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For other uses, see Haifa (disambiguation).

Haifa (Template:Lang-he-n Ḥefa; Arabic: حَيْفَا Ḥayfāⓘ[1]) is the largest city in Northern Israel, and the third-largest city in the country, with a population of about 267,800.[2][3] The city is a seaport located on Israel's Mediterranean coastline in the Bay of Haifa, about 90 kilometres (56 mi) north of Tel Aviv.

Haifa has a long history dating back to Biblical times. Built on the slopes of the historic Mount Carmel, the city was known in the 3rd century CE as a dye making center. Over time, it has fallen under the rule of the Byzantines, Arabs, Crusaders, Ottomans, Egyptians, and British and today is home to a mixed population of Jews and Arabs, as well as to the Bahá'í World Centre. The city also has a restored German Colony built by Templers who arrived here in 1868. The city has two world-class academic institutions, the University of Haifa and the Technion, and now plays an important role in Israel's hi-tech industry with a number of hi-tech parks, including the oldest and largest in the country.[4] Traditionally, however, the city was an industrial center based around the port and oil refinery, the towers of which long symbolised the city.

Etymology

Some say that the city's official romanization Haifa and common English pronunciation /ˈhaɪ.fə/ is based on the Arabic name Ḥayfā, although the Standard Hebrew name is Ḥefa. The local Hebrew pronunciation is /xei.ˈfa/. In fact, the origin of the name Haifa is unclear. According to historian Alex Carmel, it may come from the Hebrew verb root חפה (hafa), meaning 'to cover or hide', i.e. Mount Carmel covers Haifa.[5] Others see resemblance to the Hebrew word חוֹף (hof), meaning beach, or חוֹף יָפֶה (hof yafe), meaning beautiful beach.[6] Some Christians believe that the town was named after the high priest Caiaphas, or Saint Peter (Keiphah [in Aramaic]).[5]

History

Talmudic history

View across Haifa towards Haifa Bay as seen in 1898

Haifa is first mentioned in Talmudic literature around the 3rd century CE, as a small town with a well-established Jewish community.[7] It was described as being near the town of Shikmona, the main Jewish town in the area at that time and a center for making the traditional Tekhelet dye used for Jewish Priests' temple cloth. The archaeological site of Shikmona lies southwest of the modern Bat Galim neighborhood.[8] There are disputes over the exact location of early Haifa with many researchers believing that the name ‘Haifa’ is identical to a settlement of which the remains are found in an area that extends from the present-day Rambam Hospital to the Jewish Cemetery in Yafo Street.[9] The residents of this time were largely thought to have been involved in various coastal industries, including fishing and agriculture as well as acting as a port welcoming groups of people who eventually settled in the city.[9] Before the Persians came to the area in 600 CE, the population of Haifa is thought to have been very spread across the area.[9]

Byzantine and Crusader rule

File:Haifa 1915.JPG
Haifa in 1915

Under Byzantine rule, Haifa continued to flourish, although never grew to great importance due to its proximity to Acre.[10] The Byzantine ruled the settlement until the 7th century, when the city was conquered – first by the Persians, and then by the Arabs. In 1100, it was conquered again by the crusaders, after a fierce battle with its Jewish and Muslim inhabitants.[5] Under crusader rule, the city was a part of the Principality of Galilee until the Muslim Mameluks captured it in 1265.[11]

Ottoman and Egyptian control

Modern view across Haifa Bay from Mt. Carmel as seen at night

In 1761 Dhaher al-Omar, Bedouin ruler of Acre and Galilee, destroyed and rebuilt the town in a new location, surrounding it with a wall.[12] This event is marked as the beginning of the town's modern era. After El-Omar's death in 1775, the town remained under Ottoman rule until 1918, except for two brief periods: in 1799, Napoleon Bonaparte conquered Haifa as part of his unsuccessful campaign to conquer Palestine and Syria, but withdrew in the same year; and between 1831 and 1840, the Egyptian viceroy Mehemet Ali governed, after his son Ibrahim Pasha wrested control from the Ottomans.[13][14]

In the years following the Egyptian occupation, Haifa grew in population and importance while Acre suffered a decline. The arrival of the German Templers in 1868, who settled in what is now known as the German Colony of Haifa, was a turning point in Haifa's development.[14] The Templers built and operated a steam-based power station, opened factories and inaugurated carriage service to Acre, Nazareth and Tiberias, playing a key role in modernizing the city.[15]

