From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Location of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean.
The O‘ahu ‘ō‘ō (Moho apicalis ) is among dozens of bird species that became extinct after the human settlement of Hawaii.
This is a list of Hawaiian species extinct in the Holocene that covers extinctions from the Holocene epoch, a geologic epoch that began about 11,650 years before present (about 9700 BCE )[ a] and continues to the present day.[ 1]
The Hawaiian Islands include the eight major islands (the Windward Islands) and the small islands and atolls of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands . They are all part of the U.S. state of Hawaii , except Midway Atoll , which is a separate U.S. territory .[ 2]
Hawaii was settled by Polynesians sometime between 1000 and 1200 CE.[ 3] British explorer James Cook , the first known non-Polynesian to arrive at the archipelago, arrived in 1778. An influx of European and American explorers, traders, and whalers arrived shortly after. Hawaii was annexed by the United States in 1898 and became a state in 1959.[ 4]
Numerous species have disappeared from Hawaii as part of the ongoing Holocene extinction , driven by human activity. Human contact, first by Polynesians and later by Europeans , had a significant impact on the environment. Both the Polynesians and Europeans cleared native forests and introduced non-indigenous species for agriculture (or by accident), driving many endemic species to extinction. Fossil finds in caves , lava tubes , and sand dunes have revealed that Hawaii once had a native eagle ,[ 5] two raven-size crows , several bird-eating owls , and giant ducks known as moa-nalo . Today, many of Hawaii's remaining endemic species of plants and animals are considered endangered. Hawaii has more endangered species and has lost a higher percentage of its endemic species than any other U.S. state.[ 6] The endemic plant Brighamia now requires hand pollination because its natural pollinator is presumed to be extinct.[ 7]
Many extinction dates are unknown due to a lack of relevant information.
This list only includes the indigenous biota of Hawaii, not domestic animals like the Hawaiian poi dog .
Ducks, geese, and swans (family Anatidae )
Common name
Scientific name
Range
Comments
Pictures
Nēnē-nui
Branta hylobadistes
Maui, possibly Oahu and Kauai
Most recent remains dated to 1046-1380.[ 10]
Giant Hawaii goose
Branta rhuax
Hawaii (island)
Most recent remains dated to 1380-1500.[ 11]
Turtle-jawed moa-nalo
Chelychelynechen quassus
Kauai[ 12]
Only known from subfossil remains.[ 13]
Small-billed moa-nalo
Ptaiochen pau
Maui[ 12]
Known from subfossil remains. It was possibly restricted to montane habitat, while the lowlands were occupied by the large-billed moa-nalo. Likely disappeared due to a combination of hunting and predation or competition with introduced mammals.[ 13]
Kauaʻi mole duck
Talpanas lippa
Kauai
Most recent remains dated to 3540-3355 BCE.[ 14] Being a flightless, nocturnal, almost-blind species convergent with New Zealand 's kiwi , it was likely very vulnerable to hunting and predation by introduced animals.[ 13]
Oʻahu moa-nalo
Thambetochen xanion
Oahu
Most recent remains dated to 440-639 CE.[ 10] It possibly disappeared due to a combination of hunting, habitat loss , and nest-predation by introduced mammals.[ 13]
Maui Nui large-billed moa-nalo
Thambetochen chauliodous
Maui and Molokai
Most recent remains dated to 1057-1375.[ 10] It occupied low altitudes while the small-billed moa-nalo lived at higher heights. It likely disappeared due to hunting, and nest predation by Polynesian rats .[ 13]
Giant O'ahu goose
Anatidae sp. et gen. indet.
Oahu
Prehistoric
Long-legged shelduck
Anatidae sp. et gen. indet.
