Calatrava la Vieja
Calatrava la Vieja (formerly just Calatrava) is a medieval site and original nucleus of the Order of Calatrava. It is now part of the Archaeological Parks (Parques Arqueológicos) of the Community of Castile-La Mancha. Situated at Carrión de Calatrava, Calatrava during the High Middle Ages was the only important city in the Guadiana River valley. It thus guarded the roads to Córdoba and Toledo.
Its name is derived from the Arabic Qal'at Rabah قلعة رباح ("fortress of Rabah"), a reference to the Moorish nobleman who held this area in the 8th century, although as a fortress it may date even earlier -to Iberian times.
References to the site date from as early as 785, and in 853 due to conflicts between the Muslims of Toledo and the emirate of Córdoba, it was partially destroyed, but rebuilt later. The site was rebuilt under al-Hakam, brother of Muhammad I. It became the capital of the region. At the fall of the Caliphate of Córdoba, the Taifa kingdoms or republics of Seville, Córdoba, and Toledo competed to acquire Calatrava.
Toledo was conquered by Alfonso VI of Castile in 1085, and the Almoravids arrived in the Iberian Peninsula a year later. In 1147, Calatrava was conquered by Alfonso VII, becoming the farthest Christian outpost during this stage of the reconquista.
The castle was placed under the protection of the Knights Templar, but this proved unsatisfactory, and Sancho III of Castile made an offer: he would grant the town and fortress of Calatrava to anyone who promised to defend it from the Moors. Encouraged by a friar named Diego Velásquez, who had been a warrior prior to becoming a friar, Saint Raymond of Fitero took up the challenge. Sancho granted them the privilege of defending Calatrava, and Raymund organized an army, with the support of Juan II of Toledo, the Archbishop of Toledo, that successfully prevented the Moors from attacking this place in 1158.[1]
As a result of this success, Raymond decided to found the Order of Calatrava, organized along Cistercian[2] lines.
The city was reconquered by the Almohads in 1195, alter their victory against Alfonso VIII at the Battle of Alarcos. They held it for 17 years, until 1212, when it was recovered as part of the campaign that resulted in the decisive Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa: after conquered Calatrava, there were some disagreements among the members of the Christian coalition: French and other Europeans knights were not used to summer heat, but more important, they were not agree with Alfonso VIII´s order of humanitarian treatment of judes and Muslims. Previously, they had created problems in Toledo, (were the differents armies of the Crusade gathered), with assaults and murders in the Jewish Quarter. So, More than 30.000 men desertted and crossed back the Pyrenees.
In 1217, the Order of Calatrava moved to Calatrava la Nueva (castle of Dueñas), 60 km to the south. Thus, the original site became known as "Calatrava la Vieja" ("Old Calatrava").
Calatrava la Vieja remained the center of the royal land grant, but it was completely abandoned by the early fifteenth century, when the Knight Commander of Calatrava moved his residence to Carrión de Calatrava.
References
External links
- Template:Es icon Parque Arqueológico Alarcos-Calatrava (Red de Parques Arqueológicos de Castilla-La Mancha)
- Template:Es icon Calatrava La Vieja en www.nrtarqueologos.com
- Template:Es icon Galería Fotográfica en www.ciudad-real.es
- Template:Es icon Descripción detallada y extensa galería fotográfica en www.castillosnet.org
- Template:Es icon Abundante información del castillo y Geocaching en el yacimiento de Calatrava la Vieja