Haifa's population was 1,000 in 1800, 2,000 in 1840, 6,000 in 1880, 20,000 in 1914 and 24,600 in 1922.[16]

Recent history

File:Haifa apartment building after attack July 17 2006.jpg
An apartment building in Haifa following a rocket attack in July 2006

At the beginning of the 20th Century, Haifa had emerged as an industrial port city and growing population center, reflected by the establishment of facilities like the Hejaz railway and the Technion.[14] At that time, the Haifa District (which included a number of Arab locales surrounding the city of Haifa itself) was home to approximately 20,000 inhabitants, comprising 82% Muslim Arab, 14% Christian Arabs, and 4% Jewish residents. Jewish population increased steadily with immigration primarily from Europe, so that by 1945 the population had shifted to 33% Muslim, 20% Christian and 47% Jewish.[17] In 1947 its population was estimated to consist of 41,000 Muslims, 74,230 Jews and 29,910 Christians. The Christian community was composed mostly of Greek Orthodox Church (Arab Orthodox).

Today, Haifa has a population of about 267,800 people. 90% of the population are predominantly Israeli-Jews and a few "others". The latter group consists of Israelis without religious classification, mostly immigrants from the former Soviet Union, from mixed-marriage families of Jewish origin. According to the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics, Israeli-Arabs constitute 9% of Haifa's population, the majority living in Wadi Nisnas, Abbas and Halisa neighborhoods.[18]

The Sail Tower, an example of modern architecture in Haifa

Haifa is in the northernmost reach of the coastal plain designated as Jewish territory in the 1947 UN Partition Plan dividing mandatory Palestine, and was not excepted to the violence following that plan and culminating in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. On 30 December, 1947 members of the Jewish militant group Irgun hurled two bombs into a crowd of Arabs who were waiting for construction jobs outside the gates of the Consolidated Refineries in Haifa, killing 6 and injuring 42, whereupon 2,000 Arab employees rioted and killed 39 Jewish employees in what has become known as the Haifa Oil Refinery massacre. Jewish forces retaliated by raiding the Arab village of Balad al-Shaykh on December 31, 1947. Jewish forces deemed control of Haifa a critical objective in the ensuing 1948 Arab-Israeli War, as it was the major industrial and oil refinery port in Palestine. The British withdrew from Haifa on April 21, 1948. The city was captured on April 23, 1948 by the Carmeli Brigade of the Haganah who were ordered into action by Mordechai Maklef at 10:30 am on 21 April following three months of unsuccessful attacks by Arab forces. Most of the Muslim population fled through the British-controlled port. However as many as 2,000 Christians remained in the city by June 1948 and there were an additional 1,300 Muslims remaining as well.

Haifa was the target of many Hezbollah rockets during the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict, which caused suffering for Jews and Arabs alike.

Religious importance

Cave of Elijah

Haifa, home to Jews, Muslim and Christian Arabs, Ahmadis (in Kababir), Druze, and Bahá'ís, is often portrayed as a mosaic of peaceful coexistence. The city and surrounding areas have biblical importance, however. Mount Carmel and the Kishon River are both mentioned in the Bible.

Mount Carmel is riddled with caves, one of which near Haifa is traditionally known as the "Cave of Elijah", and considered by many Jews to have been the home of the Jewish biblical Prophet Elijah and his apprentice, Elisha. The highest peak of the Mount Carmel range is named El-Muhrrakah, an Arabic term meaning the burning, named on account of the belief that this was the exact spot of Elijah's biblical confrontation with hundreds of priests of a Baal; the Baal in question was probably Melqart.[19]

View of the Bahá'í Gardens from above

The Carmelites were founded at, and named after, Mount Carmel, in the 12th century. Since that time, at the peak of the Mount near Haifa, there has historically been a building that has variously been a mosque, monastery, and hospital; in the 19th century it was reconstructed as a Carmelite monastery, and a cave located there, which functions as the monastery's crypt, was treated as having once been Elijah's cave. It is now a popular tourist and pilgrimage destination.[20][21]

Haifa is also cherished by members of the Bahá'í Faith as it is an important site of worship, pilgrimage and administration for the members of the religion. The Bahá'í World Centre (comprising the Shrine of the Báb, terraced gardens and administrative buildings) are all on Mount Carmel's northern slope. The location of the Bahá'í holy places in Haifa has its roots to the imprisonment of the religion's founder, Bahá'u'lláh, near Haifa by the Ottoman Empire during the Ottoman Empire's rule over Palestine. The Bahá'í holy places are also the most visited tourist attraction of the city.

