Foreign involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. (November 2023) |
On 24 February 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine, escalating the Donbas War that began in 2014 into the Russo-Ukrainian War. Twenty-one months later, on 20 November 2023, Ukraine had cumulatively received over $44 billion in materiel aid from the United States and over $35 billion from other allies[1] on a month-to-month basis. The aid is logistical and is provided by drawdown of existing materiel that is then delivered to Ukraine. As this materiel is expended, the allied industrial base has been gradually drawn in to supply Ukraine but had not been fully engaged[a] as of November 2023.[b]
Foreign military sales and aid to Ukraine
Although Ukraine is not a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and does not have a military alliance with the United States or any NATO nation,[2] from 24 January to 3 August 2022, the Kiel Institute has tracked $84.2 billion from the 40 NATO-member countries in financial, humanitarian, and military aid to Ukraine.[3]
The US has provided the most military assistance, supplying $29.3 billion from February 2022 to 3 February 2023,[4] with a cumulative $41 billion to Ukraine as of 24 July 2023.[5][c] To support Ukraine, many NATO members and allies, such as Germany and Sweden, have reversed past policies against providing offensive military aid. European Union (EU) nations as a bloc have provided €3.1 billion in military support, including lethal arms, to Ukraine.[6][d] Bulgaria, a major manufacturer of Soviet-pattern weapons, has supplied Ukraine with more than €2 billion worth of arms and ammunition, including a third of the ammunition the Ukrainian military needed in the critical, early phase of the invasion; Bulgaria also provides fuel supplies, and at times has covered 40% of the Ukrainian armed forces' fuel needs.[8]
Between 2014 and 2021, the UK, US, EU, and NATO provided mostly non-lethal military aid to Ukraine.[9] Lethal aid to the country increased in 2018, when the US began to sell it weapons, including Javelin anti-tank missiles,[9] and Ukraine agreed to purchase TB2 combat drones from Turkey in 2019.[10]
In 2022, Russia massed equipment and troops on Ukraine's borders. In response, the US worked with other NATO member states to transfer US-produced weapons to Ukraine.[11] The UK began to supply Ukraine with NLAW and Javelin anti-tank weapons.[12] After the invasion, NATO member states including Germany agreed to supply weapons but NATO itself did not.[13][14][15] NATO and its members also refused to send troops into Ukraine or to establish a no fly-zone in case this led to a larger-scale war.[16][17]
In April 2024, the Latvian government approved a new aid package for Ukraine in 2024, totaling EUR 9.6 million. The package consists of EUR 5.3 million allocated for Ukraine's reconstruction and an additional EUR 4.3 million designated to support the Ukrainian Armed Forces through the European Peace Facility.[18]
Aid via drawdown from existing stocks
On 26 February 2022, US Secretary of State Antony Blinken announced $350 million in lethal military assistance, including anti-armor and anti-aircraft systems.[19][20] The next day, the EU stated it would purchase €450 million (US$502 million) in lethal assistance and an additional €50 million ($56 million) in non-lethal supplies for Ukraine with Poland handling distribution.[21][22] During the first week of the invasion, NATO member states supplied more than 17,000 anti-tank weapons to Ukraine;[23] by mid-March, the number was estimated to be more than 20,000.[24] In three tranches that were agreed in February, March and April 2022, the EU committed to €1.5 billion to support the capabilities and resilience of the Ukrainian Armed Forces and the protection of the Ukrainian civilian population under the purview of the European Peace Facility line.[25]
As of 11 April 2022, the US and its allies had provided Ukraine with approximately 25,000 anti-aircraft and 60,000 anti-tank weapon systems.[26] The following day, Russia received anti-tank missiles and RPGs from Iran, which were supplied through undercover networks via Iraq.[27] On 19 April 2022, Romania announced a planned reform to the government decree that regulates the export of military weapons and national defense products to provide these weapons to Ukraine as well as NATO allies.[28] The Romanian Ministry of Defense developed the draft decree stating the decision was made because of Russia's aggression against Ukraine.[29] On 27 April, Defense Minister Vasile Dincu said his plan had been discontinued.[30] On 26 April 2022, the US convened a conference in which representatives of more than 40 countries[e] met at the Ramstein Air Base to discuss military support for Ukraine.[33] On 28 April 2022, US President Joe Biden asked Congress for an additional $33 billion to assist Ukraine, including $20 billion to provide it with weapons.[34] On 5 May, Ukraine's Prime Minister Denys Shmyhal announced Ukraine had received more than $12 billion worth of weapons and financial aid from Western countries since the start of Russia's invasion on 24 February.[35] On 10 May, the United States House of Representatives passed legislation that would provide $40 billion in new aid to Ukraine.[36] After the US Senate approved the legislation, Biden signed it into law on 21 May.[37][38]
On 23 May 2022, US Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin thanked Denmark for offering Harpoon missiles and launcher to Ukraine.[39] By 15 June 2023 additional Harpoon missiles were en route to Ukraine.[40]
On 30 May 2022, French Foreign Minister Catherine Colonna announced the supply of additional CAESAR self-propelled howitzer systems[41] that were mounted on the Renault Sherpa 5 6×6 chassis. On 25 May, Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Ukraine Valerii Zaluzhnyi said that the first batch was already on the front lines fighting the invader.[42] On 10 June, the AFU demonstrated the combat systems to representatives from the press; by that date the Ukrainian gunners possessed 18 CAESAR units.[43][44] On 31 May 2022, the White House informed the press the US would be supplying M142 HIMARS multiple-launch rocket systems to Ukraine.[45] Some analysts said HIMARS could be a "game-changer" in the war.[46][47] Under Secretary of Defense for Policy Colin Kahl stated the US would be able to send more systems as the fighting evolved.[48][49]
On 10 June 2022, an official from the Ukrainian military said they were using 5,000 to 6,000 artillery rounds a day and would then be using 155-calibre. NATO-standard shells because all of their Soviet-era guns had been destroyed. The official said the Russians had transformed the war into an artillery duel that focused on the southeast of Ukraine.[50] On 12 June, a Ukrainian presidential advisor posted on social-media platform Twitter a list of weapons Ukraine needed to achieve "heavy weapons parity"; the top item was "1000 howitzers caliber 155 mm".[51] Ukraine said it had enough 155mm ammunition but lacked the artillery to use it. According to Oryxspioenkop, only 250 howitzers had been promised or delivered.[52] On 13 June, a Deutsche Welle correspondent said the Ukrainian supply of Soviet-era ammunition had been exhausted and the country had only a dwindling supply obtained from friendly ex-Soviet countries.[53] In June 2022 Germany declassified its list of military aid to Ukraine.[54] As of July 2022, CNN reported recently declassified American intelligence suggested Iranians have given Russian forces Shahed 129 UAV combat drones.[55][56]
By 2 August 2022, for the 16 US-supplied HIMARS systems in Ukraine, the US was providing more munitions—additional HIMARS rocket pods in monthly installments, as well as more 155-mm howitzer shells—at a cost of $550 million for the 17th Presidential drawdown package.[57] The 18th US presidential drawdown package, which was released on 8 Aug 2022, was a $1 billion package including additional HIMARS rocket pods, 75,000 rounds of 155mm artillery ammunition, 20 120mm mortar systems and 20,000 rounds of 120mm mortar ammunition, National Advanced Surface-to-Air Missile Systems (NASAMS),[f][58][59] 1,000 Javelins and hundreds of AT4 anti-tank weapons, 50 armored medical treatment vehicles, Claymore mines, C4 explosives, and medical supplies.[60] The 19th US presidential drawdown package on 19 Aug 2022 was a $775 million package that included additional HIMARS rocket pods; 16 105mm howitzers with 36,000 artillery rounds to supplement the UK's past contributions of 105mm howitzers; 1,000 anti-armor Javelins; 2,000 anti-armor rounds for the Swedish Carl Gustaf 8.4 cm recoilless rifle; 1,500 tube-launched, optically tracked, wire-guided, anti-tank missiles (BGM-71 TOWs); additional AGM-88 HARM air-launched[61]: 4:17 anti-radiation missiles that home on radar sites; 15 ScanEagle UAVs to guide Ukrainian artillery; 40 mine flail vehicles to clear out minefields; 50 HMMWVs, tactical secure communication systems; demolition munitions; night vision devices; thermal imagery systems; optics; and laser rangefinders.[62][63] Since 2021, the packages totaled $10.7 billion by 19 August 2022.[64][60]
In September 2022, 800 combat drones manufactured by the Taiwanese DronesVision were transferred to Ukraine through Poland.[65][66] In November 2022, the UK announced it was donating to Ukraine three former Royal Navy and Royal Air Force Sea King helicopters .[67]
The Institute for the Study of War has assessed the need for Western supplies was apparent in June 2022 and that, if commitments and preparations for delivery had been made at that time, Ukraine would have been ready to deploy the materiel in November or December 2022. Western nations committed to the delivery of tanks in January 2023. Ukraine was unable to take advantage of Russian military depletion and disorganization following the successful Ukrainian counter-offenses at Kharkiv and Kherson in late 2022 due in part to the need to conserve limited stocks of Soviet equipment and in the absence of an expectation of Western replacements. This delay allowed Russia to reorganize and reinforce its armed forces, potentially prolonging the war.[68]
United States' Ukraine security assistance package
On 24 August 2022, US President Joe Biden announced $3 billion in aid for longer-term requirements by Ukraine, it was the largest aid package since the beginning of the Russian invasion. The money was released from a congressional funding source (Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative (USAI)) to allow the US government to procure weapons from industry, including NASAMS air defense units, Puma drones, and Vampire counter-drone missiles.[69][70] The Vampire contract was not yet let as of November 2022, with delivery to Ukraine after mid-2023.[71] The longer-term deliveries of materiel included six additional NASAMS air-defense units and their attendant rounds for a total of eight units;[f][72] up to 245,000 155mm howitzer shells; up to 65,000 120mm mortar rounds; up to 24 counter-battery radars, and the attendant training, maintenance, and sustainment.[73] By 24 August 2022, US aid since January 2021 exceeded $13.5 billion.[74] By August 2022, the United Kingdom had provided military aid to the value of £2.3bn ($2.8bn). This included three M270 Multiple Launch Rocket Systems, some 5,000 NLAW anti-tank missiles, "hundreds" of Brimstone missiles, 120 armoured vehicles including Mastiff Protected Patrol Vehicles, and heavy-lift drones.[75] Additionally, 10,000 Ukrainian soldiers were in an intensive, 120-day infantry training course at four bases in the UK.[76]
On 25 August 2022, President Zelensky thanked President Biden for the $3 billion USAI security aid package he announced the previous day, and the $3 billion World Bank financial-aid package for Ukraine.[77] On September 2, Biden requested from Congress $13.7 billion "for equipment, intelligence support and direct budgetary support" to Ukraine.[78][79]
On 8 September 2022, US Secretary of State Antony Blinken announced $2 billion in aid to Ukraine and eighteen partners in the defense industrial base.[80] In addition, US Secretary of Defense Lloyd J. Austin III announced the 20th drawdown package; up to $675 million for Ukraine military aid at the fifth Ukraine Defense Contact Group meeting in Germany, and a discussion of initiatives for the respective industrial bases of the Defense Contact Group, for the long-term defense of Ukraine's sovereign territory.[81][82] On 28 September, William LaPlante, US Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment (USD (A&S)), met in Brussels with 40 counterparts in the Ukraine Defense Contact Group. On the agenda was the identification of industrial suppliers of replacement materiel such as gun barrels, ball bearings, steel casings, and microchips, without which the existing military aid will eventually cease to function due to heavy use on the battlefield.[83] LaPlante later noted a policy of "interoperability, but interchangeability, with multiple plants in multiple countries making identical items" will have a deterrent effect on those countries' adversaries and on those of Ukraine.[84] Arms suppliers from Eastern Europe were also arming Ukraine using Ukraine Defense Contacts.[85] On 15 September 2022, Biden announced his 21st drawdown package, which was worth $600 million in military aid to Ukraine in light of the 2022 Kharkiv counteroffensive.[86]
On 28 September 2022, the US Department of Defense announced a Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative (USAI) package worth up to $1.1 billion, which would purchase 18 additional HIMARS systems and their associated rockets from vendors in the future.[87] By 28 September, 16 HIMARS systems drawn from the US and another 10 equivalent systems from the allies were in service in Ukraine. This USAI package was also to include 150 High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicles (Humvees or HMMWVs), 150 tactical vehicles, 20 multi-mission radars, explosive ordnance disposal equipment, body armor and tactical secure communications systems, surveillance systems, and optics.[87] This long-term package also included training for Ukrainian troops, maintenance, and sustainment, totaling $16.2 billion in aid since the beginning of the 2022 invasion.[87]
On 20 February 2023, during an unexpected visit to Kyiv, US President Biden announced a half-billion dollar aid package for Ukraine,[88] including artillery ammunition, more FGM-148 Javelins, and howitzers.[89][90][91] As of September 2023, US Security aid to Ukraine since Russia's full-scale invasion in February 2022 had exceeded $43 billion.[92]
On 11 October 2023, following U.S. budget funding difficulty for 2024 in the United States House of Representatives and the removal of its speaker, U.S. National Security Council spokesman John Kirby said support provided to Ukraine was not going to be indefinite. Funding was now on a short-term continuing resolution. Kirby said: "on the Ukraine funding, we're coming near to the end of the rope ... today we announced $200 million, and we'll keep that aid going as long as we can, but it's not going to be indefinite". The administration was in discussions with members of Congress about additional funding for Ukraine.[93][94][95]
Lend-Lease for Ukraine
On 1 October 2022 Lend-Lease for Ukraine came into effect.[g] A proposal to administer US security assistance as part of EUCOM was under consideration at The Pentagon.[97] This plan would systematize the services currently being provided to Ukraine on an ad hoc basis, and would provide a long-term vehicle for countering Russian plans under the provisions of the Lend-Lease act, and for coordinating Allied aid for Ukraine's defense with Ukrainian requests at a single point of contact in Wiesbaden, Germany.[97][98]
On 4 October 2022, the 22nd presidential drawdown from US stocks to Ukraine, $625 million in security assistance, included a tailored package consisting of four more HIMARS systems and their associated rockets; 16 more M777 155mm howitzers and 75,000 155mm rounds; 500 M982 Excalibur precision-guided 155mm rounds; 1,000 155mm rounds of remote anti-armor mine systems; 16 more 105mm M119 howitzers; 30,000 120 mm mortar rounds; 200 mine-resistant, ambush-protected vehicles (MRAPs); 200,000 rounds of small arms ammunition; and Claymore mines. The package responded to Ukrainian ammunition-consumption rates during their latest offensives; according to Laura Cooper, a US DoD deputy assistant secretary of defense, more aid would be forthcoming .[99] So far, the security assistance to Ukraine had totalled $16.8 billion to Ukraine.[99]
On 14 October 2022, the 23rd presidential drawdown from US stocks provided Ukraine $725 million in security assistance, including additional rounds for High Mobility Artillery Rocket Systems (HIMARS), 23,000 155mm howitzer rounds, 500 precision-guided 155mm artillery rounds, 5,000 155mm rounds of remote anti-armor mine (RAAM) systems, 5,000 anti-tank weapons, high-speed anti-radiation missiles (HARMs), more than 200 HMMWVs; small arms and more than 2,000,000 rounds of small-arms ammunition, and medical supplies.[100] The security assistance to Ukraine since January 2021 had totalled $18.2 billion.[100]
On 31 January 2023, Reuters reported the US presidential drawdown authority had allocated more than $400 million in materiel, including a new weapon, the GLSDB available under USAI.[101][102][103] On 3 February 2023, another presidential drawdown package was announced.[104] The package included additional ammunition for HiMARS, 155mm artillery rounds, and 120mm mortar rounds; 190 heavy machine guns with thermal imagery sights and associated ammunition to counter unmanned aerial systems; 181 Mine Resistant Ambush Protected vehicles; 250 Javelin anti-armor systems; 2,000 anti-armor rockets; Claymore anti-personnel munitions; demolition munitions; and cold-weather equipment, helmets, and other field equipment.[104]
Proposal for a Kyiv Security Compact
In September 2022, former NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen delivered a proposal for a long-lasting Kyiv Security Compact to Ukraine's President Volodymyr Zelenskyy; the proposed compact involved legally binding security guarantees for Ukraine from a coalition of Western countries to bolster its ability to repel Russian attacks through extensive joint training, the provision of advanced defensive weapons systems, and support to develop the country's defense industry.[105]
Aid in construction of a missile defense system
Missile-defense systems arrived in Ukraine piecemeal;[h] in Brussels on 12 October 2022, US Army General Mark Milley suggested to the Ukraine Defense Contact Group[e] the allies of Ukraine "chip in to help Ukraine rebuild and sustain an integrated air and missile defense system" from the contributed air-and-missile defense-system materiel.[108] Ukraine would need to link together and integrate its existing materiel and radars with "command and control and communication systems".[108][109]: 15:15 [110]: minute 20:25 [i]
On 12 October 2022, German Defense Minister Christine Lambrecht announced an IRIS-T air-defense system had arrived in Ukraine, with three more forthcoming in 2023.[112] On 28 October, The Pentagon announced the 24th presidential drawdown of materiel worth $275 million; the security assistance totalled $18.5 billion to Ukraine since January 2021.[113] The aid included 500 Excalibur precision-guided 155mm artillery rounds, 2,000 155mm remote anti-armor mine systems, more than 1,300 anti-armor weapons, more than 2.75 million rounds of small-arms ammunition, more HIMARS rockets, 125 Humvees, and four satellite-communications antennas for Ukraine's command and control systems, as well as training for operation of the NASAMS units.[f] Two NASAMS units arrived in Ukraine on 7 November 2022.[113][114][j]
Security Assistance Group Ukraine (SAGU)
By 21 July 2022, the United States European Command (EUCOM) Control Center-Ukraine/International Donor Coordination Centre (ECCU/IDCC), a joint cell that was formed in March 2022, had trained 1,500 Ukrainian Armed Forces personnel on coalition-donated equipment.[117] By 4 November 2022, the equipment shipments and training measures of the Ukraine Contact Group had become repeatable enough to systematize in a Security Assistance Group Ukraine (SAGU), which was based in Wiesbaden, Germany.[98][118][119]
On 4 November 2022, the Pentagon announced a $400 million Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative (USAI) security assistance package to refurbish 45 T-72 tanks from the Czech Republic with "advanced optics, communications and armor packages";[120] the package also included 1,100 Phoenix Ghost tactical unmanned aerial systems (UASs) and 40 armored riverine boats.[120] The combined additional aid amounted to 90 more T-72s by year-end 2022, 250 M1117 Armored Security Vehicles furnished for the first time, and refurbished HAWK missiles from the Czech Republic that will serve on the HAWK launchers from Spain. On 10 November, the $400-million aid announcement was clarified; four Stinger-based air defense AN/TWQ-1 Avengers to counter the Iranian drones were provided to Ukraine for the first time, as were additional HIMARS rockets, 10,000 mortar rounds, thousands of 155mm howitzer rounds, 400 grenade launchers, 100 Humvees, 20 million rounds of small-arms ammunition, and cold-weather gear.[121] In November 2022, the 20 HIMARS launchers drawn from US stocks were still in service; Poland and other countried had provided hundreds of T-72s; the USAI security assistance totalled $18.9 billion to Ukraine since January 2021.[122]
On 15 November 2022, the US White House Office of Management and Budget asked Congress for an additional $38 billion for aid to Ukraine in fiscal year 2023.[123] The supplemental funding request included $21.7 billion in security assistance, $14.5 billion in US State Department sources and USAID sources to be provided to Ukraine's government, humanitarian relief and global food security, and a $900 million request for the Department of Health and Human Services to "provide standard assistance health care and support services to Ukrainian parolees". In addition, a $626 million United States Department of Energy request would aid nuclear security at the power plant in Zaporizhzhia.[123] The White House also requested Congress to grant $7 billion in additional presidential drawdown authority from existing Defense Department materiel.[123] If Congress was to grant this fourth request, the total aid to Ukraine would be $104 billion in less than a year.[123]
On 17 November 2022, it was reported Israel had approved the transfer of weapons systems with Israeli parts via NATO countries, including the UK. These included advanced fire-control and electro-optic systems. It also agreed to buy strategic materials for the Ukrainian armed forces.[124]
On 23 November 2022 the Pentagon announced its 26th drawdown package of up to $400 million in aid,[125] consisting of HIMARS rockets, AGM-88 high-speed anti-radiation missiles, 200 precision-guided 155mm artillery M982 Excalibur rounds, 150 heavy machine guns to shoot down drones, additional NASAMS missiles for air defense, 150 Humvees, over 100 additional light tactical vehicles, over 200 electrical generators, 20 million rounds of small-arms ammunition, and spare parts for 105mm howitzers.[125]
On 9 December 2022, the Pentagon announced the US president had authorized the 27th drawdown package of up to $275 million in aid to Ukraine for additional HIMARS rockets, 80,000 155mm artillery rounds, counter-unmanned aerial systems (UASs), counter-air defense equipment, Humvees, ambulances and medical equipment, nearly 150 generators, and field equipment.[126]
On 21 December 2022, Antony Blinken of the US State Department announced the 28th drawdown of aid for Ukraine, a $1 billion package consisting of a Patriot missile battery:[k] the Pentagon also announced $850 million of security assistance for Ukraine under its Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative. Training in the use of these Patriot missiles will be required for Ukraine's troops.[127][128][129] The materiel also included:
- JDAM kits[130] for precision aerial munitions
- ammunition for HIMARS High Mobility Artillery Rocket Systems
- 500 precision-guided 155mm artillery rounds
- 10 120mm mortar systems and 10,000 120mm mortar rounds
- 10 82mm mortar systems
- 10 60mm mortar systems
- 37 Cougar Mine Resistant Ambush Protected vehicles (MRAPs)
- 120 High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicles (Humvees)
- six armored utility trucks
- high-speed anti-radiation missiles
- 2,700 grenade launchers and small arms
- Claymore anti-personnel munitions
- demolition munitions and equipment
- night-vision devices and optics
- tactical secure communications systems and
- body armor and other field equipment.
