Wikipedia

White ethnostate

A White ethnostate is a proposed type of state in which residence or citizenship would be limited to Whites, and non-Whites and any other groups not seen as White would be excluded from citizenship. Within the Anglosphere, the natives of their respective countries would also be excluded from citizenship, such as the indigenous people of the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.

In the United States, proposals for the establishment of such a state are advanced by White supremacist and White separatist factions such as Ku Klux Klansmen and Neo-Nazis. Some of these factions claim that a certain part of the country should have a White majority and other factions claim that the entire country should have a White majority.[1][2]

Proposed White ethnostates

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North America

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A map that shows the suggested boundaries of The Northwest Territorial Imperative in red.

Historically, as well as in modern times, the Pacific Northwest (Washington, Oregon, Idaho and a portion of Montana) has been proposed by many White supremacists as a location for the establishment of a White ethnostate. This Northwest Territorial Imperative was promoted by Richard Girnt Butler, Robert Miles, Robert Jay Mathews, David Lane, and Harold Covington, alongside the White supremacist terrorist organization The Order, the Neo-Nazi Christian Identity organization Aryan Nations, the White power skinhead group Volksfront, and the Northwest Front, among others. The Northwest Territorial Imperative also has loose overlap with the Cascadia independence movement, which also seeks to create an independent republic between the Northwest and parts of Northern California in the United States and British Columbia in Canada.[3][4] Some in the far-right use the term American Redoubt to describe a similar migration to the Northwestern United States.[5]

Other areas have been looked into as sites for a potential White ethnostate by certain groups, most notably, the South has been proposed as a White ethnostate by the self-proclaimed "Southern Nationalist" League of the South (LS), due to the region's history of secessionism and due to the fact that the region was once an independent nation which was known as the Confederate States of America (1861–1865). Another White ethnostate has been proposed by Billy Roper's Shield Wall Network (SWN), a neo-Nazi organization which is based in Mountain View, Arkansas, it seeks to establish a "White ethnostate" in the Ozark region and it is affiliated with other separatist groups such as the Ku Klux Klan (KKK); the Knights Party, located near Harrison, Arkansas; the League of the South (LS); and the National Socialist Movement (NSM), a member of the now-defunct Nationalist Front.[6] Conversely, the Ozarks have been a "hotbed" for adherents of the Christian Identity movement, including the Church of Israel and various members of the Christian Patriot movement who have set up paramilitary training camps in order to prepare for a coming Armageddon.[6][7][8] The defunct neo-Nazi organization Traditionalist Worker Party (TWP), led by Matthew Heimbach, also sought to establish a White ethnostate which it named "Avalon", based on the ideological principles of Nazism, various strands of European fascism such as Legionarism, British Fascism, and Eastern Orthodoxy.

South Africa

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Volkstaat as proposed by the Freedom Front Plus and the Volkstaat Council

After the end of apartheid, some Afrikaner nationalist organizations, including Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging, started to promote the idea of a Volkstaat that would be established in the Northern Cape region.[9]

In January 2010, Beeld, an Afrikaans newspaper, held an online survey. Out of 11,019 respondents, 56% (6,178) stated that they would move to a Volkstaat if one were created, an additional 17% (1,908) stated that they would consider moving to it and 27% (2,933) stated that they would not consider moving to it because they did not believe that it was a viable option.[10]

Historical attempts to create White ethnostates

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United States

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Historically, White nationalist laws were passed and enforced in the United States, beginning with the passage of the Naturalization Act of 1790, which only allowed Whites to apply for citizenship if they had lived in the United States without breaking any laws for two years, and it only continued to recognize Whites— with rare exceptions— as citizens for decades afterwards. Only after the American Civil War did laws begin to change, gradually extending citizenship rights to minority populations. According to the Johnson–Reed Act[11] of 1924, non-White foreigners were allowed to immigrate to America following a quota of 2% of the number of people from their country of origin who were living in America per the 1890 Census. The 1952 McCarran–Walter Act revised the former 1924 act and it also increased the percentage of people who were allowed to immigrate to America. It also removed the ban on immigration from Asia.[12] Discrimination in immigration was legally ended by the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965. In 2013, White supremacist Craig Cobb attempted to take over the small town of Leith, North Dakota, and turn it into a neo-Nazi enclave; this attempt failed due to Cobb's violent behavior towards Leith's residents, which got him arrested. The events form the basis of the documentary Welcome to Leith.