The ruins of Shikmona, at the foot of Mount Carmel, is also considered historically important by Jews.[22]Shikmona is also mentioned in the Talmud as the coastal town in which the blue dye for the Jewish prayer shawl Talit (the Techelet thread) was extracted from sea-snails.

Demographics

File:Nasahaifa.jpg
An aerial view of Haifa Bay and the city

Haifa is Israel's third-largest city with a population of 267,800, consisting of 103,000 households.[2][23] The population is divided between religions with 82% Jewish, 4% Muslim, and 14% Christian (both Arab and non-Arab).[23] The greatest origin of immigrants to Haifa is from the former Soviet Union since 1989, who now make up 25% of the city's population.[23] Despite this influx of immigrants, however, Haifa has seen a steady population decline, especially since 2001, and it is unclear what will happen to this in the future, with some arguing that the population will continue to decline, while others feel that, due to the performance of the hi-tech industry in the city, the negative immigration trend will end, or even be reversed in the future.[23] Haifa has an ageing population compared to Tel Aviv and Jerusalem as younger people have moved away from the city for education and jobs in the central part of the country, and young families have migrated out to bedroom communities in the vicinity of Haifa.[23] The changing demographics of the city are also affecting its religious split. In general, the Jewish residents of the city are ageing and the younger ones leaving, while the number of Christians and Muslims is growing.[23]

Many see Haifa as a model for coexistence in Israel as the relationships between the Arab and Jewish, and Muslim and Christian groups in Haifa are for the most part good. The local government is not influenced by the large-scale political divides between the groups in daily management of the city, for example. Despite the continued existence of distinctly Arab neighborhoods in Haifa, increasingly, wealthier Arabs are moving into affluent, Jewish neighborhoods.[23]

Geography

A restored templer building in Haifa

Haifa is located around 32°49′N 34°59′E / 32.817°N 34.983°E / 32.817; 34.983 on the Israeli Mediterranean Coastal Plain, the historic land bridge between Europe, Africa, and Asia. Located on Mount Carmel around Haifa Bay, the city is split over three tiers. The lowest is the center of commerce and industry including the Port of Haifa. The middle level is on the slopes of Mount Carmel and consists of older residential neighborhoods, while the upper level consists of modern neighborhoods looking over the lower tiers. From here views can be had across the Western Galilee region of Israel towards Rosh HaNikra and the Lebanese border. Haifa is about 90 kilometers (55.9 mi) north of the city of Tel Aviv, and has a large number of beaches on the Mediterranean.

Climate

Haifa has a mediterranean climate with hot, humid summers and cool, rainy winters (Köppen climate classification Csa). The average temperature in summer is 26 °C and in winter, 12 °C. Snow is rare in Haifa, but temperatures around 6 °C can sometimes occur, usually in the early morning. Humidity tends to be high all year round, and rain usually occurs between October and April.

Climate data for Haifa Bay
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Source 1: Temperature - Israel Central Bureau of Statistics[24][25]
Source 2: Precipitation - BBC News[26]

Neighborhoods

Main article: Neighborhoods of Haifa

Haifa is made up of a large number of neighborhoods that have developed over time throughout its history. As a general rule of thumb, the older neighborhoods are on the second tier of Mount Carmel and the newer ones on the third tier, although there are neighborhoods on the lowest level, perhaps most notably the German Colony, which has recently been restored. Haifa is a diverse city with Arab and Jewish population groups who live in neighborhoods across the city.

Architecture

Haifa is home to an array of architecture that has resulted from its long and varied history. The Eshkol Tower at the University of Haifa was the tallest building in Israel outside Tel Aviv when it was completed in 1978 at 102 metres (335 ft). It was the largest university building in Asia until 1989 when it was surpassed, although it remained the tallest building in the city until 2002, when it was surpassed by the 137-metre (449 ft) Sail Tower.[27][28] The German Colony contains a large collection of Templar-style buildings.

