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2023 Nigerien coup d'état

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2023 Nigerien coup d'état
Date26–28 July 2023 (2023-07-26 – 2023-07-28)
Location
Niamey, Niger
Result

Military coup d'état successful[2]

  • Government deposed
  • Constitution suspended
  • Military junta formed
  • Borders closed; curfew declared
  • President Mohamed Bazoum refuses to resign while currently detained at the presidential palace
  • General Abdourahamane Tchiani proclaimed head of a transitional government
  • Significant unrest throughout Niamey
Belligerents
Government of Niger
Pro-government protesters		 National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland[1]
M62 Movement
Pro-coup protesters
Commanders and leaders
Units involved
Niger Armed Forces (initial)
Strength
Unknown At least 2,000[3]
Casualties and losses
At least 1 civilian supporter injured Several civilian supporters injured

On 26 July 2023 a coup d'état occurred in Niger, in which Niger's presidential guard detained president Mohamed Bazoum, and presidential guard commander general Abdourahamane Tchiani proclaimed himself the leader of a new military junta.[4][5][6][7] Presidential guard forces closed the country's borders, suspended state institutions, and declared a curfew.

This was the fifth military coup d'état since the country gained independence from France in 1960, and the first since 2010.[8]

Background

Further information: 2021 Nigerien coup d'état attempt

Niger had previously undergone four military coups since independence from France in 1960, with the most recent having occurred in 2010. In between, there were also several coup attempts, the most recent of which was in 2021 when military dissidents tried to seize the presidential palace two days before the inauguration of president-elect Mohamed Bazoum.[a] He was the country's first democratically elected president to assume office from a similarly elected predecessor. The coup also came in the wake of recent coups in nearby countries, such as in Guinea, Mali, and Sudan in 2021, and two in Burkina Faso in January and September 2022, which has led to the region being called a "coup belt".[10]

Niger is a member of ECOWAS, which has already suspended Guinea, Mali and Burkina Faso from membership due to successful coups in recent years. Bola Tinubu, President of Nigeria, was appointed Chairman of ECOWAS on July 9, 2023 and already warned in statements that same day that "We will not allow coup after coup in the West African sub-region. We will take this up seriously with the African Union, European, America and Britain”.[11]

Analysts said the rising cost of living and perceptions of government incompetence and corruption may have driven the revolt.[10] The country frequently ranks at the bottom of the UN's Human Development Index[9] and has also suffered from Islamist insurgencies led by Al-Qaeda, Islamic State and Boko Haram,[1] despite its military receiving training and logistical support from the United States, France and Turkey, which have bases in the country.[12][13]

In 2022 the country became the hub of France's anti-jihadist operations in the Sahel region following its expulsion from Mali and Burkina Faso, with Bazoum being described as one of the few remaining pro-Western leaders in the region.[9] Niger became a key ally for Western, particularly French and American, and Turkish forces. With multiple coups and rising anti-French sentiments in the region, Niger became France's partner of last resort.[14] American-trained officers were also reported to have trained many members of the presidential guard.[15]

At the same time, along with anti-French sentiment, a current of thought favorable to the entry of Russian influence and the Wagner Group mercenary company began to grow. Russia, through Wagner, has been gaining ground on the French in the region, following the latest coups in Mali and Burkina Faso. At the same time, Turkey has been also gaining ground.[16]

Events

26 July

Bazoum's detention

Mohamed Bazoum, who was President of Niger from 2021 until the 2023 coup

Early on 26 July the Nigerien presidency's Twitter account announced that presidential guards,[10] commanded by General Abdourahamane Tchiani[17][b] engaged in an "anti-Republican demonstration" and tried "in vain" to obtain the support of the other security forces.[10] It also said that President Mohamed Bazoum and his family were well after reports emerged that he was being held in the presidential palace in the capital Niamey.[10] Interior Minister Hamadou Souley was also arrested and held in the palace, while roughly twenty members of the Presidential Guard were spotted outside later in the day.[19] The coup was reportedly led by Tchiani, whom analysts said Bazoum had planned to relieve from his position.[20] Sources close to Bazoum said that he had decided on Tchiani's dismissal at a cabinet meeting on 24 July as their relations had reportedly become strained.[21]

