List of European species extinct in the Holocene
This list of European species extinct in the Holocene features animals known to have become extinct in the last 12,000 years on the European continent and its surrounding islands.
All large islands in the Mediterranean Sea are included except for Cyprus, which is in the List of Asian animals extinct in the Holocene. The recently extinct animals of the Macaronesian islands in the North Atlantic are listed separately. Overseas territories of European countries are not included here; they are found on the lists pertaining to their respective regions. For example, French Polynesia is grouped with Oceania, while Réunion is grouped with Madagascar and the Indian Ocean islands.
Many extinction dates are unknown due to a lack of relevant information.
Mammals
Undated
Common name/scientific name | Range |
---|---|
Ochotona transcaucasica | the Caucasus[1] |
Prehistoric
Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range | Image |
---|---|---|---|
Sardinian giant shrew Asoriculus similis |
3050 BCE[2] | Sardinia, Italy | |
Steppe bison Bison priscus |
1130-1060 BCE[3] | Northern Eurasia and North America | |
Woolly rhinoceros Coelodonta antiquitatis |
7820-7300 BCE[4] | Northern Eurasia | |
European dhole Cuon alpinus europaeus |
7050-6550 BCE[5] | Central and Southern Europe; the Caucasus?[6] | |
Sardinian dhole Cynotherium sardous |
9500-9300 BCE[7] | Corsica and Sardinia | |
European wild ass Equus hemionus hydruntinus |
3200-2500 BCE[8] | Europe and Southwest Asia | |
Majorcan giant dormouse Hypnomys morpheus |
4840-4690 BCE[9] | the Gymnesian Islands, Spain | |
Woolly mammoth Mammuthus primigenius |
9290-8970 BCE[4] | Northern Eurasia and North America | |
Irish elk Megaloceros giganteus |
4912-4846 BCE[3] | Europe and Southern Siberia | |
Balearic Islands cave goat Myotragus balearicus |
2830-2470 BCE[10] | the Gymnesian Islands, Spain | |
Balearic giant shrew Nesiotites hidalgo |
3030-2690 BCE[9] | the Gymnesian Islands, Spain | |
Tilos dwarf elephant Palaeoloxodon tiliensis |
3040-1840 BCE[11] | Tilos, Greece | |
Sardinian deer Praemegaceros cazioti |
5550 BCE[12] | Corsica and Sardinia[13] | |
Sardinian pika Prolagus sardus |
348 BCE - 283 CE[14] | Corsica and Sardinia | |
Tyrrhenian field rat Rhagamys orthodon |
348 BCE - 283 CE[14] | Corsica and Sardinia | |
Tyrrhenian vole Tyrrhenicola henseli |
348 BCE - 283 CE[14] | Corsica and Sardinia |
Recent
Common name Scientific name |
Extinction date | Range | Image |
---|---|---|---|
Caucasian elk Alces alces caucasicus |
c. 1900[15] | Northern Caucasus and the Transcaucasian coast of the Black Sea | |
Caucasian wisent Bison bonasus caucasicus |
1927[16] | Caucasus Mountains
Declined after the Russian conquest of the Caucasus as a result of increased hunting, deforestation, and domestic cattle rearing. The subspecies was protected in the 1890s when it was limited to 442 animals in the area between the Belaya and Laba rivers. However an epizootic outbreak in 1919 reduced the animals to just 50, and the last individuals were poached in 1927.[17] The only captive animal, a male, lived in Germany between 1908 and 1925 and bred with females of the lowland wisent subspecies. As a result, several wisent populations carry its genes today.[18] |
|
Carpathian wisent Bison bonasus hungarorum |
1852 | Extinct subspecies of the European bison from Central and Eastern Europe | |
Eurasian aurochs Bos primigenius primigenius |
1627[19] | Mid-latitude Eurasia | |
Sicilian wolf Canis lupus cristaldii |
1970[20] | Sicily, Italy | |
Portuguese ibex Capra pyrenaica lusitanica |
c. 1890[21] | Portuguese-Galician border | |
Pyrenean ibex Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica |
2000[A] | Pyrenees and possibly the Cantabrian Mountains[23] | |
Tarpan Equus ferus ferus |
1909[24] | Europe | |
St. Kilda house mouse Mus musculus muralis |
1930[25] | St. Kilda, Scotland | |
Caspian tiger Panthera tigris virgata |
1922[26] | Caucasus, Western and Central Asia |
Local
Common name scientific name |
Extinction date | Range | Reintroduction | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|
Eurasian elk Alces alces |
Middle Ages | Survives across Eurasia and North America. Extirpated from Great Britain and most of continental Europe during the Middle Ages. | ||
Bowhead whale Balaena mysticetus |
Survives in the Arctic. It may have formerly occurred further south, including in Scandinavia. | |||
Western barbastelle Barbastella barbastellus |
Locally extinct in the Netherlands | |||
Lowland wisent Bison bonasus bonasus |
1919[27] | Central Europe to southern Siberia | 1946[28] | |
Grey wolf Canis lupus |
Wales 1166 England 1390 Scotland 1680 Ireland 1786[29][30] |
Survives across Eurasia and North America. Locally extinct in Great Britain, Ireland, and parts of its mainland range.