The USAI (from industry rather than from United States Department of Defense stocks) were:
On 6 January 2023, Chancellor Scholz and President Biden announced the contribution of Marder and Bradley armored fighting vehicles from Germany and the US, respectively;[133] President Macron had announced France's contribution of AMX-10 RC armored fighting vehicles two days earlier.[134] About 50 Bradley Fighting Vehicles were in the US drawdown package; several dozen AMX-10s were available from France. The 29th US drawdown amounted to $2.85 billion in aid;[133] the US aid package and provided $200 million in foreign military financing for Ukraine.[135][136] The Bradley package included 50 MRAPs, 138 Humvees, 500 TOW missiles, and 250,000 rounds of 25mm ammunition.[135] The US also announced the contribution of 18 Paladin self-propelled 155mm howitzers for the first time[135] as well as 100 additional M113 armored personnel carriers[137] and 70,000 additional 155mm howitzer rounds. The package also included 4,000 Zuni rockets to be fired from Ukrainian aircraft and RIM-7 missiles modified to be fired from Ukrainian Buk launchers.[138][139]
Scholz also announced a German Patriot missile battery would go to Ukraine in a billion-dollar package.[129][140] as well as 40 Marder vehicles.[141] On 17 January 2023, Netherlands Prime Minister Mark Rutte announced he would send Patriot missile launchers to Ukraine, the third country to donate Patriots;[142] two launchers arrived in April 2023.[143]
Swiss blocks on military exports to Ukraine
In mid 2022, Switzerland vetoed Denmark's request to send Swiss-made Piranha III armored vehicles to Ukraine. Switzerland requires countries that purchase Swiss arms to request permission to re-export them.[144] Switzerland has also vetoed German requests to donate tank munitions to Ukraine.[145][146] Switzerland has also vetoed Poland's,[147] Spain's[148][149] and other countries' requests.
Additional military provisions for Ukraine
On 17 October 2022 the European Union approved €500 million ($486 million) in weapons for Ukraine,[150] and a two-year training mission initially under the command of France's Vice Admiral Hervé Bléjean for 15,000 Ukrainian troops.[150] The training would be held in Germany and Poland, and would be open to other nations. The planned training cost was nearly €107 million.[150] The EU doubled the training commitment to 30,000 troops.[151]
On 11 January 2023, Poland announced it would provide a company of 12 Leopard 2 tanks[l] to Ukraine;[152] on 14 January 2023, the United Kingdom announced it would give Ukraine 14 Challenger 2 tanks,[153] compared to the 4 November 2022 entry in which 90 T-72 tanks were being refurbished by Czech suppliers, with estimated delivery by year-end 2022. Lt. Gen. (Retired) Ben Hodges assessed the contributions up to January 2023 as the equivalent of an armored brigade.[154][m] Hodges said an armored division was the goal;[155][156][n] the 11 January aid being:
- 26 Czech Dana M2 self-propelled howitzers
- 18 US Paladin self-propelled howitzers
- 30 UK AS-90 self-propelled guns
- and unspecified number of French AMX-10 RC armored reconnaissance vehicles
- 40 German Marder infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs)
- 50 US Bradley IFVs[o]
- 14 Challenger 2 tanks
- 12 Leopard 2 tanks, and
- 90 T-72 tanks.[159]
The eighth meeting[160][161] of the Ukraine Defense Contact Group gathered at Ramstein, Germany, on 18–20 January 2023, where the new German defense minister was introduced to the group.[162] Nine countries pledged support:[163][164][165]
- Canada pledged to supply Ukraine with 200 Canadian APCs, National Advanced Surface-to-Air Missile System (NASAMS), 39 other armoured support vehicles, anti-tank weapons, and M777 howitzers. Canada was ranked fifth by materiel volume behind Poland, Germany, the UK, and the US.[166]
- Czech Republic pledged to increase industrial production for large-caliber munitions, howitzers, and APCs[163]
- Denmark pledged training worth €600 million for Ukrainian soldiers[163]
- Estonia pleadged an unspecified quantity of 155mm FH-70 and 122 mm D-30 howitzers, thousands of 155mm artillery ammunition rounds, support vehicles, Carl-Gustaf M2 anti-tank grenade launchers with ammunition rounds worth €113 million, and training for Ukrainian soldiers[163]
- Latvia pledged tens of MANPADS Stingers, two M-17 helicopters, tens of UAVs, spare parts for M109 howitzers, and training for 2,000 Ukrainian soldiers[163]
- Lithuania pledged a support package worth €125 million, two Mi-8 helicopters worth €85 million, counter-drones, optics, thermo-visual devices, and drones worth €40 million, and a €2 million donation to UK international fund for heavy weaponry[163]
- Poland pledged S-60 anti-aircraft guns with 70,000 pieces of ammunition; it had already donated 42 infantry fighting vehicles, training packages for two mechanized battalions, more 155mm Krab howitzers, and ammunition[163]
- Slovakia pledged to Increase production of howitzers, de-mining equipment and ammunition, and to provide training for Ukrainian soldiers[163]
- The UK's largest aid package thus far included 14 Challenger 2 tanks, 30 AS-90 self-propelled guns, Bulldog APCs, breachers, bridgelayers, dozens of drones, 100,000 artillery rounds, Starstreak air-defense missiles, GMLRS ammunition, 600 Brimstone anti-tank munitions, and training for Ukrainian troops to operate this materiel.[167]
- On 19 January 2023, the US announced a contribution of $2.5 billion more in aid; this package included
- 90 Stryker APCs
- 59 more Bradley IFVs for more than 109 IFVs in January 2023[o]
- More rockets for NASAMS
- eight Avenger air-defense systems
- 295,000 25mm rounds for Bradley IFVs
- 53 MRAPs
- 350 Humvees
- 20,000 155mm artillery rounds[p]
- 600 precision guided munitions
- 95,000 105mm artillery rounds
- 11,800 120mm mortar rounds
- additional GMLRS (for HIMARS)
- 12 ammunition support vehicles
- 6 command-post vehicles
- 22 tactical vehicles to tow weapons
- additional High-speed Anti-radiation missiles (HARMs)
- 2,000 anti-armor rockets
- more than 3 million rounds of small arms ammunition
- demolition equipment for obstacle clearing
- Claymore mines
- night-vision devices, and
- spare parts and other field equipment[170][171][o][161]
- Germany: see § Germany's entry in the list of foreign aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War[172][164]
- France pledged 12 more Caesar truck-mounted artillery guns from Nexter on 2 February 2023[173]
- Unattributed nations (likely Netherlands and Belgium) have provided hundreds of Armored Infantry Fighting Vehicles (AIFVs) to Ukraine.[174]
Additional tanks for Ukraine
In contrast to attrition warfare, in which tanks are often used as fire support, a potential switch to maneuver warfare is assumed to require tanks.[175][176][q] Although Poland and Finland had separately agreed to send Ukraine 12 Leopard 2 tanks each,[177] Germany must agree to license their transfer.[178][179][180] US Secretary Austin has met with Germany's Defence Minister Pistorius on securing Leopard 2 tanks for Ukraine.[178][165] As of 22 January 2023 Germany, would not block the export of Leopard 2 tanks by other contact-group nations.[181][n]
On 20 January 2023, the Netherlands offered F-16s[182][183] and Leopard 2s.[182] The offers were conditional on mutual agreements by multiple nations;[165] Germany will not block the export of Leopard 2s (by Poland, Finland,[177] Denmark,[181] Netherlands)[182] to Ukraine.[181] Poland had requested approval to export Leopard 2s to Ukraine.[184] On 25 January 2023, the US agreed to send tanks to Ukraine under the auspices of theUSAI in a $400 million package; 31 M1 Abrams tanks—an entire Ukraine tank battalion—[185] and eight M88 Recovery Vehicles[186] would not arrive in Ukraine for months.[187][188][189][190][r]
Germany also agreed to send more than 12 Leopard 2s to Ukraine, and to support the donation with ammunition and training in Germany. Germany also agreed to approve the re-export of Leopard 2s from other nations to Ukraine.[194][195][196] The goal was to send 80 Leopard 2s to Ukraine.[197] By 25 January 2023, the list of nations willing to send tanks to Ukraine had grown.[s] On 23 February, Finland announced its contribution would include three pieces of Leopard 2 mine-clearing tanks built on the Leopard 2A4 platform.[203]
On 7 February 2023, the European community determined industrial manufacturers held 178 Leopard 1 tanks that could be refurbished and provided to Ukraine,[204] with 20-25 Leopard 1A5 tanks available in 2023. The remainder could be delivered in 2024, assuming Germany, the Netherlands, and Denmark fund them.[205][204][b]
On 24 February 2023 Poland delivered four Leopard 2A4 tanks to Ukraine,[209][210] 10 more are to arrive by 9 March 2023;[211] Sweden has announced it intended to donate up to 10 Leopard 2A5 tanks.[209] When marshaled, the contributions from Poland, Canada, Norway, and Spain suffice to field a battalion of Leopard 2A4s.[212] Poland also gave Ukraine 60 PT-91 tanks.[213][r] On 22 April 2023, six Leopard 2A4s and 20 heavy armored transport vehicles were en route from Spain to Ukraine; the sea-borne part of the route would take six days.[214] Spain also trained 40 tank crew members and 15 mechanics from Ukraine.[214] On 20 April 2023, Netherlands and Denmark announced a joint contribution of 14 restored Leopard 2A4 tanks to Ukraine for early 2024.[215] Over the next year Ukraine will be receiving 85 2A4s.[205]
As of 21 April 2023, the coalition had provided more than 230 tanks and more than 1,550 armored vehicles.[215] On 20 September 2023, the Germany's federal government updated its list of military support[216] for Ukraine from which materiel is supplied, and from which the supplies of the German military are replenished. The updates included spare parts for MCT WISENT 1, which are tanks with mine-clearing capability, as well as four additional HX81 trucks and trailers and 12 additional Mercedes-Benz Zetros.[216]
Ten M1A1 Abrams tanks arrived in Ukraine on 25 September 2023,[217] armed with heavy, dense armor-piercing 120mm shells made of depleted uranium, to be followed by 21 more as part of the 46th drawdown package from the US.[218][219] The tank battalion will likely be held in reserve in undisclosed locations until its use can be decisive (rather than dissipated in full frontal assaults).[217][220] The M1A1 Abrams tanks appear to be committed to the defence of Avdiivka as of 23 February 2024.[221]
Training in combined arms operations
By January 2023, battalion-level training in combined arms[o][t] maneuver for Ukraine was underway.[223][185] By mid-2023 2,000 Ukrainian soldiers would be trained in France; in Poland, 150 additional French instructors would augment the training of 600 Ukrainian soldiers per month—up from 280 soldiers per month.[173] Similar training came from Canada,[u] Denmark, Estonia, Latvia, Poland, Slovakia, Germany, the UK, and the US. The EU doubled its training commitment to 30,000 troops.[151] In February, a battalion of Ukrainian troops completed five weeks of unit training in combined arms in Germany.[225][226][158] Training of the experienced Ukrainian tankers could take a third to a half the time needed for conscripted troops, estimated Lt. Gen. (Retired) Ben Hodges.[226][227][excessive citations]To reach a state of readiness, maintenance of the donated Leopard 2 tanks would take weeks.[227][228] The troops could be ready by March 2023.[227][l][t][q] [230][excessive citations]
As of February 2023, the US was planning a HIMARS training center in Europe.[231]
US troops have trained more than 7,000 Ukrainian soldiers as of 31 March 2023;[232] overall, 26 nations are currently training more than 11,000 Ukrainian soldiers.[232] As of 21 April, more than 11,000 Ukrainian soldiers were in training or had finished courses in Germany; an additional 2,250 Ukrainian soldiers (four motorized infantry battalions) were undertaking combined-arms training in Germany.[215] As of 21 April 2023 the US had trained seven mechanized Ukrainian battalions, three Stryker fighting vehicle battalions, three Bradley fighting vehicle battalions, and one motorized infantry battalion.[233] By 21 April, another motorized infantry battalion had arrived in Germany for training. An armored battalion of 31 M1A1 Abrams tanks arrived in Germany in mid-May.[234] The tanks were for training a Ukraine tank battalion of 250 soldiers;[193] these tanks will not be going to Ukraine but another 31 M1A1s were being refurbished for Ukraine and would arrive there by late 2023.[233][r]
By 9 June 2023, the training in combined-arms operations, which involves the repair of armoured vehicles, was demonstrated during the June counteroffensive.[235][v] Ukrainian troops used night-vision goggles to gain a relative advantage over the Russian troops,[235][w] and used Remote Anti-Armor Mine Systems to mine the roads between first and second Russian lines of defense.[235][x]
By 18 July 2023 the Ukraine Defense Contact Group (UDCG) "[had] trained 17 brigade combat teams, 63,000 Ukrainian troops, and training continues", according to Gen. Mark Milley.[236]
Oleksii Reznikov called for the training of sappers because Ukraine has become the most-heavily-mined country in the world.[237][238]
Ukraine's air and missile defense
As of 14 February 2023, to help better defend against Russia's missile attacks, Ukraine's air-defense capabilities included equipment to integrate Western air-defense launchers, missiles, and radars with Ukraine's air-defense systems. These consisted of:
- four air surveillance radars
- two Patriot batteries;[143][129][239][240][excessive citations]
- HAWK air-defense launchers
- satellite communications terminals and services
- IRIS-T systems from Germany
- a medium-range SAMP/T from France
- Ukraine's S-300s and MANPADs (including Starstreaks and FIM-92 Stingers)
- AN/TPQ-36 and AN/TPQ-53 radars already in Ukraine's inventory as Counter-battery radars; NASAMS systems (at least 3, with 6 more coming)
- AN/TWQ-1 Avengers
- 340 heavy machine guns with thermal imagery sights and associated ammunition.
On 2 February 2023, France and Ukraine announced a complete medium-range air defense system.[173] (an Aster 30 Block 1NT SAMP/T system)[241]
On 3 February 2023, concurrent with a $400 million drawdown package, the USAI authority announced additional air-and-missile-defense capability for Ukraine;[104][4][70] the package authorized up to $1.725 billion in materiel. Under USAI, the United States Department of Defense would provide Ukraine with:
- Two HAWK air defense[128] firing units;
- Anti-aircraft guns and ammunition;
- Equipment to integrate Western air defense launchers, missiles and radars with Ukraine's air defense systems;
- Equipment to sustain Ukraine's existing air defense capabilities;
- Air defense generators;
- Counter-unmanned aerial systems;
- Four air surveillance radars;
- 20 counter-mortar radars;
- Spare parts for counter-artillery radars;
- AeroVironment RQ-20 Puma unmanned aerial systems;
- Precision-guided rockets;
- Secure communications equipment;
- Medical supplies, and
- funding for training, maintenance, and sustainment.[104][242]
By 3 February 2023, US aid to Ukraine since January 2021 exceeded $29.3 billion;[4] since 2014 US aid to Ukraine has exceeded $32 billion.[4] French industrial aid to Ukraine's air defense was funded by a €200-million line designed by France for this purpose, having drawn half the fund so far.[173]
A new weapon, the Ground Launched Small Diameter Bomb (GLSDB) was proposed for Ukraine in November 2022.[243] GLSDB has a range of 150 km (93 miles) and is funded by USAI.[101][244] As the $2.17 billion package includes a USAI component, that USAI component was not immediately available.[244] GLSDB passed its tests and could show up in Ukraine's inventory as early as 31 January 2024.[245][246]
Canada and seventeen European nations have agreed to share intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) data which is to be gathered by satellites under the Allied Persistent Surveillance from Space Initiative (APSS).[247] A letter of intent for APSS was signed in Brussels on 15 February 2023; APSS begins operations in 2025.[247] The US National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) and the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) had urged commercial satellite firms to provide ISR data to Ukraine.[247][248]
On 24 February 2023, the US Department of Defense announced a USAI package for Ukraine worth $2 billion: additional Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS), as well as counter-UASs (counter-drones); additional HIMARS ammunition; additional 155mm artillery ammunition; Mine clearing equipment; Secure communications support equipment; and Funding for training, maintenance, and sustainment.[249] This signifies the beginning of a contracting process with the US defense industrial base rather than the previous drawdowns from materiel stocks.[249] The US and multiple European nations are providing §training in combined arms operations for Ukraine, in order to better use the aid being supplied in the future.
In December 2022, NATO planning for the western flank of the NATO alliance had 8 battlegroup-sized Rapid Reaction Forces stationed in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria (listed north to south).[250] NATO planners alerted the member nations that up to 300,000 troops could be deployed to the western flank, in a 30-day period.[251] On 17 March 2023, the European Defence Agency agreed to sponsor the EU countries, as well as Norway in a cooperative agreement to provide one million 155mm artillery shells to Ukraine.[252][a]
On 20 March 2023, the Pentagon announced its 34th drawdown for Ukraine since August 2021, valued at up to $350 million, including HIMARS rockets, 155mm artillery shells, and 25mm rounds.[258]
On 4 April 2023, the Pentagon announced up to $500 million in aid to Ukraine: Additional munitions for Patriot air defense systems;
- Additional ammunition for High Mobility Artillery Rocket Systems;
- Artillery rounds: 155 mm and 105 mm.
- Mortar rounds: 120 mm.
- Tank ammunition: 120 mm and 105 mm.
- Ammunition: 25 mm.
- Tube-launched, optically tracked, wire-guided missiles.
- About 400 grenade launchers and 200,000 rounds of ammunition.
- Tactical vehicles to recover equipment: 11.
- Heavy fuel tankers: 61.
- Heavy equipment transport: 10 trucks and 10 trailers.
- Testing and diagnostic equipment to support vehicle maintenance and repair.
- Spare parts and other field equipment.[259]
In addition, $2.1 billion in USAI for Ukraine included:
- Additional munitions for National Advanced Surface-to-Air Missile Systems.
- Nine counter-unmanned serial system 30 mm gun trucks.
- Mobile counter-unmanned aircraft system, or C-UAS, laser-guided rocket systems: 10.
- Three air surveillance radars.
- Anti-aircraft ammunition: 30 mm and 23 mm.
- Artillery rounds: 130 mm and 122 mm.
- Grad rockets: 122 mm.
- Rocket launchers and ammunition.