President Bazoum's wife, Hadiza Bazoum, and son, Salem, were detained with him at the presidential palace,[22] while his daughters were in Paris at the time of the coup.[22]

Military mobilization

In the morning the palace and adjacent ministries were blocked off by military vehicles and palace staff were prevented from accessing their offices.[10] Up to 400 civilian supporters[19] of Bazoum tried to approach the palace, but were dispersed by the Presidential Guard with gunfire, leaving one injured. Elsewhere in Niamey, the situation was described as calm.[10] The Presidency also claimed that protests in support of Bazoum had occurred around the country's overseas diplomatic missions.[19]

In response to these events Niger's armed forces surrounded the presidential palace in support of Bazoum. The army also issued a statement saying they had secured "major strategic points" in the country. The Presidency stated that the army and the National Guard were ready to attack the presidential guard.[23] The BBC also reported that loyalist forces had surrounded the state broadcaster ORTN.[1] The US embassy warned against travel along Niamey's Boulevard de la Republique,[19] where the Presidential Palace was located.

Announcement of Bazoum's overthrow

In the evening however, Air Force[24] Colonel-Major[25] Amadou Abdramane went on state television channel Télé Sahel to claim that President Bazoum had been removed from power and announced the formation of a National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland.[24]

Seated and flanked by nine other officers wearing uniforms representing all the different branches of the security forces,[26] Abdramane said the defence and security forces had decided to topple the regime "due to the deteriorating security situation and bad governance."[17] He also announced the dissolution of the country's constitution, the suspension of state institutions, the closure of the country's borders and a nationwide curfew from 22:00 until 05:00 local time until further notice, while warning against any foreign intervention.[27][28]

One of the officers seen during the announcement was later identified as General Moussa Salaou Barmou, the head of the country's special forces.[20]

27 July

Bazoum's response

On the morning of 27 July Bazoum tweeted that Nigeriens who love democracy would see to it that "hard-won gains will be safeguarded", indicating his refusal to step down from office.[28] His Foreign Minister Hassoumi Massaoudou told France 24 that the country's "legal and legitimate power" remained with the president and reiterated that Bazoum was in good condition and that the entire army was not involved.[29] Massaoudou also declared himself acting head of state and called on all democrats to "make this adventure fail".[28]

Despite being detained, Bazoum has not formally resigned as of 29 July and has been able to get in contact with world leaders and officials such as French President Emmanuel Macron,[30] UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres,[31] AU Commissioner Moussa Faki,[32] and US Secretary of State Antony Blinken.[33]

Military recognition of the junta

On 27 July the leadership of the Nigerien armed forces issued a statement signed by the army chief of staff General Abdou Sidikou Issa declaring its support for the coup, citing the need to "preserve the physical integrity" of the president and his family and avoid "a deadly confrontation that could create a bloodbath and affect the security of the population."[34]

In a television statement shortly after, Abdramane announced the suspension of all activities by political parties in the country until further notice.[35] He also announced that the junta had issued a reprimand to France for violating the airspace closure after a military plane landed at an air base. Throughout the day, Télé Sahel continually broadcast the announcement of the junta's establishment with a few breaks in programming.[26]

Unrest in Niamey

A pro-coup demonstration took place on 27 July with about 1,000 supporters[36] of the junta flying Russian flags, voicing support for the Wagner Group, and throwing rocks at a passing politician's vehicle.[20] The demonstrators also denounced the French presence and that of other foreign bases. Other demonstrators gathered outside the headquarters of Bazoum's PNDS-Tarayya party, with footage showing them stoning and setting fire to vehicles.[26] They then subsequently ransacked and burned the premises, leading police to disperse them with tear gas.[37] Demonstrations also occurred in front of the National Assembly.[38] This prompted the Interior Ministry in the evening to ban on all demonstrations with immediate effect.[39] Civil servants were also told to stay home.[40]