Previously extinct in Sweden and Denmark but currently reintroduced.[31][32] ICUN lists the grey wolf as regionally extinct in the Netherlands.[33] In March 2015, the first wolf in 100 years was sighted in the country.[34] This was the first recorded, and second reported sighting following recent successful wolf reintroduction programs in neighboring Germany, with transient migrant wolves apparently occasionally crossing the border. Three wolf cubs were spotted on the Veluwe in June 2019 |
||
Eurasian beaver Castor fiber |
Formerly widespread across Eurasia. Locally extinct in many countries
Present in Armenia until the 19th century. It was extirpated as a result of hunting and deforestation.[35] The last known European beaver in the Netherlands was killed in 1826. In 1988 European beavers were reintroduced in the Biesbosch, and in 1994 beavers were released in the Gelderse Poort (a wilderness area between Arnhem and Nijmegen). The new beavers are doing very well; their numbers are increasing and they are spreading to other parts of the Netherlands. |
Some successful reintroductions | ||
Wapiti Cervus canadensis |
Early Holocene[36] | Central and Northern Europe to Asia and North America | ||
Arctic lemming Dicrostonyx torquatus |
Extirpated from England. Survives in Arctic biomes of Russia | |||
Turkmenian kulan Equus hemionus kulan |
18th–19th centuries[37] | Ukraine to Central Asia[38] | 1950[39] | |
Gray whale Eschrichtius robustus |
550[40] | North Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea, northern Pacific[41] | 2010[B] | |
North Atlantic right whale Eubalaena glacialis |
The eastern North Atlantic population may be functionally extinct, with numbers in the low double digits at most.[44] Entire European regions including French coasts, Hebrides, North and Baltic Seas, and further north up to Swedish, and Norwegian areas were once ranged by whales.[45] | |||
European wildcat Felis silvestris |
Native to Britain, Europe, Turkey, and the Caucasus. Locally extinct across parts of its former range.
Sweden: 1,700–500 BC.[46] The wildcat probably became extinct in the Netherlands in Roman times. The first confirmed specimen in the Netherlands since that time was a dead cat found near Groenlanden in Gelderland, while another dead animal was found in 2002 near Vaals in South Limburg. The first living cat was caught near Heeze, North Brabant in 2004.[47] In 2006 a wild cat was caught on camera near Vaals.[48] These few sightings are not yet positive proof of the wildcat settling in the Netherlands, but the known range of the wildcat has been approaching the Dutch borders since the 1990s. |
|||
Wolverine Gulo gulo |
Widespread in Latvia around 16th–17th centuries, now extirpated | Survives across Eurasia and North America. Locally extinct in Latvia. | ||
Steppe lemming Lagurus lagurus |
Survives in parts of mainland Eurasia. Fossils in Great Britain | |||
Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx |
Subfossil evidence suggets an early medieval extinction, but a written record indicates persistence in Scotland into the late 18th century.[49] | Survives across Eurasia. Extirpated from Great Britain and parts of its mainland range. | ||
Narrow-headed vole Microtus gregalis |
Late Holocene[50][51] | Northern Eurasia | ||
Mediterranean monk seal Monachus monachus |
Mediterranean and North Atlantic. Locally extinct in many countries. | |||
European mink Mustela lutreola |
Widespread in Europe in the 19th century, now critically endangered | Locally extinct across most of its former range | ||
