dutsen, da matsayinsa a cikin shimfidar wuri. A lokacin samuwarta da asalin halittarta, bayanin martabar ƙasa a hankali yana zurfafawa kuma yana haɓaka nau'ikan sifofi, wanda ake kira 'horizons', yayin da ake kusantar daidaiton yanayi.
Masu amfani da ƙasa (irin su masana aikin gona ) sun nuna damuwa da farko game da yanayin ƙasa. Sun gan shi a matsayin matsakaici wanda kaddarorin sinadarai, na zahiri da na halitta suna da amfani ga ayyukan aikin gona. A daya bangaren kuma, masana ilmin ilmin ilmin halitta da ilmin kasa ba su fara mayar da hankali kan aikace-aikacen aikin gona na halayen kasa ba (dabi'ar kaddarorin) amma dangane da yanayin da tarihin shimfidar wurare. A yau, akwai haɗin kai na hanyoyin ladabtarwa guda biyu a matsayin wani ɓangare na shimfidar wuri da kimiyyar muhalli.
Pedologists yanzu kuma sha'awar a aikace aikace-aikace na mai kyau fahimtar pedogenesis tafiyar matakai (juyin halitta da kuma aiki na kasa), kamar fassara ta muhalli tarihi da kuma tsinkaya sakamakon canje-canje a cikin ƙasa amfani, yayin da agronomists fahimci cewa noma ƙasa ne mai hadaddun matsakaici matsakaici., sau da yawa yana faruwa daga dubban shekaru na juyin halitta. Sun fahimci cewa ma'auni na yanzu yana da rauni kuma cewa kawai cikakken ilimin tarihinsa yana ba da damar tabbatar da amfani da shi.
Ra'ayoyi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Muhimman ra'ayoyin ilimin ilimin yara sun haɗa da:
- Complexity a cikin ƙasa genesis ya fi na kowa fiye da sauki.
- Ƙasa tana kwance a mahaɗin yanayi na duniya, biosphere, hydrosphere da lithosphere . Don haka, cikakken fahimtar ƙasa yana buƙatar ɗan ilimin yanayin yanayi, climatology, ecology, ilmin halitta, ilimin ruwa, geomorphology, ilimin ƙasa da sauran ilimomin duniya da dama da kimiyyar halitta .
- Ƙasar ta zamani tana ɗauke da tambarin matakai na pedogenic waɗanda ke aiki a baya, kodayake a yawancin lokuta waɗannan tambarin suna da wahalar gani ko ƙididdige su. Don haka, ilimin ilmin lissafi, palaeogeography, glacial geology da paleoclimatology yana da mahimmanci don ganewa da fahimtar asalin ƙasa kuma ya zama tushen tsinkaya canjin ƙasa na gaba.
- Manyan abubuwa biyar, abubuwan da aka samu na waje ( yanayin yanayi, kwayoyin halitta, taimako, kayan iyaye da lokaci ), da ƙananan ƙananan, waɗanda ba a iya ganewa da yawa, suna tafiyar da matakan pedogenic da ƙirƙirar tsarin ƙasa.
- Halayen ƙasa da shimfidar ƙasa, misali, lambar, girma, siffofi da kuma shirye-shiryen jikin ƙasa, kowannensu yana da alaƙa da yanayin ƙasa, digiri na homogeneity na ciki, gangara, al'amari, matsayi mai faɗi, shekaru da sauran kaddarorin da dangantaka, ana iya lura da aunawa.
- Daban-daban tsarin mulki na bioclimatic ko hadewar tsarin pedogenic yana haifar da ƙasa mai bambanta. Don haka, siffofi na musamman, da ake iya lura da su, misali, tarin yumbu a cikin sararin sama, ana samar da su ta wasu haɗe-haɗe na matakai na pedogenic da ke aiki a kan lokuta daban-daban.
- Pedogenic (ƙasa-ƙafa) matakai suna aiki don ƙirƙirar da lalata tsari ( anisotropy ) a cikin ƙasa; waɗannan matakai na iya ci gaba a lokaci ɗaya. Sakamakon bayanan ƙasa yana nuna ma'auni na waɗannan matakai, na yanzu da na baya.
- Ka'idodin ilimin yanayin ƙasa na Uniformitarianism ya shafi ƙasa, watau, ayyukan pedogenic da ke aiki a cikin ƙasa a yau suna aiki na dogon lokaci, baya zuwa lokacin bayyanar kwayoyin halitta a saman ƙasa. Waɗannan matakan suna da mabambantan matakan magana da ƙarfi akan sarari da lokaci.
- Matsakaicin ƙasa daban-daban na iya haɓaka, lalacewa da/ko koma baya a kowane rukunin yanar gizo, azaman abubuwan halittar ƙasa da abubuwan rukunin yanar gizo, misali, ciyayi, lalata, geomorphology, canji.
- Akwai 'yan tsohuwar ƙasa kaɗan (a yanayin yanayin ƙasa) saboda ana iya lalata su ko binne su ta hanyar abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanayin ƙasa, ko kuma canza su ta hanyar canjin yanayi ta yanayin rashin ƙarfi a saman duniya. Kadan daga cikin ci gaban ƙasa ya koma bayan lokacin Tertiary kuma yawancin ƙasa da saman ƙasa ba su girme Pleistocene Epoch ba. Duk da haka, ƙasƙan da aka kiyaye su ( paleosols ) suna da kusan ko'ina a cikin yanayin ƙasa (na tushen ƙasa) a cikin mafi yawan lokutan yanayin ƙasa. Tun da suna rikodin shaidar canjin yanayi na daɗaɗɗen yanayi, suna ba da babbar fa'ida don fahimtar juyin halitta a cikin tarihin ƙasa.
- Ilimi da fahimtar asalin ƙasa yana da mahimmanci wajen rarrabuwa da taswira .
- Tsarin rarrabuwar ƙasa ba zai iya dogaro gabaɗaya akan hasashe na asali na asali ba, duk da haka, saboda tsarin ƙwayoyin halitta ba safai ake lura da su ba kuma saboda tsarin ilimin halittar jiki yana canzawa akan lokaci.
- Ilimin asalin ƙasa yana da mahimmanci kuma na asali ga amfani da ƙasa. Tasirin ɗan adam akan, ko daidaitawa, dalilai da hanyoyin samar da ƙasa za'a iya sarrafa su da kuma tsara su da kyau ta amfani da ilimi game da asalin ƙasa.
- Kasa masana'antun yumbu ne na halitta ( laka ya haɗa da tsarin ma'adinai na yumbu da barbashi ƙasa da 2 µm a diamita). Shales a duk faɗin duniya suna, zuwa ga wani adadi mai yawa, kawai yumbu na ƙasa waɗanda aka kafa a cikin pedosphere kuma ya ɓace kuma aka ajiye su a cikin raƙuman teku, don zama mai haske a kwanan baya.
Sanannen likitocin ilimin, yara
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Olivier de Serres ne adam wata
- Vasily V. Dokuchaev
- Friedrich Albert Fallou
- Konstantin D. Glinka
- Eugene W. Hilgard
- Francis D. Hole
- Hans Jenny
- Curtis F. Marbut
- Bernard Palissy
Duba kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Abubuwan da suka shafi kimiyyar noma
- Jerin batutuwan ƙasa
- Pedogenesis
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Media related to Pedology at Wikimedia Commons