Copper Bull
| Copper Bull | |
|---|---|
| Material | copper |
| Created | 2600 B.C.E. |
| Discovered | 1923 by Sir Leonard Woolley |
| Present location | British Museum, London |
| Identification | ME 116740 |
The Copper Bull is a sculpture in copper found near the ancient Sumerian city of Ur, now in southern Iraq, by Sir Leonard Woolley in 1923. The sculpture which dates from 2600 B.C.E. is now in the British Museum.[1]
Discovery
The sculpture was found with a number of other artefacts at the base of a foundation in Tell al-'Ubaid which is close to the ancient city of Ur in southern Iraq.[1] The sculpture was found by Leonard Woolley who was working jointly for the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology and the British Museum.[2] The foundation which hid the sculpture was a platform made from brick and mud which had originally supported a temple to the goddess Ninhursag. The bull sculpture had been crushed by the falling masonry of the damaged temple. Woolley found similar models of bulls but only this and one other were recovered in an intact state.
Ninhursag was a goddess of the pastures so it is appropriate that cows should be found around her temple; it was said that her milk sustained the kings.
Construction
The sculpture had been made by first making a wooden model of a bull and this had then been coated with bitumen. The parts of the bull were made in sections.[3] The legs were shaped out of wood and then covered in copper plate and this was held in place using tacks. The legs were attached and then more copper sheet covered the main body with a different sheet for the bull's shoulders. These sheets were held in place by flat headed nails used along the back of the legs, the haunches and the stomach. The body's sheets overlapped the places where the legs had been attached.[3]
Copper bolts attached the legs to the base and the head was attached with a wooden dowel. The horns and the ears were then attached to the head.[3]
Recovery
By the time the bull was discovered the wood had decayed away and the bull was recovered only by pouring wax around the fragile remains and then lifting the remains out for later conservation. The sculpture as shown includes a horn, part of the tail and hooves which have been recreated to make the bull complete.[1]
Ownership
The Copper Bull is in the British Museum. The artefacts discovered by Woolley were shared between the British Museum and the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology as well as a small portion that went to Iraq under terms negotiated by King Faisal.[2]
References
- ^ a b c Copper figure of a bull, British Museum, accessed July 2010
- ^ a b At the Museums: Wonders of Ur, Ellen Herscher, Archaeology, Volume 53 Number 2, March/April 2000, retrieved July 2010
- ^ a b c Two lyres from Ur, Maude de Schauensee, p.37-42, accessed July 2010
Bibliography
- H.R. Hall and C.L. Woolley, Ur Excavations, vol. I: Al-Uba (London, Oxford University Press, 1927)
- T.C. Mitchell, Sumerian art: illustrated by o (London, The British Museum Press, 1969)
