In arithmetic, a complex-base system is a positional numeral system whose radix is an imaginary (proposed by Donald Knuth in 1955[1][2]) or complex number (proposed by S. Khmelnik in 1964[3] and Walter F. Penney in 1965[4][5][6]).

In general

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Let   be an integral domain  , and   the (Archimedean) absolute value on it.

A number   in a positional number system is represented as an expansion

 

where

  is the radix (or base) with  ,
  is the exponent (position or place),
  are digits from the finite set of digits  , usually with  

The cardinality   is called the level of decomposition.

A positional number system or coding system is a pair

 

with radix   and set of digits  , and we write the standard set of digits with   digits as

 

Desirable are coding systems with the features:

  • Every number in  , e. g. the integers  , the Gaussian integers   or the integers  , is uniquely representable as a finite code, possibly with a sign ±.
  • Every number in the field of fractions  , which possibly is completed for the metric given by   yielding   or  , is representable as an infinite series   which converges under   for  , and the measure of the set of numbers with more than one representation is 0. The latter requires that the set   be minimal, i.e.   for real numbers and   for complex numbers.

In the real numbers

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In this notation our standard decimal coding scheme is denoted by

 

the standard binary system is

 

the negabinary system is

 

and the balanced ternary system[2] is

 

All these coding systems have the mentioned features for   and  , and the last two do not require a sign.

In the complex numbers

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Well-known positional number systems for the complex numbers include the following (  being the imaginary unit):

  •  , e.g.   [1] and
 ,[2] the quater-imaginary base, proposed by Donald Knuth in 1955.
  •   and
 [3][5] (see also the section Base −1 ± i below).
  •  , where  ,   and   is a positive integer that can take multiple values at a given  .[7] For   and   this is the system
 
  •  .[8]
  •  , where the set   consists of complex numbers  , and numbers  , e.g.
 [8]
  •  , where   [9]

Binary systems

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Binary coding systems of complex numbers, i.e. systems with the digits  , are of practical interest.[9] Listed below are some coding systems   (all are special cases of the systems above) and resp. codes for the (decimal) numbers −1, 2, −2, i. The standard binary (which requires a sign, first line) and the "negabinary" systems (second line) are also listed for comparison. They do not have a genuine expansion for i.

Some bases and some representations[10]
Radix –1 ← 2 ← –2 ← i Twins and triplets
2 –1 10 –10 i 1 ← 0.1 = 1.0
–2 11 110 10 i 1/3 0.01 = 1.10
  101 10100 100 10.101010100...[11]   0.0011 = 11.1100
  111 1010 110 11.110001100...[11]   1.011 = 11.101 = 11100.110
  101 10100 100 10 1/3 + 1/3i 0.0011 = 11.1100
–1+i 11101 1100 11100 11 1/5 + 3/5i 0.010 = 11.001 = 1110.100
2i 103 2 102 10.2 1/5 + 2/5i 0.0033 = 1.3003 = 10.0330 = 11.3300

As in all positional number systems with an Archimedean absolute value, there are some numbers with multiple representations. Examples of such numbers are shown in the right column of the table. All of them are repeating fractions with the repetend marked by a horizontal line above it.

If the set of digits is minimal, the set of such numbers has a measure of 0. This is the case with all the mentioned coding systems.

The almost binary quater-imaginary system is listed in the bottom line for comparison purposes. There, real and imaginary part interleave each other.

Base −1 ± i

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The complex numbers with integer part all zeroes in the base i – 1 system

Of particular interest are the quater-imaginary base (base 2i) and the base −1 ± i systems discussed below, both of which can be used to finitely represent the Gaussian integers without sign.

Base −1 ± i, using digits 0 and 1, was proposed by S. Khmelnik in 1964[3] and Walter F. Penney in 1965.[4][6]

Connection to the twindragon

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The rounding region of an integer – i.e., a set   of complex (non-integer) numbers that share the integer part of their representation in this system – has in the complex plane a fractal shape: the twindragon (see figure). This set   is, by definition, all points that can be written as   with  .   can be decomposed into 16 pieces congruent to  . Notice that if   is rotated counterclockwise by 135°, we obtain two adjacent sets congruent to  , because  . The rectangle   in the center intersects the coordinate axes counterclockwise at the following points:  ,  , and  , and  . Thus,   contains all complex numbers with absolute value ≤ 1/15.[12]

As a consequence, there is an injection of the complex rectangle

 

into the interval   of real numbers by mapping

 

with  .[13]

Furthermore, there are the two mappings

 

and

 

both surjective, which give rise to a surjective (thus space-filling) mapping

 

which, however, is not continuous and thus not a space-filling curve. But a very close relative, the Davis-Knuth dragon, is continuous and a space-filling curve.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Knuth, D.E. (1960). "An Imaginary Number System". Communications of the ACM. 3 (4): 245–247. doi:10.1145/367177.367233. S2CID 16513137.
  2. ^ a b c Knuth, Donald (1998). "Positional Number Systems". The art of computer programming. Vol. 2 (3rd ed.). Boston: Addison-Wesley. p. 205. ISBN 0-201-89684-2. OCLC 48246681.
  3. ^ a b c Khmelnik, S.I. (1964). "Specialized digital computer for operations with complex numbers". Questions of Radio Electronics (In Russian). XII (2).
  4. ^ a b W. Penney, A "binary" system for complex numbers, JACM 12 (1965) 247-248.
  5. ^ a b Jamil, T. (2002). "The complex binary number system". IEEE Potentials. 20 (5): 39–41. doi:10.1109/45.983342.
  6. ^ a b Duda, Jarek (2008-02-24). "Complex base numeral systems". arXiv:0712.1309 [math.DS].
  7. ^ Khmelnik, S.I. (1966). "Positional coding of complex numbers". Questions of Radio Electronics (In Russian). XII (9).
  8. ^ a b Khmelnik, S.I. (2004). Coding of Complex Numbers and Vectors (in Russian) (PDF). Israel: Mathematics in Computer. ISBN 978-0-557-74692-7.
  9. ^ a b Khmelnik, S.I. (2001). Method and system for processing complex numbers. Patent USA, US2003154226 (A1).
  10. ^ William J. Gilbert, "Arithmetic in Complex Bases" Mathematics Magazine Vol. 57, No. 2, March 1984
  11. ^ a b infinite non-repeating sequence
  12. ^ Knuth 1998 p.206
  13. ^ Base   cannot be taken because both,   and  . However,     is unequal to    .
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