Jump to content

German Brazilians

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Bepp (talk | contribs) at 21:24, 30 April 2014 (How to say "German Brazilian" in Riograndenser Hunsrückisch German, the language/dialect spoken by the vast majority Brazilian teutophones: ''Deitschbrasiliooner''.). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

German Brazilian
Teuto-brasileiro  · Deutschbrasilianer



Vera Fischer[1] · Ernesto Geisel[2] · Gisele Bündchen[3]
Arthur Friedenreich[4] · Lya Luft[5] · Dunga[6]
Ana Hickmann · Oscar Niemeyer · Eike Batista
Regions with significant populations
Southern region;
slightly lesser presence in the Southeastern region
Languages
Predominantly Portuguese; largest group with est. 3.000.000 native Riograndenser Hunsrückisch speakers ([7]); there are smaller populations with their own variants of Hunsrückisch in Santa Catarina and Espirito Santo; along with other smaller groups of Brazilian German dialects; Brazil has the world's largest population of speakers of Germanic Pomeranian (Pommersch) or East Low German (not to be confused with the Slavic Kashubian language of the Lechitic languages spoken in northern Europe).
Religion
Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism and Protestantism.
Related ethnic groups
German people, White Latin Americans
White Brazilians in general, and others of European origin, such as Austrian, Swiss, Polish, Luxembourger, French, Belgian, Dutch, Irish, Scottish, English, Scandinavian, Finnish, Latvian, Lithuanian, Croatian, Italian, Czech, Russian descent (Volga Germans)

A German Brazilian (German: Deutschbrasilianer, Riograndenser Hunsrückisch: Deitschbrasiliooner, Portuguese: teuto-brasileiro) is a Brazilian person of ethnic German ancestry or origin. German Brazilians live in the entire country,[citation needed] although the overwhelming percentage is found in the country's South Region, with lesser but still significant degree in the Southeast Region. German dialects together make up the second most spoken first language in Brazil after Portuguese. A few Brazilian municipalities have Brazilian Hunsrückisch and Germanic Pomeranian as co-official with Portuguese. They are located in Southern Brazil and Espírito Santo. According to the 2000 nationwide Brazilian census, 12 million people claimed to be of German ancestry.[8][9][10]

Between 1824 and 1972, about 260,000 Germans settled in Brazil;[11] the fourth largest nationality to immigrate to Brazil, after the Portuguese (1.8 million), the Italians (1.6 million), and the Spaniards (0.72 million).[11]

The vast majority settled in states of São Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná, and Rio de Janeiro. Less than 5% of Germans settled in Minas Gerais, Pernambuco, and Espírito Santo.[12]

The most influenced state by the German immigration was Santa Catarina, the only state where Germans were the principal nationality among immigrants. Germans and Austrians were about 50% of all immigrants settled in Santa Catarina, and between 15-20% in Rio Grande do Sul and Paraná. In the rest of the country, Germans accounted for less than 5% of immigrants.[13]

German population in Southern Brazil.
  Less than 1% of population (Uruguay)
  Between 1 - 5 % of population (São Paulo)
  Between 5 - 10 % of population (Paraná)
  Between 10 - 25 % of population (Rio Grande do Sul)
  Around 35 % of population (Santa Catarina)

Overview

The 19th century was marked by an intense emigration of Europeans to different parts of the world, which led to a process of Europeanisation of these areas. Between 1816 and 1850, 5 million people left Europe; between 1850 and 1880 another 22 million people emigrated. Between 1846 and 1932, 60 million Europeans emigrated. Many Germans left the German states after the failed revolutions of 1848. Between 1878 and 1892, another 7 million Germans left Germany; after the 1870s Germany was one of the countries from which the largest numbers of people emigrated, the vast majority to the United States. From 1820 to 1840, Germans represented 21.4% of all European immigrants entering the USA; 32.2% in the following two decades; and at the end of the 19th century they were the largest immigrant group (21.9%) in the US.[14]

File:Alemães2.jpg

The arrival of the first Germans in Brazil

German immigration to Brazil was small compared to the numbers who went to the United States, and also compared to immigration of other nationalities, such as Portuguese, Italians and Spaniards, who together made up over 80% of the immigrants to Brazil during the period of greatest immigration by Europeans. Germans appeared in fourth place among immigrants to Brazil, but dropped to fifth place when Japanese immigration increased after 1908.[14]

German Brazilian Society of Firefighters Volunteers in State of Paraná - 1897

Even though the immigration of Germans to Brazil was small, it had a notable impact on the ethnic composition of the country, particularly of the Southern Brazilian population. Different factors led to this large influence. First of all, German immigration to Brazil is an old phenomenon which started as early as 1824, many decades before the beginning of the immigration of other European ethnic groups to Brazil. For example, the first significant groups of Italians to immigrate to Brazil only arrived in 1875, many decades after the arrival of the first Germans. When the settlement of other Europeans in Brazil began, the Germans had already been living there for many generations. Another factor was the high birth rates among German Brazilians. Research has found that between 1826 and 1828 a first-generation German Brazilian woman had an average of 8.5 children, and the second generation had an average of 10.4 children per woman. Birth rates among German Brazilian women were higher than those of other Brazilian women, resulting in faster growth of the population of German origin than of the population of non-German origin and a rapid increase in the population of German origin in the country.[14]

German Diaspora (c. 1930) USA (9.000.000), Brazil (620.000), Canada (300.000), Argentina (130.000), Australia (50.000), South Africa (35.000), Chile (27.000), Paraguay (10.000), Mexico (8.000) and Uruguay (7.000)

In the book The Monroe Doctrine by T B Edgington is said:

The natural increase of the German population in southern Brazil is marvelous. As a rule they rear from ten to fifteen children in each family. Blumenau, a colony which was settled by the Germans over fifty years ago, more than doubles itself every ten years. Southern Brazil is now called ‘Greater Germany’, and the Germans exercise there a commercial and financial supremacy.

Even though the population of German descent makes up a small minority in Brazil, they represent a very large percentage of the population of the South. Jean Roche estimated that people of German descent made up 13.3% of the population in Rio Grande do Sul in 1890, and that they had increased to 21.6% of the population in 1950. By 1920, the vast majority of the population of German descent was Brazilian-born. The Census of 1920 revealed that foreigners constituted only 3% of the population of the old German communities of São Leopoldo, Estrela, Montenegro and Bom Retiro do Sul.São Leopoldo, then with 46,482 inhabitants, had only 1,159 foreigners. In the new German communities the proportion of foreigners was larger, for example in Ijuí (15%) and Erechim (25%), indicating they were newer destinations of immigrants in the state. The Census of 1940 revealed that virtually all the population of German descent was native-born.

Immigration

When German-speaking immigrants first arrived in Brazil starting at the beginning of the 19th century, they did not identify themselves so much as a unified German-Brazilian group. However, as time went on this common regional identity did emerge for many different geo-socio-political reasons. Germans immigrated mainly from what is now Germany, but also from other countries where German communities were established. From 1824 to 1969, around 250,000 Germans emigrated to Brazil, being the fourth largest immigrant community to settle in the country, after the Portuguese, Italians and Spaniards. About 30% of them arrived between World War I and World War II.

