Willyam Ciksfir
Anaw n waris | masculin |
---|---|
Tamazirt n tɣlant | royaume d'Angleterre |
Ism s tutlayt taymmat | William Shakespeare |
Ism amzwaru | William |
Ḍfṛism | Shakespeare |
Surnom | The Bard of Avon |
Assf n tlalit | Ibrir 1564 |
Ida n tlalit | Stratford upon Avon |
Date de baptême | 26 Ibrir 1564 |
Assf n tmttant | 23 Ibrir 1616 |
Ida n tmttant | Stratford upon Avon |
Circonstances de la mort | causes naturelles |
Cause de la mort | valeur inconnue |
Date d'enterrement ou de crémation | 25 Ibrir 1616 |
Timḍlt | église de la Sainte-Trinité de Stratford-upon-Avon |
Père | John Shakespeare |
Mère | Mary Shakespeare |
Conjoint ou conjointe | Anne Hathaway |
Enfant | Susanna Hall, Hamnet Shakespeare, Judith Quiney |
Langue maternelle | anglais moderne naissant |
Tutlayin s ar isawal, d s ar ittara | anglais moderne naissant |
Tutlayin n tirra | anglais moderne naissant, Tutlayt Tanglizt |
Tawuri d mad isala | dramaturge |
Scolarité | King Edward VI School, Stratford-upon-Avon |
Résidence | Stratford upon Avon |
Affilié à | Lord Chamberlain's Men, King's Men |
Liste de ses œuvres | William Shakespeare bibliography |
Anaw n tẓuṛi | pièce de théâtre, poésie |
Présent dans l'œuvre | Star Trek: The Original Series Core Game Book |
Asra | Renaissance anglaise |
Discipline dont c'est l'objet | Shakespeare studies |
Est représenté par | Portrait Chandos |
Collection comprenant une œuvre de la personne | Minneapolis Institute of Art, National Gallery of Art, musée d'art Nelson-Atkins, Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam, Musée J. Paul Getty |
Statut des droits d'auteur du créateur | droits d'auteurs ne pouvant plus être enfreints |
Dossier documentaire conservé par | Fondation SAPA, Archives suisses des arts de la scène |
Willyam Ciksfir (ilul ɣ 23 ibril 1564 – 23 ibril 1616) iga yan umara anmzgun d yan umdyaz d usmday anglizy. Ittyawssan bahra is iga amara imqqurn ɣ tutlayt tanglizt d umara adramay da tn yufn ɣ umaḍal. Ittɣra as s "umdyaz anamur n Inglatirra" d "unḍḍam n Abun" (niɣ d ɣar "Amdyaz"). Tawuri nns iflin tgru ula xtilli iskr d wiyyaḍ, rad gint ɣ wuṭṭun nnsnt kra n 39 n tmdyazin n usrqs, 154 n sunitat, kraḍ n tmdyazin tiɣzzifin d kra n tiyyaḍ, tili turda ɣ manwa ad tnt yuran. Timdyazin nns n usrqs ttwasngzdnt s tutlayin timqqranin akkʷ, tili ttwurarn uggar n tin imarawn yaḍnin n tmdyazin n usrqs. Shakespeare iga sul amara angliz lli bahra issnfluln tutlayt tanglizt, d ɣwalli akkʷ gisn ilan iḍiṣ.
Shakespeare ilul imqqur ɣ Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. Lliɣ ila 18 n usggʷas, imun d Anne Hathaway, lli dars igan kraḍ n tarwa: Susanna, d iknwn Hamnet d Judith. Gr 1585 d 1592, issnti yan uxddm ifulkin ɣ London zund anmhal, amaru, d bab n kra (amassaɣ) n yan ugraw n unmhal ism nns Lord Chamberlain's Men, lli yaḍn ism nns s King's Men lliɣ ikka Agllid James wis sḍis n Iskutlanda s lɛrc n Inglterra. Lliɣ ila 49 n usggʷas (ɣ 1613), ittban is irura s Stratford, mani ɣ immut kraḍ isggʷasn ḍart uyad. Ur d qqimin ɣir kra imikk n isɣunn f tudrt nns taḍfrant; ayad aynna d yiwi aswingm atrar f tɣawsiwin zund addud nns, tawssna nns, tannayt nns tannamast ula d kra n tannayinaxatarnin, f is tiɣrdin lli as ttyumẓn ur tnt yuri ntta.
Shakespeare iskr tugt n tɣrdin nns ittussan gr 1589 d 1613. Timdyazin nns timzwura gant tiḍṣanin d timdiwin n umzruy ttwannant is gant tiɣrdin ixatrn ɣ inawen ad. Ḍart uyad yura timnɣiwt ar 1608, gisnt *Romeo d Juliet*, *Hamlet*, *Othello*, *King Lear* d *Macbeth*, lli akkʷ ttwannant is gant tiɣrdin ixatrn ɣ tutlayt tanglizt. Ɣ tgira n tudrt nns, yura timnɣiwt iḍṣanin (lli ttwassanin s "timdiwin n tayri") zund *The Winter's Tale* d *The Tempest*, iskr ula d imarawn yaḍnin n tmdyazin n usrqs.