- Mortar systems: 120 mm and 81 mm.
- Mortar rounds: 120 mm, 81 mm, and 60 mm.
- Tank ammunition: 120 mm.
- Javelin anti-armor systems.
- Anti-armor rockets.
- Precision aerial munitions.
- About 3,600 small arms and more than 23,000,000 rounds of small-arms ammunition.
- Seven tactical vehicles to recover equipment.
- Eight heavy fuel tankers and 105 fuel trailers.
- Armored bridging systems.
- Four logistics support vehicles.
- Trucks and 10 trailers to transport heavy equipment.
- Secure communications equipment.
- Satellite communications terminals and services, and
- Funding for training, maintenance and sustainment.[259]
By 19 April 2023, another $325 million in aid was heading to Ukraine, including additional ammunition for High Mobility Artillery Rocket Systems; 155mm and 105mm artillery rounds; tube-launched, optically tracked wire-guided missiles for the U.S.-provided Bradley armored fighting vehicles; AT-4 anti-armor weapon systems; anti-tank mines; demolition munitions for obstacle clearing; over 9 million rounds of small arms ammunition; four logistics support vehicles; and precision aerial munitions,[240]
On 3 May 2023, US Secretary of State Antony Blinken announced the 37th drawdown package for Ukraine of up to $300 million in materiel.[260] The package had been reported by Associated Press.[261][262] The package included:
- Additional ammunition for High Mobility Artillery Rocket Systems (HIMARS);
- 155mm Howitzers;
- 155mm artillery rounds;
- 120mm, 81mm, and 60mm mortar rounds;
- Tube-Launched, Optically-Tracked, Wire-Guided (TOW) missiles;
- AT-4 and Carl Gustaf anti-armor weapon systems;
- Hydra-70 aircraft rockets;
- Small arms and small arms ammunition;
- Demolition munitions for obstacle clearing;
- Trucks and trailers to transport heavy equipment;
- Testing and diagnostic equipment to support vehicle maintenance and repair; and
- Spare parts and other field equipment.[263][261] An air-to-ground munition, the Hydra 70 70mm air-launched rocket was donated for the first time.[264]
On 9 May 2023, the Pentagon announced a new USAI package for Ukraine; under USAI, the materiel will not arrive in Ukraine as quickly as that of a Presidential drawdown from DoD stocks; instead, up to $1.2 billion in contracts between DoD (US Department of Defense) and its defense vendors are being arranged for future delivery to Ukraine.[265] This support is intended to bolster Ukraine's air defense,[265] as well as to augment the artillery stocks.[y]
On 11 May 2023, the UK announced its contribution of Storm Shadow cruise missiles.[279][280]
On 14 May 2023, Germany announced the contribution of €2.7 billion ($2.95 billion, which doubles its contribution since the beginning of the invasion of 24 February 2022) in aid to Ukraine, including 30 Leopard 1A5 main battle tanks, 20 armored infantry fighting vehicles, four IRIS-T SLM air defense systems, 100 armored fighting vehicles, and 200 drones.[281]
On 31 May 2023, the US announced the 39th presidential drawdown package, worth up to $300 million.[282] The aid consists of additional missiles for the Patriot air defense systems, Avenger air defense systems, Stinger antiaircraft systems and AIM-7 missiles for air defense.[282] In addition more artillery and antiarmor capabilities, and precision aerial munitions was provided.[282]
On 1 June 2023, The Pentagon announced that the Department of Defense will buy Starlink satellite services for Ukraine's communications network.[283] SpaceX had until then been providing Ukrainians and the country's military with Starlink internet service through private donations and under a separate contract with a U.S. foreign aid agency.[283]
On 9 June 2023, the US donated up to $2.1 billion in Ukraine Security Assistance (USAI):
- Additional munitions for Patriot air defense systems;
- HAWK air defense systems and missiles;
- 105mm and 203mm artillery rounds;
- Puma Unmanned Aerial Systems;
- Laser-guided rocket system munitions;
- Support for training, maintenance, and sustainment activities.[284] Unlike the US drawdown packages, in which materiel arrives immediately, the USAI is meant to aid Ukraine over the course of the ongoing campaign over the upcoming months.[284]
On 13 June 2023, the US donated its 40th drawdown package to Ukraine since August 2021:[285]
- Additional munitions for National Advanced Surface-to-Air Missile Systems (NASAMS);
- Stinger anti-aircraft systems;
- Additional ammunition for High Mobility Artillery Rocket Systems (HIMARS);
- 155mm and 105mm artillery rounds;
- 15 Bradley Infantry Fighting Vehicles;
- 10 Stryker Armored Personnel Carriers;
- Javelin anti-armor systems;
- Tube-Launched, Optically-Tracked, Wire-Guided (TOW) missiles;
- AT-4 anti-armor systems;
- Over 22 million rounds of small arms ammunition and grenades;
- Demolition munitions for obstacle clearing;[z]
- Tactical secure communications support equipment; and
- Spare parts and other field equipment.[285]
The package is worth up to $325 million;[285] since the beginning of the invasion, the US has committed over $39 billion in aid to Ukraine.[287]
The aid was announced on the eve of the 13th Ukraine Defense Contact Group meeting in Brussels.[287][aa][c]
On 27 June 2023, the US donated its 41st package to Ukraine since August 2021, a USAI donation.[290] The package is worth up to $500 million including additional armored vehicles (25 Strykers and 30 Bradleys),[291] more artillery rounds, Javelins, Stingers,[291] and critical munitions for U.S.-provided Patriot air defense systems and High Mobility Artillery Rocket Systems (HIMARS). Total aid from the US to Ukraine has amounted to more than $40.5 billion as of 27 June 2023.[c]
On 7 July 2023, the US provided Patriot air defense systems[ab] and High Mobility Artillery Rocket Systems (HIMARS), as well as hundreds of thousands of rounds of artillery; this is the 42nd drawdown for Ukraine, up to $800 million.[293] In addition, the US might provide DPICM (cluster antipersonnel) shells.[293][294][295]
On 25 July 2023 the 43rd drawdown from US stocks gave Ukraine up to $400 million in military aid, including HIMARS and NASAMS rockets, Hydra 70 rockets, Stingers and Javelins, 155mm artillery shells, 32 Stryker armoured combat vehicles, mine clearance equipment, mortars and millions of small-arms rounds, and miniature Hornet drones.[5]
On 14 August 2023 the 44th drawdown from US stocks donated materiel worth up to $200 million to Ukraine, including rockets for the MIM-104 Patriot air defense systems and High Mobility Artillery Rocket Systems (HIMARS).[296]
On 29 August 2023 the 45th Presidential drawdown from US stocks donated up to $250 million to Ukraine, including:
- AIM-9M missiles for air defense;
- Additional ammunition for High Mobility Artillery Rocket Systems, also called HIMARS;
- 155 mm and 105 mm artillery rounds;
- Mine-clearing equipment;
- Tube-launched, optically tracked, wire-guided, or "TOW" missiles;
- Javelin and other anti-armor systems and rockets;
- Hydra-70 rockets;
- Over 3 million rounds of small-arms ammunition;
- Armored medical treatment vehicles and high-mobility multipurpose wheeled vehicle, or Humvee, ambulances;
- Demolitions munitions for obstacle clearing;
- Spare parts, maintenance, and other field equipment.[297]
By August 2023 the US had supplied over 2 million 155mm artillery rounds to Ukraine since 24 February 2022.[298]
On 6 September 2023 the 46th Presidential drawdown from US stocks donated up to $175 million to Ukraine, including additional air defense equipment; 155 mm and 105 mm artillery rounds; and other anti-armor systems and rockets.[299] The tranche is provisioned from the $6.2 billion in presidential drawdown authority restored in June 2023, leaving $5.75 billion in restored funding remaining.[299]
On 7 September 2023 the Biden administration announced a USAI package of up to $600 billion for Ukraine:
- Equipment to sustain and integrate Ukraine's air defense systems;
- Additional ammunition for High Mobility Artillery Rocket Systems (HIMARS);
- 105mm artillery rounds;
- Electronic warfare and counter-electronic warfare equipment;
- Demolition munitions for obstacle clearing;
- Mine clearing equipment; and
- Support and equipment for training, maintenance, and sustainment activities.[300]
On 21 September 2023 the 47th drawdown package for Ukraine, released after President Zelenskyy's visit to Washington DC, was valued at up to $325 million.[301][220] That Thursday, 21 September 2023, President Biden informed President Zelenskyy that the US would be willing to provide Ukraine with ATACMS missiles.[302][220] ATACMS missiles were secretly[303] delivered to Ukraine before 17 October 2023, when they were used to hit Berdiansk airfield.[304]
On 11 October 2023 as announced during the 16th meeting of the Ukraine Defense Contact Group (UDCG), UDCG partner nation Germany has donated an additional $1.1 billion package for Ukraine, including a Patriot system and additional Patriot missiles.[305] US Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin pointed out that Germany, the United Kingdom, and Poland, have each donated more by percentage of their GDP than has the US.[305] By 3 November 2023 the US had announced its 50th security package for Ukraine, worth up to $425 million.[306] By 17 November 2023 the goal of §one million 155mm artillery shells within one year for Ukraine from European manufacturers was shown to be unrealistic,[254] requiring more than the signing of contracts, but also the allocation of manufacturing resources, and the consideration of existing logistic contracts within the European defence community; the defence trade association had to remind the community that it takes time to include this important capability.[307][a] By comparison, as of December 2022 the US Army looked to increasing 155mm howitzer shell production to 20,000 rounds per month by spring 2024, and to 40,000 rounds per month by 2025.[308] On 23 January 2024 NATO signed contracts worth $1.2 billion,[309] for 220,000 155mm artillery rounds for resupply of the NATO alliance.[310] The resupply agreement will not provide shells for 24 to 36 months.[310][a]
While on a visit to Kyiv, US Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin announced a $100 million aid package to Ukraine (the 51st), a Presidential drawdown from US stocks consisting of 155mm artillery shells, additional interceptors for air defence, and antitank weapons.[311][1] Germany has pledged $1.4 billion in aid to Ukraine, including 4 IRIS-T air defense systems, 20,000 more 155mm artillery shells, and antitank mines.[312] The 155mm artillery shells are in addition to 140,000 155mm rounds which Germany pledged to deliver in 2024, an $8.5 billion pledge.[312][a] On 22 November 2023 US Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin opened the 17th meeting of the Ukraine Defense Contact Group in a virtual session online; the $100 million US package (the 51st) which was announced 20 November additionally included a HIMARS system.[103][313]
On 4 November 2023 the Swedish Ministry of Defense confirmed its delivery of 8 Archer Artillery Systems to Ukraine.[314] An Archer howitzer is self-propelled, is capable of firing 9 shells in one minute,[315] and can replenish its 155mm shells within 10 minutes, when resupplied by its munitions carrier. Sweden's contribution to Ukraine has amounted to $2 billion as of November 2023.[314]
On 12 December 2023 the US Department of Defense announced its 53rd package for Ukraine, a $200 million package, including AIM-9M missiles for air defense; additional ammunition for HIMARS; 155mm and 105mm artillery rounds; High-speed Anti-radiation missiles (HARMs); Tube-Launched, Optically-Tracked, Wire-Guided (TOW) missiles; Javelin and AT-4 anti-armor systems; Demolitions munitions for obstacle clearing.[316]
On 27 December 2023 the US Department of Defense announced its 54th package for Ukraine since August 2021, a $250 million package.[317] The aid included munitions for air defense munitions, as well as air defense system components. Additional ammunition was for high mobility artillery rocket systems, as well as for 155mm and 105mm artillery, for anti-armor munitions, and for over 15 million rounds of small-arms ammunition for Ukraine.[318]
On 23 January 2024 the 18th meeting of the Ukraine Defense Contact Group (UDCG) was held virtually.[309] Two coalitions were formed to benefit Ukraine, one for drones led by Latvia, and one for armor led by Poland.[319] Ground-Launched Small Diameter Bombs (§ GLSDBs)— which are compatible with HIMARS and GMLRS— were tested 16 January 2024 in preparation for their deployment to Ukraine.[320][246]
On 14 February 2024 the 19th meeting of the Ukraine Defense Contact Group (UDCG) was held virtually. DoD Secretary Austin highlighted six UDCG coalitions:[321]
- Led by the US, Denmark, and the Netherlands: air-force capabilities;[321]
- Led by the US, and France: coalition on artillery;[321]
- Led by Germany, and France: coalition on ground-based air defense;[322]
- Led by the UK, and Norway: coalition on maritime security;[323]
- Led by Poland, a coalition on armor:[319] and Estonia: coalition on IT;[322]
- Led by Luxembourg, and Latvia: a coalition on drones;[319] and a coalition on demining led by Lithuania.[324]
At the Munich Security conference on 18 February 2024 the Czech Republic announced it had found suppliers of at least 800,000 155mm artillery shells located in non-Western countries for $1.5 billion. The shells would have to be supplied to Ukraine via a middleman as the suppliers are not willing to supply Ukraine directly. A coalition of Belgium, Canada, Denmark, The Netherlands and about one dozen other countries could fund 400,000 of those 155mm shells, as of 1 March 2024.[325]
On 12 March 2024 US National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan announced that a $300 million cost savings in 2024 procurement has enabled the US to ship a security assistance package to Ukraine, consisting of "Stinger anti-aircraft missiles, HIMARS rockets, 155mm high-explosive and cluster-munition artillery rounds, 105mm artillery rounds, 84 anti-armor systems, and small arms ammunition".[326] In April 2024 more ATACMS missiles were secretly dilivered to Ukraine.[327]
In early April 2024, the Prime Minister of Latvia, Evika Silina, made an announcement regarding Latvia's plan to send drones worth one million euros to Ukraine soon. She mentioned that as a member of the Drone Coalition, Latvia intends to allocate a minimum of EUR 10 million in 2024 for the acquisition of drones.[11]
On 24 April 2024 the Biden administration announced the 56th tranche of security assistance to Ukraine.[328] The presidential drawdown package, worth up to $1 billion, included: °RIM-7 and °AIM-9M missiles for air defense; °Stinger anti-aircraft missiles; °Small arms and additional rounds of small arms ammunition, including .50 caliber rounds to counter Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS); °Additional ammunition for High Mobility Artillery Rocket Systems (HIMARS); °155mm artillery rounds, including High Explosive and Dual Purpose Improved Conventional Munitions rounds; °105mm artillery rounds; °60mm mortar rounds; °Bradley Infantry Fighting Vehicles; °Mine Resistant Ambush Protected Vehicles (MRAPs); °High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicles (HMMWVs); °Logistics support vehicles; °Tactical vehicles to tow and haul equipment; °Tube-Launched, Optically-Tracked, Wire-Guided (TOW) missiles; °Javelin and AT-4 anti-armor systems; °Precision aerial munitions; °Airfield support equipment; °Anti-armor mines; °Claymore anti-personnel munitions; °Demolitions munitions for obstacle clearing; and °Night vision devices; and °Spare parts, field equipment, training munitions, maintenance, and other ancillary equipment.[328]
On 26 April 2024 the US Department of Defense commemorated the two-year anniversary of the Ukraine Defense Contact Group. Additional materiel worth up to $6 billion in a USAI package included:[329] °Additional munitions for Patriot air defense systems; °Additional munitions for National Advanced Surface-to-Air Missile Systems (NASAMS); °Equipment to integrate Western air defense launchers, missiles, and radars with Ukraine's air defense systems; °Counter-UAS equipment and systems; °Munitions for laser-guided rocket systems; °Multi-mission radars; °Counter-artillery radars; °Additional ammunition for High Mobility Artillery Rocket Systems (HIMARS); °155mm and 152mm artillery rounds; °Precision aerial munitions; °Switchblade and Puma Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS); °Tactical vehicles to tow weapons and equipment; °Demolition munitions; °Components to support Ukrainian production of UAS and other capabilities; °Small arms and additional small arms ammunition; and °Ancillary items and support for training, maintenance, and sustainment activities.[329]
On 10 May 2024 a $400 million presidential drawdown package for Ukraine was announced by the US.[327] The 57th drawdown package is to include[330] °Additional munitions for Patriot air defense systems; °Additional munitions for National Advanced Surface-to-Air Missile Systems (NASAMS); °Stinger anti-aircraft missiles; °Equipment to integrate Western launchers, missiles, and radars with Ukraine's systems; °Additional High Mobility Artillery Rocket Systems(HIMARS) and ammunition; °155mm and 105mm artillery rounds; °Bradley Infantry Fighting Vehicles; °M113 Armored Personnel Carriers; °Mine Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) vehicles; °Trailers to transport heavy equipment; °Tube-Launched, Optically-Tracked, Wire-Guided (TOW) missiles; °Javelin and AT-4 anti-armor systems; °Precision aerial munitions; °High-speed Anti-radiation missiles (HARMs); °Small arms and additional rounds of small arms ammunition and grenades; °Demolitions munitions and equipment for obstacle clearing; °Coastal and riverine patrol boats; °Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear protective equipment; and °Spare parts, training munitions, maintenance, and other ancillary equipment. [327] On 23 May 2024 an additional drawdown package, the 58th drawdown package worth up to $275 million was allocated for Ukraine.[331]
On 7 June 2024 the Pentagon announced its 59th tranche of aid to Ukraine, a package worth up to $225 million,[332] including °Missiles for HAWK air defense systems; °Stinger anti-aircraft missiles; °Ammunition for High Mobility Artillery Rocket Systems (HIMARS); °155mm Howitzers; °155mm and 105mm artillery rounds; °81mm mortar systems; °M113 Armored Personnel Carriers; °Trailers to transport heavy equipment; °Coastal and riverine patrol boats; °Tube-Launched, Optically-Tracked, Wire-Guided (TOW) missiles; °Javelin and AT-4 anti-armor systems; °Small arms ammunition and grenades; °Demolitions munitions; °Night vision devices; and °Spare parts, maintenance, and other ancillary equipment.[332]
Fighter jets for Ukraine
Poland announced its MiG-29 fighter jets would be transferred to Ukraine, although one will be retained for a military museum in Poland.[333] Four MiGs were immediately transferred, the remainder were refurbished before their transfer,[334] On 17 March 2023, Slovakia agreed to give Ukraine its MiG-29 fighter jets.[335] All 13 aircraft arrived by 17 April 2023.[336]
On 20 January 2023, the Netherlands proposed donating US-made F-16 fighter planes to Ukraine;[182] this would require US permission.[337] By 19 May, the coalition agreed to train Ukrainian pilots on F-16 simulators in Europe.[337] This would allow the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, and Norway to donate F-16s to Ukraine, eventually.[337] At the G-7 summit in Hiroshima Japan on 20 May 2023, US president Biden announced that the United States would also train Ukrainian pilots to fly F-16s.[338] Poland, Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, Norway, and the US are in the planning stage for the F-16 training.[339]
Ten F-16s cost $1 billion and their sustainment cost another $1 billion.[340] By 25 May 2023, the nations of the UDCG had donated $65 billion to Ukraine's defense.[340][341] The US approved F-16 training for Ukrainian pilots and maintenance crews.[342][343] The training took three to four months.[344] As of 18 August, the Netherlands and Denmark had confirmed they had US approval to transfer F-16s to Ukraine.[345] Ukraine could start to receive dozens of F-16s in December 2023 and January 2024.[344] As of 27 December 2023, "at least 14 Ukrainian Air Force pilots now have some training on the" F-16.[346] Six F-16s from Denmark are now expected in Ukraine in the second quarter of 2024, out of Denmark's total pledge of 19 aircraft by 2025.[347][348][349] F-16s will start operating in Ukraine after 5 May 2024.[350]
Support for Russia
Belarus
Belarus, a close ally of Russia, has supported Russia in its invasion of Ukraine. Before the start of the offensive, Belarus allowed the Russian Armed Forces to perform weeks-long military drills on its territory; the Russian troops did not leave Belarus after the drills were supposed to finish. Belarus allowed Russia to stage part of the invasion from its territory, giving Russia the shortest-possible land route to Ukraine's capital Kyiv.[351][352][353][354] The Russian forces withdrew within two months, ending land-based military operations originating from Belarus and resulting in Ukraine's recapture of territory on its side of the Ukraine/Belarus border.[355] Despite this, the situation along the border remained tense; Ukraine closed the border checkpoints leading into Belarus, bar special cases.[356]
Belarus initially denied involvement with the conflict but has since said it allowed Russian missile launchers stationed on its territory to shoot at Ukrainian targets. Several reports from the Belarusian opposition and Armed Forces of Ukraine said Belarusian troops were fighting with Russians in Ukraine but Belarus's leader Aleksander Lukashenko dismissed them and said the Belarusian Armed Forces (BAF) would not directly participate in the conflict. As of early 2023, the BAF had not been involved in fighting against Ukraine and had remained within Belarus during the conflict. Lukashenko stated he would not send soldiers into Ukraine unless attacked first.[356][357]
According to the Ukrainian foreign ministry, Lukashenko assured Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy at the start of the invasion he would not to involve his nation's armed forces on the side of Russia.[358] In early 2023, Lukashenko stated Ukraine had offered to formalize this arrangement with a non-aggression pact.[359]
The involvement of Belarus was condemned in Western countries; the EU, the US, the UK, Canada, and Japan imposed sanctions against Belarus. According to Chatham House, Belarus's participation in the military conflict is unpopular among the general population;[360] protests were held on 27 February, the day of the constitutional referendum that asked the populace to revoke Belarus's non-nuclear-country status, but were quickly dispersed. Hackers targeted Belarusian government agencies and the country's critical infrastructure with the aim of disrupting the Russian war effort in Belarus.