German immigration to Brazil, decennial periods from 1824 to 1969
Source: Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics (IBGE)
 
Decade
Nationality 1824–47 1848–72 1872–79 1880–89 1890–99 1900–09 1910–19 1920–29 1930–39 1940–49 1950–59 1960–69
Germans 8,176 19,523 14,325 18,901 17,084 13,848 25,902 75,801 27,497 6,807 16,643 5,659

First German settlement in Brazil

Nova Petrópolis, settled by Germans in 1858

The first German immigrants to settle in Brazil were 165 families who settled in Ilhéus, Bahia, in 1818. One year later, 200 families settled São Jorge, in the same state. Some Germans were brought to work in the Brazilian army after Independence from Portugal in 1822.[15]

However, the cradle of the German settlement in Brazil was São Leopoldo, in 1824. At that time Southern Brazil had a very low population density. Most of its inhabitants were concentrated on the coast and a few in the Pampas. The interior was covered by forests and populated by Indians. This lack of population was a problem, because Southern Brazil could easily be invaded by neighboring countries.

Since Brazil was recently independent from Portugal, it was not possible to bring Portuguese immigrants. Germany was suffering the effects of the wars against Napoleon, overpopulation and poverty in the countryside. Many Germans were willing to immigrate to Brazil. Furthermore, Brazil's Empress, Maria Leopoldina, was Austrian and encouraged the arrival of German immigrants.

The first communities

Major Schaeffer, a German who was living in Brazil, was sent to Germany in order to bring immigrants. He brought immigrants and soldiers from Rhineland-Palatinate. To attract the immigrants, the Brazilian government had promised large tracts of land where they could settle with their families and colonize the region. In fact, these lands were in the middle of big forests and the first Germans had been abandoned by the Brazilian government. From 1824 to 1829, the Major brought 5,000 Germans to Brazil.[16]

German immigrants in Brazil settled mostly in rural areas, called colonies (colônias in Portuguese). These colonies were created by the Brazilian government, and the lands were distributed among the immigrants. They had to construct their own houses and cultivate the land.

The first years were not easy. Many Germans died of tropical disease, while others left the colonies to find better living conditions. The German colony of São Leopoldo was a disaster. Nevertheless, in the following years, a further 4,830 Germans arrived at São Leopoldo, and then the colony started to develop, with the immigrants establishing the town of Novo Hamburgo (New Hamburg). From São Leopoldo and Novo Hamburgo, the German immigrants spread into other areas of Rio Grande do Sul, mainly close to sources of rivers. The whole region of Vale dos Sinos was populated by Germans. During the 1830s and part of the 1840s German immigration to Brazil was interrupted due to conflicts in the country (Ragamuffin War).

First Settlers in Joinville [17]
Origin Immigrants
Switzerland 190
Prussia 70
Norway 61
Oldenburg 44
Holstein 20
Hannover 20
Sleswig 17
Hamburg 16
Saxony 8
Poland 5
Lübeck 4
Mecklenburg 4
Luxembourg 3
Sweden 3
Württemberg 1
Brunsvick 1
Schwarzburg 1
Others 4

Waves of immigrants

Joinville, in Santa Catarina, is a German-Brazilian city

Immigration restarted after 1845 with the creation of new colonies. The most important ones were Blumenau in 1850 and Joinville in 1851, both in Santa Catarina state; these attracted thousands of German immigrants to the region. Some of the mass influx was due to the Revolutions of 1848 in the German states. Nowadays these areas of German colonization are among the wealthiest parts of Brazil, with the lowest levels of unemployment[citation needed] and illiteracy[citation needed] found in the country, and still retain a strong influence from German culture.

By the end of the 19th century, 122 German communities had been created in Rio Grande do Sul, and many others in Santa Catarina, Paraná, São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro. Germans helped to establish a middle-class population in Brazil, a country that was formerly divided between slaves and their masters.[18]

Nowhere are our colonies, those loyal offshoots from the mother root, so promising as here. Today in these provinces, over thirty per cent of the inhabitants are Germans, or of German descent, and the ratio of their natural increase far exceeds that of the Portuguese. Surely to us belongs this part of the world, and the key to it all is Santa Catharina, stretching from the harbor of San Francisco far into the interior with its hitherto undeveloped, hardly suspected wealth. Here indeed, in southern Brazil, is a rich and healthy land, where the German emigrant may retain his nationality, where for all that is comprised in the word ' Germanismus,' a glorious future miles.
- Dr. Leyser, a German traveller in South Brazil at the beginning of XX´s century. [5]

Urban Germans in Brazil

Gramado is a touristic Italo-Germanic city in Rio Grande do Sul

Not all Germans who settled in Brazil became farmers. In the early 20th century, very few rural areas of Southern Brazil were empty. Most of them had been settled by German, Italian and Polish immigrants during the 19th century. Given this situation, most Germans who immigrated to Brazil during the 20th century settled in big towns, although many of them also settled in the old rural German colonies. German immigration to Brazil peaked during the 1920s, after World War I. These Germans were mostly middle-class laborers from urban areas of Germany, different from the poor peasants who had settled in the colonies of Brazil during the 19th century.

In 1858, Germans were 15% of Porto Alegre´s population,[19] 10% of São Paulo´s population for 1860 [20] and 60% of immigrants living in Curitiba by the end of 19th century.[21] In Rio de Janeiro, by 1830 there were 20 businesses owned by Germans. Twenty years later the number reached 50.[22]

Many cities in Porto Alegre´s Metropolitan Area were founded by Germans, such as São Leopoldo, Novo Hamburgo, Nova Hartz, Dois Irmãos (Baumschneis), Ivoti (Berghanschneis) and Sapiranga (Leoner-Hof)

People of German descent actively participated in the industrialization and development of big cities in Brazil, such as Curitiba and Porto Alegre.

In São Paulo, Germans founded their first colony in 1829.[23][24][25] The city attracted Germans immigrants until the 1950s. Today, there are 400.000 German Brazilians living within Greater São Paulo.[26][27]

Owners of Industrial and Commercial Establishments in Curitiba (1869–1889)[28]
Ethnic origin Total
Brazilians 230
Germans 104
Italians 26
French 18
English 8

The pioneering period

The German settlements, and also those of other European ethnic groups, occupy a vast area in the centers of the states of Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul. To the east, they border the old areas of Azorean Portuguese colonization, and to the south and west, the gaúcho grazing areas. The areas of German settlement emerged in the center of the region, isolated from other settlements. In these remote pastoral and farming areas, the immigrants were not under the control of the powerful Brazilian landowners. Due to this isolation, the immigrants were able to organize themselves independently, building their own churches, schools and municipal authorities. The children were educated in German. Portuguese became dominant later, as a means of communication with Brazilians or with immigrants of other nationalities.[29]

The first generation of immigrants faced the arduous task of surviving while opening gaps in the virgin forest to build their own houses and roads. Attacks by Indians were common. Isolated from other settlements, the Germans also had to face the difficulty of finding markets for their products. The initial difficulty was to define which productive activities could be integrated into the Brazilian economy. Only the penury faced by these people in Europe, due to the consequences of the Industrial Revolution and of the crisis during the consolidation of European nations, can explain their persistence in Brazil, sometimes facing miserable conditions which were worse than those they left in Europe. Once in Brazil, however, they became small landowners, which facilitated their development.[29]

Farms owned by an foreign(1920)
Immigrants Farms [30]
Italians 35.984
Portuguese 9.552
Germans 6.887
Spanish 4.725
Russians 4.471
Austrians 4.292
Japanese 1.167

