From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Location of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean.
The O‘ahu ‘ō‘ō (Moho apicalis ) is among dozens of bird species that became extinct after the human settlement of Hawaii.
This is a list of Hawaiian species extinct in the Holocene that covers extinctions from the Holocene epoch, a geologic epoch that began about 11,650 years before present (about 9700 BCE )[ a] and continues to the present day.[ 1]
The Hawaiian Islands include the eight major islands (the Windward Islands) and the small islands and atolls of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands . They are all part of the U.S. state of Hawaii , except Midway Atoll , which is a separate U.S. territory .[ 2]
Hawaii was settled by Polynesians sometime between 1000 and 1200 CE.[ 3] British explorer James Cook , the first known non-Polynesian to arrive at the archipelago, arrived in 1778. An influx of European and American explorers, traders, and whalers arrived shortly after. Hawaii was annexed by the United States in 1898 and became a state in 1959.[ 4]
Numerous species have disappeared from Hawaii as part of the ongoing Holocene extinction , driven by human activity. Human contact, first by Polynesians and later by Europeans , had a significant impact on the environment. Both the Polynesians and Europeans cleared native forests and introduced non-indigenous species for agriculture (or by accident), driving many endemic species to extinction. Fossil finds in caves , lava tubes , and sand dunes have revealed that Hawaii once had a native eagle ,[ 5] two raven-size crows , several bird-eating owls , and giant ducks known as moa-nalo . Today, many of Hawaii's remaining endemic species of plants and animals are considered endangered. Hawaii has more endangered species and has lost a higher percentage of its endemic species than any other U.S. state.[ 6] The endemic plant Brighamia now requires hand pollination because its natural pollinator is presumed to be extinct.[ 7]
Many extinction dates are unknown due to a lack of relevant information.
This list only includes the indigenous biota of Hawaii, not domestic animals like the Hawaiian poi dog .
Ducks, geese, and swans (family Anatidae )
Common name
Scientific name
Range
Comments
Pictures
Laysan rail
Zapornia palmeri
Laysan
Disappeared from Laysan in 1923 after feral rabbits ate all the vegetation in the island. Previously, the species was introduced to other islands in an attempt to save it from extinction, establishing successful populations in Midway (Eastern and Sand Islands). In 1943, military construction in Midway accidentally introduced black rats , which exterminated the rails by either June 1944 or June 1945.[ 13]
Hawaiian rail
Zapornia sandwichensis
Hawaii (island)
Last collected in 1864; claims of further survival are unsubstantiated. The nominate subspecies Z. s. sandwichensis lived on the leeward side of the island of Hawaii and the subspecies Z. s. millsi on the windward side. It coexisted peacefully with the Polynesian rat but might have been driven to extinction by the black rat. Mongooses were blamed by some authors, but they were not introduced to the island until 1883. Hunting, deforestation, predation by pigs, cats, and dogs, and introduced diseases from poultry may have been contributing factors to its extinction.[ 13]
Small Oʻahu crake
Zapornia ziegleri [ 13]
Oahu
Most recent remains dated to 650-869 CE.[ 10]
Small Maui crake
"Porzana" keplerorum
Maui[ 15]
All prehistoric.
Liliput crake
"Porzana" menehune
Molokai[ 15]
Great Oʻahu crake
"Porzana" ralphorum
Oahu[ 15]
Great Maui crake
"Porzana" severnsi
Maui[ 15]
Great Hawaiian crake , Great Big Island crake
"Porzana" sp.
Hawaii (island)
Great Kauaʻi crake
"Porzana" sp.
Kauai
Medium Kauaʻi crake
"Porzana" sp.
Kauai
Medium Maui crake
"Porzana" sp.
Maui
Small Hawaiian crake , Small Big Island crake
"Porzana" sp.
Hawaii (island)
Gulls, terns, and skimmers (family Laridae )
Common name
Scientific name
Range
Comments
Kauaʻi gull
Larus sp.