Greater mouse-eared bat Myotis myotis |
20th century | Survives in Europe and the Middle East. Possibly extirpated from Great Britain.[52] A solitary male is known from a single hibernation site in Sussex, but the species is effectively extirpated. | ||
Steppe pika Ochotona pusilla |
Late Holocene[50][51] | Western Europe to Kazakhstan | ||
Walrus Odobenus rosmarus |
1000 CE | Survives throughout Arctic and subarctic areas. Extirpated as a breeder in the British Isles; an occasional vagrant[54] | ||
Muskox Ovibos moschatus |
7050 BCE[55] | Northern Eurasia and North America | 1947[56][C] | |
Harp seal Pagophilus groenlandicus |
"Prehistorically, Harp Seals occurred in the Baltic Sea. Genetic drift, interspecific completion and overhunting by humans are all factors that are likely to have contributed to their extinction in that region."[57] | |||
Lion Panthera leo |
4th century (Balkans)[58] 10th century (Caucasus)[59] |
Africa, the Middle East, northern India, and southeastern Europe | ||
Reindeer Rangifer tarandus |
Middle Ages | Survives across Eurasia and North America. Extirpated from Great Britain c. 1100 CE.[60] Extirpated in Ireland c. 7500 BC.
The rare Finnish forest reindeer (Rangifer tarandus fennicus) survives in only a small portion of its former range in Finland and western Russia. |
||
Greater horseshoe bat Rhinolophus ferrumequinum |
1974 (the Netherlands) | Locally extinct in some countries, including the Netherlands and Malta | ||
Lesser horseshoe bat Rhinolophus hipposideros |
1983 (the Netherlands) | Locally extinct in the Netherlands | ||
Saiga antelope Saiga tatarica |
Locally extinct in some countries. Hunted in the North Caucasus during the Mesolithic and Eneolithic.[64] | Central Europe to Siberia | ||
Wild boar Sus scrofa |
c. 1400 (British Isles)
c. 1700 (Scandinavia) |
Survives across Eurasia and North Africa. Reintroduced to Britain,[65] extirpated from Ireland.[66] Previously extinct in Sweden and Denmark but currently reintroduced.[67][68] | ||
Brown bear Ursus arctos |
Locally extinct in many countries | Across Eurasia and North America | ||
Polar bear Ursus maritimus |
Survives in the Arctic. Locally extinct in Scandinavia, although these seem to be Late Pleistocene records.[69][70] | |||
Arctic fox Vulpes lagopus |
Ranged across much of Eurasia in the last ice age, now restricted to Arctic areas |
Birds
Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range |
---|---|---|
Mediterranean brown fish owl Ketupa zeylonensis lamarmorae |
7433-7035 BCE[14] | Corsica, Sardinia, and Crete[71] |
Ibiza rail Rallus eivissensis |
5295-4848 BCE[72] | Ibiza, Spain |
Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range | Image |
---|---|---|---|
Great auk Pinguinus impennis |
1844[73] | the northern Atlantic and the western Mediterranean | |
Pied raven Corvus corax varius morpha leucophaeus |
1902[74] | the Faroe Islands, Denmark |
Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range | Image |
---|---|---|---|
Slender-billed curlew Numenius tenuirostris |
2001[75] | Western Eurasia and North Africa
In the 1950s it was reported to occur on both sides of the Caucasus during autumn.[76] The species bred in Kazakhstan and southern Siberia and wintered in western Morocco and Tunisia. It likely disappeared as a result of habitat alteration in Asia and overhunting in Africa. There have been no confirmed reports worldwide since 2001.[77] |
Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range | Reintroduction | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|