The period of prosperity

Jacobina Mentz Maurer, the leader of the Muckers

The following generations benefited from the efforts of the pioneer immigrants and prospered. The families grew and the settlements expanded, coming to constitute a thriving German community of small landowners. At first, they found virgin forests that could be occupied or bought at low prices. During this period, the more isolated communities suffered from messianic anomie, influenced by popular German traditions of Protestant aspirations. This led to the Revolt of the Muckers in the 1870s, which culminated in several crimes and murders.[29]

Identity

According to Darcy Ribeiro, despite their isolation, the descendants of Germans knew that Brazil was their home now. The new immigrants who arrived from Germany were clearly different from German Brazilians of older stock. German Brazilians had moved away from European standards, habits, language and aspirations. However, coexistence with the local Brazilians (Amerindians, Portuguese Brazilians of Azorean stock, mixed-race gaúchos and a few Afro-Brazilians) showed that the differences with the locals were also great. The misery faced by Brazilians of other origins was also not attractive to German Brazilians. Hence, German Brazilians eventually created a third identity, which was not completely German (because of the distance that created sharp differences) but also not completely Brazilian (because of the undesirable misery seen in Brazilians). Their isolation and cultural and linguistic conservatism gave rise to conflicts between German Brazilians (and also Japanese Brazilians, Italian Brazilians, etc.) on one side, and Brazilians of older extraction on the other. The nationalization was fundamental, compelling the teaching of foreign languages at schools, breaking the isolation of the communities and recruiting young people of foreign origins to serve in the military.

Migrating to urban centers, the younger generations broadened their cultural horizon and their own vision of Brazil. When they returned to their hometowns, they endorsed a Brazilian identity which was already becoming imperative. The above-average social, economic and cultural progress of the German settlements and their simultaneous integration into Brazilian markets as producers and consumers facilitated the integration of the descendants of Germans in Brazil. Today, this population is no longer seen as "foreign" by other Brazilians, but as a modern progressive urban population. The identification as "Brazilians" is also dominant among German Brazilians, since the cultural world of their ancestors was completely changed; it has become unrealistic for them to assert any other ethnic identity than Brazilian. Today[citation needed], the only notable differences between Brazilians of German and of non-German European and Arab ancestry are in levels of education (higher among German Brazilians), in a few surviving German traditions,[29] and in some cases, the phenotype.

Panorama of German communities

By 2002 City Hall research concluded that 45% of the people from Jaraguá do Sul descended from Germans. The other main groups were Italians (25%), Poles (6%), and Hungarians (3%); 21% had other ancestry.[31]

The German Brazilian areas form, today, a Brazilian region with its own character, made up of towns and large concentrations of residents around the church, commerce and school. These rural villages are connected to major cities where the economy was diversified, adding cottage industries to the original agricultural production. In this way, the Southern Brazilian areas of European settlements formed a prosperous regional economy and a European cultural landscape, contrasting with the relative Portuguese-Brazilian uniformity found in the rest of Brazil. In recent years a large industrial development has occurred in these areas, stemming from the cottage industry. Some of the old German communities are now prosperous industrial centers, such as São Leopoldo, Novo Hamburgo, Blumenau, Joinville and Itajaí. The Germans became entrepreneurs due to their knowledge of more complex techniques of production than those dominated by other Brazilians. In addition their bilingualism gave them better European contacts.[29]

City Population(2010) State [32]
Joinville 515.288 Santa Catarina
Blumenau 309.011 Santa Catarina
Petrópolis 296.044 Rio de Janeiro
Novo Hamburgo 239.051 Rio Grande do Sul
São Leopoldo 214.210 Rio Grande do Sul
Nova Friburgo 182.016 Rio de Janeiro
Itajaí 172.081 Santa Catarina
Jaraguá do Sul 143.123 Santa Catarina
Santa Cruz do Sul 118.287 Rio Grande do Sul
Brusque 105.503 Santa Catarina
German Brazilians
State 1872[17] 1890[33] 1920[17] 1940 [34] 1950[33]
Santa Catarina 7% 20,5% 22,34%
Rio Grande do Sul 13,3% 19,3% 21,6%
Paraná 6,9%
São Paulo 2,5%
German Brazilians in Espírito Santo [35]
Year Population
1960 73.000
1980 145.000
2004 250.000
Ethnic Groups in Blumenau - Last decade of the 19th century [36]
Origin Percentage
Germans 70%
Italians 15%
Others 15%

End of expansion

If in the beginning Germans found a region with vast empty areas, later with the compulsory occupation of the lands, the German expansion came to an end. As they expanded, the German settlements encountered the pastoral areas of the gaúchos to the west and south. The Gaúcho area was an impoverished region consisting of huge farms, dominated by a small elite of landowners who monopolized the lands and a mass of underemployed people who worked for them in poor conditions, similar to the rest of Brazil and very different from the areas of German settlements, where each family had their own small farm. Due to the expansion of German and other European settlements in Southern Brazil, the lands for each family became limited because there was no more land available. Plots of land previously settled by a single family started to be occupied by two or four families. Without their own land, some descendants of Germans regressed to a situation of poverty, mingling with the mass of gaúchos and descendants of Azorean Portuguese who make up the poor in Southern Brazil, in search of land to work.[29]

Culture

Language

The use of the German language is in decline in Brazil. However, the existence of important German-speaking communities in Brazil, even almost 200 years after the beginning of immigration, is an interesting fact. According to Born and Dickgiesser (1989, p. 55) the number of Brazilians of German descent in 1986 was 3.6 million. For Rio Grande do Sul, based on data from Birsa (Bilingualism in Rio Grande do Sul), for 1970, Altenhofen (1996, p. 56) estimated at 1,386,945 the number of speakers of a variety of German. As of 1996, he estimated that it had dropped to between 700,000 and 900,000 speakers. Damke (1997, p. 59), as of 1996, estimated more than 2 million speakers of any variety of the German language in Brazil.[37]

Country German-speaking population (outside Europe)[38]
USA 5,000,000[38]
Brazil 3,000,000[38]
Argentina 500,000[38]
Canada 450,000[38] – 620,000[39]
Bolivia 320,000: 250,000 standard German speakers[40][41] + 70,000 low German speakers (Mennonites)[42](subscription required)[43]
Australia 110,000[38]
Mexico 110,000: 10,000 standard German[38] + 100,000 Low German speakers (Mennonites)[44]
South Africa 75,000 (German expatriate citizens alone)[38]
Chile 40,000[38]
Paraguay 30,000 – 40,000[38]
Namibia 30,000 (descendants from first settlers)[38]
Venezuela 10,000[38]

German immigrants preserved their language more than any other group of immigrants in Brazil. This was mainly due to shared cultural identity and the desire to recreate in Brazil an environment with characteristics of the country they believed they would never return to. In addition, the large differences between the German and Portuguese languages hindered learning of the national language of Brazil, which was and remains a pretext for continuing use of German dialects. (This may be contrasted to the United States, where a huge German population almost completely switched to English, while on the other hand, Italian persisted longer than in Brazil.) The main German dialect spoken in Brazil is Hunsrückisch, and according to Ammon, who visited German-speaking communities in Southern Brazil in 2004, the Riograndenser Hunsrückisch (Brazilian Hunsrückisch) lexicon is still quite similar to that of modern German speakers, even after almost 200 years of distance.[37]