In the early days of the invasion, Belarus was also involved in peace initiatives, holding Russo-Ukrainian talks on its border. Despite some preliminary agreements, the talks did not result in a lasting ceasefire.[361]
Belarusian territory has also been used to launch missiles into Ukraine.[362]
Iran
Amirabad Port, Iran, has been identified as a source of materiel that was shipped northward across the Caspian Sea to the Port of Astrakhan. The Russian-flagged ships Musa Jalil and Begey carried 200 containers of materiel to Russia in a €140-million cash transaction from 10 January 2023, arriving in Astrakhan on 2 February 2023.[363][364][365]
Iran has sent to Russia thousands of HESA Shahed 136 drones; Russia has little-to-no domestic UAV industry. Russia plans to build new industrial plants in the Alabuga Special Economic Zone to allow it to produce domestic its own Shahed 136 and Shahed 131 drones, leasing the design from Iran and hoping to produce 6,000 Shahed drones per year by 2025. Russian domestic production has encountered several problems, such as a lack of semiconductors and circuitry required to produce the drones. As of 17 August 2023, the Alabuga Shahed production plant had enough materials to produce 300 drones; Russia domestically produces only four of the 130 necessary components.[366][367][368]
North Korea
North Korea has denied any support for Russia and its war against Ukraine, saying any claims to the contrary are efforts to "tarnish the image of the DPRK". According to the Lowy Institute, these statements maintain North Korea's posturing in their "power-for-power" policy against the United States and South Korea.[369] US intelligence and satellite imaging reported Russia and North Korea are engaged in a "Food for Arms" trade policy, under which Russia exports grain—mostly plundered from Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine—in exchange for North Korean small arms, artillery, and ammunition.[370][371][372][excessive citations] Russia had lifted most or all of its sanctions against North Korea, including its gas embargo, since the start of the war.[373][374] North Korea has also offered diplomatic support for Russia; General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea Kim Jong Un publicly stated North Korea would "always stand in the same trench, together with the army and the people of Russia".[369] On Russia Day 2023, Kim offered his country's "full support and solidarity to the Russian people in their all-out struggle for implementing the sacred cause to preserve the sovereign rights, development and interests of their country against the imperialists' high-handed and arbitrary practices".[375][376] North Korea has also issued support for the Russian government during the Wagner Group rebellion and blamed the war in Ukraine on the US's "hegemonic policy".[377]
On 27 July 2023, during North Korea's 70th celebration of its Day of Victory in the Great Fatherland Liberation War, Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu was received in Pyongyang to join the military parade.[378][379][380][381][excessive citations] This was the first time a Russian defense minister had visited North Korea since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. During his visit, Shoigu and Kim promised closer military corporation between the two countries, and Kim showed Shoigu North Korean nuclear missiles.[382][383][384][excessive citations] Afterward, Shoigu and Kim toured a weapons exhibition, as Russia seeks to outfit its declining supplies with North Korean weaponry and ammunition.[385][386][387][388][excessive citations]
China
Russia is buying dual-use technology such as body armor, thermal imaging sensors, and commercial drones from China.[389] In February 2023, The Wall Street Journal reported that according to Russian customs data, Chinese companies have shipped dual-use items such as navigation equipment, jamming technology, and fighter jet parts to Russian state-owned companies.[390] The same month, Der Spiegel reported that Xi'an Bingo Intelligent Aviation Technology was in talks to sell "kamikaze drones" to Russia.[391] The New York Times subsequently reported that Poly Technologies sent sufficient quantities of gunpower to the Barnaul Cartridge Plant to make 80 million rounds of ammunition.[392]
Politico reported in March 2023 that Chinese state-owned weapons manufacturer Norinco shipped assault rifles, drone parts, and body armor to Russia between June and December 2022, with some shipments via third countries including Turkey and the United Arab Emirates.[393] According to the United States, Chinese ammunition has been used on battlefields in Ukraine.[394] In May 2023, the European Union identified that Chinese firms were supplying weapon components to Russia.[395] In April 2024, China was reported to have supplied Russia with geospatial intelligence, machine tools for tanks, and propellants for missiles.[396] The same month, the Royal United Services Institute (RUSI) reported that a sanctioned Russian ship transferring weapons from North Korea to Russia was moored at a Chinese shipyard in Zhejiang.[397]
On 6 April 2024, Janet Yellen warned China of "significant consequences" if its companies continues to "support Russia's war against Ukraine." In a meeting with local authorities and in a bilateral with Chinese Vice Premier He Lifeng, Yellen highlighted that companies including those in the PRC [People's Republic of China], must not assist Russia in its war against Ukraine.[398] The same month, the US sanctioned a Chinese company for supporting Russia's military through the procurement, development, and proliferation of Russian drones.[399]
Myanmar
In June 2023, Russia was suspected of buying back military supplies it earlier shipped to Myanmar and India.[400][401]
In July 2023, Russian armed forces were seen using 120mm mortar rounds that were manufactured in Myanmar.[402][403] Sources in Myanmar's government told The Irrawaddy Russia was using mortar rounds manufactured by the Myanmar Directorate of Defence Industries, and that the Myanmar government was supplying mortar rounds to Russia.[404]
Maldives sanction circumvention
Since the outbreak of the invasion, Maldives has offered refuge to Russian tourists and oligarchs, allowing and increasing Russian tourist flights into the country. Maldives' economy is dependent on tourism and has rejected cutting ties to Russian tourists.[405][406]
In 2022, 400,000 US-made semiconductors worth $53.6 million were shipped to Russia via Maldives, accounting for almost 20% of Maldives's exports. Maldives has no native semiconductor manufacturers; all of its exports are the results of Russian shell companies operating in Maldives. These companies import semiconductors into the country and re-exported them to Russia to circumvent semiconductor sanctions. Most of these shell companies are headquartered in Hong Kong; Maldives, a member of the Belt and Road Initiative, was closening its relationship with China.[407][408]
Materiel to Russia via Turkey
From 2015 to 2021, average trade between Russia and Turkey in 45 military-linked materials was $28 million per year; the figure in 2022 was over $52.6 million; and from January to October 2023 was $158 million.[409]
Foreign military involvement
Ukraine
Ukraine has actively sought volunteers from other countries after the beginning of the Russian invasion. On March 1, 2022, Ukraine temporarily lifted visa requirements for foreign volunteers who wished to join the fight against Russian forces. The move came after Zelenskyy created the International Legion of Territorial Defense of Ukraine and called on volunteers to "join the defense of Ukraine, Europe and the world".[410] The US also assisted Ukraine with military planning, including war-gaming counter-offensive options.[411]
Ukraine's foreign minister Dmytro Kuleba stated as of 6 March 2022, approximately 20,000 foreign nationals from 52 countries had volunteered to fight.[412] Most of these volunteers joined the newly created International Legion of Territorial Defense of Ukraine.[412] On June 9, the Donetsk People's Republic sentenced three foreign volunteers to death; two of them were British citizens and one was a Moroccan national.[413][414] The prisoners were later released.[415]
NATO, US and the EU have publicly taken a strict policy of "no boots on the ground" in Ukraine.[416] However, since the start of the invasion, the United States has significantly increased the secret involvement of its special-operations military and CIA operatives in support of Ukrainian forces.[156] In April 2023, classified documents on Western Special Forces involvement in the war were leaked online. According to the document, dated 23 March 2023, the UK had the largest contingent of special forces in Ukraine (50), followed by fellow NATO states Latvia (17), France (15), the US (14), and the Netherlands (1).[417][418][419] The US special forces were posted to the US embassy in Kyiv to provide security for VIPs, and to assist with oversight of US equipment and supplies being sent to Ukraine.[420][421]
Russia
On 3 March 2022, Russian Defense Ministry spokesman Igor Konashenkov warned mercenaries are not entitled to protection under the Geneva Conventions and that captured foreign fighters would not be considered prisoners of war but prosecuted as criminals.[422] On March 11, Moscow announced 16,000 volunteers from the Middle East were ready to join other pro-Russian foreign fighters alongside the Donbas separatists.[423] A video uploaded online showed armed Central African paramilitaries preparing to fight with Russian troops in Ukraine.[424]
On 21 October 2022, a White House press release stated Iranian troops were in Crimea assisting Russia to launch drone attacks against civilians and civilian infrastructure.[425] On November 24, Ukrainian officials said the military had killed ten Iranians and would target any further Iranian military presence in Ukraine.[426]
International reactions
The Russian invasion of Ukraine received widespread international condemnation and protests occurred around the world. On March 2, the United Nations General Assembly passed UNGA resolution ES-11/1 condemning the invasion and demanding a full withdrawal of Russian forces.[427] The International Court of Justice ordered Russia to suspend military operations and the Council of Europe expelled Russia. Many countries imposed sanctions on Russia, which have affected the economies of Russia and the world;[428] and provided humanitarian and military aid to Ukraine.[13] The International Criminal Court opened an investigation into crimes against humanity in Ukraine since 2013, as well as war crimes during the 2022 invasion.[429]
Economic sanctions against Russia
Western and other countries imposed limited sanctions on Russia when it recognized Donbas as an independent nation. When Russia invaded Ukraine in February 2022, many other countries applied sanctions intended to devastate the Russian economy.[430] The sanctions targeted individuals, banks, businesses, monetary exchanges, bank transfers, exports, and imports.[431][432] The sanctions cut off major Russian banks from SWIFT, the global messaging network for international payments, but left some limited access to ensure the continued ability to pay for gas shipments.[433] Sanctions also included asset freezes on the Russian Central Bank, which holds $630 billion in foreign-exchange reserves,[434] to prevent it from offsetting the effects of sanctions,[435][436] and froze construction of the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline.[437] By 1 March 2022, $1 trillion of Russian assets were frozen by sanctions.[438]
Kristalina Georgieva, managing director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), said the conflict posed a substantial economic risk, both regionally and internationally, and that the IMF could help other affected countries, in addition to the $2.2 billion loan package for Ukraine. David Malpass, president of the World Bank Group, warned of far-reaching economic and social effects, and reported the bank was preparing significant economic and fiscal support to Ukraine and the region.[439]
Economic sanctions affected Russia from the first day of the invasion; its stock market fell by up to 39% (RTS Index). The Russian ruble fell to record lows, and Russians rushed to exchange currency.[440][441][442] Stock exchanges in Moscow and Saint Petersburg closed until at least 18 March,[443] the longest-such closure in Russia's history.[444] On 26 February, S&P Global Ratings downgraded the Russian government credit rating to "junk", causing funds that require investment-grade bonds to dump Russian debt, making further borrowing very difficult for Russia.[445] On 11 April, S&P Global placed Russia under "selective default" on its foreign debt for insisting on payments in rubles.[446] Dozens of Western corporations, including Unilever, McDonald's, Coca-Cola, Starbucks, Hermès, Chanel, and Prada ceased trading in Russia.[447]
On 24 March, Joe Biden's administration issued an executive order that barred the sale of Russian gold reserves by US citizens; other G7 leaders took similar action.[448] Russia has used gold to protect its economy from the effects of the sanctions that were imposed following the 2014 annexation of Crimea.[449] In April 2022, Russia supplied 45% of EU's natural gas imports, earning $900 million a day.[450] Russia is the world's largest exporter of natural gas,[451] grains, and fertilisers, and is among the world's largest suppliers of crude oil, coal, and steel and other metals,[452] including palladium, platinum, gold, cobalt, nickel, and aluminum.[453][454]
Countries on Russia's "Unfriendly Countries List". Countries and territories on the list have imposed or joined sanctions against Russia.[455]
In May 2022, the European Commission (EC) proposed a ban on oil imports from Russia.[456] European policy-makers decided to replace Russian fossil fuel imports with other fossil fuels imports and European coal energy production.[457][458] Because of Russia's status as "a key supplier" of materials used for "clean energy technologies", reactions to the war in Ukraine may also have a negative impact on efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.[459] Due to the sanctions imposed on Russia, the country intended to capitalize on alternative trade routes.[460]
In March 2022, a gas dispute between Russia and the EU began.[461] On 14 June, Russia's Gazprom announced it would be reduce gas flow via the Nord Stream 1 pipeline due to what it called Siemens' failure to promptly return compressor units that had been sent to Canada for repair. Germany's energy regulator challenged the explanation.[462]
On 17 June, President Putin spoke to investors at St. Petersburg International Economic Forum about economic sanctions, saying "the economic blitzkrieg against Russia had no chance of succeeding from the very beginning", that the sanctions would hurt the countries imposing them more than they would hurt Russia, and called the sanctions "mad and thoughtless". He said to the investors: "Invest here. It's safer in your own house. Those who didn't want to listen to this have lost millions abroad."[465]
In January 2023, the US imposed sanctions on the Wagner Group, a private militia that until his death that August was owned by Yevgeny Prigozhin, a Russian oligarch with close ties to Vladimir Putin. The expanded sanctions also targeted related companies and individuals who were involved in the mercenary activities concerning Ukraine.[466] In February 2023, the US urged the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Egypt to persuade the military leaders of Libya and Sudan to end their associations with the Wagner Group. In Libya, the mercenary firm was assisting the UAE-backed military commander Khalifa Haftar. The UAE was the main funder of the Wagner Group in Libya.[467][468] The Wagner Group had been involved in several African and Middle Eastern nations like Sudan, Libya, Mali, Syria, and the Central African Republic, where it deployed thousands of operatives.[467]
In March 2023, Oleg Deripaska said Russia could run out of money by 2024;[469] In 2022, Russia ran a $34 billion budget deficit.[470] The Russian National Wealth Fund was funding the war at the rate of $8 to $9 billion per month, which could exhaust its liquid funds by the end of 2023.[471] This would affect the retirement pension system of Russia.[471][472] In March 2023, CCP General Secretary Xi Jinping and Vladimir Putin met in Moscow, and agreed to cooperate over a wide range of business, and economic issues, such as payment in renminbi or rubles.[473][474]
Other reactions
In response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Estonia removed a remaining Soviet-era monument from a square in Narva.[475] After its removal, Estonia was subjected to "the most extensive cyberattack" since the 2007 cyberattacks on Estonia.[476]
See also
- Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War
- Belarusian involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
- China and the Russian invasion of Ukraine
- Iran and the Russian invasion of Ukraine
Notes
- ^ a b c d e The 17 March 2023 pledge of one million 155mm artillery shells to Ukraine[253] has three parts 1) €1 billion to EU bloc members for the shells they donate from their stock; 2) €1 billion to fund EU states and Norway for manufacture of 155mm shells; and 3) direct funding of investment in factories that manufacture these munitions.[252] It is the 3rd provision that prioritises the allocation of critical materials to manufacturing processes, which is alarming some European manufacturers.[254] In December 2023 Rheinmetall received an order for tens of thousands of 155mm artillery shells destined for Ukraine.[255] Shells from this order will be produced in Spain; the shells in this order begin delivery to Ukraine by 2025.[255] Earlier orders from October 2023 include 150,000 155mm Rheinmetall shells destined for Germany; In 2024, Rheinmetall plans to significantly increase its production capacity in Spain, Germany, South Africa and Australia, for an annual production capacity of 700,000 155mm shells.[255] As of 6 December 2023, six EU countries have ordered 60,000 shells for Ukraine under the EU manufacturing agreement.[256] Globally, defense spending jumped in 2023 in response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[257]
- ^ a b Given that sufficient materiel for a decisive result depends on industrial capacity, which takes time to develop, in a February 2023 RAND briefing, RAND projected a violent battle in several months, and a return to a grinding war of attrition.[206][207][208]
- ^ a b c On Tuesday 20 June 2023, the Pentagon disclosed it had made an accounting error when disbursing materiel from its stocks: In fiscal year 2022 (FY22) ending 30 Sep 2022, and in FY23 ending 30 Sep 2023, it had overestimated the value of the stocks, by using the replacement cost, rather than the book value of the presidential drawdown stocks.[289] The error amounts to $6.2 billion which will be applied going forward. In FY22 the error was $2.6 billion, and in FY23 the error was $3.6 billion; the net result is that more materiel will be delivered to Ukraine going forward, as the funds have already been allocated.[289]
- ^ "Germany has authorized about $13 billion in support to Ukraine over the next nine to ten years. Norway has committed over $7 billion in support over five years. On June 19 [2023], Denmark announced $3.2 billion in funding over five years". —Laura Cooper, in testimony before the US House of Representatives[7]
- ^ a b Denoted the Ukraine Contact Group[31][32][33] and later, the Ukraine Defense Contact Group.
- ^ a b c The first NASAMS is coming to Ukraine (17 October 2022), now that NASAMS training is nearly complete.
- ^ First day of the fiscal year of the US government.[96]
- ^ After the 8 October Crimean Bridge explosion, Ukraine suffered widespread missile attacks (10 October 2022).[106] Russia made over 190 strikes in 12 days.[107][108]
- ^ On 31 October 2022 Ukraine intercepted 45 missiles out of 55 fired.[111]
- ^ As of 16 November 2022 the NASAMS had a 100% kill rate against their targets.[115][109][116]
- ^ a b #Ukraine's air and missile defense system options include: MIM-104 Patriot battery, HAWKs, NASAMS, Iris-T, Thales air defence [128][132][129]
- ^ a b The US Abrams' lightest tanks weigh in at 60 tons, some 15 tons heavier than the weight limits of European roads and bridges. The latest Abrams versions are 74 tons. European rivers are wider than the span of Joint Assault Bridges. Thus specialized bridging operations must be designed by military engineers, case-by-case. Rasputitsa will defeat even the indigenous European armour. Thus military campaigns in Europe are dependent on individual weather conditions.
- ^ In US terms, an §Armored brigade combat team (ABCT). Note by US Army doctrine 45 armed § M113s, Humvees and supply trucks for refuel and re-armament would be included. An ABCT would consist of two armored battalions (at 58 tanks apiece), as well as an infantry battalion, and a reconnaissance squadron. This organization would support § combined arms maneuver.
- ^ a b Compare to Ukraine's request for 300 tanks.[157]
- ^ a b c d In combined arms armour and infantry do not fight alone; rather armour, infantry, artillery, logistics, aviation, and reconnaissance operate in concert, each branch working to support and protect the other branches,[158] as a combined team of teams, by US Army doctrine.
