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Chandrayaan-2
Chandrayaan-2 composite
Mission typeLunar orbiter, lander, rover
OperatorIndian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
COSPAR ID2019-042A Edit this at Wikidata
SATCAT no.44441Edit this on Wikidata
Websitewww.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-home-0
Mission durationOrbiter: 1 year
Vikram lander: <15 days[1]
Pragyan rover: <15 days[1]
Spacecraft properties
ManufacturerIndian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
Launch massCombined (wet): 3,850 kg (8,490 lb)[2][3][4]
Combined (dry): 1,308 kg (2,884 lb)[5]
Payload massOrbiter (wet): 2,379 kg (5,245 lb)[3][4]
Orbiter (dry): 682 kg (1,504 lb)[5]
Vikram lander (wet): 1,471 kg (3,243 lb)[3][4]
Vikram lander (dry): 626 kg (1,380 lb)[5]
Pragyan rover: 27 kg (60 lb)[3][4]
PowerOrbiter: 1 kW[6]

Vikram lander: 650 W

Pragyan rover: 50 W
Start of mission
Launch dateJuly 22, 2019, 14:43:12 IST (09:13:12 UTC)[7]
RocketGSLV Mk III[8][9]
Launch siteSatish Dhawan Space Centre Second Launch Pad
ContractorIndian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
Moon orbiter
Orbital insertion20 August, 2019 (planned)[10][11]
Orbital parameters
Periapsis altitude100 km (62 mi)[12]
Apoapsis altitude100 km (62 mi)[12]
Moon lander
Spacecraft componentrover
Landing date7 September, 2019 (planned)[13]
 
File:ISRO Chandrayaan 2 Working.ogg.480p.vp9.webm
Chandrayaan-2 mission explained

Chandrayaan-2 (Sanskrit: चन्द्रयान-२; Sanskrit: [t͡ɕən̪d̪ɾəjaːna d̪ʋi]; lit: Moon-craft[14][15] pronunciationⓘ) is India's second lunar exploration mission after Chandrayaan-1.[16] Developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO),[17][18] the mission was launched from the second launch pad at Satish Dhawan Space Centre on 22 July 2019 at 2.43 PM IST (09:13 UTC) to the Moon by a Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III (GSLV Mk III). [19][8][9]The planned orbit has a perigee of 170 km and an apogee of 45475 km. It consists of a lunar orbiter, a lander, and a lunar rover named Pragyan, all developed in India.[20] The main scientific objective is to map the location and abundance of lunar water.

The lander and the rover will land near the lunar south pole region in a high plain between two craters, Manzinus C and Simpelius N, at a latitude of about 70° south on 7 September, 2019. The wheeled Pragyan rover will move on the lunar surface and will perform on-site chemical analysis for a period of 14 days (one lunar day). It can relay data to Earth through the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter and lander, which were launched together on the same rocket. The orbiter will perform its mission for one year in a circularized lunar polar orbit of 100 × 100 km.[21][22][23]

Launch of Chandrayaan-2 was originally scheduled for 14 July 2019 at 21:21 UTC (15 July 2019 2:51 IST) but was called off due to a technical snag noticed while filling the cryogenic engine of the rocket with helium[24] at around one hour before launch. The launch countdown for launch was freezed at T minus 56 minutes (56 minutes and 24 seconds[25] before launch).[26][7] It was launched on 22 July 2019 14:43 IST (09:13 UTC) from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre at Sriharikota in Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh.