Starting in 1844, first the Provisional Government of Oregon and then the later State of Oregon enacted a series of Black exclusion laws to prevent Black people from settling within the borders of the territory, under penalty of whipping.[13] These laws were legally invalidated following the American Civil War, but remained technically in force until their repeal in a 1926 ballot initiative. Oregon continues to have an abnormally low Black population for the Western United States (2.26% compared to Washington's 5.09% and California's 6.30%[14]) and Portland is the Whitest large city in the United States.[15]

Nazi Germany

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See also: Nazism, Nazi Party, Nazi Germany, Nazi racial theories, Racial policy of Nazi Germany, Generalplan Ost, and Lebensraum

Adolf Hitler planned to create a Nordic/Aryan superstate that would rule most of Europe, dominate its geopolitical landscape and eradicate anyone who was not considered "pure" by the Nazis. Nazi Germany's objective was to turn a large part of central and eastern Europe into an "Aryan" homeland by cleansing its population through the genocide and mass deportation of non-Aryans such as Jews, Slavs (i.e. Poles, Serbs, etc.), Roma/Gypsies, and homosexuals.

Greater Germanic Reich

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This section is an excerpt from Greater Germanic Reich.[edit]
 
Boundaries of the planned "Greater Germanic Reich" – including possible puppet states and protectorates – based on various, only partially systematized target projections (e.g. Generalplan Ost) from state administration and SS leadership sources[16]

The Greater Germanic Reich (German: Großgermanisches Reich), fully styled the Greater Germanic Reich of the German Nation (German: Großgermanisches Reich der Deutschen Nation),[17] was the official state name of the political entity that Nazi Germany tried to establish in Europe during World War II.[18] The territorial claims for the Greater Germanic Reich fluctuated over time. As early as the autumn of 1933, Adolf Hitler envisioned annexing such territories as Bohemia, western Poland and Austria to Germany and the formation of satellite or puppet states without independent economies or policies of their own.[19]

This pan-Germanic Empire was expected to assimilate practically all of Germanic Europe into an enormously expanded Reich. Territorially speaking, this encompassed the already-enlarged German Reich itself (consisting of pre-1938 Germany proper, Austria, Bohemia, Moravia, Czech Silesia, Alsace-Lorraine, Eupen-Malmedy, Memel, Lower Styria, Upper Carniola, Southern Carinthia, Danzig, and Poland), the Netherlands, the Flemish part of Belgium, Luxembourg, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Iceland, Liechtenstein, and at least the German-speaking parts of Switzerland.[20]

The most notable Germanic-speaking exception would have been the United Kingdom: the Nazis' New Order envisaged the role of Britain not as a German province but instead as a German-allied seafaring partner.[21] Another exception was the German-populated territory in South Tyrol, an area which Germany assigned to its fellow-Axis power, Fascist Italy, in 1939. Aside from Germanic Europe, the Reich's western frontiers with France were to revert to those of the earlier Holy Roman Empire, which would have meant the complete German annexation of all of Wallonia, French Switzerland and large areas of northern and eastern France.[22] Additionally, the policy of Lebensraum required mass expansion of Germany and the settlement of Germans eastwards as far as the Ural Mountains (seizing territory from the Baltic states and the Soviet Union in the process).[23][24] Hitler originally planned for the deportation of any "surplus" Russian population living west of the Urals to resettlement east of the Urals in Siberia.[25]

Racial theories

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This section is an excerpt from Greater Germanic Reich § Racial theories.[edit]