Hamel (1988, p. 64) and Damke (1997, p. 60-61) observed that there is a balance between the use of German and Portuguese in the German-speaking communities of Brazil. But, gradually, the trend is that Portuguese is becoming dominant. Despite the "myth of monolingualism in the country", i.e., that all Brazilians speak only Portuguese, German continues to have a strong presence even today. This myth is effective in hiding the country's linguistic minorities, including the indigenous nations and as well as the speakers of immigrant languages. But it also hides the majority of the Brazilian population that speaks discredited varieties of Portuguese instead of the formal standard Portuguese taught in schools.[37] According to Oliveira (2000: 84), Brazil is one of the most multilingual countries in the world, with inhabitants speaking around 200 languages, of which about 170 are indigenous and 30 languages of immigrants.[45]

The Brazilian Census of 1940 revealed that German was the second most spoken language in Brazil, with 644,458 speakers. In a total population of nearly 1 million German Brazilians at that time, over half still spoke German as their mother tongue. The vast majority of the German speakers were Brazilian-born, with a minority born in Germany or in another German-speaking country. The other main languages spoken were Italian with 458,054, Japanese with 192,698 and Spanish with 74,381.

People who usually do not speak Portuguese at home, by gender and nationality, according to the 1940 Brazilian Census[46]
German speakers Men Women Brazilian born Naturalized Brazilians Foreigners
644,458 327,443 317,015 580,114 5,083 59,169

Discrimination

The "myth of monolingualism", along with the general idea that speaking Portuguese was a "condition to be Brazilian", has masked the presence of minority languages and contributed to ideas that German Brazilians were self-absorbed, separatist, thought themselves superior, and did not want to learn Portuguese. However, these beliefs did not take into account that the German communities in Brazil were formed in places isolated by forests, where the Portuguese-speaking population was not present, and it was natural that the children continue speaking German rather than adopt the Portuguese language with which they rarely had contact. The fact that they spoke German did not prevent them from seeing themselves as Brazilians, since they saw themselves as "Brazilians of German culture". Under Getúlio Vargas's government, during World War II, when Brazil broke off diplomatic relations with Germany (and also with the other Axis Powers, Italy and Japan), the use of the German language was repressed: teaching German in schools and publication of German newspapers were forbidden (together with Italian and Japanese).[45]

In this context, monolingualism appeared to solve the problems of learning Portuguese, and the language of immigrants was regarded as responsible for school failure and difficulties in learning Portuguese. In 1989 there was a controversy regarding German speakers in Brazil when the mayor of Santa Maria do Herval, a town in Rio Grande do Sul, issued a verbal orientation to the municipality's elementary teachers to retain students using Hunsrückisch during break time to "teach them Portuguese". Disagreement ensued, with some decrying the initiative as repressive, and others (including people of German descent) supporting the mayor on the basis that not being able to speak Portuguese is a handicap in Brazilian society. The guideline has since been overturned.

Religion

Most German-Brazilians are Roman Catholics or Lutherans (Evangelical Lutheran Church of Brazil). As with other Brazilians, there is a significant minority of non-religious people, and Pentecostalism is on the rise. Almost 85%[47] of all Lutherans in Latin America and the Caribbean live in Brazil.

A Lutheran church in Schroeder, Santa Catarina
Country Lutherans in America [47]
 United States 7,504,244
 Brazil 951,466
 Canada 232,904
 Argentina 71,960
 Bolivia 24,400

Year of Germany

Beginning May 2013 Brazil celebrates the "Year of Germany in Brazil". Just in time for German Unity Day on 3 October 2012 the world-famous Christ the Redeemer monument in Rio de Janeiro was illuminated in Germany’s national colors of black, red and gold to point towards this awaited event. The motto of the year is “Germany and Brazil – when ideas come together”.[48] The Unidos da Tijuca school, the third-oldest samba school, reigning carnival champions, chose to go for a German theme at this year's Carnival with an unusual title for their 80-minute performance in February 2013: "Alemanha Encantada" or "Enchanted Germany," which is about "Brazil and Germany coming together: colours, cultures, and capabilities," the Tagesspiegel newspaper reported. It was a mammoth show, involving eight floats, built on buses, with various Germanic features - including outsized Playmobil figures, the moon (to represent Germany pioneering rocket scientists, e.g. Wernher von Braun), and figures from ancient Germanic mythology, including thunder god Thor. Artistic director Paulo Barros, who has already choreographed two winning Sambadrome performances, packed Germany into five acts, beginning with Germanic gods and assorted mythic creatures. There follows Goethe's Faust, Bertolt Brecht's outcast characters, Fritz Lang robots, and a depiction of Marlene Dietrich as The Blue Angel. Meanwhile, the "Universe of Children" section is dedicated to German fairytales and toys. The whole spectacle was broadcast in its entirety on Brazilian TV station Globo-TV, with an audience of more than 190 million viewers.[49]

Forced assimilation

Blumenau and its German influence: forty cities were created from the former colony of Blumenau, including the actual city[50]
We most desire that at any cost a German country containing some 20 to 30 million Germans may grow in the twentieth century in Brazil, and that, no matter whether it remains a portion of Brazil or becomes a self-containing state or enters into close relations with our empire.
- Gustav von Schmoller , German economist(1900).[6][7]

When Germans first arrived in Southern Brazil in 1824, they found a country with a climate, vegetation and culture very different from those of Germany. Southern Brazil was a land of gauchos, cattle herders who lived, and still live, in the Pampas region of the Southern Cone. In the following decades, however, waves of German-speaking immigrants arrived, to the point that in many areas of Southern Brazil the vast majority of the inhabitants were Germans and even after three or four generations born in Brazil, these people used to consider themselves Germans.

Between 1937 and 1945 a significant portion of the Brazilian population suffered interference in daily life produced by a "campaign of nationalization". This population – called "alien" by the Brazilian government - was composed of immigrants and their descendants. Both the Brazilian Empire and the early Republic allowed groups of immigrants to settle in isolated communities, mainly in Southern Brazil, and to some extent in other parts, such as Espírito Santo, in the Southeast. These people had not been assimilated into the majority Brazilian society, a fact that worried the government of President Getúlio Vargas. The army had an important role during this process of forced assimilation of these areas of "foreign colonization" that created so-called "ethnic cysts" in Brazil. German Brazilians saw themselves as part of a pluralist society, so that the Deutschtum conception (of being part of a community with a shared German ancestry) seemed compatible with the fact that they were also Brazilian citizens. However, the Brazilian government only accepted the idea of the jus soli, so that all people born in Brazil should see themselves as Brazilians, and leave other ethnic associations behind. The Brazilian view contrasted with the jus sanguinis conception of most German Brazilians of that time, who were still connected to the ancestral homeland.[51]

German communities (pink) in Southern Brazil in 1905

Not only the people of German origin were considered "alien": almost all descendants of immigrants, in some degree, were "non-assimilated", in the opinion of Bethlem and other participants in the campaign. However, evidence of greater resistance to abrasileiramento (Brazilianization) was found in those areas considered "redoubts of Germanism", a situation considered risky to the cultural, racial and territorial integrity of the nation. One of the areas considered "non-patriotic" was the Vale do Itajaí, where the population was composed mostly of Germans, Italians and Poles. In the 1930s, the Vale do Itajaí was described as a place of "strange costumes, full of non-national Brazilians, contaminated by ideals of a nation that collapsed Brazil, a place of disintegration of national spirit". During this period of nationalization, the Germans were considered the most "alien", the Italians closest to the Brazilians, and the Poles in an intermediary position, but none of them were seen as unequivocally Brazilian.[52] The fear of secession was not a novelty in regard to the definition of the Brazilian nation-state: long before 1939, Brazilian nationalists feared the collapse of the South, considering it "too Germanized". Many members of the Brazilian army participated during this process, such as Nogueira:

As we can see, the German colonization has deep roots, has developed across the south of Brazil and would have terrifying aspects if the appropriate measures were not adopted, aimed at defending the interests of the sacred homeland and cut any and all possibility of disintegration of our territory" (Nogueira 1947:18).[53]

Nogueira also compared the German Brazilians to "an octopus extending its tentacles" in Southern Brazil. Nogueira used the image of the occupation of the most fertile areas of southern territory by foreigners, who had no intention of being integrated into the country, but had remained segregated since the beginning of their settlement. The record of the first impressions about the city of Blumenau in his book received the subtitle of "One Weird City", arguing that "the German language is spoken without constraints, including in public offices". Silvio Romero (1906) compared German immigration to the Barbarian Invasions which brought about the end of the Roman Empire. Writings by different authors against the German settlement in Brazil displayed clear xenophobia against the so-called "German threat". The Portuguese language was presented as a fundamental criterion of nationality and this justified the nationalization of education and the closing of ethnic schools. Most German Brazilians could barely speak Portuguese, and when German was prohibited in the country, they faced many difficulties due to this language barrier.

From this perspective, the human element representative of the "more legitimate" national formation had the task of conforming immigrants and their descendants to the myth of the amalgam of the three races that makes up the Brazilian nation (Europeans, Black Africans and Amerindians).

In the 1930s, Brazil was home to one of the largest German populations outside Germany, with 100,000 German-born people and a community of 1 million people of German descent, whose ancestors had been settling the country since 1824.[54] Brazil also had the largest number of members of the Nazi Party outside of Germany, with 2,822 members.[55] The large number of people with German roots and a notable number of Nazi members were used by the Brazilian government to justify their programs of nationalization. During World War II, in 1942, Nazi Germany attacked Brazilian ships and Brazil declared war against Germany. President Getúlio Vargas initiated a strict program of forced cultural assimilation - Nacionalismo- that worked quite efficiently, if not initially. He forbade any organised manifestation of German culture in Brazil. Schools were required to teach exclusively in Portuguese,[56] and the publishing of books, newspapers and magazines in foreign languages (which in practice meant German language and Italian language) was subjected to prior censorship by the Ministry of Justice[57] The use of foreign languages in governmental precincts was forbidden,[58] as well as the use of foreign languages in religious services.[59] Members of the Brazilian army were sent to areas of "foreign colonization" to "monitor" the local population. There are records of arrest or moral coercion motivated by the use of foreign languages.[60][61]

Nazism

Children make the Nazi version of the Roman salute in Presidente Bernardes, São Paulo (c. 1935)

These problems were aggravated with the rise of Nazism in Germany. The Nazi Party soon took to the task of organizing abroad, wherever significant populations of German origin were present. In Brazil, the results were not as the party expected. About 3,000 people joined it,[62] making the Brazilian section the numerically most important foreign branch of the Nazi Party; however, the considerable population of German origin in Brazil may have been more a problem than an asset for the German Nazi Party:[63] if on the one hand it raised the hope of interfering in Brazilian internal politics, on the other hand there was a concern not to alienate the Brazilian government, which Germany at the time hoped could be brought to its side, or at least remain in a benevolent neutrality.

In addition there was the issue of the local Brazilian traditionalist syncretic party, the Brazilian Integralist Action. In contrast to the Nazi Party, the Integralists favoured miscegenation, and had the rural sertanejo as a noble ideal of representation of the people, which they thought was essential to Brazilian national identity; this directly conflicted with the Nazi ideology of racial purity.[64] This was a problem, since the Integralists were able to attract some membership among Brazilians of German ancestry, thus competing with the Nazi organisation; moreover, until 1937, when Vargas imposed a dictatorship, the Integralists, unlike the Nazi Party, were able to participate in elections, and so there was a natural tendency of informal Nazi support for the Integralists.

Support for the Nazi regime in Germany was widespread among Brazilians of German descent, which certainly worried the Brazilian authorities. The racial and nationalist views of the Nazis easily blended into the Deutschtum ideology. However, the Nazis weren't able to capitalise this into a really strong membership, and their local actions, such as proposed boycotts, were resisted by most of the population of German ancestry.[63]

In fact, the fears of the Brazilian authorities regarding the expansion of Nazism in Brazil seem exaggerated in retrospect;[63] however, it should be taken into consideration that in 1938 Germany annexed Austria, and in 1939 it dismembered, then also annexed Czechoslovakia, and that the local sections of the Nazi Party were fully involved in these actions; manipulation of German minorities also played an important role in the internal politics of Poland (Danzig) and Lithuania (Memel). So, while exaggerated, the Brazilian government's worries seem to a certain extent justifiable.

In April 1938, Vargas outlawed the Nazi Party in Brazil (interestingly, the Brazilian parties themselves were outlawed in December 1937).[65] However, in December 1937 the Nazi German Ambassador to Rio de Janeiro, Karl Ritter, was already reporting nationalising actions by the Brazilian government. At that moment, conditions were being imposed for the continued functioning of German schools. Ritter had a problem in that his powers as Ambassador did not enable him to interfere on behalf of Brazilian citizens of German origin. However, in February 1938 Ritter met Vargas, and demanded criticism of Germany and Nazism in the Brazilian press be gagged.[65] As confirmed by diplomatic documents later declassified, the interest of the Embassy was in the Reichsdeutschen, or German citizens, not the Deutschbrasilianer, or Brazilian citizens of German ancestry.

In April, Vargas forbade any political activity by foreigners; in May, the Integralists attempted a coup against Vargas, which further complicated relations between Brazil and Germany.[65] Up to this moment, however, no actions were taken against cultural, religious or sports associations. Measures were intensified in 1939, when the public use of foreign languages was forbidden, including in elementary schools and religious ceremonies (harsh as this is, it is necessary to remember, as René Gertz points out, that about half of Lutheran ministers in Rio Grande do Sul were affiliated with the Nazi Party). The cultural associations had to stop promoting foreign cultures. In 1942, when Brazil entered World War II, further restrictions were put in place, and their enforcement was made stricter. No effort was made to suppress the Lutheran church; the teaching of foreign languages, including German, in high schools and colleges continued,[66] as well as their private use. Publicly speaking foreign languages, including German, was banned under penalty of imprisonment; this was especially enforced against the public use of German. Stores owned by Germans were ransacked. Establishments registered in foreign names had to be changed and worship in churches had to be only in Portuguese. During World War II, the Brazilian Expeditionary Force (FEB) enlisted many Germans and people of German descent to fight alongside the Allied forces, which was tragic for many of them, considering that the soldiers were forced to fight against Germany.[67]

There were differences in emphasis during the nationalization campaign; in particular, the interventor (unelected governor) of Rio Grande do Sul, Cordeiro de Farias, was notable for his harshness. At the time of Brazil's declaration of war against Germany, popular riots against citizens of German origin erupted in Rio Grande do Sul, as a response to the brutal sinking of Brazilian merchant ships by German U-boats that resulted in more than 600 deaths. When the Army repressed those riots and ensured the physical integrity of the citizens, Cordeiro de Farias offered his resignation,[68] which was rejected, but he was soon sent to Italy as a military commander and replaced by Colonel Ernesto Dornelles, a much more moderate leader.