- ^ By early September 2022 the US had given 126 M777 howitzer cannons and over 800,000 rounds of 155mm ammunition for them.[168] By January 2023 the US had donated 250,000 more 155mm shells to Ukraine. The US was producing 14,000 155mm shells monthly and planned to increase production to 90,000 shells per month by 2025.[169]
- ^ a b "How would you use the tanks?": Four factors on 21st century warfare— MG Chip Chapman: Control of the air, shock action, surprise, and offensive reconnaissance [229]: 2:35
- ^ a b c d The US is attempting to get Abrams tanks to Ukraine earlier, perhaps by August 2023.[191][192][193]
- ^ France—Leclercs, UK—14 Challenger 2s, US—31 Abrams M1A2,[198][r] Canada—4 Leopard 2s,[199] Germany— 112 Leopard 2s (eventually 2 battalions (some 88 tanks) plus 14 2A6s immediately),[200] Poland—14 Leopard 2A4s, Finland—14 Leopard 2 A4/A6s, Denmark—6 Leopard 2A5/A7s, Netherlands—18 Leopard 2A6s, Norway—8 Leopard 2A4s, Portugal—4 Leopard 2A6s, and Spain— 20-53 Leopard 2A4s (20 are in good condition, the remainder need repair) respectively).[201][202]
- ^ a b The precise role of tanks is maneuver: moving rapidly, supported by infantry, artillery, and air cover/air defense —Hamish de Bretton Gordon[222]
- ^ Canada has been training Ukraine's troops since 2016.[224]: min 3:15
- ^ : minute 1:50
- ^ : minute 4:00
- ^ : minute 3:25
- ^ For example 155mm Howitzer shells are to be manufactured in much greater quantities in the coming months and years[266][267][268][269][270][271][272][273][274] to augment both Ukraine's and DoD's future stocks of ammunition; but contracts for GMLRS, HIMARS, improved Stingers, Javelins,[275] etc. are being let.[276][277][278]
- ^ Example de-mining operations were demonstrated between Levadne and Pryiutne on 13 Jun 2023[286]: mn 3:29
- ^ From late Feb 2022 to May 2023 13,100 Ukrainian troops will have been trained in combined arms, Patriot systems, HIMARS launchers, Abrams tanks.[288]
- ^ Ukraine has shown that Patriot missiles can counter hypersonic missiles.[292]
References
- ^ a b Tara Kopp and Felipe Dana (20 November 2023) US Defense Secretary Austin visits Ukraine to reassure Kyiv about continuing support against Russia Archived 20 November 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Evans, Michael (5 April 2008). "President tells summit he wants security and friendship". The Times. p. 46.
President Putin, in a bravura performance before the world's media at the end of the Nato summit, warned President Bush and other alliance leaders that their plan to expand eastwards to Ukraine and Georgia "didn't contribute to trust and predictability in our relations.
- ^ Antezza, Arianna; Frank, Andre; Frank, Pascal; Franz, Lukas; Kharitonov, Ivan; Kumar, Bharath; Rebinskaya, Ekaterina; Trebesch, Christoph (16 June 2022). "The Ukraine Support Tracker: Which countries help Ukraine and how?". Kiel Working Papers. 2218. Archived from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ a b c d DoD (3 February 2023) Fact Sheet on U.S. Security Assistance to Ukraine Archived 3 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine Summary "In total, the United States has committed $30 billion in security assistance to Ukraine since the beginning of the Biden Administration, including more than $29.3 billion since the beginning of Russia's unprovoked and brutal invasion on February 24, 2022".
- ^ a b Lolita C. Baldor, AP and Matthew Lee, AP (24 Jul 2023) US to send up to $400 million in military aid to Ukraine Archived 25 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- Sabrina Singh, Deputy Pentagon Press Secretary (25 Jul 2023) Sabrina Singh, Deputy Pentagon Press Secretary, Holds A Press Briefing Archived 26 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Military assistance to Ukraine since the Russian invasion". House of Commons Library. Archived from the original on 25 April 2024. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ Ben Watson (22 Jun 2023) Today's D Brief: Ukraine hits Crimea bridge; Dam-break consequences; Modi in DC; Allies buy more arms; And a bit more. Archived 23 June 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Volkmann-Schluck, Philip (18 January 2023). "Bulgaria to the rescue: How the EU's poorest country secretly saved Ukraine". Politico. Archived from the original on 18 January 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
- ^ a b "Military assistance to Ukraine" (PDF). House of Commons Library. 25 February 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- ^ "Turkey, Ukraine sign military cooperation agreements". ABC News. 17 October 2020. Archived from the original on 12 March 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
- ^ a b Brennan, Margaret; Watson, Eleanor (20 January 2022). "U.S. and NATO to surge lethal weaponry to Ukraine to help shore up defenses against Russia". CBS News. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022.
- ^ Ripley, Tim (18 January 2022). "UK supplies anti-tank weapons to Ukraine". Janes Information Services. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
- ^ a b "NATO to deploy thousands of commandos to nations near Ukraine". Al Jazeera. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ "Germany to ship anti-aircraft missiles to Ukraine—reports". Deutsche Welle. 3 March 2022. Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ "Defence Secretary statement to the House of Commons on Ukraine: 9 March 2022". GOV.UK. 9 March 2022. Archived from the original on 14 March 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
- ^ Chalmers, John (24 February 2022). "NATO has no plans to send troops into Ukraine, Stoltenberg says". Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 March 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ Dimsdale, Connie (25 February 2022). "How the response to Russia's invasion would be different if Ukraine was a Nato member". i. Archived from the original on 11 March 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ "Latvia approves new aid package for Ukraine". www.ukrinform.net. 3 April 2024. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
- ^ Vogt, Adrienne; Said-Moorhouse, Lauren; Ravindran, Jeevan; Wilkinson, Peter; Yeung, Jessie; Lendon, Brad; George, Steve; Wagner, Meg (26 February 2022). "Blinken authorizes $350 million more in US military assistance to Ukraine". CNN. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ Vogt, Adrienne; Said-Moorhouse, Lauren; Ravindran, Jeevan; Wilkinson, Peter; Yeung, Jessie; Lendon, Brad; George, Steve; Wagner, Meg (26 February 2022). "$350 million in US military assistance will include "anti-armor and anti-aircraft systems," official says". CNN. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ "EU shuts airspace to Russian airlines, will buy Ukraine arms". AP News. Associated Press. 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ Blenkinsop, Philip; Siebold, Sabine (27 February 2022). "EU tightens Russian sanctions and buys weapons for Ukraine". Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022.
- ^ Schmitt, Eric (12 March 2022). "The White House approves $200 million in arms and equipment for Ukraine". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 12 March 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
- ^ Emmott, Robin; Melander, Ingrid (17 March 2022). "NATO vows more help for Ukraine, begins planning to adapt to 'new reality'". Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
- ^ "EU support to Ukraine: Council agrees on third tranche of support under the European Peace Facility for total €1.5 billion". 13 April 2022. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ Park, Chan-kyong (11 April 2022). "Zelensky cites Korean war in appeal to Seoul to send anti-aircraft weapons". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 1 April 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
- ^ Slawson, Nicola (12 April 2022). "First Thing: Russia using weapons 'smuggled by Iran' in Ukraine". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 14 April 2022. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
- ^ Garzon, Elsy Fors (19 April 2022). "Romania to modify its laws to deliver weapons to Ukraine". Prensa Latina. Archived from the original on 13 May 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ "Romania is planning to hand over lethal weapons to Ukraine". «Ukrainian Military Center» Public Organization. 19 April 2022. Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ Ali, Ayeza (27 April 2022). "Romanian Defense Minister Says Weapons Supplies To Ukraine Not On Agenda". Pakistan Point. Archived from the original on 22 June 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ Ismay, John (26 April 2022). "A new U.S.-led international group will meet monthly to focus on aiding Ukraine". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2 August 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
The Ukraine Contact Group was convened at Ramstein Air Base in Germany
- ^ LARA SELIGMAN and PAUL MCLEARY (1 May 2023 The little-known group that's saving Ukraine Archived 3 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Herszenhorn, David M.; Bayer, Lili (26 April 2022). "US rallies global allies to help Ukraine repel Russia". Politico. Archived from the original on 4 May 2022. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
- ^ "War in Ukraine: U.S. dramatically upgrades its aid package to Kyiv". Le Monde. 29 April 2022. Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ "Ukraine gets over $12 billion in weapons, financial aid since start of Russian invasion- Ukraine's PM". Reuters. 5 May 2022. Archived from the original on 11 May 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ Fram, Alan (11 May 2022). "House approves $40B in Ukraine aid, beefing up Biden request". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 11 May 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
- ^ "Biden signs $40 billion aid package for Ukraine during trip to Asia". CNBC. 21 May 2022. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
- ^ Scholtes, Jennifer; O'Brien, Connor (19 May 2022). "Senate clears $40B Ukraine aid package". Politico. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
- ^ Jack Buckby (26 May 2022) Harpoon: The Old Anti-Ship Missile That Is Headed To Ukraine Archived 25 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine; Joe Gould and Meghann Myers (23 May 2022) Ukraine to get Harpoon anti-ship missiles from Denmark amid Russian Black Sea blockade Archived 25 April 2024 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ C. Todd Lopez (15 Jun 2023) Harpoon Weapon System, More Howitzers Headed to Ukraine Archived 25 December 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Ukraine is to receive a new batch of Caesar ACS from France". «Ukrainian Military Center» Public Organization. 30 May 2022. Archived from the original on 6 June 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ "55th Brigade receives CAESAR ACS". «Ukrainian Military Center» Public Organization. 25 May 2022. Archived from the original on 12 June 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ Rushworth, Nicholas (10 June 2022). "Meet the Ukrainian forces using French-supplied Caesar howitzers". France 24. Archived from the original on 10 June 2022. Alt URL Archived 24 June 2022 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Ukrainian Army Uses New Caesar Long-Range Howitzer Supplied By France". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 10 June 2022. Archived from the original on 12 June 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ "What is HIMARS? The advanced rocket system US is sending Ukraine". Al Jazeera. 1 June 2022. Archived from the original on 20 June 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ "Will US rockets for Ukraine be a game changer in the war against Russia?". Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). 1 June 2022. Archived from the original on 20 June 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ Cole, Brendan (16 July 2022). "U.S. Rockets Having Significant Impact On Front Lines in Ukraine: Pentagon". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 21 July 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- Weiss, Michael (21 July 2022). "U.S. agrees to send Ukraine more HIMARS launchers, weaponry that is taking a toll on Russian forces". Yahoo News. Archived from the original on 25 July 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ "US will send HIMARS precision rockets to Ukraine". Defense News. 1 June 2022. Archived from the original on 6 June 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ Ali, Idrees (20 July 2022). "U.S. to send four more HIMARS to Ukraine". Archived from the original on 20 July 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
M142 HIMARS— 12 have been provided, and an additional 4 were pledged today, for a total of 16 —Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin
- ^ Koshiw, Isobel (10 June 2022). "We're almost out of ammunition and relying on western arms, says Ukraine". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 24 June 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ Sand, Leo (13 June 2022). "Ukraine war: Every bridge leading to key city Severodonetsk destroyed". BBC News. Archived from the original on 17 June 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
- ^ Rathbone, John Paul; Olearchyk, Roman (13 June 2022). "Military briefing: which weapons has Ukraine received and how many more does it need?". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 14 June 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
- ^ "Why western weapons aren't reaching Ukrainian troops". DW News. 13 June 2022. Archived from the original on 13 June 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023 – via YouTube.
- ^ "Military support for Ukraine Federal Government". Website of the Federal Government Home page. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
- ^ Bertrand, Natasha (10 August 2022). "US believes Russians have begun training on Iranian drones". CNN. Archived from the original on 11 August 2022. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
- ^ "Top World Powers Using Iranian Arms: IRGC Chief". Tehran. Tasnim News Agency. 1 September 2022. Archived from the original on 2 September 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ Department of Defense (1 August 2022). "$550 Million in Additional Security Assistance for Ukraine". Archived from the original on 9 August 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ "Ukraines Defence Minister reveals Ramstein results: Ukraine will get NASAMS air defence system soon". Ukrainska Pravda. 17 October 2022. Archived from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ Gould, Joe (25 October 2022). "Ukraine-bound NASAMS are in US hands now: Raytheon Delivered to US government in mid-October, imminently in Ukraine". Yahoo News. WASHINGTON. Defense News. Archived from the original on 31 October 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ a b Breasseale, Todd (8 August 2022). "$1 Billion in Additional Security Assistance for Ukraine" (Press release). United States Department of Defense. Archived from the original on 10 August 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ Broe, Jake (23 August 2022). "Ukraine Will Have Air Superiority by January". Archived from the original on 2 September 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023 – via YouTube., shows Ukrainian MIG-29s With AGM-88 HARM air-launched, anti-radiation missiles already mounted
- ^ Vergun, David (19 August 2022). "Additional Defensive Weapons to be Shipped to Ukraine, Official Says". DoD News. Archived from the original on 21 August 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ Gould, Joe (19 August 2022). "'Seek and destroy': New US aid to Ukraine targets Russian artillery". Defense News. Washington. Archived from the original on 25 August 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ Weisgerber, Marcus; Copp, Tara (19 August 2022). "Sensing Russian Stall, US Rushing Arms to Help Retake Ukrainian Territory". Defense News. Archived from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ Everington, Keoni (18 August 2022). "Taiwan's Revolver 860 combat drones being used by Ukrainians on battlefield". Taiwan News. Archived from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 29 September 2022.
- ^ "Taiwan Sends Ukraine Over 800 Bomber Drones". Kyiv Post. 26 August 2022. Archived from the original on 26 August 2022. Retrieved 29 September 2022.
- ^ Beale, Jonathan (23 November 2022). "Britain sending helicopters to Ukraine for first time - Ben Wallace". BBC News. Archived from the original on 23 November 2022. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
- ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, January 29, 2023". Institute for the Study of War. 29 January 2023. Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
- ^ Holland, Steve; Ali, Idrees (24 August 2022). "Biden announces $3 billion Ukraine military aid package on its Independence Day". Reuters. Archived from the original on 27 November 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ a b DoD (31 January 2023) Ukraine Contracting Actions Archived 1 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Gould, Joe (1 November 2022). "Drone-killing Vampires due in Ukraine next year, Pentagon says". Defense News. Archived from the original on 25 April 2024. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ "Fact Sheet on U.S. Security Assistance to Ukraine" (PDF) (Press release). United States Department of Defense. 15 September 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 September 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ Ryder, Patrick S. (24 August 2022). "Nearly $3 Billion in Additional Security Assistance for Ukraine" (Press release). United States Department of Defense. Archived from the original on 24 August 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ Cavanagh, Niamh (31 August 2022). "The U.S. is sending 'Vampire' kits to Ukraine. Here's how they work". Yahoo! News. London. Archived from the original on 2 September 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
According to the Defense Department, the U.S. has given more than $13.5 billion to Ukraine since January 2021 and more than $15.5 billion since Kremlin-led forces annexed the southern peninsula of Crimea in 2014.
- ^ Brown, David (11 August 2022). "What weapons are being given to Ukraine by the UK?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 24 September 2022. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
- ^ "Urban combat and beyond: Ukrainian recruits get UK training". The Independent. Independent Digital News & Media Limited. 15 August 2022. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
- ^ "Zelensky and Biden's Phone Conversation: The Details of the Conversations Were Revealed in the President's Office". kucnews.com. 25 August 2022. Archived from the original on 26 August 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
- ^ Mary Claire Jalonik (2 Sep 2022) Biden seeks $47B for Ukraine, COVID-19, monkeypox, disasters Archived 4 September 2022 at the Wayback Machine Over three-fourths of the $40 billion already approved by Congress has been expended or committed.
- ^ Feldscher, Jacquieline (2 September 2022). "White House Asks Congress For $13.7B for Ukraine". defenseone.com. Archived from the original on 4 September 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
- ^ Lee, Matthew; Ritter, Karl (8 September 2022). "Blinken, In Kyiv, Unveils $2 Billion In U.S. Military Aid For Ukraine, Europe". HuffPost. Kyiv. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 23 September 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ Garamone, Jim (7 September 2022). "Contact Group Meeting Signals Long-Term Support for Ukraine". DoD News. Archived from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ "Opening Remarks by Secretary of Defense Lloyd J. Austin III at the Fifth Ukraine Defense Contact Group (As Delivered)" (Press release). Ramstein Air Base, Germany. 8 September 2022. Archived from the original on 19 September 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ Insinna, Valerie (23 September 2022). "US, partners meeting on Sept. 28 on industrial strategies for arming Ukraine". Breaking Defense. Washington. Archived from the original on 23 September 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023 – via BreakingDefense.com.
- ^ Tirpak, John A. (4 November 2022). "LaPlante: Congress Will Support Multiyear Weapons Procurements". Air & Space Forces Magazine. Archived from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
"interoperability, but interchangeability" will enable "surge requests" for Ukraine
- ^ "Weapons industry booms as Eastern Europe arms Ukraine". Reuters. 24 November 2022. Archived from the original on 26 January 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ Baldor, Lolita C.; Lee, Matthew (16 September 2022). "US sends new military aid for Ukraine to boost momentum". The Associated Press. Archived from the original on 27 September 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ a b c Lopez, C. Todd (28 September 2022). "Latest U.S. Support for Ukraine Targets Long-Term Security Investment". DOD News. Archived from the original on 6 October 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- "Immediate Release: Fact Sheet on U.S. Security Assistance to Ukraine" (PDF). media.defense.gov. 28 September 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ Kim Hjelmgaard (20 February 2023) Biden makes surprise visit to Ukraine ahead of Russian invasion anniversary Archived 20 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine Meets with President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, Olena Zelenska
- ^ Kevin Liptak (20 February 2023) Biden announces half-billion dollars in assistance to Ukraine on surprise trip Archived 20 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ DoD (20 February 2023) Fact Sheet on U.S. Security Assistance to Ukraine Archived 15 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine "$29.8 billion since the beginning of Russia's unprovoked and brutal invasion on February 24, 2022".
- ^ ELLEN MITCHELL AND NICK ROBERTSON (25 February 2023) By the numbers: U.S. military aid to Ukraine Archived 26 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine Summary of the $29.3 billion in aid, $77.5 billion in earmarks in past year
- ^ Stone, Mike (2 September 2023). "Exclusive: US to send depleted-uranium munitions to Ukraine". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
- ^ Rai, Arpan (12 October 2023). "White House warns Israel crisis is stretching its ability to support Ukraine: 'Running out of runway'". The Independent. Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
- ^ "upport To Ukraine Not 'Indefinite': US After Announcing 00 Million Aid". MSN. 12 October 2023. Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
- ^ "Press Briefing by Press Secretary Karine Jean-Pierre and NSC Coordinator for Strategic Communications John Kirby". The White House. 11 October 2023. Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
- ^ "US Law on Lend-Lease for Ukraine Enters into Force". Interfax-Ukraine. 1 October 2022. Archived from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ a b Schmitt, Eric (29 September 2022). "A new Pentagon plan would train and arm troops against Russia". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ a b Liebermann, Oren; Starr, Barbara (29 September 2022). "Pentagon working to form new command to coordinate arming and training Ukraine". CNN. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ a b Lopez, C. Todd (4 October 2022). "HIMARS, Excalibur Rounds Headed for Ukraine in $625 Million Security Assistance Package". DOD News. Archived from the original on 7 October 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ a b "$725 Million in Additional Security Assistance for Ukraine". US Department of Defense (Press release). United States Secretary of Defence. 14 October 2022. Archived from the original on 15 October 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ a b Mike Stone, Reuters (31 January 2023) U.S. readies $2 billion-plus Ukraine aid package with longer-range weapons Archived 3 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Paul McLeary (14 Feb 2023) U.S. focuses on training Ukrainian troops to use less ammo Archived 15 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b David Axe (21 Nov 2023) Ukraine's About To Get Its New Reverse-Slope Glide-Bombs: Ground-Launched Munitions That Can Strike The Far Sides Of Hills Archived 22 November 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c d David Vergun , DOD News (3 February 2023) Air Defense Systems, Long-Range Fires Capability to be Sent to Ukraine Archived 4 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "A package of recommendations on security guarantees for Ukraine prepared by the Yermak-Rasmussen Group was presented to the President". President of Ukraine. 13 September 2022. Archived from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ Hayda, Julian; Beaubien, Jason; Lonsdorf, Kat; Maynes, Charles (10 October 2022). "Deadly missile strikes hit Kyiv as explosions reported in other cities across Ukraine". NPR. Archived from the original on 20 January 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ "Why Ukrainian officials are confident they can defeat Russia". CNN. 19 October 2022. Archived from the original on 31 October 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023 – via YouTube.
