Azote

Azote^[1]^[2] (kuChingezi nitrogen) kana nito, inhangande yechemushonga ine chiratidzo N ne chiperengo che atoma cha nomwe (7). Azote i-sinasimbi^{[C 1]} uye chikamu chakarerukisisa muboka re gumineshanu (15) murupotera rwe nhangande, anovanzodanwa kunzi dzisikazote^{[C 2]}. Inhangande isingakoni kuwanikwa murudunhumwe, inofungairwa kuwapanzvimbo yechinomwe pakuwanda muGwararezhou ne Mutandira we Mushana. Pahujoto ne nzvinya^{[C 3]} dzakajairika, mahatoma maviri, enhangande anobatana ovumba N₂, gasi ye maatoma maviri isina ruvara kana hwema. N₂ inovumba muzana wemakumimanomwe-nesere (78%) ejingamweya re Rinopasi, zvichibva zvariisa pamusoro senhangande inowanikwa kakurusa isina kugumbanidzwa^{[C 4]} iri mumweya. Nekuda kwevupapariko^{[C 5]} hwe mambundanirwa^{[C 6]} eazote, inhangande yeushomekari muzvikamu zvekaoma zve Rinopasi.

Yakatanga kubvumbunurwa^{[C 7]} nekupatsanururwa na chiremba wechiSkoti Daniel Rutherford muna-1772 uye na Carl Wilhelm Scheele pachake, na Henry Cavendish munguva yaivepedyo. Zita rokuti nitrogène rakayambiswa na mhizhamushonga wechiFurenji Jean-Antoine-Claude Chaptal muna1790 pazvakawanikwa kuti azote yainge iri munyong'o ye rw'azote^{[C 8]} uye maazoteri^{[C 9]}. Antoine Lavoisier akayambisa zita rokuti azote, kubva pakuChigiriki-chekare ἀζωτικός "pasina vupenyu", nekudakwokuti raive gasi inovhumidzisa^{[C 10]}.

Azote yechinhangande inowanzo gadzirwa nemweya ne ruambahweza^{[C 11]} rwe runamatiro nemushanduruko wenzvinya^{[C 12]}. Pamusviko wembiri-dzemunhatu (2/3) dzeazote yechinhangande inogadzirwa zvepamutengeso^{[C 13]} inoshandiswa segasi iri ineti^{[C 14]} (isina-ufemo) pakuita nezvepamutengeso senge kuphekeja chikafu, uye uwandu hwayo hwunoshandiswa seazote yeumadzi muzviiswa zverusikarutonho^{[C 15]}. Huzhinji hwe mambundanirwa akakosha muhushangazhi, senge amoniya^{[A 1]}, nyong'o yerw'azote, maazoteri echerumhenyu^{[C 16]} (chityovhesi^{[C 17]}, uye zviputiko), masiyanidhi^{[A 2]}, aneazote. Musungo weutatu^{[C 18]} wakasimba kakuru kwazvo muazote yechinhangande (N=N), musungo wechipiri pakusimva mumamorikyuri yemaatoma maviri mushure mechimurasha chenyong'omwe (CO)^{[C 19]}, inokurira chemushonga cheazote. Izvi zvinokonzeresa kukoniwa kwezvinyanhengo ne hushangazhi pakushandurudzwa N₂ kuvamambundanirwa anemushando, asi pamwepo zvinoreva kuti kupisa, kuputisa, kana kubvurunura mambundanirwa eazote kuitira kuwumba gasi ye azote zvinobuditsa huwandu hwukuru hweito^{[C 20]} inemushando. Amoniya ne maazoteri anogadzirwa zveukotsvanidzwa^{[C 21]} akakosha mufetiraiza yechishangazhi, uye maazoteri efetiraiza itsviniso^{[C 22]} dzakakosha mukutyofikechwa^{[A 3]} kwe mitandira ye mvura. Kunze kwekushandiswa mumafetiraiza nemukubangwa kwe ito, azote chikamu chemabundanirwa echerumhenyu anosiyana-siyana semaaramidha^{[A 4]} anoshandiswa munduko dzesimba-huru ne sayanoakrireti^{[A 5]} anoshandiswa munamiridzidzo^{[C 23]}.

