Willyam Ciksfir
Willyam Ciksfir (ilul ɣ 23 ibril 1564 – 23 ibril 1616) iga yan umara anmzgun d yan umdyaz d usmday anglizy. Ittyawssan bahra is iga amara imqqurn ɣ tutlayt tanglizt d umara adramay da tn yufn ɣ umaḍal. Ittɣra as s "umdyaz anamur n Inglatirra" d "unḍḍam n Abun" (niɣ d ɣar "Amdyaz"). Tawuri nns iflin da gisnt tid lli iskr d wiyyaḍ, gant kra n 39 n tmdyazin n usrqs, 154 n sunitat, kraḍ n tmdyazin tiɣzzifin d kra n tiyaḍ, tili turda ɣ manwa ad tnt yuran. Timdyazin nns n usrqs ttwasngzdnt s tutlayin timqqranin akkʷ, tili ttwurarn uggar n tin imarawn yaḍnin n tmdyazin n usrqs. Shakespeare iga sul amara angliz lli bahra issnfluln tutlayt tanglizt, d ɣwalli akkʷ gisn ilan iḍiṣ.
Shakespeare ilul imqqur ɣ Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. Lliɣ ila 18 n usggʷas, imun d Anne Hathaway, lli dars igan kraḍ n tarwa: Susanna, d iknwn Hamnet d Judith. Gr 1585 d 1592, issnti yan uxddm ifulkin ɣ London zund anmhal, amaru, d bab n kra (amassaɣ) n yan ugraw n unmhal ism nns Lord Chamberlain's Men, lli yaḍn ism nns s King's Men lliɣ ikka Agllid James wis sḍis n Iskutlanda s lɛrc n Inglterra. Lliɣ ila 49 n usggʷas (ɣ 1613), ittban is irura s Stratford, mani ɣ immut kraḍ isggʷasn ḍart uyad. Ur d qqimin ɣir kra imikk n isɣunn f tudrt nns taḍfrant; ayad aynna d yiwi aswingm atrar f tɣawsiwin zund addud nns, tawssna nns, tannayt nns tannamast ula d kra n tannayinaxatarnin[8] f is tiɣrdin lli as ttyumẓn ur tnt yuri ntta.[9][10][11]
Shakespeare iskr tugt n tɣrdin nns ittussan gr 1589 d 1613.[12][13] Timdyazin nns timzwura gant tiḍṣanin d timdiwin n umzruy ttwannant is gant tiɣrdin ixatrn ɣ inawen ad. Ḍart uyad yura timnɣiwt ar 1608, gisnt *Romeo d Juliet*, *Hamlet*, *Othello*, *King Lear* d *Macbeth*, lli akkʷ ttwannant is gant tiɣrdin ixatrn ɣ tutlayt tanglizt.[4][5][6] Ɣ tgira n tudrt nns, yura timnɣiwt iḍṣanin (lli ttwassanin s "timdiwin n tayri") zund *The Winter's Tale* d *The Tempest*, iskr ula d imarawn yaḍnin n tmdyazin n usrqs.
Tugt n tmdyazin n usrqs n Shakespeare ttyuɣrant s tɣaradin izdin d ur izdiyyn ɣ tudrt nns. Macc, ɣ 1623, John Heminges d Henry Condell, sin inmhlan d imddukkʷal n Shakespeare, ɣrn yan uḍris izdin ittussan s First Folio, yan uḍris lli d iffɣn ḍart lmut nns ittawin 36 n tmdyazin nns n usrqs. Taẓult nns tga tt yat tmdyazt n Ben Jonson, lli t izwarn ɣ twuri nns, lli t issɣrn s wawal lli iga ɣilad amaway: "ur igi win yan uzzman, macc n ikud akkʷ".[14]