Jewish–Romani relations
 | This article possibly contains original research. (February 2024) |
Jews and Romani people have interacted for centuries, particularly since the arrival of Romani people in Europe in the 13th and 14th centuries. Both communities have histories of living in diaspora communities, and both have experienced persecution in Europe since the medieval period. While antisemitism and anti-Romani bigotry manifest differently, there are overlapping prejudices, such as the use of blood libel; the false accusation that Jewish or Romani people kidnap and kill children for ritualistic purposes.[1] The systematic murder of both Jews and Romani people during the Holocaust has strengthened Jewish-Romani relations during the post-WWII era.[2]
History
Jews and Romani people are among the oldest ethnic minority groups in Europe. Jews have lived in Europe for over two thousand years, with Jewish communities existing in the Mediterranean region for centuries prior to the Common Era. Scholars believe that the ancestors of Romani people left the Punjab region of what is now India and Pakistan 1,500 years ago. Romani people began arriving in Europe during the late medieval period in the 13th and 14th centuries.[3]
17th century
The Elizabethan playwright Thomas Dekker (1572-1632) was one of the first people in England to provide a written description of Romani people. Dekker described Romani as "a people more scattered than Jews: beggerly in apparell, barbarous in condition, beastly in behaviour..."[4]
20th century
According to "Rain of Ash: Roma, Jews, and the Holocaust":
Such issues appear prominently in Elie Wiesel's Night, among the best- known memoirs of life in a Nazi camp. The original Yiddish version of Wiesel's famous book contended with the same linguistic and cultural baggage evident in other Yiddish writing from the era. He used the term zigeiner ("Gypsy") as a qualifier to describe something chaotic and disgraced: the leftover property of Jews strewn on ghetto streets appeared like a "Gypsy market" (zigeiner- mark); standing isolated on the street he is "like a Gypsy"; and the act of being forced to stand up and sit down to be counted is akin to being treated like a "Gypsy gang" (zigeiner-bande). 138 Wiesel's description of his interactions with Romanies in Auschwitz in both the Yiddish and revised French and English versions of Night disrupts his casual and caricatured portrayals of "Gypsies." It depicts his father's traumatic encounter with a Romani kapo as a pivotal moment after his deportation from Transylvania. 139 According to Wiesel, after his father politely inquired where he might find the restrooms, the "Gypsy" in charge stared at him and then beat him in response. Wiesel depicts his father's disgust at such "barbarians" and describes his own realization that he was now in a world where he could not defend his father. 140 Considering his portrayal of "Gypsy" ways in the Yiddish edition, Wiesel may well have perceived the affront as particularly egregious because it was inflicted on him and his fellow deportees by people they had traditionally considered to be below them. [5]
Many Jews who did not interact with the Romani populations and had ignorant views on them thinking of them as "exotic", "criminal", and "chaotic". There was a divide among the Jewish population and the Romani population, in which the Jews who did not live in villages with Romani populations often displayed racist and discriminatory behavior against them.
Many Jews who lived among or close by to Romani communities or went to the same concentration camps as them showed antipathetic behavior towards the Romani victims while those who lived farther, or not knowing what the Roma were going through tended to be more sympathetic [6].
Due to this often segregational idea, many Roma saw Jews as being more socially and economically privileged and that there was an unequal relationship with regards to memorializing the Holocaust.