The second Earth orbit raising has been performed successfully on July 26, 2019 at 0108 (IST) https://twitter.com/isro/status/1154485040119574529?s=09 A successful landing would make India the fourth country to achieve a soft landing on the Moon, after the space agencies of the USSR, US and China.[27] If successful, Chandrayaan-2 will be the southernmost lunar landing, aiming to land at 67°S or 70°S latitude.[28][29][30][31]

History

On 12 November 2007, representatives of the Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos) and ISRO signed an agreement for the two agencies to work together on the Chandrayaan-2 project.[32] ISRO would have the prime responsibility for the orbiter and rover, while Roscosmos was to provide the lander. The Indian government approved the mission in a meeting of the Union Cabinet, held on 18 September 2008 and chaired by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh.[33] The design of the spacecraft was completed in August 2009, with scientists of both countries conducting a joint review.[34][35]

Although ISRO finalised the payload for Chandrayaan-2 per schedule,[36] the mission was postponed in January 2013[37] and rescheduled to 2016 because Russia was unable to develop the lander on time.[38][39] Roscosmos later withdrew in wake of the failure of the Fobos-Grunt mission to Mars, since the technical aspects connected with the Fobos-Grunt mission were also used in the lunar projects, which needed to be reviewed.[38] When Russia cited its inability to provide the lander even by 2015, India decided to develop the lunar mission independently.[37][40]

The spacecraft's launch had been scheduled for March 2018, but was first delayed to April and then to October to conduct further tests on the vehicle.[41][42] On 19 June 2018, after the program's fourth Comprehensive Technical Review meeting, a number of changes in configuration and landing sequence were planned for implementation, pushing the launch to the first half of 2019.[43] Two of the lander's legs got minor damage during one of the tests in February 2019.[44]

Chandrayaan-2 launch was initially scheduled for 14 July 2019, 21:21 UTC (15 July 2019 at 02:51 IST local time), with the landing expected on 6 September 2019.[45] However, the launch was aborted due to a technical glitch and rescheduled to 22 July 2019.[46][7][47][48]

On 22 July 2019 at 09:13 UTC (14:43 IST) GSLV MK III M1 on its first operational flight successfully launched Chandrayaan-2.[49]

Objectives

The primary objectives of Chandrayaan-2 are to demonstrate the ability to soft-land on the lunar surface and operate a robotic rover on the surface. Scientific goals include studies of lunar topography, mineralogy, elemental abundance, the lunar exosphere, and signatures of hydroxyl and water ice.[50] The orbiter will map the lunar surface and help to prepare 3D maps of it. The onboard radar will also map the surface while studying the water ice in the south polar region and thickness of the lunar regolith on the surface.[51] Chandrayaan-2 will inform the location and abundance of lunar water for exploitation by the future lunar base proposed by the Artemis program.[52]

Design

The mission was launched on a Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III (GSLV Mk III) with an approximate lift-off mass of 3,850 kg (8,490 lb) from Satish Dhawan Space Centre on Sriharikota Island.[2][12][9][53] As of June 2019, the mission has an allocated cost of ₹978 crore (approximately US$141 million) which includes ₹603 crore for space segment and ₹375 crore as launch costs on GSLV Mk III.[54][55] Chandrayaan-2 stack was initially put in an Earth parking orbit of 170 km perigee and 40,400 km apogee by the launch vehicle.[56] It is currently performing orbit-raising operations followed by trans-lunar injection using its own power.

Orbiter

Chandrayaan-2 orbiter at integration facility

The orbiter will orbit the Moon at an altitude of 100 km (62 mi).[57] The orbiter carries five scientific instruments. Three of them are new, while two others are improved versions of those flown on Chandrayaan-1. The approximate launch mass was 2,379 kg (5,245 lb).[3][4][36][58] The Orbiter High Resolution Camera (OHRC) will conduct high-resolution observations of the landing site prior to separation of the lander from the orbiter.[57][1] The orbiter's structure was manufactured by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited and delivered to ISRO Satellite Centre on 22 June 2015.[59][60]

  • Dimensions: 3.2 × 5.8 × 2.2 m[23]
  • Gross lift-off mass: 2,379 kg (5,245 lb)[2]
  • Propellant mass: 1,697 kg (3,741 lb)[5]
  • Dry mass: 682 kg (1,504 lb)[5]
  • Mission life: 1 year in lunar orbit
  • Power generation capacity: 1000 W[23]

