Aino Aalto: Difference between revisions
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| death_place = Helsinki, Finland |
| death_place = Helsinki, Finland |
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| nationality = Finnish |
| nationality = Finnish |
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| other_names = |
| other_names = Aino Marsio Aalto, Aino Aalto, Aino Maria Marsio-Aalto |
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| practice = |
| practice = Co-founder of [[Artek (company)|Artek]] |
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| occupation = Architect, designer |
| occupation = Architect, designer |
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| alma_mater = Helsingin Suomalainen Tyttökoulu <br> [[Helsinki University of Technology]] |
| alma_mater = Helsingin Suomalainen Tyttökoulu <br> [[Helsinki University of Technology]] |
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| parents = |
| parents = |
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| spouse = {{marriage|[[Alvar Aalto]]|1925|<!-- Omission per Template:Marriage instructions -->}} |
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Alvar Aalto]]|1925|<!-- Omission per Template:Marriage instructions -->}} |
||
| children = 2 |
| children = 2 (Johan Henrik Hamilkar and Johanna [“Hanni”]) |
||
}} |
}} |
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'''Aino Maria Marsio-Aalto''' (born '''Aino Maria Mandelin''';<ref>From 1906 onwards the family was known as Marsio</ref> 25 January 1894 – 13 January 1949) was a [[Finland|Finnish]] architect and a pioneer of [[Scandinavian design]].<ref>[https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG224348 Aino Aalto] - The British Museum</ref> She is known as the design partner of architect [[Alvar Aalto]], with whom she worked for 25 years, and as a co-founder with him, [[Maire Gullichsen]], and Nils-Gustav Hahl of the design company [[Artek (company)|Artek]], collaborating on many its most well-known designs.<ref name="JetsonenSirkkaliisa2008">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4gmsWHfpJJAC&pg=PA48|title=Finnish Summer Houses|author1=Jari Jetsonen|author2=Jetsonen Sirkkaliisa|date=20 March 2008|publisher=Princeton Architectural Press|isbn=978-1-56898-752-1|pages=48–}}</ref> As Artek's first artistic director, her creative output spanned textiles, lamps, glassware, and buildings.<ref name="Richardson2016">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ve0WDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT91|title=102 Midcentury Chairs: and their stories|author=Lucy Ryder, Richardson|date=8 December 2016|publisher=Pavilion Books|isbn=978-1-911216-80-3|pages=91–}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |
'''Aino Maria Marsio-Aalto''' (born '''Aino Maria Mandelin''';<ref>From 1906 onwards the family was known as Marsio</ref> 25 January 1894 – 13 January 1949) was a [[Finland|Finnish]] architect and a pioneer of [[Scandinavian design]].<ref>[https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG224348 Aino Aalto] - The British Museum</ref> She is known as the design partner of architect [[Alvar Aalto]], with whom she worked for 25 years, and as a co-founder with him, [[Maire Gullichsen]], and Nils-Gustav Hahl of the design company [[Artek (company)|Artek]], collaborating on many its most well-known designs.<ref name="JetsonenSirkkaliisa2008">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4gmsWHfpJJAC&pg=PA48|title=Finnish Summer Houses|author1=Jari Jetsonen|author2=Jetsonen Sirkkaliisa|date=20 March 2008|publisher=Princeton Architectural Press|isbn=978-1-56898-752-1|pages=48–}}</ref> As Artek's first artistic director, her creative output spanned textiles, lamps, glassware, and buildings.<ref name="Richardson2016">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ve0WDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT91|title=102 Midcentury Chairs: and their stories|author=Lucy Ryder, Richardson|date=8 December 2016|publisher=Pavilion Books|isbn=978-1-911216-80-3|pages=91–}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Her work is in the permanent collection of the [[Museum of Modern Art]] (MoMA) in New York, and MoMA has included her work in nine exhibitions,<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moma.org/artists/35|title=Aino Aalto | MoMA|website=The Museum of Modern Art}}</ref> the first of which was ''Aalto: Architecture and Furniture'' in 1938.<ref name="furniture">{{Cite web|url=https://assets.moma.org/documents/moma_catalogue_1802_300061926.pdf|title=Aalto: Architecture and Furniture. | MoMA|website=The Museum of Modern Art}} The exhibition catalogue notes that after the marriage of Alvar and Aino Marsio in 1925 "all works after this date are in collaboration with Mrs. Aalto" (sic).</ref> Other major exhibitions were at the [[Barbican Art Gallery]] in London and [[Chelsea College of Arts|Chelsea Space]] in London. Aino Aalto has been exhibited with Pablo Picasso.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://artfacts.net/artist/aino-aalto/92142|title=Aino Aalto | Artist|website=ArtFacts}}</ref> |
