Willyam Ciksfir
Anaw n waris | masculin |
---|---|
Tamazirt n tɣlant | royaume d'Angleterre |
Ism s tutlayt taymmat | William Shakespeare |
Ism amzwaru | William |
Ḍfṛism | Shakespeare |
Surnom | The Bard of Avon |
Assf n tlalit | Ibrir 1564 |
Ida n tlalit | Stratford upon Avon |
Date de baptême | 26 Ibrir 1564 |
Assf n tmttant | 23 Ibrir 1616 |
Ida n tmttant | Stratford upon Avon |
Circonstances de la mort | causes naturelles |
Cause de la mort | valeur inconnue |
Date d'enterrement ou de crémation | 25 Ibrir 1616 |
Timḍlt | église de la Sainte-Trinité de Stratford-upon-Avon |
Père | John Shakespeare |
Mère | Mary Shakespeare |
Conjoint ou conjointe | Anne Hathaway |
Enfant | Susanna Hall, Hamnet Shakespeare, Judith Quiney |
Langue maternelle | anglais moderne naissant |
Tutlayin s ar isawal, d s ar ittara | anglais moderne naissant |
Tutlayin n tirra | anglais moderne naissant, Tutlayt Tanglizt |
Tawuri d mad isala | dramaturge |
Scolarité | King Edward VI School, Stratford-upon-Avon |
Résidence | Stratford upon Avon |
Affilié à | Lord Chamberlain's Men, King's Men |
Liste de ses œuvres | William Shakespeare bibliography |
Anaw n tẓuṛi | pièce de théâtre, poésie |
Présent dans l'œuvre | Star Trek: The Original Series Core Game Book |
Asra | Renaissance anglaise |
Discipline dont c'est l'objet | Shakespeare studies |
Est représenté par | Portrait Chandos |
Collection comprenant une œuvre de la personne | Minneapolis Institute of Art, National Gallery of Art, musée d'art Nelson-Atkins, Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam, Musée J. Paul Getty |
Statut des droits d'auteur du créateur | droits d'auteurs ne pouvant plus être enfreints |
Dossier documentaire conservé par | Fondation SAPA, Archives suisses des arts de la scène |
Willyam Ciksfir (ilul ɣ 23 ibril 1564 – 23 ibril 1616) iga yan umara anmzgun d yan umdyaz d usmday anglizy. Ittyawssan bahra is iga amara imqqurn ɣ tutlayt tanglizt d umara adramay da tn yufn ɣ umaḍal. Ittɣra as s "umdyaz anamur n Inglatirra" d "unḍḍam n Abun" (niɣ d ɣar "Anḍḍam"). Tawuri nns iflin tgru ula xtilli iskr d wiyyaḍ, rad akkʷ gint ɣ wuṭṭun nnsnt kra n 39 n urarn inmzgunn, 154 n sunitat, kraḍ n tmdyazin ɣzzifnin d kra n isaffn n tmdyazt, tili turda ɣ manwa ad tnt yuran.
Urarn nns inmzgunn aɣulnt s tutlayin akkʷ mqqurnin d ar ttyurarn uggar n tin imaran yaḍnin. Shakespeare iga sul amara anglizi da bahra issnfluln tutlayt tanglizt, d ɣwalli akkʷ gisn ilan iḍiṣ.
Ciksfir Willyam ilul d ɣ Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire imqqur gis, Lliɣ ila 18 n usggʷas, itahl d Anne Hathaway, ilin sin itsn kraḍ n tarwa: Susanna, d iknwn Hamnet d Judith. Kra n wakud gr 1585 d 1592, issnti yat twada ifulkin ɣ Lunḍun ig yan usmday, amara, d bab n yat tdrawt n urarn mi ism Lord Chamberlain's Men, infl as sul ism s King's Men lliɣ iɣli ugllid James wis sḍis n Iskutlanda s isni n Inglterra. Lliɣ dars tlla 49 n usggʷas (ɣ 1613), yuman is izri s Stratford, ɣ immut kraḍ isggʷasn tiɣrdin n ɣayad. Ur d yagur aysilad imikkatin n izmmimn f tudrt nns iẓlin; ɣaylli d yiwin aswingm ur idrusn f kra n tɣawsiwin zun d asgd nns, tazzit nns, aris nns niɣ d akkʷ yak is nit iga ɣaylli yura wins niɣ d win kra n tsga yaḍni.
Shakespeare iskr tuggt n twuriwin nns ttyawssanin gr 1589 d 1613. Urarn nns imzwura gan zwar ikumidiyn d win umzruy, ttyawmnadn is gan umudn akkʷ attuynin ɣ wanaw nnsn. Ukan izri ilmma d inn ad nit ittara itrajidn ar 1608, ad gisn ittyawbdar *Romeo d Juliet*, *Hamlet*, *Othello*, *King Lear* d *Macbeth*, da akkʷ ttyawmnadn is gan umudn akkʷ cwanin ɣ tutlayt tanglizt. Ɣ tgira n tudrt nns, yura Ikumidn-Itrajidn (da ttyawssanin s "izlan n tayri") zun d *The Winter's Tale* d *The Tempest*, imyawas ula d imaran d ismdayn yaḍnin.