Azote inowanikwa muzvinyanhengo zvose, kunyanya mudzinyong'o dzeamino (uyezve muzvwakanyama^{[C 24]}), mudzinyong'o dzerusomo (DNA^{[CA 1]} ne RNA^{[A 6]}) uye mumorekyuri rinotapuridza ito rinonzi adhenosini terafosifeti^{[A 7]}. Mwiri wemunhu une muzana wechitatu (3%) we ndemu ye azote, ichiva nhangande yechina pakuwanda mumwiri ichitevera ufemo, chimurasha, ne husikamadzi^{[C 25]}. Rudzovo rwe azote^{[C 26]} rwunotsanangura kufamba kwe nhangande mumweya, ichipinda mujingabenyu ne mambundanirwa echerumhenyu, ichizodzoka mujingamweya. Azote inoshandiswa mumadharaki mazhinji anoshandiswa kurapa, zvichisanganisa makazautachiwana^{[C 27]}. Madharaki mazhinji anoitazvekutevedza kana maprodrugs eazote yechekusikwa inemamorekyuri anoninira^{[C 28]} : semuenzaniso, maazote echerumhenyu nitirogiriseni^{[A 8]} ne nitiropurisidhi^{[A 9]} anodzoredza nzvinya ye ropa^{[C 29]} nekuimetabholaiza kuva chitutso che azote^{[C 30]}. Madharaki anozivikwa ane azote, kusanganiswa dzekusikwa senge kafeni ne morufini kana iyo amufetamini yeukotsvanidzwa, dzinoshanda pamarhiseputa emanyurotiranzimita^{[A 10]} emhuka.

Tafura ye horokodza

Azote

Marotlopi^{[CA 2]}:

tarisai chikamu chemarotlopi eAzote

Ratidziko:

gasi isina ruvara, mutuvi, godo

Uremu weatoma A_r°(N):

[14.00643, 14.00728]
14.007±0.001 (abridged)

Azote muTafura ye Nhangande

Chiperengo cheatoma (Z)

7

Boka:

boku 15 (pdzisikazote)

Rupotera:

rupotera 2

Bhuroku:

bhuroku-p

Jenganiso yemhodzgetsi:

[He] 2s² 2p³

Mhodzigetsi pagoko:

2, 5

Mutumbi we miriki

Fezi pa STP:

gasi

Poyindi yekunyauka:

(N₂) 63.23 K

(−209.86 °C, −345.75 °F)

Poyindi yekufanza:

(N₂) 77.355 K

(−195.795 °C, −320.431 °F)

Dhenziti (pa STP)

1.2506 g/L at 0 °C, 1013 mbar

Semutuvi (pa b.p.)

0.808 g/cm³

Poyindi itatu:

63.151 K, 12.52 kPa

Poyindi iri kiritikari:

126.21 K, 3.39 MPa

Dziya yekunyenguka:

(N₂) 0.72 kJ/mol

Kudziya kwekupfunga:

(N₂) 5.57 kJ/mol

Kapasiti ye kudziya

kwechi-molar:

(N₂) 29.124 J/(mol·K)

Nzvinya ye mupfunga:

P (Pa)	1	10	100	1 k	10 k	100 k
at T (K)	37	41	46	53	62	77

Miriki ye Hatomu

Umiriro ye

Rututsiro:

−3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5

(chitutso chine nyong'o yakasimba)

Uhwaradadahwegetsi:

(Electronegativity)

Pauling scale: 3.04

Ito yekunonda:

1st: 1402.3 kJ/mol
2nd: 2856 kJ/mol
3rd: 4578.1 kJ/mol
(more)

Rhedhiyasi ye

Gombedzwana:

71±1 pm

Rhedhiyasi ye

Vhandewaarusi:

155 pm

Mitsara yeunangazire we Azote

Dzimwe Miriki

Chiitiko murusikwa:

primordial

Jenganiso ye njenjeka:

hexagonal

Spidhi ye ruzha:

353 m/s (gas, at 27 °C)

Thermal conductivity:

25.83×10⁻³ W/(m⋅K)

Raya re magineti:

huguramagineti

Chiperengo che CAS:

17778-88-0

7727-37-9 (N₂)

Nhoroondo

Kuvhumburwa:

Daniel Rutherford (1772)

Yakatumidzwa na:

Jean-Antoine Chaptal (1790)