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==Biography== |
==Biography== |
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Aino Mandelin was born in [[Helsinki]]. Her family lived in a co-operative apartment building in Helsinki where she was introduced to neighboring master carpenters and joiners whom she later apprenticed for.<ref name="auto1">{{cite book |last1=Sellers |first1=Libby |title=Women Design |date=7 June 2018 |publisher=Francis Lincoln |isbn=978-0-7112-3923-4 |pages=69–70}}</ref> Aino completed her school education in 1913 at the Helsingin Suomalainen Tyttökoulu (Helsinki Finnish Girls' School). She began studies in architecture that same year at the [[Helsinki University of Technology|Institute of Technology]], Helsinki, and qualified as an architect in 1920. Aino graduated with a handful of other female architects including [[Salme Setälä]]. She also met her future husband, [[Alvar Aalto]], when they were both students.<ref name="auto1"/> In 1920 she went to work for architect [[:fi:Oiva Kallio|Oiva Kallio]] in Helsinki. In 1923 she moved to the city of [[Jyväskylä]] to work in the office of architect Gunnar Achilles Wahlroos, but the following year switched to working in the office of Alvar Aalto. Mandelin married Alvar Aalto in 1925. The Aaltos spent their honeymoon in northern Italy. It was common at that time for young architects in Scandinavia to travel to Italy to study the [[vernacular architecture]], which had a profound influence on Scandinavian architecture during the 1920s, flourishing in the so-called [[Nordic Classicism]] style. |
Aino Mandelin was born in [[Helsinki]]. Her family lived in a co-operative apartment building in Helsinki where she was introduced to neighboring master carpenters and joiners whom she later apprenticed for.<ref name="auto1">{{cite book |last1=Sellers |first1=Libby |title=Women Design |date=7 June 2018 |publisher=Francis Lincoln |isbn=978-0-7112-3923-4 |pages=69–70}}</ref> Aino completed her school education in 1913 at the Helsingin Suomalainen Tyttökoulu (Helsinki Finnish Girls' School). She began studies in architecture that same year at the [[Helsinki University of Technology|Institute of Technology]], Helsinki, and qualified as an architect in 1920. Aino graduated with a handful of other female architects including [[Salme Setälä]]. She also met her future husband, [[Alvar Aalto]], when they were both students.<ref name="auto1"/> In 1920 she went to work for architect [[:fi:Oiva Kallio|Oiva Kallio]] in Helsinki. In 1923 she moved to the city of [[Jyväskylä]] to work in the office of architect Gunnar Achilles Wahlroos, but the following year switched to working in the office of Alvar Aalto. Mandelin married Alvar Aalto in 1925. The Aaltos spent their honeymoon in northern Italy. It was common at that time for young architects in Scandinavia to travel to Italy to study the [[vernacular architecture]], which had a profound influence on Scandinavian architecture during the 1920s, flourishing in the so-called [[Nordic Classicism]] style. |
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The Aaltos moved their office to [[Turku]] in 1927, and started collaborating with architect [[Erik Bryggman]]. The office moved again in 1933 to Helsinki. The Aaltos designed and built a joint house-office (1935–36) for themselves in Munkkiniemi, a suburb of Helsinki, but later (1954–55) had a purpose-built office built in the same neighbourhood. |
The Aaltos moved their office to [[Turku]] in 1927, and started collaborating with architect [[Erik Bryggman]]. The office moved again in 1933 to Helsinki. The Aaltos designed and built a joint house-office (1935–36) for themselves in [[Munkkiniemi]], a suburb of Helsinki, but later (1954–55) had a purpose-built office built in the same neighbourhood. |
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Aino Aalto's role in the design of the architecture attributed to Alvar Aalto has never been specifically verified. Their early built works were mostly small-scale buildings, especially summer villas, designed in the style of Nordic Classicism. Aino’s first project that was accredited entirely to her was Villa Flora (1926) the |