Eurasian goshawk Accipiter gentilis |
late 19th century (re-established) | Extirpated and re-established in the British Isles | ||
Marsh owl Asio capensis |
1998[78] | Africa and the southwestern Iberian Peninsula | ||
Eurasian eagle-owl Bubo bubo |
c. 6000 BCE (re-established)[79] | Extirpated and re-established in the British Isles | ||
White stork Ciconia ciconia |
Britain: 1416 (reintroduced)[80]
Netherlands: 1891 (reintroduced) |
Extirpated and reintroduced in the British Isles and the Netherlands
Once these birds were very common in the Netherlands. 1891 was the first year that no white stork bred in the Netherlands. A conservation and reintroduction program that started in 1967 resulted in 396 pairs in 2000. |
||
Black stork Ciconia nigra |
2000 | Sweden – 2000 AD[81] | ||
Western marsh harrier Circus aeruginosus |
late 19th century (re-established) | Extirpated and re-established in the British Isles | ||
Kentish plover Charadrius alexandrinus |
Britain: 20th century (last breeding record 1979)[82]
Sweden: 2005 |
Extirpated in the British Isles
Sweden – 2005 AD[83] |
||
European roller Coracias garrulus |
2000 | Sweden – 2000 AD[84] | ||
Middle spotted woodpecker Dendrocoptes medius |
1980 | Sweden / Norway / Denmark / Finland / Iceland – 1980 AD; occasionally observed in known breeding locations[85] | ||
Little egret Egretta garzetta |
Britain: late medieval period (re-established)
Netherlands: 19th century (re-established) |
Extirpated and re-established in the British Isles and the Netherlands
This bird became extinct in the Netherlands in the nineteenth century, due to overhunting because of their feathers which were used in the hat industry. In 1979 this bird first bred again in the Oostvaardersplassen nature reserve. The second time this bird bred again in the Netherlands was in 1994. After that year it bred yearly in the Netherlands. Their numbers are still increasing. |
||
Lanner falcon Falco biarmicus |
1236–1300 (change of climate)[citation needed] | Extirpated in the British Isles | ||
Atlantic puffin Fratercula arctica |
1970 | Extinct in Sweden, although occasionally observed along the coasts[86] | ||
Crested lark Galerida cristata |
1980 | Sweden / Denmark – 1980 AD[87] | ||
Northern bald ibis Geronticus eremita |
16th century | the Mediterranean region | 2004[88] | |
Common crane Grus grus |
late medieval period (re-established) | Extirpated and re-established in the British Isles and parts of Western Europe, including the Netherlands
In 2001, one common crane pair bred successfully after 250 years in the Fochteloërveen,[89][90] a nature reserve on the border of the provinces of Friesland and Drente. Before 2001 the common crane could only be found during the migration period. |
||
White-tailed eagle Haliaeetus albicilla |
1916 (reintroduced) | Extirpated and reintroduced in the British Isles | ||
Eurasian wryneck Jynx torquilla |
Extirpated in the British Isles | |||
Red-backed shrike Lanius collurio |
1989 | Extirpated in the British Isles (as a regular breeding bird) | ||
Red kite Milvus milvus |
1870s (England), 1886 (Scotland); reintroduced | Extirpated and reintroduced in the British Isles | ||
Great bustard Otis tarda |
Britain: 19th century (reintroduced)
Sweden: 2000 |
Extirpated and reintroduced in the British Isles
Sweden – 2000 AD[91] |
||
Osprey Pandion haliaetus |
1916 (re-established) | Extirpated and re-established in the British Isles | ||
Dalmatian pelican Pelecanus crispus |
c. 3000 BCE[92] (Britain) | Survives across Eurasia. Extirpated from the British Isles and the Netherlands.