Kauai
Prehistoric
Common name
Scientific name
Range
Comments
Oʻahu petrel
Pterodroma jugabilis
Hawaii (island) and Oahu
Known from subfossil remains found in archaeological assemblages, because of this it is believed that it was hunted by people. It has no close living relatives.[ 15]
Hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures (family Accipitridae )
Common name
Scientific name
Range
Comments
Wood harrier
Circus dossenus
Molokai and Oahu[ 15]
Prehistoric
Hawaiian eagle
Haliaeetus sp.
Oahu, Molokai, and Maui[ 18]
Holocene eagle fossils have been found on Oahu, Molokai, and Maui. The absence of eagle fossils from other Hawaiian islands might represent a true gap in distribution or a deficiency in the fossil record. Based on DNA research, these fossils represent the white-tailed eagle (or a very close relative). The Hawaiian eagle was an isolated, resident population in Hawaii for more than 100,000 years, where it was the largest terrestrial predator. Its extinction could have been related to human-induced ecological changes, although there is currently no direct evidence for temporal overlap with humans.[ 18]
Common name
Scientific name
Range
Comments
Pictures
Hawaiian crow
Corvus hawaiiensis
Hawaii (island) and Maui
Historically recorded on the island of Hawaii, where it was persecuted as a nuisance during the 19th century. Fossils indicate that this species or a very similar one was also found on Maui before European contact. The last wild pairs bred on the slopes of the Mauna Loa in 1992, by which time there were only 11 or 12 individuals left. One egg was laid in 1996 but didn't hatch, and the last pair was sighted in 2002. A captive population exists, but a release program in 1993-1999 ended in failure.[ 20]
Common name
Scientific name
Range
Comments
Pictures
Laysan millerbird
Acrocephalus familiaris familiaris
Laysan
Last recorded in 1913. It likely disappeared due to habitat destruction caused by feral rabbits , which were introduced in 1904 and destroyed the vegetation almost completely by 1920.[ 13]
Common name
Scientific name
Range
Comments
Pictures
Kioea
Chaetoptila angustipluma
Hawaii (island), Oahu, and Maui
The last individual was collected on the island of Hawaii in 1859. It is also known from fossil remains on Oahu and Maui. Deforestation, hunting, and introduced predators likely contributed to its extinction.[ 21]
Narrow-billed kioea
?Chaetoptila sp.
Maui
Known from subfossil remains. The species coexisted with the Hawaiian kioea, but had a much narrower bill.[ 19]
Oʻahu ʻōʻō
Moho apicalis
Oahu
Last recorded in 1837. Presumably extinct due to habitat destruction and the introduction of disease-carrying mosquitos .[ 22]
Bishop's ʻōʻō
Moho bishopi
Maui, Lanai, and Molokai
Last recorded on Molokai in 1904, with unconfirmed reports lasting until 1915. A bird thought to be this species was observed on Maui in 1981. It declined due to habitat destruction for agriculture and grazing feral mammals, before being wiped out by introduced black rats and diseases carried by mosquitos.[ 23]
Kauaʻi ʻōʻō
Moho braccatus
Kauai
Though common before the 1890s, it became restricted to the Alakaʻi Wilderness Preserve by the 1970s, and a single pair survived by 1981. The female disappeared when Hurricane Iwa struck Kauai in 1982, and the male was recorded singing in solitary until 1987. The species likely declined due to habitat destruction, predation by introduced black rats and feral pigs , as well as disease-carrying mosquitos.[ 24]
Hawaiʻi ʻōʻō
Moho nobilis
Hawaii (island)
Last seen in 1934. Presumably disappeared due to habitat destruction and disease.[ 25]
Common name
Scientific name
Range
Comments
Pictures
Kāmaʻo
Myadestes myadestinus
Kauai
1985[ 26]
ʻĀmaui
Myadestes woahensis[ 27]
Oahu[ 27]
1825[ 27]
Possibly extinct, thrushes (family Turdidae )
Common name
Scientific name
Range
Comments
Pictures
Olomaʻo
Myadestes lanaiensis
Maui, Lanai and Molokai[ 28]
1980[ 28]
Common name
Scientific name
Range
Comments
Pictures
Oʻahu icterid-like gaper
Aidemedia chascax
Oahu[ 19]
Prehistoric
Maui Nui icterid-like gaper
Aidemedia lutetiae
Maui and Molokai [ 19]
Sickle-billed gaper
Aidemedia zanclops
Oahu[ 19]
Oʻahu ʻakialoa
Akialoa ellisiana
Oahu
The species is known from only two specimens collected in 1837, although there were undocumented reports in 1937 and 1940.[ 29]
Maui Nui ʻakialoa
Akialoa lanaiensis
Maui, Lanai and Molokai[ 30]
Collected on Lanai in 1892. Also known from fossils on Molokai and Maui.[ 30]
Lesser ʻakialoa
Akialoa obscura
Hawaii (island)
1940[ 31]
Kauaʻi ʻakialoa
Akialoa stejnegeri
Kauai
1969[ 32]
Hoopoe-billed ʻakialoa
Akialoa upupirostris
Oahu and Kauai[ 19]
Prehistoric
Giant ʻakialoa
Akialoa sp.