28 July

Tchiani's assumption of power

On 28 July General Abdourahamane Tchiani proclaimed himself as the president of the National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland in an address on Télé Sahel. He said the coup was undertaken to avoid "the gradual and inevitable demise" of the country, and said that Bazoum had tried to hide "the harsh reality" of the country, which he called "a pile of dead, displaced, humiliation and frustration". He also criticized the government's security strategy for its purported ineffectiveness and lack of collaboration with Mali and Burkina Faso but did not give a timeline for a return to civilian rule. His position as de facto concurrent head of state was later confirmed by Colonel Abdramane, who accused officials of Bazoum's government of plotting against the new regime while sheltering in foreign embassies and warned of bloodshed if they pushed through.[36][41][7]

29 July

Allegations of a planned military intervention in Niger

The National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland accused ECOWAS in a statement read by Colonel Major Amadou Abdramane on Tele Sahel of planning to approve "a plan of aggression against Niger through an imminent military intervention in Niamey supported by certain Western countries" and warned of the junta's "strong determination" to defend the country. They claimed that this was the objective of the ECOWAS summit convened for the following day.[42][43]

African Union ultimatum

The African Union Peace and Security Council issued an ultimatum that if the soldiers did not "immediately and unconditionally return to their barracks and restore constitutional democracy, within a maximum of fifteen days" that the bloc would be compelled to take "necessary action, including punitive measures against perpetrators".[44]

30 July

ECOWAS ultimatum

On 30 July ECOWAS issued the Nigerien military junta with an ultimatum that Bazoum be reinstated as president within one week. In a communiqué read by ECOWAS Commission chairperson, Omar Touray, at the Extraordinary Summit convened in Abuja in response to the coup, they said that if their demands were not met they would "take all measures necessary to restore constitutional order in the Republic of Niger" and that "such measures may include the use of force".[45][46] The response from the bloc towards the junta drastically differed from the measures taken with recent coups in Mali, Burkina Faso, and Guinea which did not involve the threat of force for reinstating the overthrown government.[47]

Pro-coup demonstrations in Niamey

In a march at the request of Abdourahmane Tchiani and organized by the M62 movement (until the coup, a movement known for its opposition to the Bazoum government and Operation Barkhane and its support for the Russian invasion of Ukraine), thousands of pro-coup Nigeriens gathered in Niamey's Place de la Concertation, in front of the National Assembly, and went to the French Embassy carrying Nigerien and Russian flags, with slogans such as "Down with France, out with Barkhane, we don't care about ECOWAS, the European Union and the African Union!", "Arrest the former dignitaries to return the stolen millions.", and "Down with France, long live Putin!".[48][49][50] The demonstrators also called for an immediate intervention by the Wagner Group.[49] During the march, the entrances to the French and American embassies were closed.[48] The French embassy’s walls and gates were set ablaze and damaged whilst Nigerien soldiers and General Salifou Modi were seen on the ground urging the crowds to disperse peacefully.[50][51]

31 July

The Chadian Presidency released pictures of President Mahamat Déby Itno meeting with General Tchiani and President Bazoum, his first appearance since the coup. Meanwhile, the junta ordered the suspension of uranium and gold exports to France.[52]

Colonel Abdremane accused Hassoumi Massaoudou, still claiming to be acting leader substituting for Bazoum, of authorizing a French attack on the presidential palace to liberate Bazoum.[53]

Support for the Nigerien junta from Mali, Burkina Faso and Guinea

The military juntas of Mali and Burkina Faso released a joint communiqué warning that any military intervention in Niger by ECOWAS would be taken as a declaration of war against them, and that they would give Niger military support.[54]

The Guinean junta also showed support for the Nigerien military junta, stressing in a statement that they are against ECOWAS sanctions and will not apply them. They also warned that a military intervention in Niger could disintegrate ECOWAS, although military support for Niger was not mentioned in this case. They highlighted their pan-Africanist vision and their solidarity with the people of Niger.[55]