During excavations of sites dated to the Roman period (around 400 AD) on the Rhine delta there were findings of important breeding sites of the Dalmatian pelican (Pelecanus crispus). |
||
Eurasian spoonbill Platalea leucorodia |
17th century | Extirpated from the British isles (as a breeding bird) (re-established)[93] | ||
Pterodroma sp. Pterodroma feae? |
Iron Age[94] | Extirpated from the British isles | ||
Pied avocet Recurvirostra avosetta |
19th century (re-established) | Extirpated and re-established in the British Isles | ||
Western capercaillie Tetrao urogallus |
1780s (reintroduced) | The Scottish population became extinct, but has been reintroduced from the Swedish population | ||
Wood sandpiper Tringa glareola |
1939 | Does not nest in the Netherlands anymore, but they can be found during the migration season. | ||
Common buttonquail Turnix sylvaticus |
1981[95] | Africa, South Asia, the southwestern Iberian Peninsula, and Sicily | ||
Eurasian hoopoe Upupa epops |
2010 | Sweden – 2010 AD; regularly observed in the country despite no known breeding populations[96] | ||
Baillon's crake Zapornia pusilla |
Extirpated and re-established in Germany, the Netherlands, and the British Isles
This bird was considered extinct in the Netherlands after it was last sighted breeding in 1972. In early 2005 five territorial and two breeding pairs were located again in the province of Utrecht. |
Reptiles
Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range | Image |
---|---|---|---|
Ratas Island lizard Podarcis lilfordi rodriquezi |
1935[97] | Ratas Island off Mahón, Spain | |
Santo Stefano lizard Podarcis sicula sanctistephani |
c. 1965[98] | Santo Stefano Island, Italy |
Locally extinct
Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range | Image |
---|---|---|---|
European pond turtle Emys orbicularis |
Atlantic period
2000 BC (Sweden), 700 BC (Denmark) |
In Switzerland, the European pond turtle was extinct at the beginning of the twentieth century but reintroduced in 2010.[99] In the early post-glacial period, the European pond turtle had a much wider distribution, being found as far north as southern Sweden and Great Britain,[100] where a reintroduction has been proposed by Celtic Reptile & Amphibian.[101] Colonies of escaped pets were possibly established in Great Britain and Sweden.[102][103][104] | |
Western green lizard Lacerta bilineata |
Possibly native and extirpated in Great Britain. Escaped populations exist.[105] | ||
Aesculapian snake Zamenis longissimus |
Atlantic period | According to fossil evidence, the species' area in the warmer Atlantic period (around 8000–5000 years ago) of the Holocene reached as far north as Denmark. Three specimens were collected in Denmark between 1810 and 1863 in southern Zealand, presumably from a relict and now extinct population.[106] They also occurred in Great Britain during the Atlantic period.[107] Escaped populations exist in Great Britain. |
Amphibians
Locally extinct
Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range | Image |
---|---|---|---|
European fire-bellied toad Bombina bombina |
1960 (reintroduced) | Sweden – 1960 AD; populations reintroduced between 1970–1980 are now spread out over Skåne[108] | |
European tree frog Hyla arborea |
1986[109][110] | Extirpated from Great Britain | |
Pool frog Pelophylax lessonae |
1999[111] (reintroduced)[112] | Most likely native to Great Britain.[113] Extirpated and reintroduced in Great Britain | |
Moor frog Rana arvalis |
c. 1000, possibly 1500[114][115][116] | Extirpated from Great Britain. The species has been successfully bred in captivity in the UK and a reintroduction has been proposed as part of Celtic Reptile & Amphibian's rewilding plans. | |
Agile frog Rana dalmatina |
c. 1000, possibly 1500[120][121][122] | The species once lived in the Great Britain, during middle Saxon times, with archaeological remains recovered in East Anglia.[123][124] Celtic Reptile & Amphibian have discussed reintroducing the species.[125][126] |
Fish
Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range | Image |
---|---|---|---|
Skadar nase Chondrostoma scodrense |
1900s[127] | Lake Skadar | |
Coregonus bezola | 1960s[128] | Lac du Bourget, France | |
Coregonus fera | 1920[129] | Lake Geneva | |
Lake Constance whitefish Coregonus gutturosus |
early 1970s[130] | Lake Constance | |
Gravenche Coregonus hiemalis |
1950[131] | Lake Geneva | |
Houting Coregonus oxyrinchus |
1940[132] | the southern North Sea, the Scheldt, Meuse and Rhine Basin up to Cologne, and southeastern England | |
Coregonus restrictus | 1890[133] | Lake Morat, Switzerland | |