Enzanhara huru ye Azote
Enzanhara	Uzhinji	Chidimbu-Upenyu (t_1/2)	Modhi ye bvurunuro	Purodhakiti
¹³N	syn	9.965 min	ε	¹³C
¹⁴N	99.6%	stable
¹⁵N	0.4%	stable

Zita[chinjirudza | chinjirudza mabviro]

Unenashoko[chinjirudza | chinjirudza mabviro]

Zita iri rinowanikwa ku Chistandadhi Shona, hariko kuChishona chakadzama saka rinogona kunge richibva kuChiputukezi kunyangwe zvisina kugwarwa paDuramazwi reVashona. MuChiputukezi iyo nitrojeni inonzi azoto kana azote.

Zita rokuti sikanito ririkubva pachirevo cheChingezi, nitrogen kana rikapatsanurwa shoko rokuti nitro ndiro "nito" muChishona uye chivakamberi -gen zvinoreva kuti "sika; umba; gadzirwa ne-". Sika shoko rokuti nitrogen ndiro sikanito kana umbanito.

Chibanthu[chinjirudza | chinjirudza mabviro]

Mazita renhangande zhinji haawanikwi kumitauro yakawanda yeChibanthu. Chiswahiri pachinoshaya mazwi rinotora kubva kuChiarabhu nokuti kubva kudhara wakambo tora mazwi kubva kumutaura wacho. Mitauro zhinji yekuMabvazuva kwe Afurika inotodza Chiswahiri saka inowanzo tora wo mazita ezvinhu kubva kuChiswahiri nokuti chinotaurwa vanhu hobho.

Chiswahiri chinoti: Nitrojeni^[3] kutodza Chingezi.
KuChindevele, Chizulu ne Chixhosa inonzi: I-Nitrogeni
Chingala chinoti: Azoti^[4]
Chivhenda chinoti: naiṱhrodzheni^[5]
Chitsonga choti wo: nayitirojeni^[5]

Mabviro eruzivo[chinjirudza | chinjirudza mabviro]

^{C = chirevo pachivanhu. A = Anodinga uturikiso pachivanhu.}

↑ Vashona, 2015, "Nitrogen" Duramazwi re Vashona. Yakatariswa: 5 Chivabvu 2022
↑ "Duramazwi e Chishona"
↑ sw:wiki
↑ ln:wiki
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 https://web.archive.org/web/20220625054645/http://www.dac.gov.za/sites/default/files/terminology/natural-sciences-and-technology-for-grade-4-to-6%20Ven.pdf Peji 113. Yakatariswa: 5 Chivabvu 2022

↑ 'non-metallic., kubva pakuti "sina" - 'non, without', na "simbi" - 'metal; metallic
↑ 'nictogens., kubva pakuti "sika" - 'gen-, create, na "azote, nito" - 'nicto-, nitrogen'. Risikanito/risikazote (ushoma), dzisikanito/zote (uwandu).
↑ Pressure., imwenzira yekuti "kumanikidzwa" Vashona Project, (2019), 'nzvinya' Yakaringwa 15 Chivabvu 2024.
↑ combined., added. "kugumbanidzwa; kukumbanidzwa"
↑ Vashona Project, (2015), 'being volatile'. Kubva pakuti "kupaparika".
↑ compound.,
↑ discovered.,
↑ nitric acid.,
↑ nitrates.,
↑ asphyxiant gas.,
↑ 'technology., kumba pakuti 'eza, hueza; hweza' - 'art, craft', na "ruamba, unena" '-logy, study
↑ pressure swing adsorption., kureva "kunamatira kwe[zvinhu] nekuda kwekushanduka kwe nzvinya/puresha".
↑ commercial.,
↑ inert., hapasati pave neshoko reChishona
↑ 'cryogenic., kureva "zvehujoto hwakatonhora". Kubva pakuti "sika" - 'gen-, create' uye "kutonhora", 'cryo-, cold
↑ organic.,
↑ propellant., kubva pakuti "kutyovha, kuchovha", nekumwe kutaura tingait 'kuchovha.' Zvinoreva "chinhu chinowedzera ito yekuita zviro, chinotyovhesa zvimwe."
↑ triple bond.,
↑ 'carbon monoxide., kubva pakuti "chimurasha, kabhoni', 'carbon = coal', ne "nyong'omwe', 'mono = single, one' + 'oxide = acid, sharp
↑ energy.,
↑ synthetic.,
↑ pollutants.,
↑ superglue., iyo yamazuva ose ichingonzi namiso.
↑ protein.,
↑ oxygen, carbon, hydrogen
↑ nitrogen cycle.,
↑ antibiotics.,
↑ signal molecules.,
↑ blood pressure.,
↑ nitric oxide.,