Vikram lander

Rover 'Pragyan' mounted on the ramp of 'Vikram' lander
Landing site[30] Coordinates
SLS54 (prime site) 70°54′10″S 22°46′52″E / 70.90267°S 22.78110°E / -70.90267; 22.78110
ALS01 (alternate site) 67°52′27″S 18°28′10″W / 67.87406°S 18.46947°W / -67.87406; -18.46947

The mission's lander is called Vikram (Sanskrit: विक्रम, lit. 'Valour') Pronunciationⓘ[61] named after Vikram Sarabhai (1919–1971), who is widely regarded as the father of the Indian space programme.[62]

The Vikram lander will detach from the orbiter and descend to a low lunar orbit of 30 km × 100 km (19 mi × 62 mi) using its 800 N (180 lbf) liquid main engines. It will then perform a comprehensive check of all its on-board systems before attempting a soft landing, deploy the rover, and perform scientific activities for approximately 14 days. The approximate combined mass of the lander and rover is 1,471 kg (3,243 lb).[3][4]

The preliminary configuration study of the lander was completed in 2013 by the Space Applications Centre (SAC) in Ahmedabad.[37] The lander's propulsion system consists of eight 50 N (11 lbf) thrusters for attitude control and five 800 N (180 lbf) liquid main engines derived from ISRO's 440 N (99 lbf) Liquid Apogee Motor.[63][64] Initially, the lander design employed four main liquid engines, but a centrally mounted engine was added to handle new requirements of having to orbit the Moon before landing. The additional engine is expected to mitigate upward draft of lunar dust during the soft landing.[53] Vikram can safely land on slopes up to 12°.[65][66]

Some associated technologies include a high resolution camera, Lander Hazard Detection Avoidance Camera (LHDAC), Lander Position Detection Camera (LPDC),[67] an 800 N throttleable liquid main engine,[59] attitude thrusters, Ka band radio altimeter (KaRA),[68] Laser Inertial Reference & Accelerometer Package (LIRAP)[69], and the software needed to run these components.[1][57] Engineering models of the lander began undergoing ground and aerial tests in late October 2016, in Challakere in the Chitradurga district of Karnataka. ISRO created roughly 10 craters on the surface to help assess the ability of the lander's sensors to select a landing site.[70]

  • Dimensions: 2.54 × 2 × 1.2 m[23]
  • Gross lift-off mass: 1,471 kg (3,243 lb)[2]
  • Propellant mass: 845 kg (1,863 lb)[5]
  • Dry mass: 626 kg (1,380 lb)[5]
  • Power generation capability: 650 W

Pragyan rover

Pragyan rover of the Chandrayaan-2 mission

The mission's rover is called Pragyan (Sanskrit: प्रज्ञान, lit. 'Wisdom') Pronunciationⓘ.[71][72] The rover's mass is about 27 kg (60 lb) and will operate on solar power.[3][4] The rover will move on 6 wheels traversing 500 meters on the lunar surface at the rate of 1 cm per second, performing on-site chemical analysis and sending the data to the lander, which will relay it to the Earth station.[73][74][36][58][54] For navigation, the rover uses:

  • Stereoscopic camera-based 3D vision: two 1 megapixel, monochromatic NAVCAMs in front of the rover will provide the ground control team a 3D view of the surrounding terrain, and help in path-planning by generating a digital elevation model of the terrain.[75] IIT Kanpur contributed to the development of the subsystems for light-based map generation and motion planning for the rover.[76]
  • Control and motor dynamics: the rover has a rocker-bogie suspension system and six wheels, each driven by independent brushless DC electric motors. Steering is accomplished by differential speed of the wheels or skid steering.[77]

The expected operating time of Pragyan rover is one lunar day or around 14 Earth days as its electronics are not expected to endure the frigid lunar night. However, its power system has a solar-powered sleep/wake-up cycle implemented, which could result in longer service time than planned.[78][79]

