List of European species extinct in the Holocene
This list of European animals extinct in the Holocene features animals known to have become extinct in the last 12,000 years on the European continent and its surrounding islands.
All large islands in the Mediterranean Sea are included except for Cyprus, which is in the List of Asian animals extinct in the Holocene. The recently extinct animals of the Macaronesian islands in the North Atlantic are listed separately. Overseas territories of European countries are not included here; they are found on the lists pertaining to their respective regions. For example, French Polynesia is grouped with Oceania, while Réunion is grouped with Madagascar and the Indian Ocean islands.
Many extinction dates are unknown due to a lack of relevant information.
Mammals
Undated
Common name/scientific name | Range |
---|---|
Ochotona transcaucasica | the Caucasus[1] |
Prehistoric
Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range | Image |
---|---|---|---|
Sardinian giant shrew Asoriculus similis |
3050 BCE[2] | Sardinia, Italy | |
Steppe bison Bison priscus |
1130-1060 BCE[3] | Northern Eurasia and North America | |
Woolly rhinoceros Coelodonta antiquitatis |
7820-7300 BCE[4] | Northern Eurasia | |
European dhole Cuon alpinus europaeus |
7050-6550 BCE[5] | Central and Southern Europe; the Caucasus?[6] | |
Sardinian dhole Cynotherium sardous |
9500-9300 BCE[7] | Corsica and Sardinia | |
European wild ass Equus hemionus hydruntinus |
3200-2500 BCE[8] | Europe and Southwest Asia | |
Majorcan giant dormouse Hypnomys morpheus |
4840-4690 BCE[9] | the Gymnesian Islands, Spain | |
Woolly mammoth Mammuthus primigenius |
9290-8970 BCE[4] | Northern Eurasia and North America | |
Irish elk Megaloceros giganteus |
4912-4846 BCE[3] | Europe and Southern Siberia | |
Balearic Islands cave goat Myotragus balearicus |
2830-2470 BCE[10] | the Gymnesian Islands, Spain | |
Balearic giant shrew Nesiotites hidalgo |
3030-2690 BCE[9] | the Gymnesian Islands, Spain | |
Tilos dwarf elephant Palaeoloxodon tiliensis |
3040-1840 BCE[11] | Tilos, Greece | |
Sardinian deer Praemegaceros cazioti |
5550 BCE[12] | Corsica and Sardinia[13] | |
Sardinian pika Prolagus sardus |
348 BCE - 283 CE[14] | Corsica and Sardinia | |
Tyrrhenian field rat Rhagamys orthodon |
348 BCE - 283 CE[14] | Corsica and Sardinia | |
Tyrrhenian vole Tyrrhenicola henseli |
348 BCE - 283 CE[14] | Corsica and Sardinia |
Recent
Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range | Image |
---|---|---|---|
Caucasian elk Alces alces caucasicus |
c. 1900[15] | Northern Caucasus and the Transcaucasian coast of the Black Sea | |
Caucasian wisent Bison bonasus caucasicus |
1927[16] | Caucasus Mountains
Declined after the Russian conquest of the Caucasus as a result of increased hunting, deforestation, and domestic cattle rearing. The subspecies was protected in the 1890s when it was limited to 442 animals in the area between the Belaya and Laba rivers. However an epizootic outbreak in 1919 reduced the animals to just 50, and the last individuals were poached in 1927.[17] The only captive animal, a male, lived in Germany between 1908 and 1925 and bred with females of the lowland wisent subspecies. As a result, several wisent populations carry its genes today.[18] |
|
Eurasian aurochs Bos primigenius primigenius |
1627[19] | Mid-latitude Eurasia | |
Sicilian wolf Canis lupus cristaldii |
1970[20] | Sicily, Italy | |
Portuguese ibex Capra pyrenaica lusitanica |
c. 1890[21] | the Portuguese-Galician border | |
Pyrenean ibex Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica |
2000[A] |
the Pyrenees and possibly the Cantabrian Mountains[23] | |
Tarpan Equus ferus ferus |
1909[24] | Europe | |
St. Kilda house mouse Mus musculus muralis |
1930[25] | St. Kilda, Scotland | |
Caspian tiger Panthera tigris virgata |
1922[26] | the Caucasus, Western and Central Asia |
Local
Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range | Reintroduction | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|
Eurasian elk Alces alces |
Middle Ages | Survives across Eurasia and North America. Extirpated from Great Britain and most of continental Europe during the Middle Ages. | ||
Lowland wisent Bison bonasus bonasus |
1919[27] | Central Europe to southern Siberia | 1946[28] | |
Grey wolf Canis lupus |