Hawaii (island)
Akialoa sp.
Maui
Kona grosbeak
Chloridops kona
Hawaii (island)
1894[ 33]
King Kong grosbeak
Chloridops regiskongi
Oahu[ 19]
Prehistoric
Wahi grosbeak
Chloridops wahi
Maui and Oahu
Prehistoric. Might include the Kauaʻi grosbeak (Chloridops sp.).
Kauaʻi grosbeak
Chloridops sp.
Kauai
Prehistoric. Might be synonymous with the Wahi grosbeak (Chloridops wahi ).
Maui grosbeak
Chloridops sp.
Maui
Prehistoric
ʻUla-ʻai-hawane
Ciridops anna
Hawaii (island)
1892[ 34]
Stout-legged finch
Ciridops tenax
Kauai[ 19]
Prehistoric
Molokaʻi ʻula-ʻai-hawane
Ciridops cf. anna
Molokai[ 19]
Oʻahu ʻula-ʻai-hawane
Ciridops sp.
Oahu[ 19]
Black mamo
Drepanis funerea
Maui and Molokai
1907[ 35]
Hawaiʻi mamo
Drepanis pacifica
Hawaii (island)
1898[ 36]
Lānaʻi hookbill
Dysmorodrepanis munroi
Lanai
1918[ 37]
Oʻahu nukupuʻu
Hemignathus lucidus
Oahu
1838-1841[ 38]
Giant nukupuʻu
Hemignathus vorpalis
Hawaii (island)
After c. 1000 BCE - 500 CE[ 39]
Laysan honeycreeper
Himatione fraithii
Laysan
1923[ 40]
Kauaʻi palila
Loxioides kikuchi
Kauai
1375-1610 CE[ 41]
Oʻahu ʻakepa
Loxops wolstenholmei
Oahu
1930[ 42]
Poʻouli
Melamprosops phaeosoma
Maui
2004[ 43]
Highland finch
Orthiospiza howarthi
Maui[ 19]
Prehistoric
Kākāwahie
Paroreomyza flammea
Molokai
1961-1963[ 44]
Lānaʻi ʻalauahio
Paroreomyza montana montana
Lanai
1937
Lesser koa finch
Rhodacanthis flaviceps
Hawaii (island)
The koa finches seem to have been driven to extinction by habitat destruction , and not by climatic variation nor mosquito-vectored diseases. Koa finches were likely driven out of lowland habitat before or shortly after the time of western contact in 1778. The two species from the island of Hawaii persisted until the late 19th century, when their upland refugium was degraded by logging, ranching, and intensified predation by the black rat .[ 45] The lesser koa finch was last recorded in 1891 on the island of Hawaii, and collectors in 1893 failed to find it.[ 46] The IUCN Red List says, "This or a similar species is also known from the fossil record of O'ahu and Maui," citing a 1991 paper.[ 46] This apparently refers to the primitive koa finch (Rhodacanthis litotes ), a similarly sized species known from fossils on Oahu and Maui, described as a new species in 2005.[ 47]
Scissor-billed koa finch
Rhodacanthis forfex
Maui and Kauai[ 47]
Known from fossils on Maui and Kauai. Based on its disjunct distribution , the species might have occurred on all of the main islands (except the island of Hawaii), although more fossils are needed for confirmation.[ 47] The koa finches seem to have been driven to extinction by habitat destruction , and not by climatic variation nor mosquito-vectored diseases. Koa finches were likely driven out of lowland habitat before or shortly after the time of western contact in 1778. The two species from Maui might have survived in an upland refugium until the late 19th century, paralleling the fate of the two species from the island of Hawaii. However, the only verified records of them are from fossils at a lower elevation.[ 45]
Primitive koa finch
Rhodacanthis litotes
Maui and Oahu[ 47]