Mnnaw wurarn n Ciksfir ttyawfsarn, sɣ dar tẓṛigin ggutnin ku yat d tcwi nns. Imil, ɣ 1623, John Heminges d Henry Condell, sin agmat imddukkal n Shakespeare, fsrn yan uḍris iggʷran ittyawssann s First Folio (Afulyu amzwaru), yan uḍris da d iffɣn dffir lmut nns d 36 n wurarn nnsn ad gis illan. Tamzwarut n udlis nns tga tt yat tmdyazt n Ben Jonson da rad as ig yan wafna, da t yullɣn s yan wawal da igan ɣilad amaway: "ur d win yan uzmz ad iga, macc win akkʷ izmaz".
Tudrt nns
Ciksfir iga yus n Jun Ciksfir, yan umɣar n tmdint d yan urgaz imursn ɣ uskar n ilmḍaḍn, d wad d yuckan sɣ Snitterfield ɣ Warwickshire, d Mary Arden, illis n yat takat imqqurn iṭṭafn ikaliwn, Ilul ɣ Stratford-upon-Avon, ɣ imẓal ass n 26 ibril 1564. Ass n tlalit nns ur ittyawssan, macc nnan is d ilul ɣ wass n 23 ibril, ass n ugrram jurj. Ass ad, lli iẓḍarn ad ittyaf ɣ William Oldys d George Steevens, iga ayn ifulkin i imaratn n tudrt nns acku Shakespeare immut ɣ wassad ɣ usggʷas n 1616.[16][17] Iga wis kraḍ ɣ tam n tarwa, d arraw amzwaru lli sul iddarn.
Mqqar ur llin kra n isɣunn n tiɣri n zzman an, tugt n imaratn n tudrt nns ttnmala is Shakespeare iɣra ɣ tɣri n Ugllid tamaynut ɣ Stratford,[19][20][21] yat tɣri ixllan lli ittyuskarn ɣ 1553,[22] ɣ yan udɣar iga azgn n umil (400 m) zɣ tgmmi nns.
Ɣ tudrt nns n twuri, Shakespeare ibḍa akud nns gr London d Stratford. Ɣ 1596, asggʷas dat n uylli isɣa New Place zund tgmmi n tawja nns ɣ Stratford, Shakespeare illa izdɣ ɣ uɣrf n St Helen's, Bishopsgate, ɣ iggi n wasif n Thames.[65][66] Inḍw s iggi n wasif s Southwark ar 1599, asggʷas lli ɣ iskr ugraw nns anrar n Globe.[65][67] Ar 1604, inḍw daɣ s iggi n wasif, s yan udɣar ɣ iggi n tmzgida tamqrant n St Paul lli ɣ llan tiɣrmin fulkinin. Ɣin, ikru tiɣrfin zɣ yan uhugunut afransis ism nns Christopher Mountjoy, amskkar n tclwaḍin n tmɣarin d lxnact yaḍnin.[68][69]
Shakespeare immut ass n 23 ibril 1616, ilkm 52 n usggʷas.[d] Immut yan wayyur zɣ uylli isrs afus nns ɣ lwṣiyya nns, lli ɣ issnti s tnnayt is illa ɣ "taḍṣa ikmmln". Ur illi kra n usɣn zɣ zzman an issfhamn mamk nɣ maɣ immut. Azgn n tasut ḍart uyad, John Ward, anflus n Stratford, yura ɣ udlis nns: "Shakespeare, Drayton, d Ben Jonson skrn yan umnaggar iḍṣan, ittban is swant bahra, acku Shakespeare immut s tawla lli yufa ɣin",[84][85] ayn ur igi kra ur iẓḍarn ad yili acku Shakespeare issn Jonson d Drayton. Zɣ izlan n umyaqqan zɣ imddukkʷal nns imarawn, yan gisn isawal f lmut nns lli d yuckan s tɣawla: "Nɣiy, a Shakespeare, is tddit ɣikan / Zɣ anrar n umaḍal s tɣrft n unḍu n unḍḍam."[86]
Tamdyazt nns
Ɣ 1593 d 1594, lliɣ qqnn igrawen n usrqs acku illa waṭṭan n ṭṭaɛun, Shakespeare iɣra snat tmdyazin tiɣzzifin s yan usentel n tayri: *Venus d Adonis* d *Asurrf n Lucretia*, lli yura i Wriothesley Henry, Comte n Southampton. Ɣ *Venus d Adonis*, yan Adonis amẓyan ur irḍil i usurrf n Venus, aylli ɣ *Asurrf n Lucretia*, Lucretia tafulkit tettusurrf s Tarquin bu ccḥwat. S usnflul n *Metamorphoses* n Ovid, timdyazin ad ar smlilint tanḍḍamt d iɣuyyan n ixf lli d ittawin ccḥwat ur ittyaṭṭafn. Snat timdyazin ad gant tiɣbula, ttwaɣrant t tikkal ggutnin ɣ tudrt n Shakespeare.
Yat tmdyazt tis kraṭṭ taɣzzift, Taɣuyyit n Bu Tayri, ɣ ar talla yat tfruxt tamẓyant f maylli tt yiwi yan urgaz issurf-as, tettwaɣra ɣ 1609. Tugt n imusnawen ɣassa tqbl is *Taɣuyyit n Bu Tayri* tga taɣarast n Shakespeare s tidet, mqqar ar ttinin is tifulki nns tettufr s kra n tɣaradin iqburn. Afnix d Tatbirt (1601) tga taɣuyyit f lmut n ufnix amaway d waylli tt ittirin, Tatbirt taṣdiqt.
Ɣ 1599, yat tnḍḍamt tamzwarut n snat sunitat, 138 d 144, tban ɣ *Amsiggʷl Itɣussn*, tettwaɣra s ism n Shakespeare, macc bla ma irḍa.