Ukrainian migratory lamprey Eudontomyzon sp. nov. 'migratory' |
before 1900[134] | the Dniestr, Dniepr, and Don River drainages | |
Techirghiol stickleback Gasterosteus crenobiontus |
1960s[135] | Lake Techirghiol, Romania | |
Danube delta gudgeon Romanogobio antipai |
1960s[136] | the Lower Danube | |
Salvelinus neocomensis | 1904[137] | Lake Neuchâtel, Switzerland |
Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range | Image |
---|---|---|---|
Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus |
The Baltic population is now nearly extinct. Survives in North America. | ||
European sea sturgeon Acipenser sturio |
Locally extinct across the vast majority of their former range | Europe | |
Allis shad Alosa alosa |
1993 (the Netherlands) | Most of Europe and northwest Africa | |
Twait shad Alosa fallax |
1970 (the Netherlands) | Most of Europe and all Mediterranean countries | |
Zope Ballerus ballerus |
Locally extinct in Lithuania | Eurasia | |
Common skate Dipturus batis |
The common skate is native to the northeast Atlantic. Now, their population and range are severely depleted and fragmented, with disappearances being reported in several places.[138] | ||
Burbot Lota lota |
A fisherman caught the last recorded burbot in July 1970 from the Great Ouse Relief Channel, Norfolk.[citation needed] The species was then presumed extirpated. | Possibly extinct in Great Britain. Reintroduction under consideration. | |
Atlantic salmon Salmo salar |
The Atlantic salmon was very common in the Netherlands in the seventeenth century, but disappeared when the rivers were tamed and closed by the Dutch to protect their land. The salmon could not reach their breeding ground in the rivers Rhine and Meuse. A reintroduction program resulted in salmon in the IJsselmeer and the river Rhine. | ||
Beloribitsa Stenodus leucichthys |
1960s[139] | the Caspian Sea, the Volga, Ural and Terek River drainages
Last recorded in the Ural in the 1960s. All spawning grounds were lost after dams were built in the Volga, Ural, and Terek river drainages. The species continues to exist in captivity, from which it is released periodically in its native range. However, illegal fishing and hybridization with the introduced nelma remain threats to its survival.[140] |
Insects
Common name/scientific name | Range |
---|---|
Perrin's cave beetle Siettitia balsetensis |
France[141] |
Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range |
---|---|---|
Spined dwarf mantis Ameles fasciipennis |
After 1871 | It has only been collected once, probably in 1871 in the Tolentino area, and has not been seen since, despite extensive entomological surveys of the region.[142] |
Tobias' caddisfly Hydropsyche tobiasi |
1938[143] | the Rhine and Main River, Germany |
British large copper Lycaena dispar dispar |
1864[144] | the British Isles |
Moss-land silver-studded blue Plebejus argus masseyi |
1942[145] | Lancashire and Cumbria, the United Kingdom |
Dutch Alcon blue Phengaris alcon arenaria |
1979 | Extinct subspecies from the Netherlands |
Pseudoyersinia brevipennis | 1860[146] | Hyères, France |
Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range |
---|---|---|
Iberian lynx louse Felicola isidoroi |
1997[147] | the Iberian Peninsula |
Locally extinct in Britain
Beetles
- Agonum sahlbergi (ground beetle) – 1914
- Platycerus caraboides (blue stag beetle) – 19th century
- Graphoderus bilineatus (water beetle) – 1906
- Harpalus honestus (ground beetle) – 1905
- Copris lunaris (horned dung beetle) – 1974
- Ochthebius aeneus (water beetle) – 1913
- Platydema violaceum (tenebrionid) – 1957
- Rhantus aberratus (water beetle) – 1904
- Scybalicus oblongiusculus (ground beetle) – 1926
- Teretrius fabricii (histerid) – 1907
Bees, wasps and ants
- Andrena polita (mining bee) – 1934
- Bombus pomorum (apple bumblebee) – 1864[148]
- Bombus cullumanus (Cullum's bumblebee) – 1941[148]
- Eucera tuberculata (mining bee) – 1941
- Halictus maculatus (mining bee) – 1930
- Mellinus crabroneus (digger wasp) – c. 1950
- Odynerus reniformis (mason wasp) – 1915
- Odynerus simillimus (mason wasp) – 1905
- Bombus subterraneus (short-haired bumblebee) – 1989[148]
Flies
- Poecilobothrus majesticus – after 1907[149]
Butterflies and moths
General reference: Waring et al., 2009.[150]
- Aporia crataegi, black-veined white – 1925
- Borkhausenia minutella – 1950
- Lithophane furcifera, conformist (moth) –
- Euclemensia woodiella (moth) – 1829
- Flame brocade (moth) – 1919
- Frosted yellow (moth) – 1914
- Gypsy moth – 1907; reappeared 1995[151]
- Isle of Wight wave (moth) – 1931