Aino Aalto's role in the design of the architecture attributed to Alvar Aalto has never been specifically verified. Their early built works were mostly small-scale buildings, especially summer villas, designed in the style of [[Nordic Classicism]]. Aino’s first project that was accredited entirely to her was Villa Flora (1926, extended 1938) the Aalto family's holiday home in [[Alajärvi]], [[South Ostrobothnia]], which expressed the efficiency of modernism and the simplicity of rural Finnish life.<ref name="auto1"/> Aino was not completely on board with the ideologies of modernism spreading throughout Europe. Instead she designed homes for domesticity rather than an architectural ideology. She paid attention to the comfort level of a home and used materiality and furnishings to achieve a warm and practical space that was rare in 20th-century modernism.<ref name="auto1"/> |
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It is known that in the design work she concentrated more on the design of interiors (such as the [[Villa Mairea]] in [[Noormarkku]] of 1937–39), but also furniture (such as the [[Paimio Sanatorium]] of 1927–29). In 1935 the Aaltos, together with [[Maire Gullichsen]] (chief client for the Villa Mairea) and Nils-Gustav |
It is known that in the design work she concentrated more on the design of interiors (such as the [[Villa Mairea]] in [[Noormarkku]] of 1937–39), but also furniture (such as the [[Paimio Sanatorium]] of 1927–29). In 1935 the Aaltos, together with [[Maire Gullichsen]] (chief client for the Villa Mairea) and Nils-Gustav Hahl, founded [[Artek (company)|Artek]], a firm selling lighting fixtures and furniture designed by the Aaltos. It has recently been discovered that it was Aino who completed the first interior design work commissioned through Artek, the [[Viipuri Library]] in 1936.<ref name="Artek and the Aaltos">{{cite web |title=Artek and the Aaltos |url=https://www.bgc.bard.edu/exhibitions/exhibitions/5/artek-and-the-aaltos |website=Bard Graduate Center |publisher=Bard Graduate Center |access-date=5 May 2021}}</ref> Aino was the head designer of Artek and later became the managing director.<ref name=":0" /> Artek still produces Aalto furniture but is now owned by a private company.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-house-that-alvar-aalto-built-qpzb5tkjlt8|title=The house that Alvar Aalto built|last=Lee|first=Vinny|date=2012-09-01|work=The Times|access-date=2018-03-22|language=en|issn=0140-0460}}</ref> In the early years of Artek, furniture designs and standards were created and revised by Aino and of the hundreds of designs, only a few are by Alvar Aalto. She also oversaw commissions for interiors, lighting, screens, textiles and other household objects. Under Aino's leadership Artek completed more than eighty interiors.<ref name="The Fringe of a Profession" /> Aino was a versatile designer well before the inception of Artek. Her series of pressed glass objects was awarded a prize at the Milan Triennial in 1936.<ref name="The Fringe of a Profession" /> In the early years of their marriage and design partnership Aino Aalto and her husband would enter architectural competitions with their own separate entries. In the mid-1920s the Aaltos became the first architects in Finland to adopt the purified [[Functionalism (architecture)|Functionalist]] style of architecture coming from central Europe. In Aino Aalto's own individual work this comes out in her entry for the Finnish pavilion for the [[1939 New York World's Fair]], the first prize for which was won by Alvar Aalto. Aino's work was always measured against the achievements of her husband and she often stood by while Alvar received recognition for their joint projects.<ref name="The Fringe of a Profession">{{cite book |last1=Kokkonen |first1=Renja |title=The Fringe of a Profession |pages=79–80}}</ref> |
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[[File:AinoAalto lasi.jpg|thumb|right|120px| [[Iittala]] glass designed by Aino Aalto]] |
[[File:AinoAalto lasi.jpg|thumb|right|120px| [[Iittala]] glass designed by Aino Aalto]] |
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== Exhibitions == |
== Exhibitions == |
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2021 ''Design for Modern Life'' MoMA, |
2021 ''Design for Modern Life'' MoMA, New York, USA |
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2018 ''Modern Couples - Art, Intimacy and the Avant-garde'' Barbican Art Gallery London, United Kingdom |
