Kurdish emirates
The Kurdish chiefdoms or principalities were several semi-independent entities which existed during the 16th to 19th centuries during the state of continuous warfare between the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Iran.
In Ottoman Empire
The Kurdish emirates were tribal confederations ruled by local dynasties and maintained their own internal organisation. Both military power and bureaucratic structure were provided from local sources. Tribal mullahs were given the authority of qadi and a judicial system was established. The emirate structure, in which the dynastic family called mîr did not have full authority over the tribes and rather provided control and balance among the tribes, was a stage between the tribal and simple state structure. The existence of a hierarchy within the local dynasties in the Kurdish emirates can also be mentioned.[1] Despite this administrative structure, which in theory allowed them to maintain their traditional administration to a large extent, the Kurdish amirs always kept the opportunity to cooperate with the Safavids when they had problems with the Ottoman administrators. Especially 16 and 17th centuries, he Ottoman-Persian wars, which became continuous in the centuries, increased the opportunity for the Kurdish emirates to use this opportunity.[1]
The Ottoman administration, due to its new administrative understanding, reorganized the status of the emirates and increased the control of the central government, as it did in other regions. By the 19th century, although a significant part of the emirates had been abolished until the turn of the century, the Emirate of Baban, Soran, Bahdinan, Hakkâri and the Bohtan, whose center was Cizre, preserved their place in the Ottoman administrative system at the beginning of the century. However, the Kurdish emirates Selim III and Mahmud II. During the centralization process in the Mahmud era, they lost their authority to a large extent.[2]
After the Bedir Khan Beg's revolt was suppressed and the Kurdish emirates in the region were put to an end.[3]
List of entities
Northern Kurdistan
Name | Capital city | Duration of rule |
---|---|---|
Principality of Bohtan | Cizre | early 8th century–1847 |
Principality of Eğil | Eğil | 1049–1864 |
Principality of Bitlis | Bitlis | 1187–1847 |
Emirate of Çemişgezek | Çemişgezek | 13th century–1663 |
Emirate of Bingöl | Bingöl | 1231–1864 |
Emirate of Hasankeyf | Hasankeyf | 1232–1524 |
Principality of Zirqan | Mardin, later Gürdükan, finally Ataq | 1335–1835 |
Emirate of Hâkkari | Hâkkari | before 1380s–1847 |
Principality of Suleyman | –
|
15th century–1838 |
Principality of Mahmudi | –
|
1406–1839 |
Emirate of Pazooka | Eleşkirt | 1499–1587 |
Emirate of Kilis | Kilis | –
|
Emirate of Şirvan | Şirvan | ?–1840s |
Emirate of Palu | Palu | 1495–1850 |
Southern Kurdistan
Name | Capital city | Duration of rule |
---|---|---|
Principality of Bahdinan | Amadiya | 1339–1843 |
Principality of Baban | Sulaymaniyah | 16th century–1850 |
Soran Emirate | Rawanduz | before 1514–1836 |
Eastern Kurdistan
Name | Capital city | Duration of rule |
---|---|---|
Khoy Khanate | Khoy | 1210–1799 |
Vassaldom of Ardalan | Sanandaj | 14th century–1865/68 |
Principality of Mukri | Mahabad | c. 1400–c. 1800 |
Principality of Pinyanişi | –
|
1548–1823 |
Sarab Khanate | Sarab | after 1747—? |
See also
- Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire
- List of Kurdish dynasties and countries
- Ayyubids
- Shaddadids
- Islamic Emirate of Byara
- Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro
- Mount Lebanon Emirate
References
- ^ a b Özcoşar 2019, p. 119.
- ^ Özcoşar 2019, p. 120.
- ^ Özcoşar 2019, p. 121.
Sources
- Özcoşar, İbrahim (2019). "Osmanlı Dönemi". Kürtler. İslâm Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). Vol. EK–2. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı. pp. 118–121.