- Large copper – 1865
- Large tortoiseshell - 1960s (recolonising from 2019)[152]
- Many-lined (moth) – 1875
- Mazarine blue – 1906
- Orache moth – 1915
- Reed tussock (moth) – 1875
- Scarce black arches (moth) – 1898 (transitory resident)
- Speckled beauty (moth) – 1898
- Union rustic (moth) – 1919
- Viper's bugloss (moth) – 1969[153]
Dragonflies and damselflies
- Norfolk damselfly – 1957
- Orange-spotted emerald (dragonfly) – 1957
Caddisflies
- Hydropsyche bulgaromanorum (caddis fly) – 1926
- Hydropsyche exocellata (caddis fly) – 1901 [citation needed]
Cicada
- Cicadetta montana (New Forest cicada) – not seen in Britain since 2000.[citation needed]
Locally extinct in Lithuania
- Lucanus cervus (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Hamearis lucina (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Lithostege griseata (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)[154]
- Xylocopa valga Gerstaecker, 1872
Locally extinct in the Netherlands
Butterflies
- Aporia crataegi
- Argynnis paphia
- Boloria euphrosyne
- Brenthis ino
- Coenonympha hero
- Cupido minimus minimus
- Euphydryas aurinia aurinia
- Lycaena hippothoe hippothoe
- Melitaea diamina
- Nymphalis antiopa
- Phengaris arion
- Phengaris nausithous
- Phengaris teleius
- Plebeius idas idas
- Polyommatus semiargus semiargus
- Thymelicus acteon acteon
- Spialia sertorius sertorius
Damselflies
Bees
- Ammobates punctatus
- Andrena curvungula
- Andrena marginata
- Andrena nitidiuscula
- Andrena pandellei
- Andrena schencki
- Andrena thoracica
- Anthidium byssinum
- Anthophora aestivalis
- Anthophora bimaculata
- Anthophora borealis
- Anthophora plagiata
- Biastes truncatus
- Bombus confusus
- Bombus cullumanus
- Bombus pomorum
- Bombus subterraneus
- Coelioxys alata
- Dufourea minuta
- Halictus eurygnathus
- Halictus quadricinctus
- Lasioglossum laeve
- Lasioglossum laevigatum
- Nomada argentata
- Nomada furva
- Nomada mutabilis
- Nomada obtusifrons
- Nomada piccioliana
- Nomada rhenana
- Nomada roberjeotiana
- Osmia anthocopoides
- Osmia papaveris
- Osmia xanthomela
- Rophites quinquespinosus
- Thyreus orbatus
Pond damselflies
- Holocentropus insignis
- Hydroptila cornuta
- Hydroptila dampfi
- Ithytrichia lamellaris
- Micrasemodes minimus
- Oligoplectrum maculatum
- Sericostoma flavicorne
- Setodes viridis
- Silo piceus
Grasshoppers and crickets
Stoneflies
- Euleuctra geniculata
- Isogenus nubecula
- Isoperla grammatica
- Isoptena serricornis
- Leuctra fusca
- Marthamea selysii
- Protonemura nitida
- Taeniopteryx nebulosa
- Xanthoperla apicalis
Mayflies
- Ametropus fragilis
- Choroterpes picteti
- Ecdyonurus affinis
- Ecdyonurus dispar
- Habroleptoides modesta
- Habrophlebia lauta
- Heptagenia coerulans
- Isonychia ignota
- Oligoneuriella rhenana
- Palingenia longicauda
- Potamanthus luteus
- Siphlonurus aestivalis
- Siphlonurus alternatus
- Siphlonurus lacustris
Arachnids
Locally extinct in Britain
- Gibbaranea bituberculata — 1954
- Hypsosinga heri — 1912
- Mastigusa arietina — 1926
Sea anemones
Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range | Image |
---|---|---|---|
Ivell's sea anemone Edwardsia ivelli |
1983[156] | the Widewater Lagoon, West Sussex, United Kingdom |
Crustaceans
Locally extinct in Britain
- Artemia salina (brine shrimp) – after 1758[157][158]
Molluscs
Land snails
Molluscs
Common name/scientific name | Range |
---|---|
Zonites siphnicus | Sifnos, Sikinos, and Folegandros, Greece[159] |
Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range |
---|---|---|
Zonites santoriniensis | c. 1600 BCE[160] | Santorini, Greece |
Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range | Image |
---|---|---|---|
Graecoanatolica macedonica | 1988[161] | Doiran Lake, the Greece-North Macedonia border | |
Ohridohauffenia drimica | before 1983[162] | the Drin River, North Macedonia |
Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range |
---|---|---|
Belgrandia varica | 1910[163] | the Var River Delta, France |
Belgrandiella boetersi | unknown[164] | Tiefsteinschlucht, Austria |
Freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera margaritifera |
Locally extinct in Lithuania, Poland, and probably Moravia (in Czechia) | Holarctic distribution |
Parmacella gervaisii | 1874[165] | La Crau, Provence, France |
Zonites embolium | 1985[166] | Zaforas, Greece |
Locally extinct in the Netherlands
- Pisidium tenuilineatum
- Rissoa membranacea
- Spermodea lamellata
- Unio crassus – thick shelled river mussel (1968)
Flowering plants
Locally extinct in Lithuania
- Trapa natans L. (water caltrop)[167]
- Aldrovanda vesiculosa L.