Tugt n tmdyazin n usrqs n Shakespeare ttyuɣrant s tɣaradin izdin d ur izdiyyn ɣ tudrt nns. Macc, ɣ 1623, John Heminges d Henry Condell, sin inmhlan d imddukkʷal n Shakespeare, ɣrn yan uḍris izdin ittussan s First Folio, yan uḍris lli d iffɣn ḍart lmut nns ittawin 36 n tmdyazin nns n usrqs. Taẓult nns tga tt yat tmdyazt n Ben Jonson, lli t izwarn ɣ twuri nns, lli t issɣrn s wawal lli iga ɣilad amaway: "ur igi win yan uzzman, macc n ikud akkʷ".
Tudrt nns
Shakespeare iga mmis n John Shakespeare, yan umɣar n tmdint d yan urgaz ifulkin issnuruyn ifrayn (amskkar n ifrayn) lli d yuckan zɣ Snitterfield ɣ Warwickshire, d Mary Arden, illis n yan uxam imqqurn ilan akal.[15] Ilul ɣ Stratford-upon-Avon, mani ɣ ittwassɣd ass n 26 ibril 1564. Ass n tlalit nns ur ittyussan, macc ittuskarn s lɛada ass n 23 ibril, ass n Sidi George.[2] Ass ad, lli iẓḍarn ad ittyaf ɣ William Oldys d George Steevens, iga ayn ifulkin i imaratn n tudrt nns acku Shakespeare immut ɣ wassad ɣ usggʷas n 1616.[16][17] Iga wis kraḍ ɣ tam n tarwa, d arraw amzwaru lli sul iddarn.
Mqqar ur llin kra n isɣunn n tiɣri n zzman an, tugt n imaratn n tudrt nns ttnmala is Shakespeare iɣra ɣ tɣri n Ugllid tamaynut ɣ Stratford,[19][20][21] yat tɣri ixllan lli ittyuskarn ɣ 1553,[22] ɣ yan udɣar iga azgn n umil (400 m) zɣ tgmmi nns.
Ɣ tudrt nns n twuri, Shakespeare ibḍa akud nns gr London d Stratford. Ɣ 1596, asggʷas dat n uylli isɣa New Place zund tgmmi n tawja nns ɣ Stratford, Shakespeare illa izdɣ ɣ uɣrf n St Helen's, Bishopsgate, ɣ iggi n wasif n Thames.[65][66] Inḍw s iggi n wasif s Southwark ar 1599, asggʷas lli ɣ iskr ugraw nns anrar n Globe.[65][67] Ar 1604, inḍw daɣ s iggi n wasif, s yan udɣar ɣ iggi n tmzgida tamqrant n St Paul lli ɣ llan tiɣrmin fulkinin. Ɣin, ikru tiɣrfin zɣ yan uhugunut afransis ism nns Christopher Mountjoy, amskkar n tclwaḍin n tmɣarin d lxnact yaḍnin.[68][69]
Shakespeare immut ass n 23 ibril 1616, ilkm 52 n usggʷas.[d] Immut yan wayyur zɣ uylli isrs afus nns ɣ lwṣiyya nns, lli ɣ issnti s tnnayt is illa ɣ "taḍṣa ikmmln". Ur illi kra n usɣn zɣ zzman an issfhamn mamk nɣ maɣ immut. Azgn n tasut ḍart uyad, John Ward, anflus n Stratford, yura ɣ udlis nns: "Shakespeare, Drayton, d Ben Jonson skrn yan umnaggar iḍṣan, ittban is swant bahra, acku Shakespeare immut s tawla lli yufa ɣin",[84][85] ayn ur igi kra ur iẓḍarn ad yili acku Shakespeare issn Jonson d Drayton. Zɣ izlan n umyaqqan zɣ imddukkʷal nns imarawn, yan gisn isawal f lmut nns lli d yuckan s tɣawla: "Nɣiy, a Shakespeare, is tddit ɣikan / Zɣ anrar n umaḍal s tɣrft n unḍu n unḍḍam."[86]
Tamdyazt nns
Ɣ 1593 d 1594, lliɣ qqnn igrawen n usrqs acku illa waṭṭan n ṭṭaɛun, Shakespeare iɣra snat tmdyazin tiɣzzifin s yan usentel n tayri: *Venus d Adonis* d *Asurrf n Lucretia*, lli yura i Wriothesley Henry, Comte n Southampton. Ɣ *Venus d Adonis*, yan Adonis amẓyan ur irḍil i usurrf n Venus, aylli ɣ *Asurrf n Lucretia*, Lucretia tafulkit tettusurrf s Tarquin bu ccḥwat. S usnflul n *Metamorphoses* n Ovid, timdyazin ad ar smlilint tanḍḍamt d iɣuyyan n ixf lli d ittawin ccḥwat ur ittyaṭṭafn. Snat timdyazin ad gant tiɣbula, ttwaɣrant t tikkal ggutnin ɣ tudrt n Shakespeare.
Yat tmdyazt tis kraṭṭ taɣzzift, Taɣuyyit n Bu Tayri, ɣ ar talla yat tfruxt tamẓyant f maylli tt yiwi yan urgaz issurf-as, tettwaɣra ɣ 1609. Tugt n imusnawen ɣassa tqbl is *Taɣuyyit n Bu Tayri* tga taɣarast n Shakespeare s tidet, mqqar ar ttinin is tifulki nns tettufr s kra n tɣaradin iqburn. Afnix d Tatbirt (1601) tga taɣuyyit f lmut n ufnix amaway d waylli tt ittirin, Tatbirt taṣdiqt.
Ɣ 1599, yat tnḍḍamt tamzwarut n snat sunitat, 138 d 144, tban ɣ *Amsiggʷl Itɣussn*, tettwaɣra s ism n Shakespeare, macc bla ma irḍa.