Economy

The towers at Haifa Refinery

The industrial region of Haifa is north of the city, near the Kishon River. Haifa is home to one of the two oil refineries in Israel (the other located in Ashdod). The Haifa refinery is capable of processing about 9 million tons (66 million barrels) of crude oil a year and is the center of a wide array of petrochemical industries in and around Haifa.[29] Its twin 80-meter high cooling towers, built in the 1930s, have long symbolized the city of Haifa, and were the tallest buildings built in the British Mandate period.[30]

Mat'am (short for Merkaz Ta'asiya UMeida - Scientific Industries Center), the largest and oldest business park in Israel, is at the southern entrance to the city, hosting manufacturing and R&D facilities for a large number of Israeli and international hi-tech companies, such as Intel, IBM, Microsoft, Motorola, Google, Elbit, Zoran, Philips, and Amdocs.[31] The campus of the University of Haifa is also home to IBM Haifa Labs.[32]

The Port of Haifa is the leader in passenger traffic among Israeli ports, and is also a major cargo harbor, although deregulation has seen its dominance challenged by the port of Ashdod.[33]

Haifa has a wide variety of malls and shopping centers, the largest being Hutsot Hamifratz, Horev Center Mall, Panorama Center, Castra Center, Colony Center (Lev HaMoshava), Hanevi'im Tower Mall, Kenyon Haifa, Lev Hamifratz Mall and Grand Kenyon.[34]

Tourism

The Louis Promenade at the top of Mount Carmel

Due to its location on the Mediterranean and importance as the cultural capital of the north of Israel, Haifa is popular with tourists. The city has many museums and cultural centers, perhaps the most notable of which is the Bahá'í World Centre, as well as restored quarters, historic sites, and beaches. The area around the city also has a number of tourist attractions.

As of 2005, Haifa had 13 hotels offering 1,462 rooms.[35] Furthermore, the city has 17 kilometres (11 mi) of beaches, 5 kilometres (3 mi) of which are organised, and on much of which watersports are offered.[36] Haifa's main tourist attraction is the Bahá'í World Centre, with the golden Shrine of the Báb and the surrounding gardens. Between 2005 and 2006, 86,037 visited this attraction.[35] The restored German Colony, founded by the Templers, is at the bottom of the Bahai Gardens and is popular with tourists, offering a wide range of restaurants. Furthermore, many tourists visit the Stella Maris and the Carmelite monastery.

The Haifa area also has a number of attractions popular with tourists. The artist's village of Ein Hod where more than 90 artists and craftsmen have studios and exhibitions.[37] The Mount Carmel national park contains caves where Neanderthal and early Homo Sapiens remains were found, and was also the location of biblical events such as Elijah's confrontation with the Ba'al prophets, and where now another Carmelite monastery is located. The Carmel is also a popular hiking area.

In a 2007 report commissioned by the Haifa Municipality, Ernst & Young suggested that in order for Haifa to become a more major tourist attraction, more hotels should be constructed, a ferry line between Haifa, Acre and Caesarea should begin, the western anchorage in the port should be developed as a central recreation and entertainment area, the airport should be expanded into an international airport, and the city should become a major port for cruise ships.[38]

Arts and culture

Despite its image as a port and industrial city, Haifa is the cultural hub of northern Israel. During the 1950s, mayor Abba Hushi made a special effort to encourage authors and poets to move to the city, and founded the Haifa Theatre, a repertory theater, the first municipal theater founded in the country.[39] The New Haifa Symphony Orchestra was established in 1950 and is the focus for classical music of the north of the country, with more than 5,000 subscribers, and in 2004, 49,000 people watched their concerts.[40][36] Furthermore, the Haifa Cinematheque, founded in 1975, hosts the annual Haifa International Film Festival during the intermediate days of the Sukkot holiday. The city has 29 cinema halls.[36] Haifa's newspaper is Yediot Haifa,[41] and Radio Haifa operates from the city.[42]

Museums

National Museum of Science, Technology and Space in Haifa

Haifa has more than a dozen museums.[43][36] The most popular museum is the National Museum of Science, Technology, and Space, which in 2004 received almost 150,000 visitors. Other museums in Haifa include the Haifa Museum of Art, the Museum of Prehistory, the Tikotin Museum of Japanese Art, the National Maritime Museum and Haifa City Museum, the Hecht Museum, the Dagon Archeological Museum, the Railway Museum, the Clandestine Immigration and Navy Museum, the Israeli Oil Industry Museum, and Chagall Artists' House.[36] As part of his campaign to bring culture to Haifa, Mayor Abba Hushi provided the artist Mane-Katz with a building on Mount Carmel to house his collection of Judaica, which is now a museum.[44]

Sports

Kiryat Eliezer stadium, Haifa

Haifa has eight football (soccer) clubs, two of which, Maccabi Haifa, Hapoel Haifa are in the major leagues in Israel. Other clubs include Beitar Haifa, Akhva Haifa, Spartak Haifa, Neve Yosef, Bnei Kababir and Hapoel Neve Sha'anan. Maccabi Haifa has won 10 championships, 5 cups and 3 League cups. Both Hapoel and Maccabi Haifa operate football schools in Haifa suburbs and other villages (including Arab and Druze villages) in the northern part of Israel.