2018 ''Modern Couples - Art, Intimacy and the Avant-garde'' Barbican Art Gallery London, United Kingdom |
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2017 ''Aino Aalto stars in the Children’s Scale exhibition'' Alvar Aalto Museum, Jyväskylä, Finland |
2017 ''Aino Aalto stars in the Children’s Scale exhibition'' Alvar Aalto Museum, Jyväskylä, Finland |
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2016/2017 ''How Should We Live? Propositions for the Modern Interior'' MoMA, |
2016/2017 ''How Should We Live? Propositions for the Modern Interior'' MoMA, New York, USA |
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2014 ''Nordic Art and Vintage Design'' Galerie Christian Roellin, St. Gallen, Switzerland |
2014 ''Nordic Art and Vintage Design'' Galerie Christian Roellin, St. Gallen, Switzerland |
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2013-2014 ''Designing Modern Women 1890–1990'' MoMA, |
2013-2014 ''Designing Modern Women 1890–1990'' MoMA, New York, USA |
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2009 ''INTO THE WOODS: An Exploration of itala'' Chelsea space London, United Kingdom |
2009 ''INTO THE WOODS: An Exploration of itala'' Chelsea space London, United Kingdom |
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2006 ''Art & Technology. Moments in Artek history'' Alvar Aalto Museum Jyväskylä, Finland |
2006 ''Art & Technology. Moments in Artek history'' Alvar Aalto Museum Jyväskylä, Finland |
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2006 ''Artist’s Choice: Herzog & de Meuron, Perception Restrained'' MoMA, |
2006 ''Artist’s Choice: Herzog & de Meuron, Perception Restrained'' MoMA, New York, USA |
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2004 ''Humble Masterpieces'' MoMA, |
2004 ''Humble Masterpieces'' MoMA, New York, USA |
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2004 Solo Exhibition at Alvar Aalto Museum Jyväskylä, Finland<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://artfacts.net/artist/aino-aalto/92142/biography|title=Aino Aalto | Artist|website=ArtFacts}}</ref><ref name="auto"/> |
2004 Solo Exhibition at Alvar Aalto Museum Jyväskylä, Finland<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://artfacts.net/artist/aino-aalto/92142/biography|title=Aino Aalto | Artist|website=ArtFacts}}</ref><ref name="auto"/> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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* Helamaa, Erkki & Jetsonen, Jari: ''Alvar Aalto Summer Houses''. |
* Helamaa, Erkki & Jetsonen, Jari: ''Alvar Aalto Summer Houses''. Helsinki: Rakennustieto, 2007. |
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* Kinnunen, Ulla (ed.): ''Aino Aalto''. Alvar Aalto Museum |
* Kinnunen, Ulla (ed.): ''Aino Aalto''. Jyväskylä: Alvar Aalto Museum, 2004. |
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* Suominen-Kokkonen, Renja: ''Aino and Alvar Aalto. A |
* Suominen-Kokkonen, Renja: ''Aino and Alvar Aalto. A Shared Journey: Interpretations of an Everyday Modernism''. Jyväskylä: Alvar Aalto Museum, 2007. |
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== External links == |
== External links == |
Latest revision as of 05:27, 7 June 2024
Aino Aalto | |
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Born | Aino Maria Mandelin 25 January 1894 |
Died | 13 January 1949 Helsinki, Finland | (aged 54)
Nationality | Finnish |
Other names | Aino Marsio Aalto, Aino Aalto, Aino Maria Marsio-Aalto |
Alma mater | Helsingin Suomalainen Tyttökoulu Helsinki University of Technology |
Occupation(s) | Architect, designer |
Spouse | |
Children | 2 (Johan Henrik Hamilkar and Johanna [“Hanni”]) |
Practice | Co-founder of Artek |
Aino Maria Marsio-Aalto (born Aino Maria Mandelin;[1] 25 January 1894 – 13 January 1949) was a Finnish architect and a pioneer of Scandinavian design.[2] She is known as the design partner of architect Alvar Aalto, with whom she worked for 25 years, and as a co-founder with him, Maire Gullichsen, and Nils-Gustav Hahl of the design company Artek, collaborating on many its most well-known designs.[3] As Artek's first artistic director, her creative output spanned textiles, lamps, glassware, and buildings.[4] Her work is in the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York, and MoMA has included her work in nine exhibitions,[5] the first of which was Aalto: Architecture and Furniture in 1938.[6] Other major exhibitions were at the Barbican Art Gallery in London and Chelsea Space in London. Aino Aalto has been exhibited with Pablo Picasso.[7]
Biography
