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Hamid Gul

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Hamid Gul
AllegiancePakistan Pakistan
Service/branchPakistan Army
Years of service1958 – 1992
RankLieutenant General
UnitArmoured Corps (19th Lancers)
Commands1st Armoured Division, Multan
DG Military Intelligence (DGMI)
DG Inter-Services Intelligence
II Corps, Multan
Battles/warsIndo-Pakistani War of 1965
Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
Soviet-Afghan War
AwardsSitara-e-Basalat
Hilal-e-Imtiaz (Military)

Lieutenant General Hamid Gul, HI(M), SBt, (Urdū:حمید گل) (born 20 November, 1936) is a retired Pakistan Army general known for heading the Inter-Services Intelligence Pakistani intelligence agency, after the Soviet-Afghan War, and for instigating the insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir against India in 1989 with the support of the militants, who fought in the Soviet-Afghan war.

Hamid Gul served as the director general of Pakistan's Inter Services Intelligence during 1987-89, mainly in the time when Benazir Bhutto was Prime Minister of Pakistan. He was instrumental in the anti-Soviet support of the mujahideen in the Afghanistan War of 1979–89[1], a pivotal time during the Cold War, and in establishing the Islami Jamhoori Ittehad, a right-wing political party against the Pakistan Peoples Party. He also was a vehement supporter of the Kashmir insurgency against India,[2] and is accused by the United States of having ties to al-Qaeda and the Taliban.[3]

Early life

Hamid Gul was born on 20 November 1936 to Muhammad khan an ethnic Pathan in Sargodha. He got his early education from his village school and did his matriculation with flying colors. He briefly got admission in Government College Lahore, before reporting to Pakistan Military Academy Kakul.

Army career

Hamid Gul was commissioned in the Pakistan Army in October 1958 with the 18th PMA Long Course in the 19th Lancers regiment of the Armoured Corps. He was a Tank Commander during the 1965 war with India. During 1972-1976, Gul directly served under General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq as a battalion commander, when General Zia was GOC, 1st Armoured Division and Commander, II Corps at Multan. Thus, Gul had already cemented his ties with General Zia by serving under him when both were officers in the Armoured regiments of the II Corps. Gul was promoted to Brigadier in 1978 and steadily rose to be the Martial Law Administrator of Bahawalpur and the Commander of the 1st Armoured Division, Multan in 1982, his appointments expressly wished by Zia himself.[citation needed]

Mehran Gate

Destabilization of Benzair Bhutto First government

Saudi influence

Gul was then sent to GHQ as the DG Military Intelligence (DGMI)[4] under General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq who then nominated him to be the ISI chief succeeding General Akhtar Abdur Rahman in March 1987. He was later replaced as the ISI commander by PM Benazir Bhutto in May 1989 and Gul was transferred as the commander, II Corps in Multan. In this capacity, Gul conducted the Zarb-e-Momin military exercise in November-December 1989, the biggest Pakistani Armed Forces show of muscle since 1971 Indo-Pakistani War.

General Asif Nawaz upon taking the reins of Pakistan Army in August 1991, had Gul transferred as the DG Heavy Industries Taxila. A menial job compared to Gul's stature, Gul refused to take the assignment, an act for which he was retired from the army.[5]

Career as ISI Chief

Execution of failed Jalalabad operation

During his time as the DG ISI and the period when Afghanistan was under the control of DRA, former General Hamid Gul was blamed for planning and executing the operation to capture Jalalabad from the Soviet-supported Afghan Army in the spring of 1989. This switch to conventional warfare was seen as a mistake by some mujahideen leaders who considered that the mujahideen did not have the capacity to capture a major city. They advocated guerrilla warfare and eventually bringing down the communist regime. But the Pakistan Army was intent on installing a fundamentalist-dominated government in Afghanistan, with Jalalabad as their provisional capital, Abdul Rasul Sayyaf as Prime Minister, and Gulbuddin Hekmatyar as Foreign Minister.

Organization of IJI against PPP

During his tenure as ISI chief in 1988, General Gul successfully gathered right-wing politicians and helped them create Islami Jamhoori Ittehad, a religio-political conservative coalition against the left-leaning liberal Pakistan Peoples Party. He has recently acknowledged this fact in various interviews[6] and for this he was harshly rebuked in one of editorials of a major Pakistani newspaper, which asked the general to apologize first to the PPP for having done the sordid deed and after that, apologizing for lack of wits because the IJI could not maintain its two-thirds majority for long.[7]

Kashmir Insurgency

Indian front

According to B Raman, an Indian strategic analyst, Gul actively backed Khalistani terrorism. "When Bhutto became prime minister in 1988", Raman says, "Gul justified backing these insurgents as the only way of preempting a fresh Indian threat to Pakistan's territorial integrity. When she asked him to stop playing that card, he reportedly told her: Madam, keeping Punjab destabilized is equivalent to the Pakistan army having an extra division at no cost to the taxpayers." "Gul strongly advocated supporting indigenous Kashmiri groups", adds Raman, "but was against infiltrating Pakistani and Afghan mercenaries into Jammu and Kashmir. He believed Pakistan would play into India's hands by doing so."[8]