Reactions

Domestic

Niger's governing political coalition denounced the coup as "a suicidal and anti-republican madness",[9] while the opposition coalition expressed support for the military's grievances but disapproved of any political changes through force.[56] Two deputy officials of Bazoum's cabinet, Daouda Takoubakoye and Oumar Moussa, said Tchiani's statements on the coup were "lies" and accused him and the presidential guard of staging the coup for "personal gain".[21] Bazoum’s Prime Minister, Ouhoumoudou Mahamadou, also expressed his support for the president and welcomed the imposition of sanctions by ECOWAS on the military junta as “very satisfactory and logical”, while insisting that anti-French demonstrations in Niamey did not represent the Nigerien people as a whole.[57]

Bazoum's predecessor as president, Mahamadou Issoufou, as well as other former leaders were said to have been involved in initial negotiations to release Bazoum and have the presidential guards stand down.[1]

International

In contrast to the coup in Guinea, ECOWAS has not officially sent a mediator or representative to Niger for negotiations.[58] On 30 July, ECOWAS gave Niger's coup leaders a one-week deadline to hand power back to Bazoum or to face international sanctions and/or use of force. On the same day, ECOWAS leaders said they would immediately enforce a no-fly zone over the country for all commercial flights, and a closure of borders with Niger. A series of sanctions was also announced, including the suspension of all commercial and financial transactions between its member states and Niger and the freezing of assets and travel restrictions for military personnel involved in the coup.[59][60][61][62] One result of these sanctions was the cancellation by the Central Bank of West African States (BCEAO) of a planned 30 billion CFA franc ($51 million) bond issuance by Niger scheduled for 31 July in the West African regional debt market.[63]

The coup was condemned by the World Bank,[64] the African Union, the Economic Community of West African States,[65] the United Nations, Algeria,[66][67] the European Union, France, and the United States;[68] several of them, as well as the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Volker Türk have called for Bazoum's immediate release.[20] Benin's President Patrice Talon, who planned to go to Niger on behalf of ECOWAS to mediate, called the coup a "military misbehavior".[10] Kenyan President William Ruto called the coup a "serious setback" for Africa.[21] Mahamat Idriss Déby, President of Chad, who was invited to the ECOWAS summit that issued the ultimatum, volunteered to travel to Niger to negotiate with the military junta.[69] After his arrival, he met with General Tchiani, deputy junta leader General Salifou Modi and President Bazoum.[70][52]

The United States formally referred to the takeover as "an effort to seize power by force and to disrupt the constitution", stopping short of describing it as a coup, as doing so would entail a withdrawal of economic aid and military assistance, including existing drone and military bases, to the nation.[71] The EU and France withheld financial and development aid to Niger and suspended all security cooperation agreements with the country.[72][73] France stated that it continued to recognized Bazoum as the "sole president" of Niger, with ECOWAS also stating that it recognized Bazoum as the "legitimate and legal President of Niger".[74]

Human Rights Watch called on the Nigerien military to provide a clear timeline for a return to civilian rule and uphold citizens' rights to democratic elections.[21] The AU also demanded that the military to return to barracks in 15 days and restore civilian rule following a meeting of its Peace and Security Council.[72]

Yevgeny Prigozhin, the head of the Russian private mercenary Wagner Group that has operated in neighboring Mali and supplanted France in combating the country's own jihadist insurgency, called the coup part of Niger's fight against its "colonizers".[20] Prigozhin’s statements also stood in contrast to the official line given by the Kremlin, with President Vladimir Putin’s spokesperson Dmitry Peskov calling the coup a "serious concern" and calling for all sides "to show restraint" and for "the fastest possible return to legal order".[75]

The UN announced that it had suspended its humanitarian operations in the country,[65] but later clarified that it was still delivering aid to Niger, but was not in contact with the military.[76]

After protesters tried to enter the French embassy in some pro-coup demonstrations on 30 July, ​​the Government of France warned that "Should anyone attack French nationals, the army, diplomats and French interests, they will see France respond in an immediate and intractable manner" and that President Macron "will not tolerate any attack against France and its interests".[77]

