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Battle of Raab (1809)

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Battle of Raab
Part of Napoleonic Wars
Date14 June 1809
Location
Raab, Austrian Empire (present-day Győr, Hungary)
Result Franco-Italian victory
Belligerents
France French Empire
Kingdom of Italy		 Austrian Empire Austrian Empire
Commanders and leaders
Eugène de Beauharnais Archduke John of Austria
Archduke Joseph Palatine
Strength
39,902, 42 guns[1] 35,525, 30 guns[2]
Casualties and losses
4,000 killed or wounded[3] 6,235 killed, wounded, captured, or missing[4]

The Battle of Raab was fought on 14 June 1809 during the Napoleonic Wars, between Franco-Italian forces and Austrian-Hungarian forces. The battle was fought near Győr (Raab) in Hungary and ended in a Franco-Italian victory. The victory prevented Archduke John of Austria from bringing any significant force to the Battle of Wagram, while Prince Eugène de Beauharnais’s force was able to link up with Emperor Napoleon at Vienna in time to fight at Wagram. Napoleon referred to the battle as "a granddaughter of Marengo and Friedland," as it fell on the anniversary of those two battles.[5]

Campaign

Early moves

During the 1809 campaign in Italy, Viceroy Eugène de Beauharnais led the Franco-Italian army while General der Kavallerie Archduke John of Austria commanded the Austrian army. At the outbreak of war, John moved rapidly to defeat his opponent at the Battle of Sacile on 16 April. This victory drove Eugène back to the Adige River. The front remained static for a few weeks despite attacks by Eugène in the Battle of Caldiero. Meanwhile, an Austrian force bottled up the corps of General of Division Auguste Marmont in Dalmatia. After the Austrian defeat at the Battle of Eckmühl, John received orders to retreat in order to cover the strategic left flank of the army in southern Germany.[6]

Austrian retreat

John fought Eugène in a tough rearguard action at the Battle of Piave River on 8 May. Up to this moment, John and his soldiers had fought well. Now, John probably committed a serious blunder by splitting up his command. With the main army he fell back to the northeast. By the second week of May, John and Feldmarschallleutnant Albert Gyulai stood at Tarvisio with 8,340 troops. Feldmarschallleutnant Johann Maria Philipp Frimont's 13,060-man Mobile Force lay at nearby Villach. Feldmarschallleutnant Ignaz Gyulai with 14,880 men of the IX Armeekorps defended the Ljubljana (Laibach) area to the southeast of Villach. Far to the west-northwest, Feldmarschallleutnant Johann Gabriel Chasteler de Courcelles and 17,460 soldiers of the VIII Armeekorps held the region around Innsbruck. Feldmarschallleutnant Franjo Jelačić and the 10,200-strong Northern Division was stationed at Salzburg to the northwest. Finally, General-major Andreas von Stoichewich's 8,100 men continued to pin Marmont in Dalmatia to the south of Ljubljana. By this time a large proportion of John's forces was made up of hastily raised landwehr infantry.[7]

Battles of Raab (14 June) and Graz (24-26 June) campaign map
Battles of Raab (14 June) and Graz (24-26 June) campaign map

On 13 May, Marshal François Joseph Lefebvre and a Bavarian army wrecked part of Chasteler's corps at the Battle of Wörgl near Innsbruck.[8] On 17 May, John received orders to cut the communications of Emperor Napoleon's Grand Army by moving north. However, the archduke delayed too long in carrying out this assignment.[9] Though badly isolated, Jelačić remained near Salzburg until 19 May. When he finally got moving it was too late. A French corps under General of Division Paul Grenier cut the Northern Division to pieces at the Battle of Sankt Michael on 25 May.[10] John pulled back to Graz, but when he heard of Jelačić's disaster, he decided to retreat east into Hungary.