Known from fossils on Maui and Oahu. Based on its disjunct distribution , the species might have occurred on all of the main islands (except the island of Hawaii and perhaps Kauai), although more fossils are needed for confirmation.[ 47] The primitive koa finch populations from Oahu and Maui might represent two distinct species, but more fossils or genetic data are necessary.[ 47] The koa finches seem to have been driven to extinction by habitat destruction , and not by climatic variation nor mosquito-vectored diseases. Koa finches were likely driven out of lowland habitat before or shortly after the time of western contact in 1778. The two species from Maui might have survived in an upland refugium until the late 19th century, paralleling the fate of the two species from the island of Hawaii. However, the only verified records of them are from fossils at a lower elevation.[ 45]
Greater koa finch
Rhodacanthis palmeri
Hawaii (island)
1896[ 48]
Kauaʻi finch
Telespiza persecutrix
Oahu and Kauai
1425-1660[ 10]
Maui Nui finch
Telespiza ypsilon
Maui and Molokai[ 19]
Prehistoric
Maui finch
Telespiza cf. ypsilon
Maui
Strange-billed finch
Vangulifer mirandus
Maui[ 19]
Prehistoric
Thin-billed finch
Vangulifer neophasis
Greater ʻamakihi
Viridonia sagittirostris
Hawaii (island)
1901[ 49]
Cone-billed finch
Xestospiza conica
Kauai[ 19]
Prehistoric
Ridge-billed finch
Xestospiza fastigialis
Oahu, Molokai, and Maui[ 19]
Drepanidini gen. et sp. indet.
Maui
Prehistoric. At least three species.
Drepanidini gen. et sp. indet.
Oahu
Prehistoric
Common name
Scientific name
Range
Comments
Pictures
Maui nukupuʻu
Hemignathus affinis
Maui
Considered possibly extinct. The last confirmed sighting was in 1989.[ 50]
Kauaʻi nukupuʻu
Hemignathus hanapepe
Kauai
Considered possibly extinct. The last confirmed sightings of this species were in 1899, with only unconfirmed sightings since then despite intensive searches.[ 51]
Maui ʻakepa
Loxops ochraceus
Maui
Considered possibly extinct. Last seen in 1988.[ 52]
Oʻahu ʻalauahio
Paroreomyza maculata
Oahu
Considered possibly extinct. Last documented in 1985.[ 53]
ʻŌʻū
Psittirostra psittacea
Hawaii (island), Maui, Molokai, Lanai, Oahu, and Kauai
Considered possibly extinct. Last seen in 1989.[ 54]
Dragonflies and damselflies (order Odonata )
Possibly extinct
Common name
Scientific name
Range
Comments
Pictures
Maui upland damselfly
Megalagrion jugorum
Maui and Lanai[ 55]
Last seen in 1917. Considered possibly extinct.[ 55]
Grasshoppers, locusts, and crickets (order Orthoptera )
Possibly extinct, owlet moths (family Noctuidae )
Data deficient, owlet moths (family Noctuidae )
Common name
Scientific name
Range
Comments
Pictures
Kauai agrotis noctuid moth
Agrotis tephrias
Kauai, Maui, and possibly Hawaii (island)[ 83]
Last seen in 1985. Considered data deficient.[ 83]
See also
Notes
^ The source gives "11,700 calendar yr b2k (before AD 2000)". But "BP" means before 1950 CE. Therefore, the Holocene began 11,650 BP. Doing the math, that is c. 9700 BCE.
^ This source from 2003 says, that "the last observed date [is] given as unknown, but according to Frank Howarth was more than 80 years ago." Thus, the date of last observation is unknown, but possibly before 1923.