Postwar developments

Since then, the Southern Brazilian German regional culture has been in decline. Some have decried this as a tragic loss for the country while others feel that this means national progress, arguing that assimilation ultimately leads to togetherness. However, German influence can still be seen all across the southern states, be it in architecture, shops, town names or the way of life. Many German schools re-opened during the 1950s and are regarded as some of the best places to educate children.

German influence in Brazil

Oktoberfest in Santa Cruz do Sul

Germans are regarded as good industrialists in Brazil[citation needed], manufacturing shoes, leather goods, furniture, textiles, charcoal, mechanical devices, etc., as well as good farmers[citation needed]. Many Brazilian towns were built using German architecture[citation needed].

By 1860, 10% of São Paulo's population was German.[20] Today, there are 400.000 Germans Brazilians living within Greater São Paulo.[26][27] The city is also home to one of the largest concentration of German businesses worldwide.[69]
Owners of 204 largest industries in São Paulo(1962) [70]
Ethnic origin Percentage
Italians 34,8%
Portuguese 11,7%
Germans 10,3%
Syrians and Lebanese 9,0%
Russians 2,9%
Austrians 2,4%
Swiss 2,4%
Other Europeans 9,1%
Others 2,0%
Curitiba´s Commercial League(1890–1929) [71]
Companies(Ethnic origin) Percentage
Germans 32,0%
Italians 17,2%
Syrians and Lebanese 7,8%
Slavic 5,6%
Others 2,7%
Owners of industries in Juiz de Fora(1858–1912) [72]
Ethnic origin Percentage
Germans 43,1%
Italians 21,5%
English 1,5%
Others 3,1%

According to the German Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Colégio Visconde de Porto Seguro,founded in 1872 as Deutsche Schule by the Germans immigrants in São Paulo, is the largest German School worldwide. São Paulo is also home to the largest concentration of German businesses worldwide.[69]

The Universidade Luterana do Brasil (Lutheran University of Brazil, also known as Ulbra) in Canoas

Many aspects of Brazil's culture have been influenced by Germans. Today Brazil hosts Oktoberfests in Blumenau, Santa Catarina (Oktoberfest of Blumenau), in Santa Cruz do Sul and Igrejinha, Rio Grande do Sul and in Marechal Cândido Rondon, Paraná, along with many other cities. Beer itself is said[who?] to have been brought to Brazil by German immigrants, and today it is the country's most popular alcoholic beverage.

German immigrants spread the Protestant faith (especially Lutheranism). The regions heavily settled by Germans still retain a strong German influence.

Food and Beverage

Brahma´s Old Building in Porto Alegre
Kuchen, a common German dessert in southern Brazil called "cuca"

Germans introduced new types of food and beverage in Brazil or reinforced their utilizations by Brazilians.

Kuchen, Sauerkraut (known in Portuguese as chucrute, is also used as derogatory term to designate Germans, and people of Central European origin or descent in general), Eisbein, new types of sausage and vegetables are some examples of food introduced in Brazil by the immigrants. In Curitiba, sausage are commonly known as vina, from the German Wiener (Wiener Würstchen).

The tradition of brewing in Brazil dates back to German immigration in the early 19th century. The first breweries date from the 1830s, although the brand Bohemia is claimed to be the first Brazilian beer, with production starting in 1853 in the city of Petrópolis founded by the German-Brazilian Henrique Kremer. In 1913 there were 134 breweries in Rio Grande do Sul.[73] Brahma was founded in 1888 in Rio de Janeiro by the Swiss immigrant Joseph Villiger. Antarctica (Companhia Antarctica Paulista) was founded in the same year by the Brazilian Joaquim Salles and the German immigrant Louis Bücher in São Paulo. In 1999 the two brands merged creating AmBev.

Number of German Brazilians and ethnicity

Students and teachers at a German school in Blumenau in 1866

In the southern states of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul, Germans were 22,34% and 19,3% respectively of the population in the 1940s and 6,9% for Paraná.[34] Only in the state of Rio Grande do Sul there are approximately between 2.5 million[74] (or even a third of it´s population[75] ) German descent living there.

The percentages are higher in some cities. For example, in the town of Pomerode, Santa Catarina, 90% of the population are Brazilians of German descent, and the main local language is a Pomeranian dialect. It is considered the most "German" city in Brazil. Many towns in Southern Brazil have a majority of German-descended people.[citation needed]

Sometimes, Germans surnames were adapted or changed in Brazil to a more "understandable" writing in Portuguese since many were incomprehensible to Brazilians.

Germans surnames adapted in Brazil [76][77]
German Adapted
Birnbaum Pereira
Diemer Dimer or Timer
Emmerich Emerin
Frazen França
Greis Krais
Hahn Hánn
Herzenritter Heizeriter or Aizenrita
Jungles Junckes or Junkes
Justin Justo or Justino
Kehrig Koerich
Kuhn Cunha
Lambert Lamberty and Lamberti
Lefhaar Leffa, Lefa or Leva
Löwe Leão
Meng Mengue
Meyer Maia
Ostien Hóstia
Paulus Paulos or Paulo
Schaeffer Schefer
Schlitzer Silistre
Weber Webber or Veber
Weingärtner Vaingärtner
Wilvert Vicente
Von Mühlen Müller, Miller and Muller
Zimmermann Simão

The Lins Family

Two of the first Germans that arrived in Brazil were the cousins Sebald Linz von Dorndorf and Christoph Linz (or Sebald Lins von Dorndorf and Christoph Lins) who arrived in Brazil in 1570 as landowners. At the time they arrived, they married into the Luso-Brazilian nobility living there and changed their names to Portuguese names and surnames of Portuguese writing conventions, respectively, Cibaldo Lins and Cristovão Lins, founding the Lins family in Brazil. The surname is original from the surrounding areas around Linz (Austria). The Brazilian family comes from the branch from Ulm (Germany).[78] [8] [79][80]

Female models of German descent

Brazilian female models of German descent have achieved fame in the fashion world and in beauty contests. Many are world-class models or supermodels and seem to be[weasel words] proportionally better represented in these areas than Brazilian models of other ethnic origins.[citation needed] The small cities of the states of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul are ideal grounds for talent hunters from all over the world.[citation needed] The best known[according to whom?] German Brazilian model is Gisele Bündchen; others include Ana Claudia Michels, Ana Hickmann, Mariana Weickert, Letícia Birkheuer, Raquel Zimmermann, Cintia Dicker, Solange Wilvert, Monique Olsen, Carol Trentini, Jeísa Chiminazzo, Shirley Mallmann, Bruna Erhardt and Aline Weber.[citation needed]

Winners of the Miss Brazil beauty pageant have included Vera Fischer (1969), Mariza Sommer (1974), Ingrid Budag (1975), Eveline Schroeter (1980), Maria Carolina Portella Otto (1990), Leila Cristine Schuster (1993), Thaisa Thomsen (2002), Carina Beduschi (2005) and Rafaela Zanella (2006), and Gabriela Markus (2012).