- ^ a b c Kaufman, Ellie; Liebermann, Oren (12 October 2022). "Top American general says US and allies need to help Ukraine build a comprehensive missile defence system". CNN. Archived from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ a b Pentagon gives update after missile hits Poland. CNN. 16 November 2022. Archived from the original on 22 November 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
4 hour Ukraine Defense Contact Group, 7th meeting, with 50 nations 47:21
- ^ In full: US Secretary of Defence holds news conference. Sky News. 12 October 2022. Archived from the original on 13 October 2022. Retrieved 23 November 2022 – via YouTube.
- ^ Lister, Tim (31 October 2022). "Majority of Russian missiles brought down by air defenses during Monday's attack, Zelensky says 45 intercepted out of 55 fired". CNN. Archived from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ Reuters (12 October 2022) First German IRIS-T air defence system in Ukraine, three more to come - minister Archived 5 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Dickstein, Corey (28 October 2022). "US sends more military aid to Ukraine that includes ammunition, mines and satellite antennas". Stars and Stripes. Archived from the original on 4 December 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ Krever, Mick; Liptak, Kevin; Vazquez, Maegan; Fossum, Sam (7 November 2022). "New advanced air defenses systems have arrived in Ukraine". CNN. Kyiv and Washington. Archived from the original on 13 November 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
The White House in October said it would expedite the delivery of two [National Advanced Surface to Air Missile] Systems.
- ^ Tritten, Travis (16 November 2022). "Ukraine Has the Edge Against Russia as Winter Descends, US Defense Secretary Says". Yahoo! News. Military.com. Archived from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ Austin III, Lloyd J.; Milley, Mark A. (16 November 2022). Transcript: Secretary of Defense Lloyd J. Austin III and Army General Mark A. Milley, Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, Hold a Press Briefing Following Ukrainian Defense Contact Group Meeting (Speech). United States Department of Defense. Archived from the original on 5 January 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ Machi, Vivienne (21 July 2022). "Inside the multinational logistics cell coordinating military aid for Ukraine". Defense News. Stuttgart, Germany. Archived from the original on 25 July 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ Ware, Doug G. (4 November 2022). "Pentagon announces another $400 million in military aid to Ukraine, establishes headquarters in Germany to handle shipments and training". Stars and Stripes. Washington. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
The department also announced the creation of a new security headquarters in Germany that will handle weapons shipments and personnel training. It will be called the Security Assistance Group Ukraine, or SAGU.
- ^ Myers, Meghann (9 November 2022). "Long-term assistance command to oversee training mission with Ukraine". Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ a b Ali, Idrees; Stone, Mike; Lopatka, Jan (4 November 2022). "U.S. announces $400 million in new military aid for Ukraine". Reuters. Washington. Archived from the original on 24 December 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ Baldor, Lolita C.; Lee, Matthew (10 November 2022). "US sending Ukraine $400 million in military aid". Defense News. The Associated Press.
- ^ Seligman, Lara (4 November 2022). "Pentagon will pay to upgrade dozens of Soviet-era tanks for Ukraine". Archived from the original on 25 January 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
the Netherlands [refurbish] another 45 Czech T-72 tanks for a total of 90. Other NATO countries, including Poland, have already donated hundreds of older T-72s. The latest U.S. aid package also ... upgrade[s] a number of American Hawk air defense missiles [to] complement the Hawk launchers Spain recently committed ... The package also included ... 250 M1117 armored vehicles ... as well as 40 riverine boats, and 1,100 Phoenix Ghost drones.
- ^ a b c d Harris, Bryant (15 November 2022). "White House requests $38 billion more in Ukraine aid". Defense News. Washington. Archived from the original on 25 April 2024. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ Melman, Yossi (17 November 2022). בלחץ אמריקאי, ישראל מימנה רכישת "חומרים אסטרטגיים" עבור אוקראינה [Under American Pressure, Israel to finance the purchase of "strategic materials" for Ukraine]. הארץ [Haaretz] (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 17 November 2022. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
- ^ a b Losey, Stephen (23 November 2022). "US to send anti-drone machine guns, air defense ammunition to Ukraine". Archived from the original on 25 April 2024. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ US Department of Defense (9 December 2022). "$275 Million in Additional Assistance for Ukraine". Archived from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ Antony Blinken, Secretary of State (21 December 2022) $1.85 Billion in Additional U.S. Military Assistance, Including the First Transfer of Patriot Air Defense System Archived 19 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c Ryan McBeth (Sep 2022) How Air Defense Works - Featuring the MIM-104 Patriot Archived 5 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine A MIM-104 Patriot battery, descended from HAWKs, is made up of 1) Engagement Control Station, 2) AN/MPQ-65 radar, 3) antenna mast group, 4) ICC —battalion which connects to AWACS, 5) EPP, and 6) M90x launching station. Soldiers require MOSs— TCO:14A; TCA:14E; Other MOSs 14H; 14T; Tactical operations 140A, 140K. PAC-2 missiles use proximity fuses. PAC-3 missiles are Hit to Kill. PAC3-MSE is newest generation interceptor.
- ^ a b c d Sean Murphy, AP (21 Mar 2023) Ukrainian soldiers near finish of Patriot missile training in Oklahoma Archived 25 April 2024 at the Wayback Machine 65 Ukrainian Soldiers, Fort Sill
- ^ Chris Gordon (21 December 2022) Biden Gives Ukraine Patriot System, JDAMs, as Zelenskyy Visits U.S. Archived 23 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine Joint Direct Attack Munitions
- ^ David Vergun, DOD News (21 December 2022) Ukraine Getting Patriot Battery, Other Defense Weapons Archived 20 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Andrew Salerno-Garthwaite (22 Dec 2022) Patriot missiles to Ukraine: US regaining escalation dominance? Archived 12 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Baldor, Lolita C.; Lee, Matthew (6 January 2023). "US to send Ukraine dozens of Bradleys in $2.85B aid package". Archived from the original on 13 January 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ CLEA CAULCUTT (4 January 2023) Macron promises to send first Western tanks to Ukraine Archived 21 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c Jim Garamone, DoD News (6 Jan 2023) U.S. $3 Billion Military Package to Ukraine Looks to Change Battlefield Dynamics Archived 22 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ TIM MARTIN and CHRISTINA MACKENZIE (6 Jan 2023) From Washington, Berlin and Paris, a sudden influx of armor bound for Ukraine Archived 23 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ DOD presidential drawdown announcement (6 Jan 2023) More Than $3 Billion in Additional Security Assistance for Ukraine Archived 6 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Chris Gordon (6 Jan 2023) New Air Weapons in Massive $3 Billion Aid Package Archived 17 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Doug G. Ware (6 Jan 2023) Pentagon says $3B in new Ukraine aid will ‘change dynamic’ in fight with Russia Archived 20 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Ashley Roque (5 Jan 2023) Biden OKs sending Bradley Fighting Vehicles to Ukraine Archived 21 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Nadine Schmitt, CNN (6 January 2023) Germany will deliver 40 Marder armored vehicles to Ukraine Archived 13 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ AAMER MADHANI and MIKE CORDER (17 Jan 2023) Netherlands says it will send Patriot assistance to Ukraine Archived 23 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Stijn Mitzer and Joost Oliemans (9 Sep 2022) Going Dutch Revisited: Dutch Military Aid To Ukraine Archived 27 September 2022 at the Wayback Machine 2 Launchers arrived Apr 2023
- ^ "Swiss veto Danish request to send armoured vehicles to Ukraine". Reuters. 1 June 2022. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
- ^ "Swiss again reject German request to re-export Swiss ammunition to Ukraine". Reuters. 3 November 2022. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
- ^ "Swiss veto German request to re-export tank ammunition to Ukraine". Reuters. 26 April 2022. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
- ^ "Neutral Swiss rule out arms deliveries to Poland". Reuters. 21 March 2022. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
- ^ "Switzerland 'blocks weapons exports' from Spain to Ukraine". SWI swissinfo.ch. 11 January 2023. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
- ^ "Switzerland blocks Spanish arms for Ukraine". Switzerland Times. 11 January 2023. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
- ^ a b c Associated Press (17 October 2022). "EU approves $486 million for Ukraine, plus training mission". Defence News. Archived from the original on 25 April 2024. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ a b Tim Martin (3 Feb 2023) European Union to double military training for Ukraine, lines up new sanctions package Archived 6 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Roque, Ashley; Martin, Tim (11 January 2023). "Ukraine gets its tanks: Poland sending Leopard 2, and other nations may follow". Archived from the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ Sario, Federica di (14 January 2023). "UK agrees to send Challenger 2 tanks to Ukraine". Politico Europe. Archived from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ Times Radio (8 Jan 2023) Ukraine receives its 'armoured brigade' for the next phase of its counteroffensive Archived 22 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine Lt. Gen. (Retired) Ben Hodges
- ^ Jeff Schogol (17 Jan 2023) Ukraine finally getting Western tanks Archived 22 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Risen, James; Klippenstein, Ken (5 October 2022). "The CIA Thought Putin Would Quickly Conquer Ukraine. Why Did They Get It So Wrong?". The Intercept. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
- ^ (25 Jan 2023) Vladimir Putin on ‘back foot’ with US, Germany and other allies sending tanks to Ukraine, says Rishi Sunak Archived 25 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine An armoured division with 2 armoured brigades being roughly 300 tanks.
- ^ a b Tanmay Kadam (17 Feb 2023) US Abrams 'Significantly Outperforms' All Russian Tanks; Puts Our Military At A Disadvantage – Top Russian Expert Archived 18 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ CNN (19 January 2023) Former CIA director: US is sending 'unhelpful message' to allies Archived 29 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine David Petraeus interview: $24.8 billion in aid from US : min 2:32
- ^ DoD (17 Jan 2023) Secretary of Defense, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs Travel to Germany for Ukraine Defense Contact Group Meetings Archived 22 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b LARA SELIGMAN and PAUL MCLEARY (18 Jan 2023) U.S. prepping major military package for Ukraine Archived 22 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine "Friday's announcement is expected to include Stryker vehicles, but not tanks".
- ^ Christina MacKenzie (17 Jan 2023) New German defense minister, relative outsider, pledges 'strong' military for what 'lies ahead' Archived 22 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine Boris Pistorius
- ^ a b c d e f g h Eve Brennan and Lindsay Isaac in London, CNN (19 Jan 2023) 9 European countries pledge further weapon donations to Ukraine ahead of key Friday meeting Archived 22 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Reuters (19 Jan 2023) Several Countries to Announce Sending Leopard Tanks to Ukraine - Lithuania Archived 20 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine 100s —Anusauskas
- ^ a b c Joe Gould and Sebastian Sprenger (20 Jan 2023) Ukraine's allies fail to reach breakthrough on sending new tanks Archived 25 April 2024 at the Wayback Machine the "German defense ministry is evaluating how many Leopards Berlin could deliver". —Pistorius
- ^ Ben Watson (18 Jan 2023) ...200 Canadian APCs to Ukraine;... Archived 24 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Joe Gould (18 January 2023) The West doubles down on aiding Ukraine with heavy weapons Archived 25 April 2024 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Michael Peck (13 Sep 2022) The US has given Ukraine nearly 1 million 155mm artillery shells. Now it's looking for US companies to build more of them. Archived 1 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Charles R. Davis (24 Jan 2023) Ukraine is burning through artillery shells. Now the US is increasing production by 500%. Archived 1 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine 90,000 155mm howitzer shells per month
- ^ Patrick Tucker (19 Jan 2023) US, Allies Push Armor and Rockets Into Ukraine Archived 22 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Oren Liebermann (19 Jan 2023) Biden administration announces new $2.5 billion security aid package for Ukraine Archived 22 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine more than $5.5 billion in Jan 2023
- ^ Rob Schmitz (20 Jan 2023) Germany signals it hasn't ruled out sending Leopard tanks to Ukraine Archived 22 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c d Christina MacKenzie (2 Feb 2023) What Ukraine wants from France: Munitions, training, air defense and, maybe, fighter jets? Archived 6 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ David Axe (5 Oct 2023) Where Did Ukraine Get Its Autocannon-Armed M-113s? Archived 6 October 2023 at the Wayback Machine up to 1100 AIFVs
- ^ "Ukraine war in maps: Tracking the Russian invasion". BBC News. 20 March 2022. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
- ^ "Russia's Protracted War in Ukraine". 3 August 2022. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
- ^ a b Frank Hofmann, Deutsche Welle (19 Jan 2023) Western leaders set to upgrade military aid for Ukraine Archived 22 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Jim Garamone, DOD News (18 January 2023) Austin Arrives in Germany Focused on Efforts to Help Ukraine Archived 23 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Max Hunder and Madeline Chambers (19 January 2023) Nato allies pledge more arms for Ukraine, Germany holds out on tanks
- ^ Jake Epstein (19 January 2023) Poland says it might go rogue and send German-made Leopard tanks to Ukraine without Berlin's approval Archived 22 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c Andrew Meldrum (22 January 2023) Minister: Germany won't block Poland giving Ukraine tanks Archived 23 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c d Jon Jackson (20 Jan 2023) Ukraine May Get 'Huge Add' to Military That Could Level Russia's Advances Archived 23 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Col. Maximilian Bremer and Kelly Grieco (25 January 2023) Air defense upgrades, not F-16s, are a winning strategy for Ukraine Archived 25 April 2024 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Antonia Mortonsen (24 Jan 2023) Poland requests German approval to send Leopard 2 tanks to Ukraine Archived 24 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b David Vergun, DOD News (25 Jan 2023) Biden Announces Abrams Tanks to be Delivered to Ukraine Archived 23 October 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Kyle Mizokami (6 Feb 20230) How M88 Hercules Vehicles Will Keep Abrams Tanks Out of Russia's Grip Archived 7 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Ashley Roque (25 Jan 2023) Abrams to rumble into Ukraine: US joins Germany's vow to send Kyiv tanks Archived 25 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Ashley Roque and Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. (24 Jan 2023) Pentagon opens door for M1 Abrams tank deliveries to Ukraine in coming years Archived 25 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Lolita Baldor and Mathew Lee (25 Jan 2023) In reversal, US poised to approve Abrams tanks for Ukraine Archived 25 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Marcus Weisgerber (25 Jan 2023) US Army Readies Ukraine Abrams Tank Options For Policymakers Archived 26 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Jen Judson (23 Feb 2023) Tanks might not reach Ukraine this year, US Army secretary says Archived 25 April 2024 at the Wayback Machine GD would remanufacture Abrams for Ukraine no sooner than year-end 2023
- ^ Jen Judson (8 Mar 2023) US Army is moving to get tanks to Ukraine 'as quickly as possible' Archived 25 April 2024 at the Wayback Machine —7th ASA(ALT) Doug Bush
- ^ a b Joe Gould and Jen Judson (21 Mar 2023) US to fast-track Abrams tanks for Ukraine by choosing older version Archived 25 April 2024 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ APA (25 Jan 2023) Germany set to approve Leopards for Ukraine, as U.S. promises M1 tanks Archived 25 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Marcel Plichta (25 Jan 2023) Swarm of Tanks Is Just the Start of Putin's New Nightmare Archived 25 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Nathalie Tocci (Winter 2022/2023) The Paradox of Europe's Defense Moment Archived 25 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine Texas National Security Review Vol 6, (Iss 1)
- ^ Politico (25 Jan 2023) European allies will send about 80 Leopard 2 tanks to Ukraine Archived 4 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Ashley Roque and Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. (27 Jan 2023) What, where, how: After the Abrams-for-Ukraine announcement, a host of questions Archived 28 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine "In picking the precise type of M1 tank to send, the US must choose between giving Ukraine the best tech possible and risking the capture of secrets by Russia".
- ^ Zimonjic, Peter (26 January 2023). "Canada to send 4 combat-ready Leopard 2 tanks to Ukraine in the coming weeks". CBC News. Archived from the original on 26 January 2023. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
- ^ The Washington Post (25 Jan 2023) What Tanks Will Ukraine Get, and Why Does It Want Them? Archived 27 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ TCM Clips (26 Jan 2023) Ukraine vs Russia Update - USA Sending Tanks - Putin Attacks Archived 27 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ The New Voice of Ukraine (27 Jan 2023) Six advantages. What will Leopard 2, Abrams, and Challenger 2 change for Ukraine? Archived 27 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine Ukraine's evaluation
- ^ "Suomi luovuttaa Ukrainalle kolme Leopard 2 -raivausvaunua: "Etulinjan vehkeitä – varma taistelukentän työjuhta"". mtvuutiset.fi (in Finnish). 23 February 2023. Archived from the original on 23 February 2023. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
- ^ a b Sebastian Sprenger (7 February 2023) European coalition to give refurbished Leopard 1 tanks to Ukraine Archived 25 April 2024 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b David Axe (23 Apr 2023) Those Leopard 1 Tanks Ukraine Is Getting Won A Lopsided Victory In Bosnia In 1994. But The Battle Easily Could've Gone The Other Way. Archived 24 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine Leopard 1A5s begin arriving in Ukraine next month. The 1A5 optics are the same as the 2A4 optics. 1A5s have accurate gunnery, even at night. 1A5 has 105mm rifled main gun. 2A4 has 120mm smoothbore main gun.
- ^ Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. (3 Feb 2023) RAND experts fear stalemate, 'frozen conflict' in Ukraine Archived 7 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Nathalie Tocci, Texas National Security Review (Winter 2022/2023) The Paradox of Europe's Defense Moment Archived 25 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine Vol 6 (Issue 1)
- ^ John R. Deni (7 Feb 2023) What Tanks in Ukraine Tell Us About America in the Pacific Archived 8 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine "U.S. hopes that Europe can take care of itself appear to be farfetched".
- ^ a b Tim Martin (24 February 2023) Polish Leopard 2 tanks arrive in Ukraine as Sweden announces more to come Archived 26 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ David Axe (9 Mar 2023) The Ukrainian 4th Tank Brigade Was Running Out Of Tanks. Then It Got Leopard 2s. Archived 11 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Poland transfers 10 more Leopard 2 tanks to Ukraine". Yahoo News. 9 March 2023. Archived from the original on 9 March 2023. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
- ^ The New Voice of Ukraine (15 Feb 2023) Poland sends 10 more Leopard tanks to Ukraine Archived 9 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine battalion of Leopard 2A4s=Poland: 14; Canada & Norway: 8; Spain: 6
- ^ The New Voice of Ukraine (24 February 2023) Poland to transfer 60 PT-91 Twardy tanks to Ukraine, says Polish PM Archived 27 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine "PT-91 Twardy is a Polish tank designed on the basis of the T-72M1 tank. It has its own DRAWA fire control system and ERAWA dynamic protection".
- ^ a b Al Goodman, Duarte Mendonca and Heather Chen, CNN (23 Apr 2023) Spanish Leopard 2 tanks are on their way to Ukraine, defense minister confirms Archived 23 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine 4 addition Leopard 2A4s are to be refurbished as soon as possible.
- ^ a b c Rachel Cohen (21 April 2023) US to start training Ukrainian troops on Abrams tanks within weeks Archived 25 April 2024 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Bundesregierung.de (20 September 2023) Military support for Ukraine Archived 20 September 2022 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Lara Jakes (25 Sep 2023) First Abrams Tanks Arrive in Ukraine, Zelensky Says Archived 25 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Lara Seligman (6 Sep 2023) U.S. announces it's sending controversial depleted-uranium rounds to Ukraine Archived 8 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Kyle Mizokami (7 Sep 2023) American Abrams Tanks Are Finally Headed for Ukraine, Along With Controversial Ammo Archived 8 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine 10 M1A1 Abrams tanks to arrive in Ukraine
- ^ a b c US DoD (21 Sep 2023) Fact Sheet on U.S. Security Assistance to Ukraine Archived 10 October 2023 at the Wayback Machine Air Defense: 14 line items; Fires: 18 line items; Ground Maneuver: 24 line items; Aircraft and UASs: 16 line items; AntiArmor and Small Arms: 8 line items; Maritime: 4 line items; Other Capabilities: 16 line items;
- ^ David Axe (23 Feb 2024) Ukraine's Ex-American M-1 Abrams Tanks Are In Action Archived 23 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Times Radio (26 Jan 2023) Russia has 'no capability to do manoeuvre warfare' Archived 28 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (21 Jan 2023) New Package Of Military Aid Gives Ukraine Ready-To-Use Equipment, Pentagon Spokesman Says Archived 23 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Times Radio (27 Feb 2023) Russia surprised by 'vigour, competence and skill of Ukraine's military' Archived 8 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine Canada's humanitarian laws are governed by Royal prerogative
- ^ Meghann Myers (17 February 2023) Ukrainian battalion completes first combined-arms training in Germany Archived 25 April 2024 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b David Brennan (14 Mar 2023) Ukraine Leopard 2 Tankers Finish NATO Training Ahead of Spring Push Archived 15 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine 40 crew members, 15 mechanics are back in Ukraine.