1166 in Wales, 1390 in England, 1680 in Scotland/Britain, 1786 in Ireland;[29] see Wolves in Great Britain and Wolves in Ireland | Survives across Eurasia and North America. Locally extinct in Great Britain, Ireland, and parts of its mainland range. | ||
Eurasian beaver Castor fiber |
Formerly widespread across Eurasia. Locally extinct in many countries
Present in Armenia until the 19th century. It was extirpated as a result of hunting and deforestation.[30] |
Some successful reintroductions | ||
Wapiti Cervus canadensis |
Early Holocene[31] | Central and Northern Europe to Asia and North America | ||
Arctic lemming Dicrostonyx torquatus |
Extirpated from England. Survives in Arctic biomes of Russia | |||
Turkmenian kulan Equus hemionus kulan |
18th-19th century[32] | Ukraine to Central Asia[33] | 1950[34] | |
Gray whale Eschrichtius robustus |
550[35] | the North Atlantic, the Mediterranean Sea, and the northern Pacific Ocean[36] | 2010[B] | |
Wolverine Gulo gulo |
Widespread in Latvia around 16th—17th centuries, now extirpated | Survives across Eurasia and North America. Locally extinct in Latvia. | ||
Steppe lemming Lagurus lagurus |
Survives in parts of mainland Eurasia. Fossils in Great Britain | |||
Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx |
Subfossil evidence suggets an early medieval extinction, but a written record indicates persistence in Scotland into the late 18th century.[39] | Survives across Eurasia. Extirpated from Great Britain and parts of its mainland range. | ||
Narrow-headed vole Microtus gregalis |
Late Holocene[40][41] | Northern Eurasia | ||
Mediterranean monk seal Monachus monachus |
Mediterranean and North Atlantic. Locally extinct in many countries. | |||
Greater mouse-eared bat Myotis myotis |
20th century | Survives in Europe and the Middle East. Possibly extirpated from Great Britain.[42] A solitary male is known from a single hibernation site in Sussex, but the species is effectively extirpated. | ||
Steppe pika Ochotona pusilla |
Late Holocene[40][41] | Western Europe to Kazakhstan | ||
Walrus Odobenus rosmarus |
1000 CE | Survives throughout Arctic and subarctic areas. Extirpated as a breeder in the British Isles; an occasional vagrant[44] | ||
Muskox Ovibos moschatus |
7050 BCE[45] | Northern Eurasia and North America | 1947[46][C] | |
Lion Panthera leo |
4th century (Balkans)[47] 10th century (Caucasus)[48] |
Africa, the Middle East, northern India, and southeastern Europe | ||
Saiga antelope Saiga tatarica |
Locally extinct in some countries. Hunted in the North Caucasus during the Mesolithic and Eneolithic.[49] | Central Europe to Siberia | ||
Wild boar Sus scrofa |
c. 1400 | Survives across Eurasia and North Africa. Reintroduced to Britain,[50] extirpated from Ireland.[51] | ||
Reindeer Rangifer tarandus |
Middle Ages | Survives across Eurasia and North America. Extirpated from Great Britain c. 1100 CE.[52] Extirpated in Ireland c. 7500 BC. | ||
Brown bear Ursus arctos |
Locally extinct in many countries | Across Eurasia and North America | ||
Arctic fox Vulpes lagopus |
Ranged across much of Eurasia in the last ice age, now restricted to Arctic areas |
Birds
Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range |
---|---|---|
Mediterranean brown fish owl Ketupa zeylonensis lamarmorae |
7433-7035 BCE[14] | Corsica, Sardinia, and Crete[56] |
Ibiza rail Rallus eivissensis |
5295-4848 BCE[57] | Ibiza, Spain |
Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range | Image |
---|---|---|---|
Great auk Pinguinus impennis |
1844[58] | the northern Atlantic and the western Mediterranean | |
Pied raven Corvus corax varius morpha leucophaeus |
1902[59] | the Faroe Islands, Denmark |
Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range | Image |
---|---|---|---|
Slender-billed curlew Numenius tenuirostris |
2001[60] | Western Eurasia and North Africa
In the 1950s it was reported to occur on both sides of the Caucasus during autumn.[61] The species bred in Kazakhstan and southern Siberia and wintered in western Morocco and Tunisia. It likely disappeared as a result of habitat alteration in Asia and overhunting in Africa. There have been no confirmed reports worldwide since 2001.[62] |
Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range | Reintroduction | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|
Marsh owl Asio capensis |