The Miss Brazil 2007 pageant set a record for the participation of women of German descent with five women competing.[citation needed]

The first German communities

Place Date Place of origin of the settlers[81]
Nova Friburgo (RJ) 1819 Switzerland, Rhineland, Saxony, Bohemia
São Leopoldo (RS) 1824 Hunsrück, Saxony, Württemberg, Saxe-Coburg
Santo Amaro (SP) 1829[82] Hunsrück
Petrópolis (RJ) 1837[83] Kastellaun, Mosel, Bingen, Nassau, Ingelheim, Wörrstadt, Darmstadt, Rhineland
Santa Cruz (RS) 1849 Rhineland, Pomerania, Silesia
Santo Ângelo (RS) 1857 Rhineland, Saxony, Pomerania
Nova Petrópolis (RS) 1859 Pomerania, Saxony, Bohemia
Teutônia (RS) 1868 Westphalia
São Lourenço do Sul (RS) 1857 Pomerania, Rhineland
Blumenau (SC) 1850 Pomerania, Holstein, Hanover, Braunschweig, Saxony
Brusque (SC) 1860 Baden, Oldenburg, Rhineland, Pomerania, Schleswig-Holstein, Braunschweig
Pomerode (SC) 1861 Pomerania
Joinville (SC) 1851 Pomerania, Prussia, Oldenburg, Schleswig-Holstein, Hanover, Switzerland
Curitiba (PR) 1851 Volga Germans
Guarapuava (PR) 1951 Swabian Germans; Swabia
Santa Isabel (ES) 1847 Hunsrück, Pomerania, Rhineland, Prussia, Saxony
Santa Leopoldina (ES) 1857 Pomerania, Rhineland, Prussia, Saxony, Switzerland, Tirol, Schleswig-Holstein
Santa Maria de Jetibá (ES) 1857 Pomerania

Municipalities with co-official German dialects

Pomeranian dialect (German)

Espírito Santo’s municipalities which the Pomeranian language is co-official.
Espírito Santo
Minas Gerais
Santa Catarina
Rio Grande do Sul
Rondônia

Riograndenser Hunsrückisch dialect (Low German)

Santa Catarina
Rio Grande do Sul

See also

References

  1. ^ Ele (pai) era alemão, nazista, mandava eu ler Hitler e batia muito em mim
  2. ^ A stern figure whose father immigrated from Germany around the start of the 20th century
  3. ^ I belong to the sixth generation of my family in Brazil.
  4. ^ filho de um imigrante alemão com uma lavadeira negra
  5. ^ Gaúcha de Santa Cruz do Sul e descendente de imigrantes alemães
  6. ^ of Italian and German descent
  7. ^ https://www.ethnologue.com/language/hrx/***EDITION*** Ethnologue - Hunsrik, a language of Brazil (ISO 639-3 Hrx / EGIDS Level classification: Yellow = In trouble (EGIDS 6b-7))
  8. ^ a b Akstinat, Simon (August 2007). "German Roots - Gisele Bündchen".
  9. ^ a b Brazil - The Country and It's People
  10. ^ a b German Memoirs - Brazilian-Germans in Southern Brazil
  11. ^ a b Ferreira Levy, Maria Stella. O Papel da Migração Internacional na Evolução da População Brasileira. Table 1, p. 71-3, and Table 2, p. 74

    Até 1876 entraram 350,117 immigrantes, dos quais 45.73% foram portugueses, 35.74 de "outras nacionalidades"; alemães somam 12.97%, e italianos e espanhóis juntos não chegam a 6%.

    — Page 53
    (45,410 Germans from 1824 to 1876, and another 215,054 Germans from 1877 to 1972)
  12. ^ Ferreira Levy, Maria Stella. O Papel da Migração Internacional na Evolução da População Brasileira. Table 4, p. 79. Note: The then Federal District was annexed by the state of Rio de Janeiro.
  13. ^ Ferreira Levy, Maria Stella. O Papel da Migração Internacional na Evolução da População Brasileira. pp. 58, 79

    Santa Catarina, tem como grupo nacional mais importante os alemães cujas proporções oscilam ao redor de 40%, seguidos pelos italianos, com aproximadamente 17%, até o censo de 1950. Em 1970, a proporção de imigrantes italianos reduz-se a metade. As outras nacionalidades que tem expressão são poloneses, russos e austríacos com proporções entre 6 e 11%, considerando-se inclusive o censo de 1970.