Kauai
Common name
Scientific name
Range
Comments
Pictures
Laysan rail
Zapornia palmeri
Laysan
Disappeared from Laysan in 1923 after feral rabbits ate all the vegetation in the island. Previously, the species was introduced to other islands in an attempt to save it from extinction, establishing successful populations in Midway (Eastern and Sand Islands). In 1943, military construction in Midway accidentally introduced black rats , which exterminated the rails by either June 1944 or June 1945.[ 13]
Hawaiian rail
Zapornia sandwichensis
Hawaii (island)
Last collected in 1864; claims of further survival are unsubstantiated. The nominate subspecies Z. s. sandwichensis lived on the leeward side of the island and the subspecies Z. s. millsi on the windward side. It coexisted peacefully with the Polynesian rat but might have been driven to extinction by the black rat. Mongooses were blamed by some authors, but they were not introduced to the island until 1883. Hunting, deforestation, predation by pigs, cats, and dogs, and introduced diseases from poultry may have been contributing factors to its extinction.[ 13]
Small O'ahu crake
Zapornia ziegleri [ 13]
Oahu
Most recent remains dated to 650-869 CE.[ 10]
Small Maui crake
"Porzana" keplerorum
Maui[ 15]
All prehistoric.
Liliput crake
"Porzana" menehune
Molokai[ 15]
Great Oʻahu crake
"Porzana" ralphorum
Oahu[ 15]
Great Maui crake
"Porzana" severnsi
Maui[ 15]
Great Hawaiian crake , Great Big Island crake
"Porzana" sp.
Hawaii (island)
Great Kauaʻi crake
"Porzana" sp.
Kaui
Medium Kauaʻi crake
"Porzana" sp.
Kaui
Medium Maui crake
"Porzana" sp.
Maui
Small Hawaiian crake , Small Big Island crake
"Porzana" sp.
Hawaii (island)
Gulls, terns, and skimmers (family Laridae )
Common name
Scientific name
Range
Comments
Kauaʻi gull
Larus sp.
Kaui
Prehistoric
Common name
Scientific name
Range
Comments
Oʻahu petrel
Pterodroma jugabilis
Hawaii (island) and Oahu
Known from subfossil remains found in archaeological assemblages, because of this it is believed that it was hunted by people. It has no close living relatives.[ 15]
Hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures (family Accipitridae )
Common name
Scientific name
Range
Comments
Wood harrier
Circus dossenus
Molokai and Oahu[ 15]
Prehistoric
Hawaiian eagle
Haliaeetus sp.
Main Hawaiian Islands
Most recent remains dated to 1581 BCE.[ 18]
Common name
Scientific name
Range
Comments
Pictures
Hawaiian crow
Corvus hawaiiensis
Hawaii (island) and Maui
Historically recorded on the big island, where it was persecuted as a nuisance during the 19th century. Fossils indicate that this species or a very similar one was also found in Maui before European contact. The last wild pairs bred on the slopes of the Mauna Loa in 1992, by which time there were only 11 or 12 individuals left. One egg was laid in 1996 but didn't hatch, and the last pair was sighted in 2002. A captive population exists, but a release program in 1993-1999 ended in failure.[ 20]
Common name
Scientific name
Range
Comments
Pictures
Laysan millerbird
Acrocephalus familiaris familiaris
Laysan
Last recorded in 1913. It likely disappeared due to habitat destruction caused by feral rabbits , which were introduced in 1904 and destroyed the vegetation almost completely by 1920.[ 13]
Common name
Scientific name
Range
Comments
Pictures
Kāmaʻo
Myadestes myadestinus
Kauai
1985[ 26]
ʻĀmaui
Myadestes woahensis[ 27]
Oahu[ 27]
1825[ 27]
Possibly extinct, thrushes (family Turdidae )
Common name
Scientific name
Range
Comments
Pictures
Olomaʻo
Myadestes lanaiensis
Maui, Lanai and Molokai[ 28]
1980[ 28]
Common name
Scientific name
Range
Comments
Pictures
Maui nukupuʻu
Hemignathus affinis
Maui
Considered possibly extinct. The last confirmed sighting was in 1989.[ 49]
Kauaʻi nukupuʻu
Hemignathus hanapepe
Kauai
Considered possibly extinct. The last confirmed sightings of this species were in 1899, with only unconfirmed sightings since then despite intensive searches.[ 50]
Maui ʻakepa
Loxops ochraceus
Maui
Considered possibly extinct. Last seen in 1988.[ 51]
Oʻahu ʻalauahio
Paroreomyza maculata
Oahu
Considered possibly extinct. Last documented in 1985.[ 52]
ʻŌʻū
Psittirostra psittacea
Hawaii (island), Maui, Molokai, Lanai, Oahu, and Kauai.
