This article is missing information about extinct Late Pleistocene-Holocene genera. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page.(April 2023)
Map of AfricaThe quagga (Equus quagga quagga), extinct since 1883, was zebra-like in the front but more horse-like in the rear. A breeding program aims to create similar-looking animals, but these are not true quaggas.
^The source gives "11,700 calendar yr b2k (before AD 2000)". But "BP" means "before AD 1950". Therefore, the Holocene began 11,650 BP. Doing the math, that is c. 9700 BCE.
^Natural dispersion of a single individual over the Arctic.[30][31]
^BollóK, Á., & Koncz, I. (2020). Sixth- and Seventh-Century Elephant Ivory Finds from the Carpathian Basin. The Sources, Circulation and Value of Ivory in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Archaeologiai Értesítő, Vol. 1: 39-68.
^ abcdRossi, L., Scuzzarella, C. M., & Angelici, F. M. (2020). "Extinct or Perhaps Surviving Relict Populations of Big Cats: Their Controversial Stories and Implications for Conservation". In Problematic Wildlife II (pp. 393-417). Springer, Cham.
^Hamdine, W. et al. (1998) "Histoire récente de l'ours brun au Maghreb". C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Sciences de la Vie / Life Sciences, Vol. 321, pp. 565-570.
^Youcef, S. A. M. (2020). African origins of modern asses as seen from paleontology and DNA: what about the Atlas wild ass?. Geobios, 58, 73-84.
^ abcdefgFaith, J.T. (2014) Late Pleistocene and Holocene mammal extinctions on continental Africa. Earth-Science Reviews, 128, 105-121.
^Kimura, B., Marshall, F. B., Chen, S., Rosenbom, S., Moehlman, P. D., Tuross, N., ... & Mulligan, C. J. (2011). "Ancient DNA from Nubian and Somali wild ass provides insights into donkey ancestry and domestication". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 278(1702), 50-57.
^Rookmaaker, L.C. & Groves, C.P. (1977). "The extinct Cape rhinoceros, Diceros bicornis bicornis (Linnaeus, 1758)". In Szugetierkundliche Mitteilwnge, pg. 117-126.
^Khayale, C., Omondi, P., Kariuki, L., Muruthi, P., Gichohi, N., Stejskal, J., ... & Amin, R. (2021). "Kenya's first White Rhino Conservation and Management Action Plan". Pachyderm, 62, 112-118.
^Grubb, P., & d'Huart, J.P. (2010). "Rediscovery of the Cape warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus: a review". Journal of East African Natural History, 99(2), 77-102.
^Fernandez, P. et al. (2015). The last occurrence of Megaceroides algericus Lyddekker, 1890 (Mammalia, Cervidae) during the middle Holocene in the cave of Bizmoune (Morocco, Essaouira region). Quaternary International, 374, 154-167.
^Tsahar E, Izhaki I, Lev-Yadun S, Bar-Oz G (2009). "Distribution and Extinction of Ungulates during the Holocene of the Southern Levant". PLoS ONE 4(4): e5316. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005316
^Moreno, E., Sane, A., Benzal, J., Ibáñez, B., Sanz-Zuasti, J., & Espeso, G. (2012). "Changes in habitat structure may explain Decrease in reintroduced mohor gazelle population in the Guembeul Fauna Reserve, Senegal". Animals, 2(3), 347-360.
^Iyengar, A., Gilbert, T., Woodfine, T., Knowles, J. M., Diniz, F. M., Brenneman, R. A., ... & Maclean, N. (2007). "Remnants of ancient genetic diversity preserved within captive groups of scimitar‐horned oryx (Oryx dammah)". Molecular Ecology, 16(12), 2436-2449.
^Woodfine, T., & Gilbert, T. (2016). "The fall and rise of the scimitar-horned oryx: a case study of ex-situ conservation and reintroduction in practice". In Antelope Conservation: From Diagnosis to Action, 280-296.
^Campmas, E., Laroulandie, V., Michel, P., Amani, F., Nespoulet, R., & Mohammed, A. E. H. (2010). 22 "A great auk (Pinguinus impennis) in North Africa: discovery of". In Birds in Archaeology: Proceedings of the 6th Meeting of the ICAZ Bird Working Group in Groningen (23.8-27.8. 2008) (Vol. 12, p. 233). Barkhuis.
^Marini, A. & Talbi, M. (2008). Desertification and Risk Analysis Using High and Medium Resolution Satellite Data: Training Workshop on Mapping Desertification, Springer Science & Business Media, 274 pages.
^ abHenning, G. A., Terblanche, R. F., & Ball, J. B. (2009). South African Red Data Book: Butterflies.