During May, small Grenz infantry forces heroically defended the mountain passes during the Battle of Tarvis. At Malborghetto Valbruna, 400 soldiers held a blockhouse against 15,000 Frenchmen between 15 and 17 May and only 50 men survived. The French admitted only 80 casualties.[11] At the Predil Pass blockhouse, 250 Austrians and 8 cannon held off 8,500 French soldiers for three days. On 18 May, when the position was finally overrun, the Grenzers were killed to a man. The French admitted suffering 450 casualties.[12] At Tarvisio (Tarvis) itself, Eugène inflicted a serious defeat on Albert Gyulai's outnumbered division.[13]

In mid-May, Marmont defeated Stoichewich's forces in the Dalmatian Campaign. He moved north in a fighting advance, arriving at Ljubljana on 3 June. Marmont then combined with General of Division Jean-Baptiste Broussier and fought Ignaz Gyulai's Austrians in the Battle of Graz from 24 to 26 June. His 11,000 XI Corps soldiers, plus Broussier, force-marched to join Napoleon near Vienna and fought at the Battle of Wagram.[14]

John joined with the Hungarian Insurrection forces (militia) at Győr (Raab). He intended to cross to the north bank of the Danube and move northwest through Bratislava (Pressburg) to unite with the main army, which was commanded by his brother Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen, Generalissimo of the Austrian armies. Napoleon ordered Eugène to pursue and destroy John's army. The Franco-Italian troops caught up with the Austrians in mid-June and forced John to give battle.

Battle

Franco-Italian Army

Eugène de Beauharnais

Army of Italy: Prince Eugène de Beauharnais (39,902, 42 guns)[15]

  • VI Corps: General of Division Paul Grenier (13,940 infantry, 1,178 cavalry, 12 guns, 544 gunners & sappers)
  • XII Corps: General of Division Louis Baraguey d'Hilliers (7,777 infantry, 259 cavalry, 6 guns, 279 gunners)
  • Cavalry Reserve: General of Division Emmanuel Grouchy (5,371 cavalry, 12 guns)
    • Light Cavalry Division: General of Division Louis Pierre, Count Montbrun (1,516 cavalry, 6 guns)
    • Light Cavalry Division: General of Brigade Pierre David de Colbert-Chabanais (1,771 cavalry, 6 guns)
      • 9th Hussar Regiment, three squadrons
      • 7th Chasseurs à Cheval Regiment, three squadrons
      • 20th Chasseurs à Cheval Regiment, three squadrons
    • Dragoon Division: General of Brigade François Guèrin d'Etoquigny (2,084 cavalry, 6 guns)
  • Reserve: Eugène
    • 1st Division: General of Division Michel Marie Pacthod (4,937 infantry, 6 guns, 229 gunners)
    • Light Cavalry Division: General of Division Louis Michel Antoine Sahuc (1,280 cavalry)
    • Dragoon Division: General of Division Charles Joseph Randon de Malboissière de Pully (1,470 cavalry)
    • Italian Guard: General of Division Teodoro Lechi (1,328 infantry, 671 cavalry, 6 guns, 439 gunners)
  • Detached:
    • Division: General of Division Jacques Lauriston[16]
      • Baden Brigade: Colonel Nevenstein (5,494)[17]
        • Leib Regiment Grossherzog, two battalions
        • Regiment Erb Grossherzog, two battalions
        • Regiment Hochberg, two battalions
        • Jaeger Battalion Lingg

Austro-Hungarian Army

Archduke John
  • Army of Inner Austria: Gen Archduke John of Austria and FM Archduke Joseph, Palatine of Hungary (35,525, 30 guns)[18]
    • Left Flank: FML Daniel Mécsery (5,947 cav, 3 guns)
      • Hussar Brigade: OB Johann Gosztonyi (602 reg & 1,740 ins cav)
      • Hussar Brigade: GM Johann Andrássy (739 reg & 1,442 ins cav)
      • Hussar Brigade: FML Andreas Hadik (1,424 ins cav)
    • Center: FML Hieronymus Colloredo-Mansfeld (7,778 inf, 6 guns)[19]
      • Brigade: GM Franz Marziani (747 reg & 967 Lw & 1,400 ins inf)
      • Brigade: GM Peter Lutz (3,186 reg & 1,478 Lw inf)
    • Right Flank: FML Franjo Jelačić (7,517 inf, 6 guns)
      • Brigade: GM Ignaz Legisfeld (1,527 Lw inf)
      • Brigade: OB Ludwig Eckhardt (1,152 reg & 1,700 ins inf)
      • Brigade: GM Ignaz Sebottendorf (2,015 reg & 1,123 Lw inf)
    • Right Flank Cavalry: (1,546 cav)
      • Cavalry Brigade: OB Emerich Bésán (885 reg & 661 ins cav)
    • Reserve: FML Johann Frimont (7,863 inf, 12 guns)
      • Brigade: GM Anton Gajoli (2,579 reg & 517 Lw inf)
      • Brigade: GM Johann Kleinmeyer (2,505 reg & 1,671 gr inf)
      • Brigade: GM Konstantin Ettingshausen (591 reg inf)
    • North of the Raab River: FZM Paul Davidovich (3,980, 3 guns)