Iranian front

In Islamabad, Gul asked that Iran should explain its bona fides regarding the pact signed with India to jointly counter terrorism. According to him, "Iran should come clear on the nature of agreement with India. Otherwise this will create doubts and apprehensions in Muslim Ummah that Iran helps RAW in putting down Kashmir jihad". He also added that in case doubts about the agreement came true and Iran was seen as working with India against "Kashmir freedom struggle", then it will be concluded that the country also supports Mossad, Israeli external intelligence agency.[9]

Turning Against America

General Gul worked closely with the CIA during the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan when he was the ISI chief. But, he became passionately anti-American after the United States turned its back on Afghanistan following the 1989 Soviet withdrawal, as the United States had promised to help build a prosperous Afghanistan.[8] He was further disconcerted when the USA began punishing Pakistan with economic and military sanctions for its secret nuclear program. General Gul then went on to declare that "the Muslim world must stand united to confront the U.S. in its so-called War on Terrorism, which is in reality a war against Muslims. Let's destroy America wherever its troops are trapped."[10]

General Gul personally met Osama Bin Laden in 1993 and refused to label him a terrorist unless and until irrefutable evidence was provided linking him to alleged acts of terrorism.[11]

Post-Army career

Solidarity with Osama bin Laden

According to Zahid Hussain, in his book Frontline Pakistan, Lt. Gen. Hamid Gul and former Army chief General Mirza Aslam Beg were part of the 9 January, 2001 Darul Uloom Haqqania Islamic conference held near Peshawar, which was also attended by 300 leaders representing various Islamic groups. The meeting declared it a religious duty of Muslims all over the world to protect the Taliban government, and the Saudi dissident Osama bin Laden it was hosting, whom they considered as a 'great Muslim warrior.'[12]

Support for Chief Justice Iftikhar Chaudhry

On March 12, 2007, Gul marched shoulder-to-shoulder with activists from the liberal democratic parties and retired former senior military officers against General Pervez Musharraf. General Gul faced down riot police when they tried to arrest him at a rally outside the Supreme Court in Islamabad protesting against attempts to dismiss Chief Justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry.[13]

Accusation by Benazir Bhutto

Days after the 2007 Karachi bombings, Benazir Bhutto in a letter to President Musharaf written on 16 October, 2007 named Hamid Gul as one of the four persons including the current Intelligence Bureau (IB) Chief Ijaz Shah, the then chief minister of Punjab Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi, then chief minister of Sindh Arbab Ghulam Rahim, she suspected were behind the attacks.[14] Gul responded furiously to these claims. He was arrested on November 4 in Islamabad during President Pervez Musharraf's declared state of emergency.[15]

Terrorism Charges

He has acknowledged being a member of banned militant organization Ummah Tameer-e-Nau.[16] The United States government has included Hamid Gul's name in a list of 4 former ISI officers for inclusion in the list of international terrorists that was sent to UN Secretary General, but China refused.[17]

Gul has been informed by a senior official in Pakistan's Foreign Ministry that he had been placed on a U.S. watch list of global terrorists, along with several others. He was shown a U.S. document that detailed several charges against him, including allegations that he had ties to al-Qaeda and the Taliban.[3]

On December 14, 2008 Pakistan president Asif Ali Zardari in an interview with Newsweek described Hamid Gul as a political ideologue of terror.[18]

See also

References

  1. ^ Afghanistan War Infoplease.com, July 22, 2007
  2. ^ "Bhutto Conspiracy Theories Fill the Air" Time Magazine, December 28, 2007
  3. ^ a b Former Pakistani intelligence official denies aiding group tied to Mumbai siege, Candace Rondeaux, Washington Post, 09-Dec-2008
  4. ^ Hamid Hussain, "Undercover Chaos – Role of Pakistani Armed Forces Intelligence Agencies in Domestic Arena" Defence Journal, December 2005
  5. ^ Ayaz Amir, "Another myth of independence" Dawn, 23 May, 2003
  6. ^ Hameed Gul admits he formed IJI, The News (Pakistan), August 30, 2009
  7. ^ Editorial: What the generals must apologise for Daily Times, February 01, 2008
  8. ^ a b 'We are walking into the American trap' Rediff.com, February 12, 2004
  9. ^ ISI in Bangladesh Geocities.com, October 1, 2001
  10. ^ God will destroy America, says Hamid Gul Daily Times, August 30, 2003
  11. ^ Hamid Gul Interview with Tehelka.com Robert-fisk.com, September 14, 2001
  12. ^ Frontline Pakistan: The Struggle with Militant Islam by Zahid Hussain, Columbia University Press, 2007, page 81-82.
  13. ^ Pakistan dictator lashes at 'plotters' The Australian, March 19, 2007
  14. ^ Shakeel, Syed Faisal PPP demands probe based on Benazir’s letter Dawn Newspaper, December 30, 2007
  15. ^ Al Jazeera - Reactions To Pakistan Emergency Al Jazeera English, November 4, 2007
  16. ^ Former Pakistani Official Denies Links to Lashkar, The Washington Post, 2008-12-09
  17. ^ "Hamid Gul & LeT's Chachu may get official terrorist tag". The Economic Times. December 6, 2008.
  18. ^ "Zardari calls Hamid Gul political ideologue of terror". The Nation. December 15, 2008.

Bibliography

  • Zahid Hussain. Frontline Pakistan: The Struggle with Militant Islam, New York: Columbia University Press, 2007.
  • Husain Haqqani. Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military, Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2005.
Military offices
Preceded by Director General of the Inter-Services Intelligence
1987 – 1989 		Succeeded by
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