1998[63] | Africa and the southwestern Iberian Peninsula | ||
Northern bald ibis Geronticus eremita |
16th century | the Mediterranean region | 2004[64] | |
Common buttonquail Turnix sylvaticus |
1981[65] | Africa, South Asia, the southwestern Iberian Peninsula, and Sicily |
Reptiles
Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range | Image |
---|---|---|---|
Ratas Island lizard Podarcis lilfordi rodriquezi |
1935[66] | Ratas Island off Mahón, Spain | |
Santo Stefano lizard Podarcis sicula sanctistephani |
c. 1965[67] | Santo Stefano Island, Italy |
Fish
Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range | Image |
---|---|---|---|
Skadar nase Chondrostoma scodrense |
1900s[68] | Lake Skadar | |
Coregonus bezola | 1960s[69] | Lac du Bourget, France | |
Coregonus fera | 1920[70] | Lake Geneva | |
Lake Constance whitefish Coregonus gutturosus |
early 1970s[71] | Lake Constance | |
Gravenche Coregonus hiemalis |
1950[72] | Lake Geneva | |
Houting Coregonus oxyrinchus |
1940[73] | the southern North Sea, the Scheldt, Meuse and Rhine Basin up to Cologne, and southeastern England | |
Coregonus restrictus | 1890[74] | Lake Morat, Switzerland | |
Ukrainian migratory lamprey Eudontomyzon sp. nov. 'migratory' |
before 1900[75] | the Dniestr, Dniepr, and Don River drainages | |
Techirghiol stickleback Gasterosteus crenobiontus |
1960s[76] | Lake Techirghiol, Romania | |
Danube delta gudgeon Romanogobio antipai |
1960s[77] | the Lower Danube | |
Salvelinus neocomensis | 1904[78] | Lake Neuchâtel, Switzerland |
Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range | Image |
---|---|---|---|
Beloribitsa Stenodus leucichthys |
1960s[79] | the Caspian Sea, the Volga, Ural and Terek River drainages
Last recorded in the Ural in the 1960s. All spawning grounds were lost after dams were built in the Volga, Ural, and Terek river drainages. The species continues to exist in captivity, from which it is released periodically in its native range. However, illegal fishing and hybridization with the introduced nelma remain threats to its survival.[80] |
|
European sea sturgeon Acipenser sturio |
Locally extinct across the vast majority of their former range | Europe |
Insects
Common name/scientific name | Range |
---|---|
Perrin's cave beetle Siettitia balsetensis |
France[81] |
Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range |
---|---|---|
Tobias' caddisfly Hydropsyche tobiasi |
1938[82] | the Rhine and Main River, Germany |
British large copper Lycaena dispar dispar |
1864[83] | the British Isles |
Moss-land silver-studded blue Plebejus argus masseyi |
1942[84] | Lancashire and Cumbria, the United Kingdom |
Pseudoyersinia brevipennis | 1860[85] | Hyères, France |
Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range |
---|---|---|
Iberian lynx louse Felicola isidoroi |
1997[86] | the Iberian Peninsula |
Sea anemones
Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range | Image |
---|---|---|---|
Ivell's sea anemone Edwardsia ivelli |
1983[87] | the Widewater Lagoon, West Sussex, United Kingdom |
Molluscs
Common name/scientific name | Range |
---|---|
Zonites siphnicus | Sifnos, Sikinos, and Folegandros, Greece[88] |
Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range |
---|---|---|
Zonites santoriniensis | c. 1600 BCE[89] | Santorini, Greece |
Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range | Image |
---|---|---|---|
Graecoanatolica macedonica | 1988[90] | Doiran Lake, the Greece-North Macedonia border | |
Ohridohauffenia drimica | before 1983[91] | the Drin River, North Macedonia |
Common name/scientific name | Extinction date | Range |
---|---|---|
Belgrandia varica | 1910[92] | the Var River Delta, France |
Belgrandiella boetersi | unknown[93] | Tiefsteinschlucht, Austria |
Parmacella gervaisii | 1874[94] | La Crau, Provence, France |
Zonites embolium | 1985[95] | Zaforas, Greece |
See also
- Limousin horse, extinct
- List of extinct animals of Catalonia
- List of extinct animals of Caucasus
- List of extinct animals of the British Isles
- List of extinct and endangered species of Italy
- List of extinct and endangered animals of Lithuania
- List of extinct animals of the Netherlands
- List of extinct species
- List of extinct bird species since 1500
- Extinct in the wild
- Lazarus taxon
Notes
References
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