Considered possibly extinct. Last seen in 1989.[ 53]
Dragonflies and damselflies (order Odonata )
Possibly extinct
Common name
Scientific name
Range
Comments
Pictures
Maui upland damselfly
Megalagrion jugorum
Maui and Lanai[ 54]
Last seen in 1917. Considered possibly extinct.[ 54]
Grasshoppers, locusts, and crickets (order Orthoptera )
Possibly extinct, owlet moths (family Noctuidae )
Data deficient, owlet moths (family Noctuidae )
Common name
Scientific name
Range
Comments
Pictures
Kauai agrotis noctuid moth
Agrotis tephrias
Kauai, Maui, and possibly Hawaii (island)[ 82]
Last seen in 1985. Considered data deficient.[ 82]
See also
Notes
^ The source gives "11,700 calendar yr b2k (before AD 2000)". But "BP" means before 1950 CE. Therefore, the Holocene began 11,650 BP. Doing the math, that is c. 9700 BCE.
^ This source from 2003 says, that "the last observed date [is] given as unknown, but according to Frank Howarth was more than 80 years ago." Thus, the date of last observation is unknown, but possibly before 1923.
^ This source from 2003 says, that "the last observed date [is] given as unknown but according to Frank Howarth the last collection was more than 80 years ago." Thus, the date of last collection is unknown, but possibly before 1923.
References
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^ a b Walker, A. & Medeiros, M.J. (2021). "Agrotis fasciata " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021 : e.T705A189702927. Retrieved 16 December 2022 . {{cite journal }}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link )
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^ a b Walker, A.; Medeiros, M.J. (2021). "Agrotis panoplias. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T188988592A189703162" . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021 . doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T188988592A189703162.en . Retrieved 16 December 2022 .
^ a b Walker, A. & Medeiros, M.J. (2021). "Agrotis crinigera " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021 : e.T704A189702899. Retrieved 16 December 2022 . {{cite journal }}
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^ a b Walker, A. & Medeiros, M.J. (2021). "Agrotis kerri " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021 : e.T706A189702955. Retrieved 16 December 2022 . {{cite journal }}
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^ a b Walker, A. & Medeiros, M.J. (2021). "Agrotis procellaris " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021 : e.T709A189703039. Retrieved 16 December 2022 . {{cite journal }}
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^ a b World Conservation Monitoring Centre (2021). "Agrotis cremata " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021 : e.T188974686A189703107. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T188974686A189703107.en . Retrieved 16 December 2022 .
^ a b Walker, A. & Medeiros, M.J. (2021). "Agrotis laysanensis " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021 : e.T707A189702983. Retrieved 16 December 2022 . {{cite journal }}
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^ a b Walker, A. & Medeiros, M.J. (2021). "Agrotis microreas " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021 : e.T188988510A189703157. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T188988510A189703157.en . Retrieved 16 December 2022 . {{cite journal }}
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^ a b Walker, A. & Medeiros, M.J. (2021). "Agrotis photophila " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021 : e.T708A189703011. Retrieved 16 December 2022 . {{cite journal }}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link )
^ a b Walker, A. & Medeiros, M.J. (2020). "Agrotis tephrias " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021 : e.T188989484A189703177. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T188989484A189703177.en . Retrieved 16 December 2022 . {{cite journal }}
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^ a b World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Scotorythra megalophylla " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T20074A9144387. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T20074A9144387.en . Retrieved 16 December 2022 .
^ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Scotorythra nesiotes " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T20075A9144489. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T20075A9144489.en . Retrieved 16 December 2022 .
^ a b World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Tritocleis microphylla " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T22209A9365407. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T22209A9365407.en . Retrieved 16 December 2022 .
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^ a b World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Campsicnemus mirabilis " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T3719A10034887. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3719A10034887.en . Retrieved 16 December 2022 .
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^ E. H. Bryan Jr. (1934). "A review of the Hawaiian Diptera, with descriptions of new species" (PDF) . Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society . 8 (3): 399–468.
^ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Drosophila lanaiensis " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T6844A12810403. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T6844A12810403.en . Retrieved 16 December 2022 .
^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Achatinella abbreviata " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T167A13037866. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T167A13037866.en . Retrieved 13 November 2021 .
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^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Achatinella buddii " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T170A13040003. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T170A13040003.en . Retrieved 15 November 2021 .
^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Achatinella caesia " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T173A13041958. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T173A13041958.en . Retrieved 14 November 2021 .
^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Achatinella casta " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T174A13042788. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T174A13042788.en . Retrieved 17 November 2021 .
^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Achatinella decora " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T179A13044905. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T179A13044905.en . Retrieved 14 November 2021 .
^ a b "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Achatinella dimorpha " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T180A13045321. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T180A13045321.en . Retrieved 17 November 2021 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Achatinella elegans " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T181A13045735. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T181A13045735.en . Retrieved 15 November 2021 .
^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Achatinella juddii " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T184A13047419. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T184A13047419.en . Retrieved 17 November 2021 .
^ a b "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Achatinella juncea " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T185A13047564. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T185A13047564.en . Retrieved 15 November 2021 .
^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Achatinella lehuiensis " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T186A13047687. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T186A13047687.en . Retrieved 17 November 2021 .
^ a b "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Achatinella livida " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T189A13047953. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T189A13047953.en . Retrieved 14 November 2021 .
^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Achatinella papyracea " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T192A13048363. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T192A13048363.en . Retrieved 15 November 2021 .
^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Achatinella spaldingi " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T198A13049179. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T198A13049179.en . Retrieved 17 November 2021 .
^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Achatinella thaanumi " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T202A13049902. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T202A13049902.en . Retrieved 16 November 2021 .
^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Achatinella valida " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T204A13050607. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T204A13050607.en . Retrieved 15 November 2021 .
^ a b "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Auriculella expansa " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T2411A9437291. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T2411A9437291.en . Retrieved 16 November 2021 .
^ a b "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Auriculella uniplicata " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T2412A9437341. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T2412A9437341.en . Retrieved 17 November 2021 .
^ a b Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Newcombia philippiana " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T14746A4459826. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T14746A4459826.en . Retrieved 15 November 2021 .
^ a b "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Partulina crassa " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T16351A5610123. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T16351A5610123.en . Retrieved 17 November 2021 .
^ a b Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Partulina montagui " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T16353A5612122. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T16353A5612122.en . Retrieved 8 January 2023 .
^ a b "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2023-01-09 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Perdicella fulgurans " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T16601A6167310. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T16601A6167310.en . Retrieved 8 January 2023 .
^ a b "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2023-01-09 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Perdicella maniensis " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T16602A6169853. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T16602A6169853.en . Retrieved 8 January 2023 .
^ a b "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2023-01-09 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Perdicella zebra " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T16603A6173963. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T16603A6173963.en . Retrieved 8 January 2023 .
^ a b "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2023-01-09 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Perdicella zebrina " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T16604A6176242. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T16604A6176242.en . Retrieved 8 January 2023 .
^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Amastra albolabris " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T989A13100821. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T989A13100821.en . Retrieved 17 November 2021 .
^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Amastra cornea " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T990A13100871. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T990A13100871.en . Retrieved 16 November 2021 .
^ a b "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Amastra crassilabrum " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T991A13100921. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T991A13100921.en . Retrieved 16 November 2021 .
^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Amastra elongata " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T992A13100971. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T992A13100971.en . Retrieved 15 November 2021 .
^ a b Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Amastra forbesi " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T993A13101021. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T993A13101021.en . Retrieved 15 November 2021 .
^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Amastra pellucida " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T994A13101071. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T994A13101071.en . Retrieved 14 November 2021 .
^ a b Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Amastra porcus " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T995A13101121. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T995A13101121.en . Retrieved 18 November 2021 .
^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Amastra reticulata " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T996A13101171. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T996A13101171.en . Retrieved 17 November 2021 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Amastra subrostrata " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T997A13101221. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T997A13101221.en . Retrieved 14 November 2021 .
^ a b "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Amastra subsoror " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T998A13101271. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T998A13101271.en . Retrieved 17 November 2021 .
^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Amastra tenuispira " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T999A13101316. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T999A13101316.en . Retrieved 14 November 2021 .
^ a b Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Amastra umbilicata " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T1000A3153045. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T1000A3153045.en . Retrieved 17 November 2021 .
^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia anceophila " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T3875A10147634. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3875A10147634.en . Retrieved 16 November 2021 .
^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia bicolor " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T3876A10148280. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3876A10148280.en . Retrieved 15 November 2021 .
^ a b "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia cochlea " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T3877A10148536. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3877A10148536.en . Retrieved 18 December 2022 .
^ a b Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia cumingiana " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T3878A10144285. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3878A10144285.en . Retrieved 17 November 2021 .
^ a b "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia dolei " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T3879A10145341. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3879A10145341.en . Retrieved 18 December 2022 .
^ a b "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia evelynae " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T3880A10148880. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3880A10148880.en . Retrieved 15 November 2021 .
^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia glossema " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T3881A10149985. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3881A10149985.en . Retrieved 16 November 2021 .
^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia hyattiana " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T3882A10151012. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3882A10151012.en . Retrieved 16 November 2021 .
^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia kalalauensis " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T3883A10151996. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3883A10151996.en . Retrieved 16 November 2021 .
^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia knudseni " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T3884A10152693. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3884A10152693.en . Retrieved 17 November 2021 .
^ a b "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia lirata " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T3885A10153241. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3885A10153241.en . Retrieved 17 November 2021 .
^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia lymani " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T3886A10149243. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3886A10149243.en . Retrieved 17 November 2021 .
^ a b "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia mirabilis " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T3887A10153972. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3887A10153972.en . Retrieved 17 November 2021 .
^ a b "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia necra " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T3888A10150404. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3888A10150404.en . Retrieved 15 November 2021 .
^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia olivacea " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T3889A10151425. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3889A10151425.en . Retrieved 17 November 2021 .
^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia paradoxa " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T3890A10154081. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3890A10154081.en . Retrieved 17 November 2021 .
^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia periscelis " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T3891A10155066. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3891A10155066.en . Retrieved 14 November 2021 .
^ a b "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia pilsbryi " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T3892A10156343. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3892A10156343.en . Retrieved 16 November 2021 .
^ a b Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia sinclairi " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T3893A10157468. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3893A10157468.en . Retrieved 17 November 2021 .
^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia tenebrosa " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T3895A10158690. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3895A10158690.en . Retrieved 17 November 2021 .
^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia turricula " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T3896A10154389. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3896A10154389.en . Retrieved 18 December 2022 .
^ a b "NatureServe Explorer 2.0" . explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 2022-12-18 .
^ Cowie, R.; Pokryszko, B. (1996). "Lyropupa perlonga " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1996 : e.T12526A3353315. doi :10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T12526A3353315.en . Retrieved 17 November 2021 .