    — Page 58
  14. ^ a b c Many authors. Os Alemães no Sul do Brasil, Editora Ulbra, 2004 (2004).
  15. ^ Projeto Imigração Alemã
  16. ^ imigracao II
  17. ^ a b c "Interpretação Sociológica Do Catarinense". Cfh.ufsc.br. Retrieved 2011-09-19.
  18. ^ A imigração alemã
  19. ^ Comunicaусo de massa sem massa - Google Livros. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2011-09-19.
  20. ^ a b Neusa Soliz (2004-05-26). "Alemães ajudaram a formar a classe média paulistana | Alemanha | Deutsche Welle | 26.05.2004". DW.de. Retrieved 2011-09-19.
  21. ^ http://www.saofrancisco.edu.br/itatiba/mestrado/educacao/uploadAddress/RegisNegrao%5B10461%5D.pdf
  22. ^ Histуrias de imigrantes e de ... - Google Livros. Books.google.com.br. Retrieved 2011-09-19.
  23. ^ http://carlosfatorelli27013.blogspot.com/2009/07/freguesia-de-santo-amaro-e-colonia.html
  24. ^ http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~brawgw/alemanha/FamiliasSP.htm
  25. ^ http://www.dw.de/dw/article/0,,1213337,00.html
  26. ^ a b "Deutsche Einwanderer". Brasilien.de. Retrieved 2011-09-19.
  27. ^ a b "São Paulo: Deutsche Wirtschaft boomt | Amerika | Deutsche Welle | 31.08.2009". DW.de. Retrieved 2011-09-19.
  28. ^ "Lista de Tabelas" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-09-19.
  29. ^ a b c d e f RIBEIRO, Darcy. O Povo Brasileiro, Companhia de Bolso, fourth reprint, 2008 (2008)
  30. ^ Italianos no Brasil: "andiamo in ... - Franco Cenni - Google Livros. Books.google.com.br. Retrieved 2011-09-19.
  31. ^ "Portal de Cultura da Prefeitura Municipal de Jaraguá do Sul - XT-Conteúdo". Cultura.jaraguadosul.com.br. Retrieved 2011-09-19.
  32. ^ [1][dead link]
  33. ^ a b Os Alemгes no sul do Brasil: cultura ... - Google Livros. Books.google.com.br. Retrieved 2011-09-19.
  34. ^ a b Etnicidade, nacionalismo e ... - Google Livros. Books.google.com.br. Retrieved 2011-09-19.
  35. ^ "As marcas dos alemães no Espírito Santo | Brasil | Deutsche Welle". DW.de. Retrieved 2011-09-19.
  36. ^ Quase-cidadсo: histзrias e ... - Google Livros. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2011-09-19.
  37. ^ a b c Políticas lingüísticas e a conservação da língua alemã no Brasil
  38. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Handwörterbuch des politischen Systems der Bundesrepublik (in German). Source lists "German expatriate citizens" only for Namibia and South Africa!
  39. ^ "Statistics Canada 2006". 2.statcan.ca. 2010-01-06. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
  40. ^ "Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI" (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 188. Retrieved 12 June 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  41. ^ "Bolivia". WorldStatesMen. Retrieved 16 June 2013. white 10% (of which German 3%) (2001)
  42. ^ (subscription required) Bolivian Reforms Raise Anxiety on Mennonite Frontier, New York Times
  43. ^ Los Menonitas en Bolivia CNN en Español
  44. ^ Cascante, Manuel M. (8 August 2012). "Los menonitas dejan México". ABC (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 February 2013. Los cien mil miembros de esta comunidad anabaptista, establecida en Chihuahua desde 1922, se plantean emigrar a la república rusa de Tartaristán, que se ofrece a acogerlos
  45. ^ a b Política lingüística, mitos e concepções lingüísticas em áreas bilíngües de imigrantes (alemães) no Sul do Brasil
  46. ^ Census of 1940
  47. ^ a b http://www.lutheranworld.org/LWF_Documents/LWF-Statistics-2009.pdf
  48. ^ Christ the Redeemer Monument in Rio de Janeiro illuminated in black-red-gold
  49. ^ Rio gives Carnival a Teutonic touch
  50. ^ "Santa Catarina - Municípios - Blumenau". Sc.gov.br. Retrieved 2011-09-19.
  51. ^ Os alemães no Brasil: uma síntese.
  52. ^ A assimilação dos imigrantes como questão nacional
  53. ^ [2] accessed January 23, 2008
  54. ^ [3][dead link]
  55. ^ "Nazismo tropical? O partido Nazista no Brasil". Teses.usp.br. Retrieved 2011-09-19.
  56. ^ javascript:abrePopup('http://www6.senado.gov.br/legislacao/ListaPublicacoes.action?id=12803', 'nautilus'); Decreto-Lei 406, May 4th, 1938, article 85
  57. ^ javascript:abrePopup('http://www6.senado.gov.br/legislacao/ListaPublicacoes.action?id=12803', 'nautilus'); Decreto-Lei 406, May 4th, 1938, article 87
  58. ^ Decreto-Lei 1.545, August 25, 1938, article 15
  59. ^ Decreto-Lei 1.545, August 25, 1938, article 16
  60. ^ Um processo cultural forçado
  61. ^ Experiência dos campos de concentração na vida dos imigrantes do Paraná
  62. ^ "VEJA on-line". Veja.abril.com.br. Retrieved 2011-09-19.
  63. ^ a b c "EIAL VII1 - Influencia política alemã no Brasil na década DE 1930". Tau.ac.il. Retrieved 2011-09-19.
  64. ^ http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/fusaoracial/hitler_adolf.htm&date=2009-10-25+22:25:34
  65. ^ a b c http://www.eeh2008.anpuh-rs.org.br/resources/content/anais/1211934684_ARQUIVO_andrearahmeier.pdf
  66. ^ "A EDUCAÇÃO NO PROJETO NACIONALISTA DO PRIMEIRO GOVERNO VARGAS (1930-1945). Artigos. História, Sociedade e Educação no Brasil - HISTEDBR - Faculdade de Educação - UNICAMP". Histedbr.fae.unicamp.br. Retrieved 2011-09-19.
  67. ^ Um processo cultural forçado.
  68. ^ [4][dead link]
  69. ^ a b "Auswärtiges Amt - Brazil". Auswaertiges-amt.de. Retrieved 2011-09-19.
  70. ^ http://www.bresserpereira.org.br/papers/1964/64.OrigensEtnicasSociais.pdf
  71. ^ http://www.franca.unesp.br/poshistoria/posgraduacao/HIS/teses/marco-baldin/(Microsoft%20Word%20-%202%20O%20PACIFICADOR%20BELIGERANTE%20.pdf
  72. ^ http://www.ceaee.ibmecmg.br/wp/wp11.pdf
  73. ^ [email protected] (2006-11-22). "Tudo Sobre Cerveja". CervejasDoMundo. Retrieved 2011-09-19.
  74. ^ Geraldo Hoffmann (2004-07-25). ""Brasil alemão" comemora 180 anos | Brasil | Deutsche Welle | 25.07.2004". DW.de. Retrieved 2011-09-19.
  75. ^ Neusa Soliz (2004-03-19). "Von "Deutschtum" und Anpassung | Kultur & Leben | Deutsche Welle | 19.03.2004". DW.de. Retrieved 2011-09-19.
  76. ^ Histзria da Imigraусo Alemс no Sul ... - Felipe Kuhn Braun - Google Livros. Books.google.com.br. Retrieved 2011-09-19.
  77. ^ "As Mudanças nos Nomes de Família - Família MEURER". Sites.google.com. Retrieved 2011-09-19.
  78. ^ http://www.buratto.net/doria/Lins.pdf
  79. ^ http://www.buratto.net/doria/Albuquerques.pdf
  80. ^ "NEHSC - Artigos". Nehscfortaleza.com. Retrieved 2011-09-19.
  81. ^ As tradições e o abrasileiramento
  82. ^ http://ww2.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/arquivos/subprefeituras/sppa/parelheirosgrajau.pdf
  83. ^ "Fundação de Cultura e Turismo Petrópolis - FCTP". Fctp.petropolis.rj.gov.br. Retrieved 2011-09-19.
  84. ^ A escolarização entre descendentes pomeranos em Domingos Martins
  85. ^ a b c d e O povo pomerano no ES
  86. ^ a b A co-oficialização da língua pomerana
  87. ^ Pomerano!?, acessado em 21 de agosto de 2011
  88. ^ No Brasil, pomeranos buscam uma cultura que se perde, acessado em 21 de agosto de 2011
  89. ^ Lei dispõe sobre a cooficialização da língua pomerana no município de Santa maria de Jetibá, Estado do Espírito Santo
  90. ^ Vila Pavão, Uma Pomerânia no norte do Espirito Santo, acessado em 21 de agosto de 2011
  91. ^ Descendentes de etnia germânica vivem isolados em área rural de Minas
  92. ^ Pomeranos em busca de recursos federais
  93. ^ Resistência cultural - Imigrantes que buscaram no Brasil melhores condições de vida, ficaram isolados e sem apoio do poder público, acessado em 2 de novembro de 2011
  94. ^ Pomerode institui língua alemã como co-oficial no Município.
  95. ^ Vereadores propõem ensino da língua pomerana nas escolas do município, acessado em 21 de agosto de 2011
  96. ^ Ontem e hoje : percurso linguistico dos pomeranos de Espigão D'Oeste-RO
  97. ^ Sessão Solene em homenagem a Comunidade Pomerana
  98. ^ percurso linguistico dos pomeranos de Espigão D Oeste-RO, acessado em 2 de novembro de 2011
  99. ^ Comunidade Pomerana realiza sua tradicional festa folclórica
  100. ^ Cooficialização da língua alemã em Antônio Carlos
  101. ^ VEREADORES DE TREZE TÍLIAS SE REUNIRAM ONTEM
  102. ^ TREZE TÍLIAS
  103. ^ Um pedaço da Aústria no Brasil, Treze Tílias
  104. ^ Dialetos Hunsrik e Talian na ofensiva no Sul - Em Santa Maria do Herval, regiăo de Novo Hamburgo, RS, surge forte a mobilizaçăo em favor do Hunsrik - a faceta brasileira/latino-americana do Hunsrückisch. Em Serafina Correa, RS, floresce o talian - acessado em 21 de agosto de 2011
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_Brazilians&oldid=606535206"