21st century
In 2016, around 10 Romani families were forced out of the village of Loshchynivka near the city of Odesa, Ukraine. The incident was described in the Ukrainian media as a "gypsy pogrom". One perpetrator of the violence stated that he considered the violence similar to historical pogroms, because he considered both Jews and Romani people to be deserving victims of violence. Irina Șihova, a Moldovan Jew who curates Moldova's Jewish Heritage Museum, compared the violence to the Kishinev pogrom of 1903 that her great-grandfather had survived.[7]
In 2017, a round table was held involving both Jewish and Romani activists, religious leaders, and lay people in the United Kingdom, organized by CCJO René Cassin and the Board of Deputies of British Jews. The Board of Deputies states that "Jews, Gypsies, Roma and Travellers have a great deal in common", including a shared history of persecution and contemporary concerns about rising hate crimes.[8][9]
In 2018, a proposal by the Italian Interior Minister Matteo Salvini to create a government registry listing all Romani people in Italy was widely condemned by Italian Jews. The Union of Italian Jewish Communities issued a statement comparing the proposal to historic antisemitic legislation passed by the Italian fascist government in the 1930s.[10]
In 2019, 650 Romani people in Russia fled the villages of Chemodanovka and Lopatki after conflicts with ethnic Russians. Witnesses against the violence compared it to historical antisemitic pogroms in the Russian Empire.[11]
Observers have noted an increase in both antisemitic and anti-Romani bigotry in Hungary during the 21st century. World Jewish Congress president Ronald S. Lauder has said that the persecution of Jews and Romani people are linked, highlighting the persecution of both groups during the Holocaust.[12]
Jewish law and Romani law
Cornell University professor Calum Carmichael has discussed the similarities and differences between Jewish religious law (halakha) and Romani law (marime). He notes ritualistic similarities regarding avoidance of blood from animals or menstruating women and detailed standards regarding ritual hygiene and food consumption but notes that Jewish law and Romani law do not share common origins. Marquette University professor Alison Barnes has stated that comparing and contrasting Jewish law and Romani law can provide "insight regarding the effects of ritual behavior on the observant", despite the major differences between the two approaches.[13]
Judaism among Romanies
The majority of Romani people are Christians or Muslims. The number of Romani Jews is small. Romani Jews have been noted in Belarus and in Sofia, Bulgaria.[14]
Zhutane Roma
A small group of people referred to as the Zhutane Roma emerged in Sofia, Bulgaria, during World War II. They were the mixed descendants of poor Jewish women who married Romani men. This group of Bulgarian Romani Jews lived in the neighborhood of Faculteta on Sredna Gora Street. There were over 100 Romani-Jewish families in Sofia. Following the Holocaust, most left for Israel, but several families stayed in Bulgaria.[15].
See also
References
- ^ "Fascination and Hatred: The Roma in European Culture". The National WWII Museum. Retrieved 2023-09-06.
- ^ "Rain of Ash". Princeton University. Retrieved 2023-09-06.
- ^ "The historical and ongoing persecution of Europe's gypsies". The Open University. Retrieved 2023-09-06.
- ^ "Dekker, Thomas: A veritable cesspool of crime and criminals". Sotheby's. Retrieved 2023-09-06.
- ^ "Rain of Ash: Roma, Jews, and the Holocaust". Ari Joskowicz.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|url=(help) - ^ "Rain of Ash: Roma, Jews, and the Holocaust". Ari Joskowicz.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|url=(help) - ^ "In Ukraine, Jews witness historic echoes in pogroms against the Roma". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 2023-09-06.
- ^ "Issue Areas". Board of Deputies of British Jews. Retrieved 2023-09-06.
- ^ "Hate Crime – Jewish and Gypsy, Roma and Traveller communities unite". CCJO René Cassin. Retrieved 2023-09-06.
- ^ "Italian Jews say plan for Roma 'registry' has echoes of fascist past". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 2023-09-06.
- ^ "'Like Pre-Revolutionary Pogroms': Ethnic Conflicts on the Rise in Russia". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 2023-09-06.
- ^ "Increased Hostility Against Jews And Roma In Hungary". NPR. Retrieved 2023-09-06.
- ^ "Gypsy Law: Romani Legal Traditions and Culture". Marquette University. Retrieved 2023-09-06.
- ^ "The Roma/Gypsies of Europe: a persecuted people" (PDF). Berman Jewish Policy Archive. Retrieved 2023-09-06.
- ^ Kenrick, Donald (1997). In the Shadow of the Swastika: The Gypsies During the Second War War, Volume 2. University of Hertfordshire Press. p. 92. ISBN 9780900458859.