- ^ a b c Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. (23 Jan 2023) Ukrainian troops could fight with Leopard 2s by early spring: Experts Archived 24 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Franz Stefan-Gady (25 Jan 2023) Will Leopard 2 tanks actually boost Ukraine's battlefield chances? Archived 7 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Times Radio (26 January 2023) Ukraine's new tanks can 'flow like water through Russian lines' —MG Chip Chapman Archived 27 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ CNN (6 Feb 2023) CNN gets access to NATO exercise mimicking war with Russia Archived 6 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine 44 tanks Leopard 2s and Challenger 2s; FARPs
- ^ Carla Babb (8 Feb 2023) Exclusive: US Planning HIMARS Training Center in Europe, General Tells VOA Archived 10 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine 18 High Mobility Artillery Rocket Systems were sold to Poland, along with GMLRS's, ATACMS for $10 billion.
- ^ a b Ben Watson and Jennifer Hlad (31 March 2023) Overall, 26 allied nations are currently training more than 11,000 Ukrainian soldiers Archived 2 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Sam Skove (21 Apr 2023) 11,000 Ukrainians Have Had at Least Some US Training As Spring Offensive Looms Archived 25 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Joseph Clark, DOD News (15 May 2023) Ukrainian Tank Crews, Maintainers to Begin Training on U.S. M1 Abrams in Germany Soon Archived 17 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c Reporting from Ukraine (9 June 2023) 09 Jun: HUGE SUCCESS. Ukrainians PENETRATE 16-km WIDE FRONT Archived 10 June 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Jim Garamone, DOD News (18 Jul 2023) Ukraine Defense Contact Group Members Remain Unified in Support to Kyiv Archived 22 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Guardian: Ukraine 'most heavily mined country in the world,' Defense Minister says". Yahoo News. 14 August 2023. Archived from the original on 14 August 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
- ^ David Axe (24 Nov 2023) With Hundreds Of German- And Polish-Made Tanks And Fighting Vehicles Arriving, Ukraine Now Needs Ammo, Sappers And Staff Archived 5 December 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Adam Pemble (19 April 2023) Ukraine: US-made Patriot guided missile systems arrive Archived 19 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Lara Seligman (19 April 2023) Biden preparing to send fresh shipment of ammo, missiles to Ukraine Archived 19 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Tim Martin (14 Feb 2023) 11 countries to give tanks to Ukraine, as Kyiv is 'contemplating' spring offensive: US Archived 15 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine "Ukraine will integrate recent commitments of armored vehicles, infantry fighting vehicles and tanks with fires that achieve the effect of synchronized ground maneuver" —CJCS Gen. Mark Milley
- ^ David Ignatius, Washington Post Live Archived 29 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine (30 January 2023) Transcript: The Politics of War and Leadership with Gen. David Petraeus Archived 31 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Gen. David Petraeus mentions "Small Diameter Bomb", the Kerch Bridge, and the § weaknesses of the Russian military
- ^ Joe Saballa (29 Nov 2022) Ukraine Poised to Become First Operator of 150-Kilometer Precision Bomb Archived 1 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Joe Gould (3 February 2023) US pledges longer-range ‘small-diameter bomb’ for Ukraine Archived 25 April 2024 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ LEE HUDSON, LARA SELIGMAN and PAUL MCLEARY (30 Jan 2024) New US-made longer-range bomb expected to arrive as soon as Wednesday in Ukraine Archived 31 January 2024 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b The Wall Street Journal (1 Feb 2024) GLSDB: Ukraine’s Most Flexible Weapon Is Accurate to a Meter Archived 2 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c Theresa Hitchens (15 Feb 2023) Spurred by Ukraine war, 18 Western countries plan to share remote sensing data Archived 15 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- Vivienne Machi (16 Feb 2023) NATO members line up to join new space-based data collection effort Archived 25 April 2024 at the Wayback Machine Machi left out Portugal, but included US
- ^ Sydney J Freedberg (17 Mar 2023) Ukraine and industry show how Europe can jump ahead on JADC2, ex-generals say Archived 19 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine commercial capabilities are pointing out a way to implement a partial 'JADC2' for Ukraine
- ^ a b DoD (24 February 2023) Biden Administration Announces Additional Security Assistance for Ukraine Archived 25 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine $2 billion USAI
- ^ NATO HQ (14 Dec 2022) NATO's multinational battlegroup in Bulgaria reaches full capability Archived 20 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Ukrayinska Pravda (18 Mar 2023) NATO considering deployment of up to 300,000 troops on border with Russia Archived 20 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Andrew Gray, Reuters (17 Mar 2023) EU countries to sign agreement to buy shells for Ukraine Archived 19 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Vivienne Machi (20 Mar 2023) EU nations rush to scrape up one million artillery rounds for Ukraine Archived 25 April 2024 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Tom Kington and Elisabeth Gosselin-Malo (19 Jun 2023) Behind Europe's ammo pledge to Ukraine, some manufacturers grow leery Archived 25 April 2024 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c Ukrainska Pravda (4 Dec 2024) Rheinmetall receives contract for "tens of thousands" of 155-mm shells for Ukraine Archived 5 December 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Andrew Gray (6 Dec 2023) EU countries order only 60,000 shells for Ukraine via new scheme - sources Archived 8 December 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ FORECAST INTERNATIONAL STAFF, FORECAST INTERNATIONAL (18 Apr 2024) Global defense spending jumped in 2023 Archived 22 April 2024 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ BG Pat Ryder USAF (21 Mar 2023) Pentagon Press Secretary Air Force Brig. Gen. Pat Ryder Holds an On-Camera Press Briefing Archived 26 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine Separately from the drawdown, M1A1 Abrams tanks are to be delivered to Ukraine, as built up from hulls via USAI
- ^ a b David Vergun, DOD News (4 Apr 2023) Large Quantity of Defensive Munitions Earmarked for Ukraine Archived 5 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Joseph Clark, DOD News (3 May 2023) DOD Announces Latest Security Assistance Package for Ukraine Archived 3 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Lolita C. Baldor, AP and Matthew Lee, AP (2 May 2023) US to send Ukraine $300 million in military aid Archived 3 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Eastern Herald News Room (3 May 2023) US To Send New $300 Million Military Aid Package To Ukraine Archived 3 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Jennifer Hansler and Betsy Klein, CNN (3 May 2023) The US announced a new $300 million security assistance package for Ukraine. Here's what is in it Archived 4 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Mike Stone and Patricia Zengerle, Reuters (2 May 2023) New U.S. Military Aid to Ukraine to Include Air-Launched Rockets -Sources Archived 3 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Brigadier General Pat Ryder, Pentagon Press Secretary (9 May 2023) Pentagon Press Secretary Air Force Brig. Gen. Pat Ryder Holds a Press Briefing Archived 10 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Military Times (13 Feb 2023) Go inside the plant making artillery rounds for U.S. and Ukrainian armies Archived 19 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine video of 155mm howitzer production at Scranton plant
- ^ AP Video (19 Apr 2023) U.S. ramps up making artillery shells for Ukraine Archived 8 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine available on YouTube 8Jp60vga6SE
- ^ MARCUS WEISGERBER (25 JANUARY 2023) Expect Big Replenishment Orders Soon, Army Tells Industry Archived 6 June 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ CAITLIN M. KENNEY (19 Jan 2023) Army May Consider Buying Weapons Parts in Advance to Avoid Delays Archived 5 June 2023 at the Wayback Machine "The service should look at weapons buying 'in a nonlinear way', Army Chief of Staff Gen. James McConville said"
- ^ Elizabeth Howe (17 Nov 2022) Army Preps for 'Contested Logistics', Works to Boost Arms Production Archived 2 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ U.S. Army Public Affairs (8 Dec 2022) Army contract actions to increase 155 mm artillery shell body capacity Archived 14 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ John A. Tirpak (8 Feb 2023) For Defense Industry to Surge Production, Here's What It Needs, Leaders Tell Congress Archived 15 June 2023 at the Wayback Machine Eric Fanning
- ^ MARCUS WEISGERBER (8 February 2023) Memo Details Effort to Boost Production of Weapons Sent to Ukraine Archived 27 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine LaPlante "Pentagon's top buyer offers a 'targeted list' of weapons to help solve a problem decades in the making"
- ^ Joe Gould, Bryant Harris, Sebastian Sprenger and Tom Kington (13 Feb 2023) When will the war in Ukraine end? Experts offer their predictions. Archived 25 April 2024 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Joe Gould (9 May 2022) Lockheed, aiming to double Javelin production, seeks supply chain 'crank up' Archived 25 April 2024 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Matthew Wheaton, Joint Munitions Command, Public and Congressional Affairs (7 February 2023) Secretary of the Army discusses modernization efforts during SCAAP visit Archived 27 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Joe Gould (8 February 2023) Lawmakers worry about weapons makers’ ability to meet demand Archived 25 April 2024 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Joe Gould (7 Nov 2022) Congress poised to back multiyear weapons purchases, LaPlante says Archived 25 April 2024 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Andrew Chuter Ukraine gets British long-range missiles ahead of counteroffensive Archived 25 April 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Defense News. 11 May 2023.
- ^ Aaron Mehta and Ruben Johnson (16 May 2023) Armed with Storm Shadow, Ukraine could 'starve' Russian front lines of logistics, leadership Archived 16 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Christopher F. Schuetze, The New York Times (14 May 2023) Germany Announces Its Biggest Military Aid Package Yet for Ukraine Archived 14 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine p.A1
- ^ a b c Joseph Clark, DOD News (31 May 2023) DOD Announces New Security Assistance Package for Ukraine Archived 1 June 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Stone, Mike; Roulette, Joey (1 June 2023). "SpaceX's Starlink wins Pentagon contract for satellite services to Ukraine". Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 June 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
- ^ a b US DoD (9 June 2023) Biden Administration Announces Additional Security Assistance for Ukraine Archived 5 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c US DoD (13 Jun 2023) Biden Administration Announces Additional Security Assistance for Ukraine Archived 14 June 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Reporting from Ukraine (13 Jun:) FOOTAGE: Ukrainian Tanks Breach Russian Defense | War in Ukraine Explained Archived 14 June 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Joseph Clark, DOD News (13 Jun 2023) DOD Announces New Round of Aid for Ukraine Archived 14 June 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Ashley Rocque (14 June 2023) In Germany, Austin gets update on Abrams program, praises 'successive miracles' in equipping Ukrainians Archived 15 June 2023 at the Wayback Machine 142 HIMARS launchers as of 14 Jun 2023
- ^ a b Lolita C. Baldor and Tara Copp, Associated Press (20 June 2023) Pentagon error provides extra $6.2 billion for Ukraine military aid Archived 25 April 2024 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Joseph Clark, DoD News (27 June 2023) Pentagon Announces $500M in Security Assistance for Ukraine Archived 28 June 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Eleanor Watson, CBS News (27 June 2023) $500 million in security assistance for Ukraine includes more armored vehicles Archived 28 June 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Patrick Tucker (20 Sep 2023) Ukraine downed a hypersonic missile with a Patriot. What that says about the future of weapons Archived 25 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Joseph Clark, DOD News (7 July 2023) DOD Announces $800M Security Assistance Package for Ukraine Archived 8 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ BBC (8 Jul 2023) Rishi Sunak says the UK discourages use of cluster bombs in Ukraine Archived 8 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Politico (8 Jul 2023) Spain and UK warn against sending cluster bombs to Ukraine Archived 8 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Joseph Clark, DOD News (14 Aug 2023) Pentagon Announces $200M in Security Assistance for Ukraine Archived 15 August 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ C. Todd Lopez, DOD News (29 August 2023) AIM-9M Missiles, $250 Million in Additional Security Assistance Headed for Ukraine Archived 30 August 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Tim Martin (8 Sep 2023) European Defence Agency signs first set of joint ammunition procurement contracts Archived 9 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine The US has been producing 24,000 155mm shells per month in 2023 and will be producing 80,000 per month in 2024. Kyiv has been firing 7,700 shells per day.
- ^ a b Joseph Clark, DOD News (6 September 2023) DOD Announces $175M in Additional Security Assistance for Ukraine Archived 6 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ US Department of Defense (DoD) (7 September 2023) Biden Administration Announces Additional Security Assistance for Ukraine Archived 8 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Joseph Clark, DOD News (1 Sep 2023) Biden Meets With Ukraine President, as U.S. Sends $325M Arms Package Archived 22 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Al Jazeera (23 September 2023) Ukraine to receive US long-range ATACMS missiles, US media report Archived 23 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Jack Detch (17 Oct 2023) Ukraine Targets Russia With Secret New Supply of U.S. Weapons
- ^ Denys Davydov (17 Oct 2023) Update from Ukraine | Ukraine strikes Ruzzian Military airfield with ATACMS missiles | Big Kaboom
- ^ a b US DoD Sec. Lloyd Austin III and Gen. CQ Brown, Jr. (11 October 2023) US Secretary of Defense Lloyd J. Austin III and Joint Chiefs of Staff Chairman General Charles Q. Brown Jr. Hold a Post-Meeting Press Conference at the Ukraine Defense Contact Group Meeting, Brussels, Belgium
- ^ David Vergun, DOD News (3 Nov 2023) Ukraine Defense Package Includes Missiles, Air Defense 50th Security Package
- ^ Tom Kington (17 Nov 2023) Industry group rejects EU blame in missed ammo target for Ukraine
- ^ Sam Skove (27 Nov 2023) In race to make artillery shells, US, EU see different results
- ^ a b Ashley Rocque [https://breakingdefense.com/2024/01/nato-inks-twin-artillery-deals-worth-1-2b-to-replenish-allies-stocks-help-ukraine/ (23 Jan 2024) NATO inks twin artillery deals worth $1.2B to replenish allies’ stocks, help Ukraine]
- ^ a b AP News (23 Jan 2024) NATO signs key artillery ammunition contract to replenish allied supplies and help Ukraine
- ^ Ukrainska Pravda (20 Nov 2023) US transfers new US$100 million military assistance package to Ukraine
- ^ a b Los Angeles Times (21 Nov 2023) Germany pledges $1.4 billion military aid package to help Ukraine beat back Russia
- ^ Ukrainska Pravda (22 November 2023) Pentagon chief opens Ramstein meeting and calls for Ukraine's air defence to be strengthened
- ^ a b Boyko Nikolov (5 November 2023) New 155mm artillery to Ukraine – 8 ARCHERs arrived from Sweden
- ^ Daniel Trock (26 Dec 2023) Long Range Blast: The Power Of The Howitzer Archer System
- ^ US DoD (12 Dec 2023) Biden Administration Announces New Security Assistance for Ukraine; US DoD (12 Dec 2023) Fact Sheet on U.S. Security Assistance to Ukraine
- ^ Joseph Clark, DOD News (27 Dec 2023) DOD Announces Aid Package for Ukraine
- ^ Oren Liebermann, Natasha Bertrand and Jennifer Hansler, CNN (27 Dec 2023) Biden administration announces $250 million Ukraine military assistance package as US exhausts available funding
- ^ a b c Ashley Rocque (23 Jan 2024) Getting ahead: Ukraine Defense Contact Group forms 2 coalitions
- ^ Ashish Dangwal (31 Jan 2024) Ukraine Set To Become 'First Country' To Use GLSDBs In A War; US To Deliver 1st Shipment Soon — Reports
- ^ a b c US DoD (14 Feb 2024) Secretary of Defense Lloyd J. Austin III Statement on the 19th Ukraine Defense Contact Group
- ^ a b Brandi Vincent (23 Jan 2024) Nations form new 'capability coalitions' to help confront Ukraine’s long-term military needs
- ^ Tim Martin (11 Dec 2023) Norway, UK join forces to lead Maritime Capability Coalition for Ukraine, counter Russian threat
- ^ Martin Fornusek (14 Feb 2024) Umerov after Ramstein: 15 countries join air defense coalition in support of Ukraine
- ^ David Axe (1 March 2024) With A Million Shells About To Ship, Ukraine's Artillery Crisis Could End Soon
- ^ Patrick Tucker (12 March 2024) US will send another $300M in weapons to Ukraine, thanks to 'cost savings'
- ^ a b c Alexander Ward, Paul McLeary, and Lara Seligman (10 May 2024) US to announce new $400 million military aid package for Ukraine
- ^ a b US DoD (24 April 2024) Biden Administration Announces Significant New Security Assistance for Ukraine
- ^ a b US DoD (26 Apr 2024) Biden Administration Announces Historic New Security Assistance Package for Ukraine $6 billion USAI
- ^ "Biden Administration Announces Additional Security Assistance for Ukraine". U.S. Department of Defense.
- ^ TARA COPP AND MATTHEW LEE (23 May 2024) US will announce $275 million more in artillery and ammunition for Ukraine, officials say "The package includes high mobility artillery rocket systems, or HIMARS, munitions as well 155mm and 105 mmhigh-demand artillery rounds, according to two U.S. officials. Additional items in the aid package include Javelin and AT-4 anti-tank systems; anti-tank mines, tactical vehicles, small arms and ammunition for those weapons.."
- ^ a b US DoD (7 Jun 2024) Biden Administration Announces Additional Security Assistance for Ukraine
- ^ Deutsche Welle (16 Mar 2023) Poland to transfer MiG-29 jets to Ukraine within days 20 MiG-29s
- ^ Antonia Mortensen and Duarte Mendonca (16 Mar 2023) Poland will transfer 4 MiG-29 fighter jets to Ukraine in the coming days, Polish president says
- ^ AP (17 Mar 2023) Slovakia Agrees To Give Ukraine Fleet Of Soviet Warplanes 13 MiG-29s
- ^ AP (17 Apr 2023) Slovakia gives Ukraine remaining 9 of 13 promised warplanes
- ^ a b c Ashley Rocque (19 May 2023) US greenlights F-16 fighter jet training for Ukrainian pilots in Europe
- ^ Matthew Sedacca (20 May 2023) Sending F-16s to Ukraine carries 'enormous risks', Russian official said
- ^ Lolita C. Baldor and Tara Copp, Associated Press (25 May 2023) Austin hopes F-16 training for Ukrainian pilots will begin in weeks
- ^ a b Konstantin Toropin (25 May 2023) '$2B for 10 Aircraft': Pentagon Looks to Allies to Fund Ukraine F-16 Training
- ^ Bradley Peniston, Jennifer Hlad, and Ben Watson (25 May 2023) Today's D Brief: Brown on tap for CJCS; Russian glide bombs; Ukraine aid totals; F-35 Band-Aid; And a bit more
- ^ Wall Street Journal (16 Jun 2023) Ukrainian Air Force Explains How F-16s Will Be a Game Changer | WSJ Pentagon approves training for Ukrainian pilots. Training will take 4 months or less. There will be nations with surplus F-16s after they purchase F-35s
- ^ Voice Of America News (12 Jun 2023) Ukrainian Pilots Eager to Use F-16s in Fight Against Russia |VOANews Ukrainian Pilots using flight simulators with touch screens
- ^ a b Task & Purpose (4 Oct 2023) How F-16 Fighter Jets Dominate the Sky in Ukraine 24 minute video
- ^ Jaroslav Lukiv (18 Aug 2023) Ukraine war: US allows transfer of Danish and Dutch F-16 war planes to Kyiv Denmark: 30 F-16s, Netherlands: 24 F-16s
- ^ Sam Skove (27 Dec 2023) Six more Ukrainian pilots now training on F-16s in Denmark, more on their way As of 27 December 2023 "at least 14 Ukrainian Air Force pilots now have some training on the Western jet".