^ This source from 2003 says, that "the last observed date [is] given as unknown but according to Frank Howarth the last collection was more than 80 years ago." Thus, the date of last collection is unknown, but possibly before 1923.
References
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^ Kirch, Patrick (2011). "When did the Polynesians Settle Hawaii? A review of 150 years of scholarly inquiry" . Hawaiian Archaeology . 12 : 3–26.
^ "[USC02] 48 USC Ch. 3: Front Matter" . uscode.house.gov . Archived from the original on October 29, 2018. Retrieved October 28, 2019 .
^ Fleischer, Robert; Olsen, Storrs; James, Helen; Cooper, Alan (October 2000). "Identification of the Extinct Hawaiian Eagle (Haliaeetus) by mtDNA Sequence Analysis" (PDF) . The Auk . 117 (4): 1051–1056. doi :10.1093/auk/117.4.1051 . Retrieved May 23, 2018 .
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^ Ziegler, Alan C.; Howarth, Francis G.; Simmons, Nancy B. (2016-03-21). "A Second Endemic Land Mammal for the Hawaiian Islands: A New Genus and Species of Fossil Bat (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)" . American Museum Novitates (3854): 1–52. doi :10.1206/3854.1 . hdl :2246/6641 . ISSN 0003-0082 . S2CID 56234957 .
^ Ziegler, A. C., Howarth, F. G., & Simmons, N. B. (2016). A second endemic land mammal for the Hawaiian Islands: a new genus and species of fossil bat (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae). American Museum novitates , nº 3854.
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^ a b Young, H. G., Tonge, S. J., & Hume, J. P. (1996). Review of Holocene wildfowl extinctions. Wildfowl , 47(47), 167-181.
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^ a b c d e f g h i j Olson, Storrs; James, Helen (1991). "Descriptions of Thirty-Two New Species of Birds from the Hawaiian Islands Part I. Non-Passeriformes". Ornithological Monographs . 7 (45): 1–88. doi :10.2307/40166794 . JSTOR 40166794 .
^ James, H. F., Stafford, T. W., Steadman, D. W., Olson, S. L., Martin, P. S., Jull, A. J., & McCoy, P. C. (1987). Radiocarbon dates on bones of extinct birds from Hawaii. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 84(8), 2350-2354.
^ Dove, Carla J.; Olson, Storrs L. (September 2011). "Fossil Feathers from the Hawaiian Flightless Ibis (Apteribis sp.): Plumage Coloration and Systematics of a Prehistorically Extinct Bird" . Journal of Paleontology . 85 (5): 892–897. doi :10.1666/10-133.1 . ISSN 0022-3360 . S2CID 86084047 .
^ a b Hailer, Frank; James, Helen F.; Olson, Storrs L.; Fleischer, Robert C. (2015). "Distinct and Extinct: Genetic Differentiation of the Hawaiian Eagle" (PDF) . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . 83 : 40–43. doi :10.1016/j.ympev.2014.11.005 . PMID 25463753 .
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p James, Helen F.; Olson, Storrs L (1991). "Descriptions of Thirty-Two New Species of Birds from the Hawaiian Islands: Part II. Passeriformes" . Ornithological Monographs . 46 (46). American Ornithologists' Union : 39–43. doi :10.2307/40166713 . JSTOR 40166713 .
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^ BirdLife International (2017). "Moho apicalis " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017 : e.T22704329A111776064. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22704329A111776064.en . Retrieved 18 November 2021 .
^ BirdLife International (2016). "Moho bishopi " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016 : e.T22704335A93963979. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22704335A93963979.en . Retrieved 18 November 2021 .
^ BirdLife International (2016). "Moho braccatus " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016 : e.T22704323A93963628. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22704323A93963628.en .
^ BirdLife International (2016). "Moho nobilis " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016 : e.T22704342A93964244. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22704342A93964244.en . Retrieved 18 November 2021 .
^ BirdLife International (2016). "Myadestes myadestinus " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016 : e.T22708559A94165256. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22708559A94165256.en . Retrieved 18 November 2021 .