Nazi racial ideology regarded the Germanic peoples of Europe as belonging to a racially superior Nordic subset of the larger Aryan race, who were regarded as the only true culture-bearers of civilized society.[26] These peoples were viewed as either "true Germanic peoples" that had "lost their sense of racial pride", or as close racial relatives of the Germans.[27] German Chancellor Adolf Hitler also believed that the Ancient Greeks and Romans were the racial ancestors of the Germans, and the first torchbearers of "Nordic–Greek" art and culture.[28][29] He particularly expressed his admiration for Ancient Sparta, declaring it to have been the purest racial state:[30]

"The subjugation of 350,000 Helots by 6,000 Spartans was only possible because of the racial superiority of the Spartans." The Spartans had created "the first racialist state."[31]

Furthermore, Hitler's concept of "Germanic" did not simply refer to an ethnic, cultural, or linguistic group, but also to a distinctly biological one, the superior "Germanic blood" that he wanted to salvage from the control of the enemies of the Aryan race. He stated that Germany possessed more of these "Germanic elements" than any other country in the world, which he estimated as "four fifths of our people".[32]

Wherever Germanic blood is to be found anywhere in the world, we will take what is good for ourselves. With what the others have left, they will be unable to oppose the Germanic Empire.

— Adolf Hitler

According to the Nazis, in addition to the Germanic peoples, individuals of seemingly non-Germanic nationality such as French, Polish, Walloon, Czech and so on might actually possess valuable Germanic blood, especially if they were of aristocratic or peasant stock.[33] In order to "recover" these "missing" Germanic elements, they had to be made conscious of their Germanic ancestry through the process of Germanization (the term used by the Nazis for this process was Umvolkung, "restoration to the race").[33] If the "recovery" was impossible, these individuals had to be destroyed to deny the enemy of using their superior blood against the Aryan race.[33] An example of this type of Nazi Germanization is the kidnapping of "racially valuable" Eastern European children. Curiously, those chosen for Germanization who rejected the Nazis were viewed as being racially more suitable than those who went along without objections, as according to Himmler "it was in the nature of German blood to resist".[34]

On the very first page of Mein Kampf, Hitler openly declared his belief that "common blood belongs in a common Reich", elucidating the notion that the innate quality of race (as the Nazi movement perceived it) should hold precedence over "artificial" concepts such as national identity (including regional German identities such as Prussian and Bavarian) as the deciding factor for which people were "worthy" of being assimilated into a Greater German racial state (Ein Volk, Ein Reich, Ein Führer).[35] Part of the strategic methods which Hitler chose to ensure the present and future supremacy of the Aryan race (which was, according to Hitler, "gradually approaching extinction"[36]) was to do away with what he described as the "small state rubbish" (Kleinstaatengerümpel, compare Kleinstaaterei) in Europe in order to unite all these Nordic countries into one unified racial community.[37] From 1921 onward he advocated the creation of a "Germanic Reich of the German Nation".[18]

It was the continent which brought civilization to Great Britain and in turn enabled her to colonize large areas in the rest of the world. America is unthinkable without Europe. Why would we not have the necessary power to become one of the world's centres of attraction? A hundred-and-twenty million people of Germanic origin – if they have consolidated their position this will be a power against which no-one in the world could stand up to. The countries which form the Germanic world have only to gain from this. I can see that in my own case. My birth country is one of the most beautiful regions in the Reich, but what could it do if were left to its own devices? There is no possibility to develop one’s talents in countries like Austria or Saxony, Denmark or Switzerland. There is no foundation. That is why it is fortunate that potential new spaces are again opened for the Germanic peoples.