Key

  • FM = Feldmarschall or Field Marshal, army commander
  • Gen = General of Cavalry, corps or army commander
  • FZM = Feldzeugmeister, corps or army commander
  • FML = Feldmarschal-Leutnant, division or corps commander
  • GM = General-Major, brigade commander
  • OB = Oberst or Colonel
  • gr = grenadiers, elite troops
  • reg = regular army
  • Lw = Austrian landwehr (militia)
  • ins = Hungarian insurrections (militia)

Plans

Though John's 35,000-man army was only a little less numerous than Eugène's 40,000 soldiers, the quality of his soldiers was markedly inferior. Many thousands of the Habsburg troops were poorly trained Austrian landwehr (19,000 men) and Hungarian insurrection militia (16,000 men). The archduke knew this and planned to fight a defensive battle in a strong position. Feldmarschall Archduke Joseph, Palatine of Hungary outranked John and was present on the field, but John exercised effective command of the army.

Hieronymus Colloredo held the Austrian center.

John drew up his army behind the Pándzsa stream, facing generally west. The Pándzsa ran roughly from south to north across his front, emptying into the Raab River to the north. In the vicinity of the battlefield, the Raab ran from west to east, protecting John's north flank. The fortress of Győr was on the south side of the river a short distance to the northeast. John hoped the marshy banks of the Páncza to the south would discourage a French envelopment from that direction. The enclosed and stoutly-built Kis-Megyer farm stood on the east bank of the Páncza. Just east of Kis-Megyer farm rose Szabadhegy hill. On the hill's north side lay Szabadhegy hamlet.[20]

John deployed FML Mécsery's 5,947 cavalry to defend his left flank behind the Pándzsa. He turned Kis-Megyer into a major strongpoint by packing FML Colloredo's 7,778 infantry into the farm and its environs. Jelačić's 7,517 soldiers defended the right flank in front of Szabadhegy hamlet. FML Frimont's 7,863-man reserve stood on Szabadhegy hill. Oberst Bésán's 1,546 horsemen held the ground between Jelačić's right and the Raab River. FZM Davidovich held some field works on the north side of the river with about 4,000 Hungarian militia.

Eugène took MG Grouchy from his corps command and reassigned him to command the 5,371 troopers in the cavalry divisions of MG Montbrun, BG Guèrin, and BG Colbert. These were posted on the right (south) flank with the intention of turning John's left flank. Eugène ordered Grenier to assault the Austrian center with the 15,662 men of his two divisions. MG d'Hilliers was instructed to attack the Austrian right with his single division of 8,315 soldiers. Eugène held the troops from Grouchy's corps in reserve, MG Pacthod's 5,166 foot soldiers and MG Sahuc's 1,280 cavalry. He also kept back MG Pully's 1,470 dragoons and MG Lechi's 2,438 Italian Guards.[21]

Fighting

Emmanuel Grouchy's cavalry was key to the French victory.

In the first rush, MG Durutte's troops stormed across the Pándzsa and seized Kis-Megyer farm, but the Austrians quickly took it back. In bitter fighting, the farm changed hands five times. Finally, John committed GM Kleinmeyer's powerful brigade. Four grenadier battalions and the soldiers of the Alvinczi Infantry Regiment # 19 pushed back MG Seras' troops, then fell upon Durutte's division near the farm. Meanwhile, MG Severoli's division pushed back Jelačić and took part of Szabadhegy hamlet. John sent GM Gajoli's brigade from the reserve to deal with this threat. The Austrian counterattack succeeded in panicking the soldiers of Grenier and d'Hilliers. They abandoned their gains and ran back to the west side of the Pándzsa and safety.[22]