↑ ammonia.,
↑ cyanides.,
↑ eutrophication., pachirikudingwa zita rechivanhu.
↑ aramids., aromatic polyamides
↑ cyanoacrylate.,
↑ ribonucleic acid.,
↑ adenosine triphosphate.,
↑ nitroglycerine., kuChivanhu imorekyuri rine azote ne nyong'o ne doro rinozipa. azote + nyong'o + doro + nzipo/zipo
↑ nitroprusside., imorekyuri rine azote + nyong'o + iron cyanide-nitric oxide complex ion
↑ neurotransmitters.,

Bosho rekududza: <ref> tags exist for a group named "CA", but no corresponding <references group="CA"/> tag was found

[1] Vashona, 2015, "Nitrogen" Duramazwi re Vashona. Yakatariswa: 5 Chivabvu 2022

[2] "Duramazwi e Chishona"

[45] sw:wiki

[46] :wiki

[:0-47] 5.0 ^5.1 https://web.archive.org/web/20220625054645/http://www.dac.gov.za/sites/default/files/terminology/natural-sciences-and-technology-for-grade-4-to-6%20Ven.pdf Peji 113. Yakatariswa: 5 Chivabvu 2022

[3] 'non-metallic., kubva pakuti "sina" - 'non, without', na "simbi" - 'metal; metallic

[4] 'nictogens., kubva pakuti "sika" - 'gen-, create, na "azote, nito" - 'nicto-, nitrogen'. Risikanito/risikazote (ushoma), dzisikanito/zote (uwandu).

[5] Pressure., imwenzira yekuti "kumanikidzwa" Vashona Project, (2019), 'nzvinya' Yakaringwa 15 Chivabvu 2024.

[6] ., added. "kugumbanidzwa; kukumbanidzwa"

[7] Vashona Project, (2015), 'being volatile'. Kubva pakuti "kupaparika".

[8] compound.,

[9] discovered.,

[10] nitric acid.,

[11] nitrates.,

[12] asphyxiant gas.,

[13] 'technology., kumba pakuti 'eza, hueza; hweza' - 'art, craft', na "ruamba, unena" '-logy, study

[14] pressure swing adsorption., kureva "kunamatira kwe[zvinhu] nekuda kwekushanduka kwe nzvinya/puresha".

[15] commercial.,

[16] inert., hapasati pave neshoko reChishona

[17] 'cryogenic., kureva "zvehujoto hwakatonhora". Kubva pakuti "sika" - 'gen-, create' uye "kutonhora", 'cryo-, cold

[19] organic.,

[20] propellant., kubva pakuti "kutyovha, kuchovha", nekumwe kutaura tingait 'kuchovha.' Zvinoreva "chinhu chinowedzera ito yekuita zviro, chinotyovhesa zvimwe."

[22] triple bond.,

[23] 'carbon monoxide., kubva pakuti "chimurasha, kabhoni', 'carbon = coal', ne "nyong'omwe', 'mono = single, one' + 'oxide = acid, sharp

[24] energy.,

[25] synthetic.,

[26] pollutants.,

[30] superglue., iyo yamazuva ose ichingonzi namiso.

[31] protein.,

[35] xygen, carbon, hydrogen

[36] nitrogen cycle.,

[37] antibiotics.,

[38] signal molecules.,

[41] blood pressure.,

[42] nitric oxide.,

[18] ammonia.,

[21] cyanides.,

[27] eutrophication., pachirikudingwa zita rechivanhu.

[28] aramids., aromatic polyamides

[29] cyanoacrylate.,

[33] ribonucleic acid.,

[34] adenosine triphosphate.,

[39] nitroglycerine., kuChivanhu imorekyuri rine azote ne nyong'o ne doro rinozipa. azote + nyong'o + doro + nzipo/zipo

[40] troprusside., imorekyuri rine azote + nyong'o + iron cyanide-nitric oxide complex ion

[43] neurotransmitters.,

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