  • Dimensions: 0.9 × 0.75 × 0.85 m[23]
  • Power: 50 W[23]
  • Travel speed: 1 cm/sec.[23]
Animation of Chandrayaan-2
Around the Earth
Around the Moon
   Earth ·    Moon ·    Chandrayaan-2

Payload

ISRO selected eight scientific instruments for the orbiter, four for the lander,[80][2][81] and two for the rover.[36][82] While it was initially reported that NASA and ESA would participate in the mission by providing some scientific instruments for the orbiter,[83] ISRO in 2010 had clarified that due to weight restrictions it will not be carrying foreign payloads on this mission.[84] However, in an update just a month before launch, a small laser retroreflector from NASA was added to the lander's payload to help scientists measure exact distances to the Moon and lunar libration.[85]

Orbiter

Payloads on the orbiter are:[2][81]

Vikram lander

The payloads on the Vikram lander are: [2][81]

Pragyan rover

The payloads on the Pragyan rover are: [2][81]

CHACE2
XSM
CLASS
ILSA MEMS sensor package
LRA
LIBS
APXS


Mission profile

Timeline of Operations [89]
Phase Date Event Detail Result References
Geocentric phase 22 July 2019 09:13:12 UTC Launch Burn time: 16 min 14 sec Apogee: 45,475 km (28,257 mi)
Perigee: 169.7 km (105.4 mi) 		[49]
24 July 2019 09:22 UTC Orbit raising manoeuvre Burn time: 48 sec Apogee: 45,163 km (28,063 mi)
Perigee: 230 km (140 mi) 		[90]
25 July 2019 19:38 UTC Orbit raising manoeuvre Burn time: 883 sec Apogee: 54,829 km (34,069 mi)
Perigee: 251 km (156 mi) 		[91]
29 July 2019 (Planned) Orbit raising manoeuvre Burn time: Apogee:

Perigee:

02 August 2019 (Planned) Orbit raising manoeuvre Burn time: Apogee:

Perigee:

06 August 2019 (Planned) Orbit raising manoeuvre Burn time: Apogee:

Perigee:

14 August 2019 (Planned) Trans-lunar injection Burn time: Apogee:

Perigee:

Selenocentric phase

Launch

Chandrayaan-2 launch was initially scheduled for 14 July 2019, 21:21 UTC (15 July 2019 at 02:51 IST local time).[45] However, the launch was aborted 56 minutes and 24 seconds before launch due to a technical glitch and rescheduled to 22 July 2019.[46][7][47] Unconfirmed reports later cited a leak in the 'nipple joint' of a helium gas bottle as the cause behind abort.[48][92][93]

Chandrayaan-2 was launched onboard the GSLV MK III M1 launch vehicle on 22 July 2019 at 09:13 UTC (14:43 IST) with better-than-expected apogee as a result of the cryogenic upper stage being burned to depletion, which later eliminated the need for one of the apogee-raising burns during geocentric phase of mission.[49][94][95]

Earth orbit burns

First orbit burn

The first earth-bound orbit-raising burn was performed as planned on 24 July 2019, 09:22 UTC for duration of 48 seconds. Perigee of Chandrayaan-2 was raised to 230 km (140 mi) with apogee at 45,163 km (28,063 mi).[90]

Second orbit burn

The second earth-bound orbit-raising burn was performed as planned on 25 July 2019, 1938 UTC for duration of 883 seconds. Apogee of Chandrayaan-2 was raised to 54,829 km (34,069 mi) with perigee at 251 km (156 mi).[91]

Team

The list below lists most instrumental scientists and engineers who were key to the development of Chandrayaan-2 project: [96][97]

  • Muthaya Vanitha – Project Director, Chandrayaan-2
  • Ritu Karidhal – Mission Director, Chandrayaan-2
  • Chandrakanta Kumar – Deputy Project Director, Chandrayaan-2

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chandrayaan_2.

References

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External links

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