Deducing that the three Austrian cannon defended the best crossing point over the Pándzsa, Grouchy ordered up his 12 guns. French cannonfire soon silenced the opposing artillery pieces, allowing Grouchy's horsemen to begin fording the stream. When the French cavalry charged, covered by a cannonade, the Insurrections Hussars soon took flight. Only the Ott Hussar Regiment # 7 and the Archduke Joseph Hussar Regiment # 2 put up serious resistance and both units suffered heavy losses. Grouchy wheeled his troopers to the left to roll up John's left flank.[23]

Faced with a crisis, John redeployed his units in an L-shaped line. His right flank still ran along the Pándzsa, but at Kis-Megyer farm, the line bent to face south along the Szabadhegy hill. John sent Bésán's horsemen from the right flank to cover the new left flank on the east side of Szabadhegy hill. For his second assault, Eugène sent in Pacthod's division and Lechi's Italian Guards from his reserve. The second infantry attack slowly made headway. Finally, the Italian Guard cleared Kis-Megyer farm. John, fearing envelopment from Grouchy's cavalry, ordered a retreat northeast into Győr fortress.

Results

The Franco-Italians suffered 4,000 killed and wounded.[24] The Austrians lost 747 killed, 1,758 wounded, and 2,408 captured for a total of 4,913 casualties. There were also 1,322 soldiers reported missing, giving a total of 6,235 men subtracted from John's army.[25] John's army retreated northeast to Komárno, leaving a garrison in Győr. The fortress surrendered on 22 June with 2,500 soldiers after a weak resistance.[26]

One historian writes,

Archduke John now reaped the dubious fruits of his incredibly ill-advised policy of breaking up his army after the Battle of Piave River. This defeat foiled any hopes that Archduke John would be able to bring any significant forces to help in the epic struggle against Napoleon at Wagram on 5 and 6 July.[27]

Eugène soon joined Napoleon with 23,000 soldiers.[28] While these men fought at the Battle of Wagram, John was only able to bring 12,000 men to that field and he intervened too late to have any effect.[29]

Footnotes

  1. ^ Bowden & Tarbox, p 120
  2. ^ Bowden & Tarbox, p 123
  3. ^ Smith, p 315
  4. ^ Smith, p 316
  5. ^ Chandler, p 355
  6. ^ Bowden & Tarbox, p 95
  7. ^ Bowden & Tarbox, p 115-117
  8. ^ Smith, p 303
  9. ^ Bowden & Tarbox, p 96
  10. ^ Smith, p 312
  11. ^ Smith, p 304-305
  12. ^ Smith, p 306
  13. ^ Smith, p 304
  14. ^ Bowden & Tarbox, p 96-98
  15. ^ Bowden & Tarbox, p 118-120
  16. ^ Epstein, 131. Epstein identifies the units in Lauriston's division as the Baden brigade and Colbert's cavalry brigade. Colbert was detached to Grouchy's wing.
  17. ^ Bowden & Tarbox, 59. Bowden lists this brigade in the Eckmuhl order of battle. Its composition and strength may have changed between April and July.
  18. ^ Bowden & Tarbox, p 121-123.
  19. ^ Smith-Kudrna, Colloredo-Mansfeld indicates that Colloredo was promoted to FML only after Raab.
  20. ^ Bowden & Tarbox, p 96-97
  21. ^ Bowden & Tarbox, Raab map
  22. ^ Bowden & Tarbox, p 97
  23. ^ Bowden & Tarbox, p 97-98
  24. ^ Smith, p 315
  25. ^ Smith, p 316
  26. ^ Smith, p 317
  27. ^ Smith, p 316
  28. ^ Bowden & Tarbox, p 154
  29. ^ Bowden & Tarbox, p 168

References

Books

  • Bowden, Scotty & Tarbox, Charlie. Armies on the Danube 1809. Arlington, Texas: Empire Games Press, 1980.
  • Chandler, David. Dictionary of the Napoleonic Wars. New York: Macmillan, 1979. ISBN 0-02-523670-9
  • Smith, Digby. The Napoleonic Wars Data Book. London: Greenhill, 1998. ISBN 1-85367-276-9

External links

See also

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