- Rubus arcticus L.
- Veratrum lobelianum Bernh.
- Pedicularis kaufmannii Pinzger
- Groenlandia densa (L.) Fourr.
- Hypericum humifusum L. (trailing St.John's-wort)
- Caldesia parnassifolia (L.) Parl.[168]
- Gladiolus palustris Gaudin (marsh gladiolus)
- Aphanes arvensis L. (parsley piert)
- Hydrocotyle vulgaris L. (marsh pennywort)
- Pycreus flavescens (L.) P. Beauv. ex Rchb.
- Carex rhizina Blytt ex Lindblom
Restored in Lithuania
- Laserpitium latifolium L.
- Platanthera chlorantha (Custer) Rchb.
- Perennial honesty (Lunaria rediviva L.)
- Ramsons (Allium ursinum L.)
- Poa remota Forselles
- Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill.
- Centunculus minimus L.
- Peplis portula L.
- Arctium nemorosum Lej.
- Cyperus fuscus L.
Pinophyta
Locally extinct in Lithuania
Pteridophyta
Locally extinct in Lithuania
- Salvinia natans (L.) All.
Restored in Lithuania
- Northern firmoss (Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. ex Schrank & Martius)
Moss
Locally extinct in Lithuania
- Bartramia ithyphylla Brid.
Algae
Locally extinct in Lithuania
- Chara braunii Gmel.
- Nitella batrachosperma (Reichenb.) A. Braun
- Nitella hyalina (DC.) C. Agardh
- Nitella tenuissima (Desv.) Kütz.
- Nitella translucens (Pers.) C. Agardh
Fungus
Locally extinct in Lithuania
- Conocybe intrusa (Peck) Sing.
- Microstoma protracta (Fr.) Kanouse
- Laricifomes officinalis (Vill.: Fr.) Kotl. & Pouzar
- Coprinus dunarum Stoll.
- Phallus hadriani Vent.: Pers.
- Dictyophora duplicata (Bosc) Fischer
- Sarcosoma globosum (Schmidel: Fr.) Casp.
Lichen
Locally extinct in Lithuania
- Arctoparmelia centrifuga (L.) Hale
- Hypogymnia vittata (Ach.) Parrique
- Solorina spongiosa (Ach.) Anzi
- Usnea glabrata (Ach.) Vain.
- Usnea lapponica Vain.
- Usnea scabrata Nyl.
- Anaptychia runcinata (With.) J. R. Laundon
- Calicium quercinum Pers.
- Chaenotheca hispidula (Ach.) Zahlbr.
- Nephroma resupinatum (L.) Ach.
- Cladonia turgida Hoffm.
- Peltigera aphthosa (L.) Willd.
- Peltigera venosa (L.) Hoffm.
- Peltigera degenii Gyeln.
- Punctelia subrudecta (Nyl.) Krog
- Usnea florida (L.) Weber ex F. H. Wigg.
See also
- List of Asian animals extinct in the Holocene
- Holocene extinction
- Lists of extinct species
- List of extinct bird species since 1500
- Extinct in the wild
- Lazarus taxon
Notes
References
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{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Blue Moor Frog Once Again Seen in the UK After 700 Years in Time for Mating Season".
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