— Adolf Hitler, 1942.[38]

Australia

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From 1901 until 1973,[39] Australia maintained a series of policies, collectively nicknamed the White Australia policy, that actively restricted the immigration of non-White migrants. This policy afforded preferential treatment to British emigrants, as a result Australia's population was largely of British ethnicity following the end of the second world war. [40] As Australia was seeking labourers for post war reconstructive work and national defence, immigrant inflow targets were established that were equal to 1% of the population. Ideally, there was a 10 to 1 ratio of British immigrants to non British immigrants.[41] The policy originated after the passage of the Immigration Restriction Act 1901, which aimed to ban non-Europeans from migrating to the country.[42] These policies were gradually dismantled over the following years, and the Immigration Restriction Act 1901 was repealed in 1958 and replaced by the Migration Act 1958.[43] The White Australia policy was definitively ended in 1973, after the Whitlam government passed legislation that made selection of migrants on the basis of race unlawful.[44]

New Zealand

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Similar to the White Australia Policy, the "White New Zealand Policy" consisted of legislation which banned Asians and other non-Europeans from immigrating to the country.[45] After the Second World War, a memorandum which was published by the Department of External Affairs in 1953 described the purpose of the policy in clearer terms. The laws were not relaxed until the 1970s and 1980s. The Ministry for Culture and Heritage described the policy in the following way: "Our immigration is based firmly on the principle that we are and intend to remain a country of European development. It is inevitably discriminatory against Asians – indeed against all persons who are not wholly of European race and colour. Whereas we have done much to encourage immigration from Europe, we do everything to discourage it from Asia".[46]

South Africa

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In Apartheid-era South Africa, led by the National Party, the Black population was pushed into areas which were known as Bantustans through various means, including deportations and racial segregation, with the aim of establishing separate states out of the resulting ethnically cleansed areas, the largest of which would be turned into a White state.[47][clarification needed]