^ a b c BirdLife International (2017). "Myadestes woahensis " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017 : e.T22708564A111775767. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22708564A111775767.en . Retrieved 18 November 2021 .
^ a b BirdLife International (2019). "Myadestes lanaiensis " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2019 : e.T22708574A155254449. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22708574A155254449.en . Retrieved 18 November 2021 .
^ "Oahu Akialoa" . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Retrieved 2022-07-04 .
^ a b BirdLife International (2017). "Akialoa lanaiensis " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017 : e.T103823431A119549974. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T103823431A119549974.en . Retrieved 15 January 2018 .
^ BirdLife International (2017). "Akialoa obscura " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017 : e.T22728910A119550231. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22728910A119550231.en . Retrieved 18 November 2021 .
^ BirdLife International (2017). "Akialoa stejnegeri " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017 : e.T103823250A119550506. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T103823250A119550506.en . Retrieved 14 January 2018 .
^ BirdLife International (2016). "Chloridops kona " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016 : e.T22728825A94998118. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728825A94998118.en . Retrieved 18 November 2021 .
^ BirdLife International (2016). "Ciridops anna " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016 : e.T22720840A94686158. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22720840A94686158.en . Retrieved 18 November 2021 .
^ BirdLife International (2016). "Drepanis funerea " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016 : e.T22720852A94686803. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22720852A94686803.en . Retrieved 18 November 2021 .
^ BirdLife International (2016). "Drepanis pacifica " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016 : e.T22720848A94686625. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22720848A94686625.en . Retrieved 18 November 2021 .
^ BirdLife International (2017). "Dysmorodrepanis munroi " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017 : e.T22720738A111776369. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22720738A111776369.en . Retrieved 18 November 2021 .
^ Pyle, R.L., and P. Pyle. 2017. The Birds of the Hawaiian Islands: Occurrence, History, Distribution, and Status. B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, HI, U.S.A. Version 2 (1 January 2017) http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/birds/rlp-monograph/pdfs/08-DREP/NUKU.pdf
^ James, H. F., & Olson, S. L. (2003). A giant new species of nukupuu (Fringillidae: Drepanidini: Hemignathus) from the island of Hawaii. The Auk , 120(4), 970-981.
^ BirdLife International (2017). "Himatione fraithii " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017 : e.T103829706A119553201. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T103829706A119553201.en .
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^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia glossema " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T3881A10149985. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3881A10149985.en . Retrieved 16 November 2021 .
^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia hyattiana " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T3882A10151012. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3882A10151012.en . Retrieved 16 November 2021 .
^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia kalalauensis " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T3883A10151996. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3883A10151996.en . Retrieved 16 November 2021 .
^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia knudseni " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T3884A10152693. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3884A10152693.en . Retrieved 17 November 2021 .
^ a b "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia lirata " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T3885A10153241. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3885A10153241.en . Retrieved 17 November 2021 .
^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia lymani " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T3886A10149243. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3886A10149243.en . Retrieved 17 November 2021 .
^ a b "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia mirabilis " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T3887A10153972. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3887A10153972.en . Retrieved 17 November 2021 .
^ a b "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia necra " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T3888A10150404. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3888A10150404.en . Retrieved 15 November 2021 .
^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia olivacea " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T3889A10151425. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3889A10151425.en . Retrieved 17 November 2021 .
^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia paradoxa " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T3890A10154081. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3890A10154081.en . Retrieved 17 November 2021 .
^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia periscelis " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T3891A10155066. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3891A10155066.en . Retrieved 14 November 2021 .
^ a b "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia pilsbryi " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T3892A10156343. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3892A10156343.en . Retrieved 16 November 2021 .
^ a b Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia sinclairi " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T3893A10157468. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3893A10157468.en . Retrieved 17 November 2021 .
^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia tenebrosa " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T3895A10158690. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3895A10158690.en . Retrieved 17 November 2021 .
^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia turricula " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T3896A10154389. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3896A10154389.en . Retrieved 18 December 2022 .
^ a b "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Cowie, R.; Pokryszko, B. (1996). "Lyropupa perlonga " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T12526A3353315. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T12526A3353315.en . Retrieved 17 November 2021 .