Kurdish emirates
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The Kurdish chiefdoms or principalities were several semi-independent entities which existed during the 16th to 19th centuries during the state of continuous warfare between the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Iran.[1] The Kurdish principalities were almost always divided and entered into rivalries against each other.[1] The demarcation of borders between the Safavid Shah Safi and the Ottoman caliph Sultan Murad IV in 1639 effectively divided Kurdistan between the two empires.[1]
The eyalet of Diyarbakir was the center of the major and minor Kurdish chiefdoms. However, other Kurdish emirates existed outside of Diyarbakir.[2][3]
Policy during the Ottoman-Persian wars
The Ottomans gave the Kurds self-rule during the Ottoman-Persian wars, to ensure that the Kurds remain on the Ottoman side. After the Treaty of Erzurum in 1823 the Persian threat was reduced & the Ottomans brought the Kurdish Chiefdoms under direct control.[4]
List
Northern Kurdistan
| Beylik's name | Capital city | Duration of rule |
|---|---|---|
| Principality of Bohtan | Cizre | early 8th century–1847 |
| Principality of Eğil | Eğil | 1049–1864 |
| Principality of Bitlis | Bitlis | 1187–1847 |
| Emirate of Çemişgezek | Çemişgezek | 13th century–1663 |
| Emirate of Hasankeyf | Hasankeyf | 1232–1524 |
| Emirate of Hâkkari | Hâkkari | before 1380s–1847 |
| Principality of Zirqan | Mardin, later Gürdükan, finally Ataq | 1335–1835 |
| Principality of Suleyman | –
|
15th century–1838 |
| Principality of Mahmudi | –
|
1406–1839 |
| Emirate of Pazooka | Eleşkirt | 1499–1587 |
| Emirate of Miks | Bahçesaray | ?–1846 |
| Emirate of Kilis | Kilis | –
|
| Emirate of Şirvan | Şirvan | ?–1840s |
| Emirate of Palu | Palu | 1495–1850 |
Southern Kurdistan
| Beylik's name | Capital city | Duration of rule |
|---|---|---|
| Principality of Bahdinan | Amadiya | 1339–1843 |
| Principality of Baban | Sulaymaniyah | 16th century–1850 |
| Soran Emirate | Rawanduz | before 1514–1836 |
Eastern Kurdistan
| Beylik's name | Capital city | Duration of rule |
|---|---|---|
| Khoy Khanate | Khoy | 1210–1799 |
| Vassaldom of Ardalan | Sanandaj | 14th century–1865/68 |
| Principality of Mukri | Mahabad | c. 1400 – c. 1800 |
| Principality of Pinyanişi | –
|
1548–1823 |
See also
- Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire
- List of Kurdish dynasties and countries
- Ayyubids
- Shaddadids
- Islamic Emirate of Byara
- Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro
- Mount Lebanon Emirate
Notes
- ^ a b c KurdishGlobe- Kurdish Nationalism in Mam u Zin of Ahmad-î Khânî -- (Part XII) Archived 2012-03-25 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Kurdish notables and the Ottoman state: evolving identities, competing ..., p. 49, at Google Books By Hakan Özoğlu
- ^ "The Formation of Ottoman Kurdistan: Social, Economic and Political Developments in Ottoman Kurdistan before the Nineteenth Century (1514–1800)". The Formation of Ottoman Kurdistan: Social, Economic and Political Developments in Ottoman Kurdistan before the Nineteenth Century (1514–1800) (Chapter 2) - The Political Economy of the Kurds of Turkey. Cambridge University Press. 2017. pp. 64–92. doi:10.1017/9781316848579.005. ISBN 9781107181236.
{{cite book}}:|website=ignored (help) - ^ http://www.let.uu.nl/~martin.vanbruinessen/personal/publications/Evliya/Evliya%20in%20Diyarbekir_Ch_2_Ottoman.pdf [bare URL PDF]