[edit]Aino Mandelin was born in Helsinki. Her family lived in a co-operative apartment building in Helsinki where she was introduced to neighboring master carpenters and joiners whom she later apprenticed for.[8] Aino completed her school education in 1913 at the Helsingin Suomalainen Tyttökoulu (Helsinki Finnish Girls' School). She began studies in architecture that same year at the Institute of Technology, Helsinki, and qualified as an architect in 1920. Aino graduated with a handful of other female architects including Salme Setälä. She also met her future husband, Alvar Aalto, when they were both students.[8] In 1920 she went to work for architect Oiva Kallio in Helsinki. In 1923 she moved to the city of Jyväskylä to work in the office of architect Gunnar Achilles Wahlroos, but the following year switched to working in the office of Alvar Aalto. Mandelin married Alvar Aalto in 1925. The Aaltos spent their honeymoon in northern Italy. It was common at that time for young architects in Scandinavia to travel to Italy to study the vernacular architecture, which had a profound influence on Scandinavian architecture during the 1920s, flourishing in the so-called Nordic Classicism style.
The Aaltos moved their office to Turku in 1927, and started collaborating with architect Erik Bryggman. The office moved again in 1933 to Helsinki. The Aaltos designed and built a joint house-office (1935–36) for themselves in Munkkiniemi, a suburb of Helsinki, but later (1954–55) had a purpose-built office built in the same neighbourhood.
Aino Aalto's role in the design of the architecture attributed to Alvar Aalto has never been specifically verified. Their early built works were mostly small-scale buildings, especially summer villas, designed in the style of Nordic Classicism. Aino’s first project that was accredited entirely to her was Villa Flora (1926, extended 1938) the Aalto family's holiday home in Alajärvi, South Ostrobothnia, which expressed the efficiency of modernism and the simplicity of rural Finnish life.[8] Aino was not completely on board with the ideologies of modernism spreading throughout Europe. Instead she designed homes for domesticity rather than an architectural ideology. She paid attention to the comfort level of a home and used materiality and furnishings to achieve a warm and practical space that was rare in 20th-century modernism.[8]
It is known that in the design work she concentrated more on the design of interiors (such as the Villa Mairea in Noormarkku of 1937–39), but also furniture (such as the Paimio Sanatorium of 1927–29). In 1935 the Aaltos, together with Maire Gullichsen (chief client for the Villa Mairea) and Nils-Gustav Hahl, founded Artek, a firm selling lighting fixtures and furniture designed by the Aaltos. It has recently been discovered that it was Aino who completed the first interior design work commissioned through Artek, the Viipuri Library in 1936.[9] Aino was the head designer of Artek and later became the managing director.[10] Artek still produces Aalto furniture but is now owned by a private company.[10] In the early years of Artek, furniture designs and standards were created and revised by Aino and of the hundreds of designs, only a few are by Alvar Aalto. She also oversaw commissions for interiors, lighting, screens, textiles and other household objects. Under Aino's leadership Artek completed more than eighty interiors.[11] Aino was a versatile designer well before the inception of Artek. Her series of pressed glass objects was awarded a prize at the Milan Triennial in 1936.[11] In the early years of their marriage and design partnership Aino Aalto and her husband would enter architectural competitions with their own separate entries. In the mid-1920s the Aaltos became the first architects in Finland to adopt the purified Functionalist style of architecture coming from central Europe. In Aino Aalto's own individual work this comes out in her entry for the Finnish pavilion for the 1939 New York World's Fair, the first prize for which was won by Alvar Aalto. Aino's work was always measured against the achievements of her husband and she often stood by while Alvar received recognition for their joint projects.[11]
Aino Aalto also designed several glassware objects for the Finnish company Iittala, who made household objects. Her most famous glass design is still on sale, and slightly different copies made by companies such as IKEA are widespread. Aalto's "Bölgeblick" design serves as inspiration for a line of dinnerware produced by Iittala.[12] She also collaborated with her husband on the design of the celebrated Savoy Vase in 1936.