Rhodesia

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Colonial Rhodesia was a settler colony, which mobilized legislation with aims to establish White dominance. In 1930 the Land Appointment Act was passed, which isolated where Africans could acquire land.[48] Further laws saw the incorporation of Africans into the state only in ways which benefitted White Settlers.[48] In November 1965, Ian Smith, the Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia, declared the independence of Southern Rhodesia in an attempt to preserve White culture by preventing Black Africans from ruling the country.[49][50][51] Southern Rhodesia became the independent nation of Rhodesia.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Dickson, Caitlin (2 February 2018). "The Neo-Nazi Has No Clothes: In Search Of Matt Heimbach's Bogus 'White Ethnostate'" – via Huff Post.
  2. ^ Rosenberg, David (24 October 2017). "Opinion Richard Spencers Israeli Ethno-state Is a neo-Nazi's Nightmare". Haaretz.
  3. ^ Barry J. Balleck (2014). Allegiance to Liberty: The Changing Face of Patriots, Militias, and Political Violence in America. Praeger. pp. 122–123. ISBN 978-1440830952. Retrieved 18 April 2018.
  4. ^ Buck, Christopher (2009). Religious myths and visions of America : how minority faiths redefined America's world role. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. pp. 114–115. ISBN 978-0313359590. Retrieved 18 April 2018.
  5. ^ Walters, Daniel. "Does this anti-"sodomite," slavery-defending, Holocaust-denying Idaho pastor lead a hate group?". Inlander.
  6. ^ a b "Shield Wall Network (SWN)". Anti-Defamation League.
  7. ^ "Dan Gayman" (PDF). Retrieved 2023-10-23.
  8. ^ "The Silent Brotherhood" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-12-15. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
  9. ^ Bevan, Stephen (31 May 2008). "AWB leader Terre'Blanche rallies Boers again". Archived from the original on June 4, 2008 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
  10. ^ Pieter du Toit (12 January 2010). "Volkstaat hou g'n heil in". Beeld. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2011.
  11. ^ "Milestones: 1921–1936 - Office of the Historian".
  12. ^ "Milestones: 1945–1952 - Office of the Historian". history.state.gov.
  13. ^ Brown, J. Henry (1892). Brown's Political History of Oregon: Provisional Government. Portland: Wiley B. Allen. LCCN rc01000356. OCLC 422191413. Pages 132–135.
  14. ^ "Explore Census Data". Archived from the original on 2021-04-29. Retrieved 2020-12-25.
  15. ^ "Portland is still the Whitest big city in America". The Seattle Times. 2022-10-02. Retrieved 2024-06-02.
  16. ^ "Utopia: The 'Greater Germanic Reich of the German Nation'". München – Berlin: Institut für Zeitgeschichte. 1999. Archived from the original on 21 May 2021.
  17. ^ Cowie, Stuart (ndg) "To what extent was the outbreak of World War Two, a consequence of failures in British Foreign Policy?" Academia.edu
  18. ^ a b Elvert 1999, p. 325.
  19. ^ Majer, Diemut (2003). "Non-Germans" under the Third Reich: the Nazi judicial and administrative system in Germany and occupied Eastern Europe with special regard to occupied Poland, 1939–1945. JHU Press. pp. 188–189. ISBN 0-8018-6493-3..
  20. ^ Rich 1974, pp. 401–402.
  21. ^ Strobl 2000, pp. 202–208.
  22. ^ Williams 2005, p. 209.
  23. ^ André Mineau. Operation Barbarossa: Ideology and Ethics Against Human Dignity. Rodopi, 2004. p. 36.
  24. ^ Rolf Dieter Müller, Gerd R. Ueberschär. Hitler's War in the East, 1941–1945: A Critical Assessment. Berghahn Books, 2009. p. 89.
  25. ^ Bradl Lightbody. The Second World War: Ambitions to Nemesis. London; New York: Routledge, 2004. p. 97.
  26. ^ Bohn 1997, p. 7.
  27. ^ Wright 1968, p. 115.
  28. ^ Hitler 2000, p. 225.
  29. ^ Housden 2000, p. 163.
  30. ^ Grafton et al 2010, p. 363.
  31. ^ Hitler, Pol Pot, and Hutu Power: Distinguishing Themes of Genocidal Ideology Professor Ben Kiernan, Holocaust and the United Nations Discussion Paper
  32. ^ Hitler 2000, p. 307.
  33. ^ a b c d Fest 1973, p. 685.
  34. ^ Robert Cecil, The Myth of the Master Race: Alfred Rosenberg and Nazi Ideology p. 199. ISBN 0-396-06577-5
  35. ^ Hitler 1927, p. 1.
  36. ^ Fest 1973, p. 210.
  37. ^ Fink 1985, pp. 27, 152.
  38. ^ Hitler 2000, p. 306.
  39. ^ "National Museum of Australia - End of the White Australia policy".
  40. ^ White, Roger; Tadesse, Bedassa (October 2007). "Immigration Policy, Cultural Pluralism and Trade: Evidence from the White Australia Policy". Pacific Economic Review. 12 (4): 489–509. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0106.2007.00368.x. ISSN 1361-374X.
  41. ^ Castles, Stephen (2000). Ethnicity and Globalization. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. ISBN 9781446264492.
  42. ^ "The Immigration Restriction Act 1901". National Archives of Australia. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
  43. ^ "Migration Act 1958 (Cth)". Federal Register of Legislation. 29 March 2024.
  44. ^ "Abolition of the 'White Australia' Policy". Australian Department of Immigration. Retrieved 14 June 2006.
  45. ^ "White New Zealand policy introduced | NZHistory, New Zealand history online". nzhistory.govt.nz. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
  46. ^ Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. "1946–1985: gradual change". teara.govt.nz. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
  47. ^ "Bantustan - historical territory, South Africa". Britannica.
  48. ^ a b Fisher, J.L (2010). Pioneers, Settlers, Aliens, Exiles: The decolonisation of white identity in Zimbabwe. Canberra, Australia: ANU E Press. p. 3. ISBN 9781921666148.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  49. ^ Duignan, Peter (1985). Politics and Government in African States 1960–1985. Taylor & Francis Books. ISBN 978-0709914754.
  50. ^ Raeburn, Michael (1978). We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas. Random House. ISBN 978-0394505305.
  51. ^ Raftopolous, Brian (2009). Becoming Zimbabwe: A History from the pre-colonial period to 2008. Weaver Press. ISBN 978-1779220837.
  52. ^ Popp, Maximilian (3 January 2011). "The Village Where the Neo-Nazis Rule". der Spiegel. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
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