Haifa also has basketball, volleyball, tennis, and handball clubs, while surfing, kite surfing and sailing clubs operate on the beaches near Bat Galim offer clubs. The Haifa Tennis Club, near the southwest entrance to the city, is one of the largest in Israel.[45]

The main stadiums in Haifa are the 14,000-seat Kiryat Eliezer Stadium and Thomas D'Alesandro Stadium. In addition, the Romema Basketball Arena seats 2,000 and the Neve Sha'anan Athletic Stadium seats 1,000. A UEFA-approved stadium to seat 30,000 is planned for south-west Haifa, due to be completed in 2009.[46]

Government

The Courts Hall of Haifa

As an industrial port city, Haifa has traditionally been a Labor party stronghold. The strong presence of dock workers and trade unions earned it the nickname 'Red Haifa.' In addition, many prominent Arabs in the Israeli Communist Party, among them Tewfiq Toubi, Emile Habibi, Zahi Karkabi, Bulus Farah and Emili Toma, were all from Haifa. In recent years, there has been a drift toward the center.[47][48][49] In the 2006 legislative elections, the Kadima party received about 28.9% of the votes in Haifa, and Labor lagged behind with 16.9%.[50]

Mayors of Haifa

Medical facilities

The Rambam Medican Center, Haifa

Haifa is served by four hospitals: Bnai Zion Medical Center, Elisha Hospital, Carmel Medical Center and Rambam Medical Center.[51] Rambam Medical Center, established almost a hundred years ago, was in the direct line of fire during the Second Lebanon War in 2006 and was forced to take special precautions to protect its patients.[52] Whole wings of the hospital were moved to large underground shelters.[53]

Education

The Technion is called "Israel's MIT"

Haifa is home to two internationally acclaimed universities and several colleges. The University of Haifa, founded in 1963, is at the top of Mt. Carmel. The campus was designed by the architect of Brasilia and United Nations Headquarters in New York, Oscar Niemeyer. More buildings have been added since then. The top floor of the 30-story Eshkol Tower provides a panoramic view of northern Israel. The Hecht Museum, with important archeology and art collections, is on the campus of Haifa University. The Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, described as Israel's MIT, was founded in 1924. It has 18 faculties and 42 research institutes. The original building is now home to the Israel National Museum of Science, Technology, and Space. The first technological high school in Israel, Basmat, was established in Haifa in 1933.[54]

Haifa is also home to several academic colleges. Two teaching colleges, the Gordon College of Education and Sha'anan Religious Teachers' College, operate from the city, and design colleges include the WIZO Design Academy and Tiltan College of Design. The Michlala Leminhal College of Management and Open University of Israel both have branches in Haifa. The city also has a nursing college and the P.E.T Practical Engineering School.

As of the 2006–07 education year, Haifa had 70 primary schools, 23 intermediate schools, 23 general secondary schools, 8 vocational secondary schools, and 5 comprehensive secondary schools. There were 5,133 pupils in municipal kindergartens, 20,081 in primary schools, 7,911 in intermediate schools, 8,072 in general secondary schools, 2,646 in vocational secondary schools, and 2,068 in comprehensive secondary schools. 86% of students were in Hebrew education with 14% in Arabic education. 5% were in special education.[55]

As of 2004, Haifa had 16 municipal libraries stocking 367,323 books, lending on average 23,279 books per month. In this year, there were 14,012 members of libraries.[36]

Transportation

The Carmelit, Israel's only subway
The Port of Haifa

Transportation is good both within Haifa and between Haifa and other cities in Israel and internationally. Buses run throughout the city, and Haifa is the home to Israel's only subway system. The Carmelit (Hebrew: כרמלית) is actually a funicular, running from downtown Paris square to Gan HaEm (Mother's Park) on Mount Carmel.[56] With a single track, six stations and two trains, it is listed in the Guinness World Records as the world's shortest metro line. Furthermore, the Stella Maris gondola lift cable car, consists of six cabins and connects Bat Galim on the coast to the Stella Maris observation deck and monastery atop Mount Carmel; although mainly for tourism purposes.[57] Proposals have also been made for a light rail between Haifa and Nazareth although it is unclear if these will ever materialise.[58]