- ^ Aila Slisco (8 Jan 2024) Ukraine's Major F-16 Delivery Gets New Timeline
- ^ Ryan Pickrell (27 May 2023) Flying the F-16 in Ukraine is 'high risk,' and Kyiv's air forces can't just fly the fighter jet headlong into Russia's defenses
- ^ Nathan J. Lucas, Patrick Parrish, Christina L. Arabia (17 Mar 2023) Transferring Fighter Aircraft to Ukraine: Issues and Options for Congress R47476
- ^ Ellie Cook (1 May 2024) Surprise F-16 Update Issued by Ukraine
- ^ "Why Russia's Invasion of Ukraine Led to Sanctions on Belarus". Time. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ "Russian Hybrid War Report: Belarus joins conflict against Ukraine". Atlantic Council. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ Coakley, Amanda (24 February 2022). "Lukashenko Is Letting Putin Use Belarus to Attack Ukraine". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ Mallet, Victor (25 February 2022). "Nato alarmed by Belarus role in Ukraine assault". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ Hart, Robert. "Russian Forces 'Fully Withdrawn' From Northern Ukraine, U.K. Defense Ministry Says". Forbes. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
- ^ a b Picheta, Frederik Pleitgen,Zahra Ullah,Claudia Otto,Rob (16 February 2023). "Belarus claims it won't send troops to Ukraine unless it is attacked, as tensions escalate at border". CNN. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Post, Kyiv (16 February 2023). "Belarus Will Only Join Russian Offensive 'If Attacked First' – Lukashenko". Get the Latest Ukraine News Today - KyivPost. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
- ^ "FM Kuleba: Lukashenko assures Zelensky that Belarusian military won't be used against Ukraine". www.ukrinform.net. 27 February 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
- ^ "Ukraine has proposed non-aggression pact with Belarus: President Lukashenko". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
- ^ "Как Лукашенко втянул Беларусь в конфликт с Украиной и чем это грозит экономике" [How Lukashenka Dragged Belarus into a Conflict with Ukraine and How It Threatens the Economy]. BBC (in Russian). 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ "Ukraine and Russia meet at Belarus border but no ceasefire agreement reached". ABC News. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
- ^ "Missiles launched into Ukraine from Belarus". BBC News. 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ TxtReport (8 Mar 2023) Russia secretly bought 200 containers of weapons from Iran{{subst:mdash}}Sky News
- ^ Deborah Haynes (8 Mar 2023) Iran's alleged ammunition for Russia's war in Ukraine: The secret journey of the cargo ships accused of supplying invasion €140 million and samples of NLAWS, Javelin, and Stinger transferred
- ^ Ben Watson (8 Mar 2023) Chinese military officials are worried about Starlink satellites almost as much as they worry about Javelin missiles
- ^ Bennett, Dalton; Ilyushina, Mary. "Inside the Russian effort to build 6,000 atttack drones with Iran's help". The Washington Post. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
- ^ Bailey, Riley; Mappes, Grace; Evans, Angelica; Harward, Christina; Kagan, Frederick W. "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 17, 2023". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
- ^ Aleem, Zeeshan (11 August 2023). "The U.S. reportedly meddled with Pakistan's democracy over Russia". MSNBC. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
- ^ a b Vu, Khang. "Why North Korea is denying its involvement in Russia's war in Ukraine". theinterpreter. Lowy Institute. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
- ^ Ward, Alexander (30 March 2023). "Russia seeking munitions from North Korea, Kirby says". Politico. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
- ^ Radford, Antoinette (30 March 2023). "Russia to offer food for North Korean weapons - US". BBC News. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
- ^ Madhani, Aamer (30 March 2023). "US: Russia seeks arms-for-food deal with North Korea". Associated Press. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
- ^ Hyun-woo, Nam (14 June 2023). "North Korea suspected of providing more weapons to Russia". The Korea Times. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
- ^ Davies, Christian (14 June 2023). "Russia resumes oil exports to North Korea after pandemic hiatus". Financial Times. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
- ^ McCurry, Justin (12 June 2023). "Kim Jong-un 'holds hands' with Vladimir Putin as Russia-North Korea ties deepen". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
- ^ "North Korea's Kim Offers 'Full Support' to Putin on Russia Day". The Moscow Times. 12 June 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
- ^ Park, Ju-min; Hogue, Tom (25 June 2023). "North Korea vice foreign minister supports Russian leadership over mutiny". Reuters. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
- ^ "North Korean leader Kim Jong Un meets Russian defence chief Shoigu in Pyongyang". France 24. 27 July 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
- ^ Rennolds, Nathan. "Kim Jong Un has plastered his walls with bizarre, giant portraits of Putin, images from North Korean state media reveal". Business Insider. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
- ^ TONG-HYUNG, KIM (27 July 2023). "North Korean leader Kim Jong Un meets with Russian defense minister to discuss military cooperation". Associated Press. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
- ^ Sang-Hun, Choe (27 July 2023). "North Korea Vows Support for Moscow in Visit by Russian Delegation". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
- ^ "Russian, Chinese Delegates Join North Korea at Parade Featuring ICBMs". Voice of America. 29 July 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
- ^ Ng, Kelly (27 July 2023). "North Korea: Kim Jong Un shows off missiles to Russia defence chief Shoigu". BBC News. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
- ^ Yim, Hyunsu; Smith, Josh (28 July 2023). "North Korea's Kim shows off banned missiles to Russian minister". Reuters. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
- ^ Nanu, Maighna (29 July 2023). "'Desperate' Russian defence minister in North Korea to buy weapons, says Anthony Blinken". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
- ^ "U.S. Says Shoigu Looking for Weapons in North Korea". The Moscow Times. 29 July 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
- ^ "U.S. Says Russia's Shoigu Looking For Weapons In North Korea". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
- ^ Davies, Christian (27 July 2023). "Russian defence minister vows to strengthen military ties with North Korea". Financial Times. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
- ^ SARAH ANNE AARUP, SERGEY PANOV, AND DOUGLAS BUSVINE (24 July 2023) China secretly sends enough gear to Russia to equip an army
- ^ Talley, Ian; DeBarros, Anthony (4 February 2023). "China Aids Russia's War in Ukraine, Trade Data Shows". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 12 March 2023. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
- ^ Wong, Alan (24 February 2023). "'No Commercial Contact': Chinese Drone Maker Denies Selling Arms to Russia". Vice News. Archived from the original on 12 March 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
- ^ Swanson, Ana; Ismay, John (23 June 2023). "Chinese Firm Sent Large Shipments of Gunpowder to Russian Munitions Factory". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 24 June 2023. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
- ^ Banco, Eric; Aarup, Sarah Anne (16 March 2023). "'Hunting rifles' — really? China ships assault weapons and body armor to Russia". Politico.
- ^ "Use of Chinese ammunition in Ukraine confirmed by U.S.: sources". Kyodo News. 18 March 2023.
- ^ Rettman, Andrew (9 May 2023). "The EU fears that Chinese and UAE firms could be supplying weapons components to Russia, new sanctions indicate". EUOBSERVER.
- ^ Nardelli, Alberto; Jacobs, Jennifer (6 April 2024). "China Is Providing Geospatial Intelligence to Russia, US Warns". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
- ^ Martina, Michael; Brunnstrom, David (25 April 2024). "China harbors ship tied to North Korea-Russia arms transfers, satellite images show". Reuters. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
- ^ Lecca, Tommaso (6 April 2024). "'Significant consequences' if Chinese firms help Russia's war in Ukraine, US's Yellen warns". Archived from the original on 7 April 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
- ^ Chiacu, Doina; Freifeld, Karen (10 April 2024). "US restricts trade with companies tied to drones used by Russia, Houthis". Reuters. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
- ^ SEKI, YUKO; FUJII, SHOTA (5 June 2023). "Russia 'buying back' arms parts exported to Myanmar and India". Nikkei Asia.
- ^ "Russia buys back arms parts sold to Asia". Militarnyi. 5 June 2023.
- ^ "Russia received ammunition manufactured by Myanmar". Militarnyi. 26 July 2023.
- ^ "UAWeapons". Twitter. 26 July 2023.
- ^ Zan, Hein Htoo (28 July 2023). "Myanmar Junta Mortar Rounds Fired by Russia in Ukraine". The Irrawaddy.
- ^ Li, Grace. "Maldives leads tourism recovery, buoyed by Russian travelers". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
- ^ Pal, Alasdair; Junayd, Mohamed (7 April 2022). "Insight: Maldives shelters sanctioned Russian billionaires' yachts". Reuters. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
- ^ "Maldives is second-largest microcircuit supplier to Russia after China". pravda.com.ua. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
- ^ CREEL, KATHERINE; YANO, SHOJI. "Maldives: Small island nation with big role shipping chips to Russia". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
- ^ Adam Samson in Ankara and Chris Cook and Max Seddon in London Financial Times (27 Nov 2023) Turkey's exports of military-linked goods to Russia soar
- ^ Timsit, Annabelle; Taylor, Adam; Cheng, Amy (1 March 2022). "Ukraine is asking foreigners to help fight Russia. Some are heeding the call, despite enormous risks". The Washington Post. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
- ^ "Volodymyr Zelensky and his generals explain why the war hangs in the balance". The Economist. 15 December 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
Advancing 84km south through Zaporizhia province to Melitopol would suffice, says General Zaluzhny, because it would put HIMARS launchers within range of Russian supply lines to the peninsula, making the enemy's positions untenable. Ukrainian officials say that this approach was discussed and war-gamed earlier in the year with General Mark Milley, America's top soldier and Lieutenant-General Chris Donahue, commander of America's 18th Airborne Corps, which co-ordinated Western training and equipment for Ukraine until recently.
- ^ a b Abend, Lisa (7 March 2022). "Meet the Foreign Fighters Risking Their Lives in Ukraine". Time. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
- ^ Bilefsky, Dan; Hopkins, Valerie (9 June 2022). "3 Foreign Fighters in Ukraine's Army Sentenced to Death in Russian-Held Territory". The New York Times. ISSN 1553-8095. OCLC 1645522. Archived from the original on 9 June 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
- ^ "Britons, Moroccan sentenced to death in separatist-held Ukraine". Al Jazeera. 9 June 2022. Archived from the original on 9 June 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
- ^ "Roman Abramovich 'played key part' in release of Aiden Aslin and prisoners of war in Russia". The Daily Telegraph. 22 September 2022.
- ^ LeBlanc, Paul (28 February 2022). "Why the US isn't sending troops into Ukraine". CNN. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
- ^ Askew, Joshua (12 April 2023). "Western special forces on the ground in Ukraine, shows leak". euronews. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
- ^ Davies, Harry; Ganguly, Manisha (11 April 2023). "Up to 50 UK special forces present in Ukraine this year, US leak suggests". The Guardian.
- ^ Ali, Idrees; Landay, Jonathan (11 April 2023). "US officials review intel sharing after damaging leak". REUTERS.
- ^ Vaillancourt, William (14 April 2023). "Tucker Totally Ignores Fox News Fact Check on Ukraine War". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
- ^ Martinez, Luis (12 April 2023). "US special operations team working out of embassy in Ukraine: Sources". NBC News. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
- ^ Lemon, Jason (3 March 2022). "Russia Vows Prosecution of Foreign Fighters After 16K Join Ukraine". Newsweek. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- ^ "Ukraine war: Putin seeks foreign volunteers to fight in Ukraine". BBC News. 11 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
- ^ Ball, Tom (11 March 2022). "African fighters prepare to join Russian troops". The Times. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
- ^ Madhani, Aamer; Miller, Zeke (21 October 2022). "US: Iranian troops in Crimea backing Russian drone strikes". AP News. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
- ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, November 25". Institute for the Study of War. 25 November 2022. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
- ^ "UN resolution against Ukraine invasion: Full text". Al Jazeera. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
The General Assembly ... [d]eplores in the strongest terms the aggression by the Russian Federation against Ukraine in violation of Article 2 (4) of the Charter
- ^ Chernova, Anna; Cotovio, Vasco; Thompson, Mark (28 February 2022). "Sanctions slams Russian economy". CNN. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
- ^ Corder, Mike (3 March 2022). "ICC prosecutor launches Ukraine war crimes investigation". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 16 April 2022. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
- ^ Funakoshi, Minami; Lawson, Hugh; Deka, Kannaki (9 March 2022). "Tracking sanctions against Russia". Reuters. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
- ^ Melander, Ingrid; Gabriela, Baczynska (24 February 2022). "EU targets Russian economy after 'deluded autocrat' Putin invades Ukraine". Reuters. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ "Western Countries Agree To Add Putin, Lavrov To Sanctions List". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ "Western allies will remove Russian banks from Swift". BBC News. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ Davidson, Kate; Weaver, Aubree Eliza (28 February 2022). "The West declares economic war on Russia". Politico. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022.
- ^ Fleming, Sam; Solomon, Erika; Borrelli, Silvia Sciorilli (26 February 2022). "Italy move adds to EU momentum for cutting Russian banks from Swift". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
- ^ Pop, Valentina (25 February 2022). "EU leaders agree more Russia sanctions, but save some for later". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ Chazan, Guy (22 February 2022). "Scholz takes heat off Germany with decision to freeze Nord Stream 2 project". Financial Times. ISSN 0307-1766. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ Riley, Charles (1 March 2022). "The West's $1 trillion bid to collapse Russia's economy". CNN.
- ^ "IMF, World Bank Chiefs Warn Of Global Impacts From Ukraine War". Barron's. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ Thompson, Mark (24 February 2022). "Russian stocks crash 33% and ruble plunges to record low". CNN. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ "Moscow Exchange resumes trading on its markets at 10:00am". Moscow Exchange. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ Mudgill, Amit (24 February 2022). "Russian stocks nosedive 20% as trading resumes on Moscow Exchange". The Economic Times. New Delhi. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ "Russian central bank decides not to reopen stock market trading next week". Reuters. 12 March 2022.
- ^ Elbahrawy, Farah (4 March 2022). "Russia Keeps Stock Trading Shut in Nation's Longest Closure". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- ^ Ostroff, Caitlin (26 February 2022). "Russia Cut to Junk Rating by S&P, Ukraine's Rating Lowered". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
- ^ "Live updates: Russia invades Ukraine, country braces for major Donbas offensive". CNN. 11 April 2022. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
- ^ "Ukraine publishes list of 50 global brands that are continuing to operate in Russia". The Independent. 11 May 2022. Archived from the original on 25 June 2022.
- ^ "U.S. Executive Order Sanctions the Trade of Russia's Gold Reserves". OCCRP. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
- ^ Klein, David (11 April 2022). "Report: Isolated Russia Could Turn to Africa's Gold Industry". OCCRP. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
- ^ "Missiles fly, but Ukraine's pipeline network keeps Russian gas flowing to Europe". CBC News. 12 April 2022.
- ^ Partington, Richard (1 March 2022). "UK manufacturers face higher costs as Ukraine crisis hits supply chains". The Guardian.
- ^ "Russia faces major disruptions to oil, commodities flows without SWIFT". Reuters. 27 February 2022.
- ^ Phillips, Matt (4 March 2022). "Metal prices soar after Russia's invasion of Ukraine". Axios.
- ^ "Metals world agonizes over war but keeps buying from Russia". Mining.com. 4 April 2022.
- ^ "Russia outlines plan for 'unfriendly' investors to sell up at half-price". Reuters. 30 December 2022.
- ^ Chappell, Bill (4 May 2022). "The EU just proposed a ban on oil from Russia, its main energy supplier". NPR. Archived from the original on 4 May 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
- ^ Jordans, Frank (21 March 2022). "UN chief: Don't let Russia crisis fuel climate destruction". ABC News. Berlin. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 10 April 2022.
- ^ "EU warns of fossil fuel 'backsliding' as countries turn to coal". Al Jazeera. 21 June 2022.
- ^ Geman, Ben (14 March 2022). "The climate spillover of Russia's invasion of Ukraine". Axios.
- ^ Yeung, Jessie; Ryan, Hannah; McGee, Luke; Vogt, Adrienne; Ruiz, Joe (21 May 2022). "Russian transportation minister says sanctions have "practically broken all" logistics corridors for trade". CNN. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
- ^ "Russian demand for ruble gas payments causes first shutdowns in Poland, Bulgaria". Deutsche Welle. 26 April 2022.
- ^ "RNord Stream 1 gas supply cut aimed at sowing uncertainty, Germany warns". Reuters. 15 June 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
- ^ "List of sanctions against Russia after it invaded Ukraine". Al Jazeera. 3 March 2022.
- ^ "Did sanctions really hurt the Russian economy?". Al Jazeera. 29 August 2022.
- ^ "Russia's Putin condemns 'mad and thoughtless' Western sanctions". BBC News. 17 June 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
- ^ "US expands sanctions on Russia's 'brutal' Wagner Group". The Associated Press. 26 January 2023. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
- ^ a b "US seeks to expel Russian mercenaries from Sudan, Libya". The Associated Press. 3 February 2023. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
- ^ "Pentagon Says UAE Possibly Funding Russia's Shadowy Mercenaries in Libya". 30 November 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
- ^ Bloomberg News (2 Mar 2023) Billionaire Deripaska Warns Russia May Run Out of Money in 2024 "Russia should keep developing the market economy", and still has access to "4.5 billion people with $30 trillion of global gross domestic product".
- ^ Anna Chermova (16 Mar 2023) Putin says Russia has more opportunities for business after sanctions 34 $billion Deficit in 2022
- ^ a b Ukrainska Pravda (18 Mar 2023) 2023 may be turning point in impact of sanctions on Russia
- ^ Colin P. Clarke and Mollie Saltskog (10 Mar 2023) What to Do in an Increasingly Bipolar World "Russia has been relegated to a junior partner within China's orbit. Beijing sees strategic opportunities."
- ^ Evelyn Chang (22 Mar 2023) China and Russia affirm economic cooperation for the next several years Presidents Xi Jinping, V.V. Putin, respectively
- ^ Sam Corbishley (22 Mar 2023) Xi Jinping tells 'dear friend' Putin 'change is coming' as he leaves Moscow
- ^ "Estonia Removes Soviet-era Monument, Citing Public Order". Bloomberg News. 16 August 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
- ^ Davies, Pascale (18 August 2022). "Estonia hit by 'most extensive' cyberattack since 2007 amid tensions with Russia over Ukraine war". Euronews. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
- ^ Wiegrefe, Klaus (15 February 2022). "NATO's Eastward Expansion: Is Vladimir Putin Right?". Der Spiegel. ISSN 2195-1349. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
- ^ "Trending news: BBC: Putin replaces military commander in Ukraine – The Moscow Times". Hindustan News Hub. 8 April 2022. Archived from the original on 9 April 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
- ^ "Putin announces formal start of Russia's invasion in eastern Ukraine". Meduza. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
Further reading
- Derix, Steven (2022). Zelensky: Ukraine's President and His Country. Canbury. ASIN B0B24B6HP3.
- D'Anieri, Paul (31 October 2019). Ukraine and Russia: From Civilized Divorce to Uncivil War. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-48609-5 – via Google Books.
- Marples, David R., ed. (2022). The War in Ukraine's Donbas: Origins, Contexts, and the Future. Central European University Press. ISBN 978-9633865972.
- Menon, Rajan; Rumer, Eugene B. (6 February 2015). Conflict in Ukraine: The Unwinding of the Post-Cold War Order. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-53629-5. OCLC 1029335958 – via Google Books.
- Schwirtz, Michael; Troianovski, Anton; Al-Hlou, Yousur; Froliak, Masha; Entous, Adam; Gibbons-Neff, Thomas (16 December 2022). "Putin's War: The Inside Story of a Catastrophe". The New York Times.
- Smith, Christopher M. (15 March 2022). Ukraine's Revolt, Russia's Revenge. Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 978-0-8157-3925-8. OCLC 1287616684 – via Google Books.
- Watling, Jack; Reynolds, Nick (22 April 2022). Operation Z: The Death Throes of an Imperial Delusion (PDF) (Report). Royal United Services Institute.
- Wood, Elizabeth A.; Pomeranz, William E.; Merry, E. Wayne; Trudolyubov, Maxim (15 December 2015). Roots of Russia's War in Ukraine. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-80138-6. OCLC 1008637056 – via Google Books.