Analysis

The coup is the seventh to occur in West and Central Africa since the 2020 coup in Mali.[10]

Cameron Hudson, a senior associate of the Center for Strategic and International Studies, said that the coup could impact Niger's fight against the Islamist insurgency, adding that there were indications that the Nigerien military was not pleased with the level of support they received to fight militants.[19] Ulf Laessing, head of the Sahel program at the Konrad Adenauer Foundation, said the coup was a "nightmare" for the West, which counted on Bazoum and Niger as its "new security anchor" in the region.[24] Flavien Baumgartner, an Africa analyst at the security and political risk consultancy Dragonfly, said that Bazoum's removal could lead to the Wagner Group expanding into Niger, given that the country is an important producer of uranium.[20]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ In March 2023, a Nigerien official alleged that another coup attempt was made while Bazoum was in Turkey, although the government refused to comment.[9]
  2. ^ Known as "Omar Tchiani" before his given name was given out in his public appearance following the coup.[18]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Minjibir, Usman; Macaulay, Cecilia (26 July 2023). "Niger coup attempt: President Mohamed Bazoum held". BBC. Archived from the original on 26 July 2023. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
  2. ^ "Niger general Tchiani named head of transitional government after coup". Al Jazeera. 28 July 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  3. ^ a b "Who is Omar Tchiani, the suspected brain behind Niger coup". Al Jazeera. 27 July 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  4. ^ "Niger : ce que l'on sait de la tentative de coup d'Etat en cours contre le président Mohamed Bazoum" [Niger: what we know about the ongoing coup attempt against President Mohamed Bazoum]. Franceinfo (in French). 26 July 2023. Archived from the original on 26 July 2023. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
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  13. ^ "Why African militaries now want to talk Turkey". 3 May 2022.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
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  15. ^ Turse, Nick (26 July 2023). "Soldiers Mutiny in U.S.-Allied Niger". The Intercept.
  16. ^ "Mali's junta gets warplanes, drones from Russia, Turkey". 16 March 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
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  33. ^ "Blinken calls for immediate release of ousted Niger president". Reuters. 29 July 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
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  36. ^ a b "Niger's General Abdourahamane Tchiani declared new leader following coup". France 24. 28 July 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2023. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= requires |archive-url= (help)
  37. ^ Balima, Boureima; Aksar, Moussa (27 July 2023). "Niger coup supporters set fire to ruling party HQ, police fire teargas". Reuters. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  38. ^ "Niger situation remains 'fluid' as army backs coup plotters". Aljazeera. 27 July 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
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  40. ^ "Niger coup: EU suspends security cooperation and budgetary aid". BBC. 29 July 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  41. ^ "Niger coup: Abdourahmane Tchiani declares himself leader". BBC. 28 July 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
  42. ^ "Sábado, 29 de julio de 2023 (22.00 GMT) NÍGER GOLPE La junta nigerina afirma que la Cedeao quiere aprobar una "intervención militar" en Níger" [Saturday, July 29, 2023 (2200 GMT) NIGER COUP The Niger junta claims that ECOWAS wants to approve a "military intervention" in Niger]. La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 29 July 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  43. ^ Descifrando la Guerra [@descifraguerra] (29 July 2023). "🇳🇪 ÚLTIMA HORA 🇳🇪 La CNSP, la junta militar de Níger, acaba de denunciar en la televisión nacional que la ECOWAS aprobará mañana "un plan de agresión contra Níger" mediante "una intervención militar apoyada por ciertos países occidentales" y declara que "defenderán su patria"" [LAST MINUTE 🇳🇪 The CNSP, Niger's military junta, has just denounced on national television that ECOWAS will approve tomorrow "a plan of aggression against Niger" through "a military intervention supported by certain Western countries" and declares that "they will defend their homeland"] (Tweet) (in Spanish). Retrieved 31 July 2023 – via Twitter.
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