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List of Hawaiian animals extinct in the Holocene

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Location of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean.
The O‘ahu ‘ō‘ō (Moho apicalis) is among dozens of bird species that became extinct after the human settlement of Hawaii.

This is a list of Hawaiian species extinct in the Holocene that covers extinctions from the Holocene epoch, a geologic epoch that began about 11,650 years before present (about 9700 BCE)[a] and continues to the present day.[1]

The Hawaiian Islands include the eight major islands (the Windward Islands) and the small islands and atolls of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. They are all part of the U.S. state of Hawaii, except Midway Atoll, which is a separate U.S. territory.[2]

Hawaii was settled by Polynesians sometime between 1000 and 1200 CE.[3] British explorer James Cook, the first known non-Polynesian to arrive at the archipelago, arrived in 1778. An influx of European and American explorers, traders, and whalers arrived shortly after. Hawaii was annexed by the United States in 1898 and became a state in 1959.[4]

Numerous species have disappeared from Hawaii as part of the ongoing Holocene extinction, driven by human activity. Human contact, first by Polynesians and later by Europeans, had a significant impact on the environment. Both the Polynesians and Europeans cleared native forests and introduced non-indigenous species for agriculture (or by accident), driving many endemic species to extinction. Fossil finds in caves, lava tubes, and sand dunes have revealed that Hawaii once had a native eagle,[5] two raven-size crows, several bird-eating owls, and giant ducks known as moa-nalo. Today, many of Hawaii's remaining endemic species of plants and animals are considered endangered. Hawaii has more endangered species and has lost a higher percentage of its endemic species than any other U.S. state.[6] The endemic plant Brighamia now requires hand pollination because its natural pollinator is presumed to be extinct.[7]

Many extinction dates are unknown due to a lack of relevant information.

This list only includes the indigenous biota of Hawaii, not domestic animals like the Hawaiian poi dog.

Mammals (class Mammalia)

Bats (order Chiroptera)

Vesper bats (family Vespertilionidae)

Scientific name Range Comments
Synemporion keana At least 5 islands: Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii (island).[8] Might have become extinct around the 10th century.[9]

Birds (class Aves)

Waterfowl (order Anseriformes)

Ducks, geese, and swans (family Anatidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Nēnē-nui Branta hylobadistes Maui, possibly Oahu and Kauai Most recent remains dated to 1046-1380.[10]
Giant Hawaiʻi goose Branta rhuax Hawaii (island) Most recent remains dated to 1380-1500.[11]
Turtle-jawed moa-nalo Chelychelynechen quassus Kauai[12] Only known from subfossil remains.[13]
Small-billed moa-nalo Ptaiochen pau Maui[12] Known from subfossil remains. It was possibly restricted to montane habitat, while the lowlands were occupied by the large-billed moa-nalo. Likely disappeared due to a combination of hunting and predation or competition with introduced mammals.[13] (right)
Kauaʻi mole duck Talpanas lippa Kauai Most recent remains dated to 3540-3355 BCE.[14] Being a flightless, nocturnal, almost-blind species convergent with New Zealand's kiwi, it was likely very vulnerable to hunting and predation by introduced animals.[13]
Oʻahu moa-nalo Thambetochen xanion Oahu Most recent remains dated to 440-639 CE.[10] It possibly disappeared due to a combination of hunting, habitat loss, and nest-predation by introduced mammals.[13]
Maui Nui large-billed moa-nalo Thambetochen chauliodous Maui and Molokai Most recent remains dated to 1057-1375.[10] It occupied low altitudes while the small-billed moa-nalo lived at higher heights. It likely disappeared due to hunting, and nest predation by Polynesian rats.[13] (left)
Giant Oʻahu goose Anatidae sp. et gen. indet. Oahu Prehistoric
Long-legged shelduck Anatidae sp. et gen. indet. Kauai

Rails and cranes (order Gruiformes)

Rails (family Rallidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Laysan rail Zapornia palmeri Laysan Disappeared from Laysan in 1923 after feral rabbits ate all the vegetation in the island. Previously, the species was introduced to other islands in an attempt to save it from extinction, establishing successful populations in Midway (Eastern and Sand Islands). In 1943, military construction in Midway accidentally introduced black rats, which exterminated the rails by either June 1944 or June 1945.[13]
Hawaiian rail Zapornia sandwichensis Hawaii (island) Last collected in 1864; claims of further survival are unsubstantiated. The nominate subspecies Z. s. sandwichensis lived on the leeward side of the island and the subspecies Z. s. millsi on the windward side. It coexisted peacefully with the Polynesian rat but might have been driven to extinction by the black rat. Mongooses were blamed by some authors, but they were not introduced to the island until 1883. Hunting, deforestation, predation by pigs, cats, and dogs, and introduced diseases from poultry may have been contributing factors to its extinction.[13]
Small Oʻahu crake Zapornia ziegleri[13] Oahu Most recent remains dated to 650-869 CE.[10]
Small Maui crake "Porzana" keplerorum Maui[15] All prehistoric.
Liliput crake "Porzana" menehune Molokai[15]
Great Oʻahu crake "Porzana" ralphorum Oahu[15]
Great Maui crake "Porzana" severnsi Maui[15]
Great Hawaiian crake, Great Big Island crake "Porzana" sp. Hawaii (island)
Great Kauaʻi crake "Porzana" sp. Kaui
Medium Kauaʻi crake "Porzana" sp. Kaui
Medium Maui crake "Porzana" sp. Maui
Small Hawaiian crake, Small Big Island crake "Porzana" sp. Hawaii (island)

Shorebirds (order Charadriiformes)

Gulls, terns, and skimmers (family Laridae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Kauaʻi gull Larus sp. Kaui Prehistoric

Albatrosses and petrels (order Procellariiformes)

Petrels and shearwaters (family Procellariidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Oʻahu petrel Pterodroma jugabilis Hawaii (island) and Oahu Known from subfossil remains found in archaeological assemblages, because of this it is believed that it was hunted by people. It has no close living relatives.[15]

Pelicans, herons, and ibises (order Pelecaniformes)

Ibises and spoonbills (family Threskiornithidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Maui highland ibis Apteribis brevis Maui Most recent remains dated to 170 BCE - 370 CE.[16]
Molokaʻi ibis Apteribis glenos Molokai[15] Prehistoric
Maui lowland ibis Apteribis sp. Maui[15]
Lānaʻi ibis Apteribis sp. Lanai[17]

Hawks and relatives (order Accipitriformes)

Hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures (family Accipitridae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Wood harrier Circus dossenus Molokai and Oahu[15] Prehistoric
Hawaiian eagle Haliaeetus sp. Main Hawaiian Islands Most recent remains dated to 1581 BCE.[18]

Owls (order Strigiformes)

True owls (family Strigidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Kauaʻi stilt-owl Grallistrix auceps Kauai Most recent remains dated to 744-202 BCE.[10]
Maui stilt-owl Grallistrix erdmani Maui Most recent remains dated to 1057-1440 AD.[10]
Molokaʻi stilt-owl Grallistrix geleches Molokai[15] Prehistoric
Oʻahu stilt-owl Grallistrix orion Oahu[15]

Perching birds (order Passeriformes)

Crows and relatives (family Corvidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
High-billed crow Corvus impluviatus Oahu[19] Prehistoric
Robust crow Corvus viriosus Oahu and Molokai[19]
Extinct in the wild, crows and relatives (family Corvidae)
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Hawaiian crow Corvus hawaiiensis Hawaii (island) and Maui Historically recorded on the big island, where it was persecuted as a nuisance during the 19th century. Fossils indicate that this species or a very similar one was also found in Maui before European contact. The last wild pairs bred on the slopes of the Mauna Loa in 1992, by which time there were only 11 or 12 individuals left. One egg was laid in 1996 but didn't hatch, and the last pair was sighted in 2002. A captive population exists, but a release program in 1993-1999 ended in failure.[20]

Reed warblers (family Acrocephalidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Laysan millerbird Acrocephalus familiaris familiaris Laysan Last recorded in 1913. It likely disappeared due to habitat destruction caused by feral rabbits, which were introduced in 1904 and destroyed the vegetation almost completely by 1920.[13]

Hawaiian honeyeaters (family Mohoidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Kioea Chaetoptila angustipluma Hawaii (island) 1859[21]
Oʻahu kioea Chaetoptila cf. angustipluma Oahu, Maui, and possibly others Prehistoric
Narrow-billed kioea ?Chaetoptila sp. Maui and possibly others Prehistoric
Oʻahu ʻōʻō Moho apicalis Oahu 1837[22] Oʻahu ʻōʻō
Bishop's ʻōʻō Moho bishopi Maui, Molokai, and Lani 1981[23]
Kauaʻi ʻōʻō Moho braccatus Kauai 1987[24]
Hawaiʻi ʻōʻō Moho nobilis Hawaii 1934[25]

Thrushes (family Turdidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Kāmaʻo Myadestes myadestinus Kauai 1985[26]
ʻĀmaui Myadestes woahensis[27] Oahu[27] 1825[27]
Possibly extinct, thrushes (family Turdidae)
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Olomaʻo Myadestes lanaiensis Maui, Lanai and Molokai[28] 1980[28]

True finches (family Fringillidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Oʻahu icterid-like gaper Aidemedia chascax Oahu[19] Prehistoric
Maui Nui icterid-like gaper Aidemedia lutetiae Maui and Molokai[19]
Sickle-billed gaper Aidemedia zanclops Oahu[19]
Oʻahu ʻakialoa Akialoa ellisiana Oahu The species is known from only two specimens collected in 1837, although there were undocumented reports in 1937 and 1940.[29]
Maui Nui ʻakialoa Akialoa lanaiensis It was endemic to the island of Lanai in modern times but seems to have occurred on all major islands of former Maui Nui before human settlement. 1892[30]
Lesser ʻakialoa Akialoa obscura Hawaii (island) 1940[31]
Kauaʻi ʻakialoa Akialoa stejnegeri Kauai 1969[32]
Hoopoe-billed ʻakialoa Akialoa upupirostris Oahu and Kauai[19] Prehistoric
Giant ʻakialoa Akialoa sp. Hawaii (island)
Akialoa sp. Maui
Kona grosbeak Chloridops kona Hawaii (island) 1894[33]
King Kong grosbeak Chloridops regiskongi Oahu[19] Prehistoric
Wahi grosbeak Chloridops wahi Maui and Oahu Prehistoric. Might include the Kauaʻi grosbeak (Chloridops sp.).
Kauaʻi grosbeak Chloridops sp. Kauai Prehistoric. Might be synonymous with the Wahi grosbeak (Chloridops wahi).
Maui grosbeak Chloridops sp. Maui Prehistoric
ʻUla-ʻai-hawane Ciridops anna Hawaii (island) 1892[34]
Stout-legged finch Ciridops tenax Kauai[19] Prehistoric
Molokaʻi ʻula-ʻai-hawane Ciridops cf. anna Molokai[19]
Oʻahu ʻula-ʻai-hawane Ciridops sp. Oahu[19]
Black mamo Drepanis funerea Maui and Molokai 1907[35]
Hawaiʻi mamo Drepanis pacifica Hawaii (island) 1898[36]
Lānaʻi hookbill Dysmorodrepanis munroi Lanai 1918[37]
Oʻahu nukupuʻu Hemignathus lucidus Oahu 1838-1841[38]
Giant nukupuʻu Hemignathus vorpalis Hawaii (island) After c. 1000 BCE - 500 CE[39]
Laysan honeycreeper Himatione fraithii Laysan 1923[40]
Kauaʻi palila Loxioides kikuchi Kauai 1375-1610 CE[41]
Oʻahu ʻakepa Loxops wolstenholmei Oahu 1930[42]
Poʻouli Melamprosops phaeosoma Maui 2004[43]
Highland finch Orthiospiza howarthi Maui[19] Prehistoric
Kākāwahie Paroreomyza flammea Molokai 1961-1963[44]
Lānaʻi ʻalauahio Paroreomyza montana montana Lanai 1937
Lesser koa finch Rhodacanthis flaviceps Recorded on Hawaii (island). This or a similar species is also known from the fossil record of Oahu and Maui.[45] 1891[45]
Scissor-billed koa finch Rhodacanthis forfex Maui and Kauai[46] Prehistoric
Primitive koa finch Rhodacanthis litotes Maui and Oahu[46]
Greater koa finch Rhodacanthis palmeri Hawaii (island) 1896[47]
Kauaʻi finch Telespiza persecutrix Oahu and Kauai 1425-1660[10]
Maui Nui finch Telespiza ypsilon Maui and Molokai[19] Prehistoric
Maui finch Telespiza cf. ypsilon Maui
Strange-billed finch Vangulifer mirandus Maui[19] Prehistoric
Thin-billed finch Vangulifer neophasis
Greater ʻamakihi Viridonia sagittirostris Hawaii (island) 1901[48]
Cone-billed finch Xestospiza conica Kauai[19] Prehistoric
Ridge-billed finch Xestospiza fastigialis Oahu, Molokai, and Maui[19]
Drepanidini gen. et sp. indet. Maui Prehistoric. At least three species.
Drepanidini gen. et sp. indet. Oahu Prehistoric
Possibly extinct, true finches (family Fringillidae)
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Maui nukupuʻu Hemignathus affinis Maui Considered possibly extinct. The last confirmed sighting was in 1989.[49]
Kauaʻi nukupuʻu Hemignathus hanapepe Kauai Considered possibly extinct. The last confirmed sightings of this species were in 1899, with only unconfirmed sightings since then despite intensive searches.[50]
Maui ʻakepa Loxops ochraceus Maui Considered possibly extinct. Last seen in 1988.[51]
Oʻahu ʻalauahio Paroreomyza maculata Oahu Considered possibly extinct. Last documented in 1985.[52]
ʻŌʻū Psittirostra psittacea Hawaii (island), Maui, Molokai, Lanai, Oahu, and Kauai. Considered possibly extinct. Last seen in 1989.[53]

Incertae familiae

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Slender-billed Kauaʻi passerine Passeriformes gen. et sp. indet. Kauai Prehistoric
Tiny Kauaʻi passerine Passeriformes gen. et sp. indet. Kauai Prehistoric

Insects (class Insecta)

Dragonflies and damselflies (order Odonata)

Narrow-winged damselflies (family Coenagrionidae)

Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Maui upland damselfly Megalagrion jugorum Maui and Lanai[54] Last seen in 1917. Considered possibly extinct.[54]

Grasshoppers, locusts, and crickets (order Orthoptera)

True crickets (family Gryllidae)

Extinct in the wild
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Oʻahu deceptor bush cricket Leptogryllus deceptor Oahu[55] Extinct in the wild[56]

True bugs (order Hemiptera)

Mealybugs (family Pseudococcidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Clavicoccus erinaceus Oahu Extinct[57]
Phyllococcus oahuensis Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands[58] Extinct[58]

Beetles (order Coleoptera)

True weevils (family Curculionidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Dryophthorus distinguendus Nearly all of the Hawaiian Islands[59] Extinct. Last seen in 1961.[59]
Laysan weevil Oodemas laysanensis Laysan[60] Extinct. Last seen in 1964.[60]
Rhyncogonus bryani Laysan[61] Extinct. Last seen in 1911.[61]

Butterflies and moths (order Lepidoptera)

Pyralid moths (family Pyralidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Genophantis leahi Maui, Oahu, Molokai and Hawaii (island) Last seen in the early 1900s. Considered extinct.[62]

Owlet moths (family Noctuidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Confused moth Helicoverpa confusa Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands[63] Extinct after 1927.[63]
Minute noctuid moth Helicoverpa minuta Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands[64] Last seen before 1911. Considered extinct.[64]
Laysan dropseed noctuid moth Hypena laysanensis Laysan Last seen in 1911. Considered extinct.[65]
Hilo noctuid moth Hypena newelli Hawaii (island) Date of last observation unknown, possibly before 1923.[66][b] Extinct[67]
Lovegrass noctuid moth Hypena plagiota Kauai, Oahu, and Maui Last seen before 1960, date unknown.[68] Extinct[69]
Kaholuamano noctuid moth Hypena senicula Kauai Date of last collection unknown, possibly before 1923.[70][c] Extinct[71]
Possibly extinct, owlet moths (family Noctuidae)
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Midway noctuid moth Agrotis fasciata Midway Atoll[72] Last seen before 1960, date unknown.[73] Considered possibly extinct.[72]
Kona agrotis noctuid moth Agrotis panoplias Hawaii (island)[74] Date unknown. Considered possibly extinct.[74]
Poko noctuid moth Agrotis crinigera Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, Hawaii (island), and Laysan[75] Last seen in 1926. Considered possibly extinct.[75]
Kerr's noctuid moth Agrotis kerri French Frigate Shoals[76] Last seen in 1923. Considered possibly extinct.[76]
Procellaris grotis noctuid moth Agrotis procellaris Laysan[77] Last seen in 1912. Considered possibly extinct.[77]
Maui agrotis noctuid moth Agrotis cremata Oahu and Maui[78] Last seen in 1912. Considered possibly extinct.[78]
Laysan noctuid moth Agrotis laysanensis Laysan[79] Last seen in 1911. Considered possibly extinct.[79]
Microreas agrotis noctuid moth Agrotis microreas Hawaii (island)[80] Last seen in 1925. Considered possibly extinct.[80]
Light-loving noctuid moth Agrotis photophila Oahu[81] Last seen in 1900. Considered possibly extinct.[81]
Data deficient, owlet moths (family Noctuidae)
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Kauai agrotis noctuid moth Agrotis tephrias Kauai, Maui, and possibly Hawaii (island)[82] Last seen in 1985. Considered data deficient.[82]

Geometer moths (family Geometridae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Kona giant looper moth Scotorythra megalophylla Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands[83] Last seen in the early 1900s. Considered extinct.[83]
Koʻolau giant looper moth Scotorythra nesiotes Oahu Last seen in the early 1900s. Considered extinct.[84]
ʻOlaʻa peppered looper moth Tritocleis microphylla Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands[85] Last seen in the 1890s. Considered extinct.[85]

True flies (order Diptera)

Long-legged flies (family Dolichopodidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Koʻolau spurwing long-legged fly[86] Campsicnemus mirabilis Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands[87] Extinct[87]

Fruit flies and relatives (family Drosophilidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Lanai pomace fly[88] Drosophila lanaiensis Lanai and possibly Oahu[89] Last seen in 1893.[88] Extinct[90]

Gastropods (class Gastropoda)

Order Stylommatophora

Family Achatinellidae

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Achatinella abbreviata Oahu[91] Extinct. Last seen in 1963[92]
Achatinella apexfulva Oahu[93] Extinct. Last individual died in captivity in 2019.[94]
Achatinella buddii Oahu[95] Extinct. Last seen in the early 1900s.[96]
Achatinella caesia Oahu[97] Extinct. Last seen in the early 1900s.[98]
Achatinella casta Oahu[99] Extinct. Unspecified date.[100]
Achatinella decora Oahu[101] Extinct. Last seen in the early 1900s.[102]
Achatinella dimorpha Oahu[103] Extinct.[104] Recorded in 1951 and 1967.[103]
Achatinella elegans Oahu Extinct. Last seen in 1952.[105]
Achatinella juddii Oahu[106] Extinct. Last seen in 1958.[107]
Achatinella juncea Oahu[108] Extinct.[109] One post-1945 record, no recent records.[108]
Achatinella lehuiensis Oahu[110] Extinct. Last seen in 1922.[111]
Achatinella livida Oahu[112] Extinct.[113] Collected six times between 1981 and 1993.[112]
Achatinella papyracea Oahu[114] Extinct. Last seen in 1945.[115]
Achatinella spaldingi Oahu[116] Extinct. Last seen in 1938.[117]
Achatinella thaanumi Oahu[118] Extinct. Last seen in the early 1900s.[119]
Achatinella valida Oahu[120] Extinct. Last seen in 1951.[121]
Auriculella expansa Maui[122] Extinct.[123] Observed in 1946 and 1960.[122]
Auriculella uniplicata Maui[124] Extinct.[125] Observed in 1946.[124]
Newcombia philippiana Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands.[126][127] Extinct.[126] Collected in 1964.[127]
Partulina crassa Lanai[128] Extinct. Last seen in 1914.[129]
Partulina montagui Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands.[130] Extinct. Last seen in 1913.[130]
Perdicella fulgurans Maui[131] Extinct.[132] No post-1945 historic sightings.[131]
Perdicella maniensis Maui[133] Extinct.[134] No post-1945 historic sightings.[133]
Perdicella zebra Maui[135] Extinct.[136] No post-1945 historic sightings.[135]
Perdicella zebrina Maui[137] Extinct.[138] No post-1945 historic sightings.[137]

Family Amastridae

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Amastra albolabris Oahu[139] Extinct. Unspecified date.[140]
Amastra cornea Oahu[141] Extinct. Unspecified date.[142]
Amastra crassilabrum Oahu[143] Extinct.[144] Observed in 1951.[143]
Amastra elongata Oahu[145] Extinct. Unspecified date.[146]
Amastra forbesi Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands.[147] Extinct. Unspecified date.[147]
Amastra pellucida Oahu[148] Extinct. Unspecified date.[149]
Amastra porcus Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands.[150] Extinct. Unspecified date.[150]
Amastra reticulata Oahu[151] Extinct. Unspecified date.[152]
Amastra subrostrata Oahu Extinct. Unspecified date.[153]
Amastra subsoror Maui[154] Extinct.[155] Last observed in 1946.[154]
Amastra tenuispira Maui[156] Extinct. Unspecified date.[157]
Amastra umbilicata Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands.[158] Extinct. Unspecified date.[158]
Carelia anceophila Kauai[159] Extinct. Last seen in 1930.[160]
Carelia bicolor Kauai[161] Extinct. Last seen in 1970.[162]
Carelia cochlea Kauai[163] Extinct.[164] Observed in 1952.[163]
Carelia cumingiana Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands.[165] Extinct. Last seen in 1930.[165]
Carelia dolei Kauai[166] Extinct.[167] Observed in 1952.[166]
Carelia evelynae Kauai[168] Extinct.[169] Observed in 1952.[168]
Carelia glossema Kauai[170] Extinct. Last seen in 1930.[171]
Carelia hyattiana Kauai[172] Extinct. Unspecified date.[173]
Carelia kalalauensis Kauai[174] Extinct. Last seen 1945-1947.[175]
Carelia knudseni Kauai[176] Extinct. Last seen in 1930.[177]
Carelia lirata Kauai[178] Extinct.[179] No post-1945 historic sightings.[178]
Carelia lymani Kauai[180] Extinct. Unspecified date.[181]
Carelia mirabilis Kauai[182] Extinct.[183] No post-1945 historic sightings.[182]
Carelia necra Kauai[184] Extinct.[185] No post-1945 historic sightings.[184]
Carelia olivacea Kauai[186] Extinct. Last seen in 1930.[187]
Carelia paradoxa Kauai[188] Extinct. Last seen in 1930.[189]
Carelia periscelis Kauai[190] Extinct. Last seen in 1930.[191]
Carelia pilsbryi Kauai[192] Extinct.[193] No post-1945 historic sightings.[192]
Carelia sinclairi Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands.[194] Extinct. Unspecified date.[194]
Carelia tenebrosa Kauai[195] Extinct. Last seen in 1930.[196]
Carelia turricula Kauai[197] Extinct. Last seen in 1930.[198]

Family Pupillidae

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Lyropupa perlonga Oahu[199] Extinct.[200] Observed in 1980.[199]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The source gives "11,700 calendar yr b2k (before AD 2000)". But "BP" means before 1950 CE. Therefore, the Holocene began 11,650 BP. Doing the math, that is c. 9700 BCE.
  2. ^ This source from 2003 says, that "the last observed date [is] given as unknown, but according to Frank Howarth was more than 80 years ago." Thus, the date of last observation is unknown, but possibly before 1923.
  3. ^ This source from 2003 says, that "the last observed date [is] given as unknown but according to Frank Howarth the last collection was more than 80 years ago." Thus, the date of last collection is unknown, but possibly before 1923.

References

  1. ^ Walker, Mike; Johnsen, Sigfus; Rasmussen, Sune Olander; Popp, Trevor; Steffensen, Jorgen-Peder; Gibrard, Phil; Hoek, Wim; Lowe, John; Andrews, John; Bjo Rck, Svante; Cwynar, Les C.; Hughen, Konrad; Kersahw, Peter; Kromer, Bernd; Litt, Thomas; Lowe, David J.; Nakagawa, Takeshi; Newnham, Rewi; Schwander, Jakob (2009). "Formal definition and dating of the GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point) for the base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP ice core, and selected auxiliary records" (PDF). Journal of Quaternary Science. 24 (1): 3–17. Bibcode:2009JQS....24....3W. doi:10.1002/jqs.1227. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-11-04. Retrieved 2022-04-24.
  2. ^ "MODIS Web: Home >> Images >> Midway Islands". modis.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on June 4, 2022. Retrieved 2021-04-21.
  3. ^ Kirch, Patrick (2011). "When did the Polynesians Settle Hawaii? A review of 150 years of scholarly inquiry". Hawaiian Archaeology. 12: 3–26.
  4. ^ "[USC02] 48 USC Ch. 3: Front Matter". uscode.house.gov. Archived from the original on October 29, 2018. Retrieved October 28, 2019.
  5. ^ Fleischer, Robert; Olsen, Storrs; James, Helen; Cooper, Alan (October 2000). "Identification of the Extinct Hawaiian Eagle (Haliaeetus) by mtDNA Sequence Analysis" (PDF). The Auk. 117 (4): 1051–1056. doi:10.1093/auk/117.4.1051. Retrieved May 23, 2018.
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  123. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Auriculella expansa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T2411A9437291. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T2411A9437291.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
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  125. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Auriculella uniplicata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T2412A9437341. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T2412A9437341.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  126. ^ a b Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Newcombia philippiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T14746A4459826. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T14746A4459826.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
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  129. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Partulina crassa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T16351A5610123. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T16351A5610123.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  130. ^ a b Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Partulina montagui". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T16353A5612122. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T16353A5612122.en. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
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  132. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Perdicella fulgurans". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T16601A6167310. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T16601A6167310.en. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
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  134. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Perdicella maniensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T16602A6169853. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T16602A6169853.en. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
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  136. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Perdicella zebra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T16603A6173963. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T16603A6173963.en. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
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  138. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Perdicella zebrina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T16604A6176242. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T16604A6176242.en. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
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  140. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Amastra albolabris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T989A13100821. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T989A13100821.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
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  142. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Amastra cornea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T990A13100871. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T990A13100871.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
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  144. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Amastra crassilabrum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T991A13100921. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T991A13100921.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
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  146. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Amastra elongata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T992A13100971. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T992A13100971.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  147. ^ a b Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Amastra forbesi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T993A13101021. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T993A13101021.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
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  149. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Amastra pellucida". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T994A13101071. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T994A13101071.en. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  150. ^ a b Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Amastra porcus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T995A13101121. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T995A13101121.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
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  152. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Amastra reticulata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T996A13101171. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T996A13101171.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  153. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Amastra subrostrata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T997A13101221. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T997A13101221.en. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
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  155. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Amastra subsoror". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T998A13101271. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T998A13101271.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
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  157. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Amastra tenuispira". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T999A13101316. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T999A13101316.en. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  158. ^ a b Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Amastra umbilicata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T1000A3153045. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T1000A3153045.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
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  160. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia anceophila". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3875A10147634. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3875A10147634.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
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  162. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia bicolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3876A10148280. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3876A10148280.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
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  164. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia cochlea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3877A10148536. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3877A10148536.en. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
  165. ^ a b Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia cumingiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3878A10144285. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3878A10144285.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
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  167. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia dolei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3879A10145341. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3879A10145341.en. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
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  169. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia evelynae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3880A10148880. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3880A10148880.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
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  171. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia glossema". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3881A10149985. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3881A10149985.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
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  173. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia hyattiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3882A10151012. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3882A10151012.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
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  175. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia kalalauensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3883A10151996. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3883A10151996.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
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  177. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia knudseni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3884A10152693. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3884A10152693.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
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  179. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia lirata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3885A10153241. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3885A10153241.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
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  181. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia lymani". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3886A10149243. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3886A10149243.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
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  183. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia mirabilis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3887A10153972. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3887A10153972.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
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  185. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia necra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3888A10150404. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3888A10150404.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
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  187. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia olivacea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3889A10151425. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3889A10151425.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
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  189. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia paradoxa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3890A10154081. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3890A10154081.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
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  191. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia periscelis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3891A10155066. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3891A10155066.en. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
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  193. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia pilsbryi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3892A10156343. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3892A10156343.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  194. ^ a b Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia sinclairi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3893A10157468. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3893A10157468.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
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  196. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia tenebrosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3895A10158690. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3895A10158690.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
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  198. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). "Carelia turricula". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T3896A10154389. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3896A10154389.en. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
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  200. ^ Cowie, R.; Pokryszko, B. (1996). "Lyropupa perlonga". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T12526A3353315. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T12526A3353315.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
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