Haifa is the only city in Israel where buses operate on Shabbat.[59] The bus stations, from the south northwards, are Hof HaCarmel, Bat Galim, and Merkazit HaMifratz. All these stations are served by Egged city, suburban, and intercity buses. In 2006, Haifa implemented a trial network of neighborhood mini-buses – named "Shchunatit" run by Egged.[60] In 2008, Haifa and the Krayot will be linked by the Metronit, a rapid bus transit system.[61] Haifa has six Israel Railways stations on the Nahariya-Tel Aviv main line railway that runs along the Gulf of Haifa. From south to north, these stations are Hof HaCarmel Railway Station, Haifa Bat-Galim Railway Station, Haifa Merkaz (Central), Lev HaMifratz Railway Station, Hutzot HaMifratz Railway Station, and Kiryat Haim Railway Station. A seventh stop is in nearby Kiryat Motzkin (Kiryat Motzkin Railway Station), a Northern suburb. The railway stations also serve a metropolitan line with seven stops, called the Parvarit.[62]

Travel between Haifa and the rest of the country is also possible by road with Highway 2, the main highway along the coastal plain, beginning at Tel Aviv and ending at Haifa.[59] Furthermore, Highway 4 runs along the coast to the north of Haifa, as well as south, inland from Highway 2.[59] In the past, traffic travelling along Highway 2 to the north of Haifa would have to pass through the downtown area of the city, however, the Carmel Tunnels, currently under construction will re-route this traffic through tunnels under Mount Carmel, cutting down on congestion in the down-town area of the city.[63] Haifa Airport serves domestic flights to Tel Aviv and Eilat as well as international charters to Cyprus.[64] There are currently plans to expand services from Haifa. Cruise ships previously operated from Haifa port to Greece and Cyrpus.[59]

In the future, Haifa is planned to be connected to Beit She'an and Amman in Jordan by the reconstructed Jezreel Valley railway.

Sister cities

Haifa has sister city agreements with the following cities:[65]

See also

References

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  52. ^ Berg, Raffi (2006-07-20). "Haifa hospital in the firing line". BBC News. {{cite news}}: Text "accessdate-2008-02-18" ignored (help)
  53. ^ Raved, Ahiya (2006-08-07). "Haifa hospital goes underground". Ynetnews. Retrieved 2008-02-18.
  54. ^ "The closing of a dream come true". Haaretz. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
  55. ^ "Education" (PDF). Haifa Statistical Yearbook 2007. Haifa Municipality. 2007-06-01. Retrieved 2008-02-14.
  56. ^ "The Carmelit". Tour-Haifa.co.il. Retrieved 2008-02-19.
  57. ^ "Haifa". Weizmann Institute. Retrieved 2008-02-22.
  58. ^ "Mofaz:Light rail from Haifa to Nazareth". Port2Port. 2006-11-02. Retrieved 2008-03-10.
  59. ^ a b c d "Haifa: Planning a Trip". Frommers. Retrieved 2008-02-22.
  60. ^ "Egged to start minibus project in Haifa". Jerusalem Post. 2006-06-09. Retrieved 2008-02-22.
  61. ^ "Metronit" (in Hebrew). Yefenof.co.il. Retrieved 2008-02-22.
  62. ^ "Railway Map". Israel Railways. Retrieved 2008-02-22.
  63. ^ "Carmel Tunnels". Israel MOF. Retrieved 2008-02-22.
  64. ^ "Haifa Destinations". Farecompare.com. Retrieved 2008-02-22.
  65. ^ "Twin City acitivities". Haifa Municipality. Retrieved 2008-02-14.

Further reading

  • Carmel, Alex (2002). The History of Haifa Under Turkish Rule (4th Edition ed.). Haifa: Pardes. ISBN 965-7171-05-9. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help) (in Hebrew)
  • Shiller, Eli & Ben-Artzi, Yossi (1985). Haifa and its sites. Jerusalem: Ariel.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) (in Hebrew)
  • Benny Morris, Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem
  • Seth J. Frantzman The Strength of Weakness: The Arab Christians in Mandatory Palestine, unpublished M.A thesis, Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haifa.

City and universities

Bahá'í

Monastery

Travel


32°49′N 34°59′E / 32.817°N 34.983°E / 32.817; 34.983

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