Aalto worked in the Artek office until 1949, when she died of cancer. Aino set the tone for the Artek's creative and commercial approach which is still intact.[8]
In 2004 an exhibition and book (edited by Ulla Kinnunen) was arranged at the Alvar Aalto Museum, Jyväskylä, Finland, featuring the life's work of Aino Aalto.
Exhibitions
[edit]2021 Design for Modern Life MoMA, New York, USA
2018 Modern Couples - Art, Intimacy and the Avant-garde Barbican Art Gallery London, United Kingdom
2017 Aino Aalto stars in the Children’s Scale exhibition Alvar Aalto Museum, Jyväskylä, Finland
2016/2017 How Should We Live? Propositions for the Modern Interior MoMA, New York, USA
2014 Nordic Art and Vintage Design Galerie Christian Roellin, St. Gallen, Switzerland
2013-2014 Designing Modern Women 1890–1990 MoMA, New York, USA
2009 INTO THE WOODS: An Exploration of itala Chelsea space London, United Kingdom
2006 Art & Technology. Moments in Artek history Alvar Aalto Museum Jyväskylä, Finland
2006 Artist’s Choice: Herzog & de Meuron, Perception Restrained MoMA, New York, USA
2004 Humble Masterpieces MoMA, New York, USA
2004 Solo Exhibition at Alvar Aalto Museum Jyväskylä, Finland[13][5]
Notes and citations
[edit]- ^ From 1906 onwards the family was known as Marsio
- ^ Aino Aalto - The British Museum
- ^ Jari Jetsonen; Jetsonen Sirkkaliisa (20 March 2008). Finnish Summer Houses. Princeton Architectural Press. pp. 48–. ISBN 978-1-56898-752-1.
- ^ Lucy Ryder, Richardson (8 December 2016). 102 Midcentury Chairs: and their stories. Pavilion Books. pp. 91–. ISBN 978-1-911216-80-3.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b "Aino Aalto | MoMA". The Museum of Modern Art.
- ^ "Aalto: Architecture and Furniture. | MoMA" (PDF). The Museum of Modern Art. The exhibition catalogue notes that after the marriage of Alvar and Aino Marsio in 1925 "all works after this date are in collaboration with Mrs. Aalto" (sic).
- ^ "Aino Aalto | Artist". ArtFacts.
- ^ a b c d e Sellers, Libby (7 June 2018). Women Design. Francis Lincoln. pp. 69–70. ISBN 978-0-7112-3923-4.
- ^ "Artek and the Aaltos". Bard Graduate Center. Bard Graduate Center. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ a b Lee, Vinny (2012-09-01). "The house that Alvar Aalto built". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
- ^ a b c Kokkonen, Renja. The Fringe of a Profession. pp. 79–80.
- ^ "ULAN Full Record Display (Getty Research)". www.getty.edu.
- ^ "Aino Aalto | Artist". ArtFacts.
References
[edit]- Helamaa, Erkki & Jetsonen, Jari: Alvar Aalto Summer Houses. Helsinki: Rakennustieto, 2007.
- Kinnunen, Ulla (ed.): Aino Aalto. Jyväskylä: Alvar Aalto Museum, 2004.
- Suominen-Kokkonen, Renja: Aino and Alvar Aalto. A Shared Journey: Interpretations of an Everyday Modernism. Jyväskylä: Alvar Aalto Museum, 2007.
External links
[edit]- Aino Aalto collection at the Israel Museum. Retrieved September 2016.
- Aino Aalto Collection at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA)