Go-on

Go-on (呉音) are one of the different readings of Japanese kanji. They are old pronunciations of Chinese characters, believed to be taken from China to Japan prior to the importation (by the Kenzuishi envoy to the Sui dynasty and monks studying abroad) of "kan-on" (漢音, literally "Han sound") readings from Chang'an during the Nara period. Like kan-on readings, they are said to display the characteristics of Middle Chinese.

Introduced to Japan during the 5th & 6th centuries, when China was divided into separate northern and southern dynasties, it is thought that go-on readings were imported either directly from the southern dynasty, or through Korea. This explanation is based mainly on historical reasoning: there was an influx of other foreign thought from Korea and China to Japan at that time, including both Buddhist and Confucianist thought. However, there is no historical documentation to conclusively demonstrate that go-on readings are actually based on southern dynastic Chinese.

Go-on readings are used particularly often in Buddhist terms and legal terms, especially those of the Nara and Heian periods. When kan-on readings were introduced to Japan, their go-on equivalents did not disappear, and even today, go-on and kan-on readings continue to be used together. Go-on readings were also used for the Chinese characters of the ancient Japanese syllabary used in the Kojiki.

Name

Go-on readings were formally referred to as "wa-on" (和音, literally "Japanese sound"). The term "go-on" was first introduced in the mid-Heian period, likely by people who wished to promote kan-on readings. During the reign of the Tangs, people in the capital (Chang'an) referred to their own way of reading characters as 秦音 (pronounced in Japanese as "shin-on", literally meaning "Qin sound") and all other readings, particularly those originating south of the Yangtze, as 呉音 (pronounced in Japanese as "go-on", literally meaning "Wu sound"), or one of many other similar names. It is thought that Japanese students studying in China adopted this practice, and, taking the position that Chang'an's readings were the correct ones, they also began to refer to Japan's previously imported kanji readings as "go-on".

Go-on readings are also sometimes referred to as "tsushima-on" (対馬音, literally "Tsushima sound") and "kudara-on" (百済音, literally "Korean sound"). This is according to a tradition that a Korean nun named Hōmei taught Buddhism in Tsushima by reading the Vimalakīrti Sutra entirely in go-on.

Characteristics

Go-on readings are generally less orderly than kan-on readings, but can be characterized as follows.

• Voiced consonants and unvoiced consonants are differentiated for initial consonants.
• In contrast with kan-on readings, leading consonants are often pronounced nasally.
• In go-on readings of characters such as 素 ("so", "su"), 奴 ("no", "nu") and 都 ("to", tsu") otherwise equivalent "-o" and "-u" readings are both acceptable and widespread. This is thought to be due to a lack of differentiation between these sounds in the Chinese language at the time they were introduced to Japan. Because the sounds could not be distinguished in Chinese, both "-o" and "-u" were considered acceptable pronunciations upon their import to Japanese.

References

Most of the content of this article comes from the equivalent Japanese-language article, accessed on June 5th, 2006.