Isotopes of ruthenium
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Ru) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Naturally occurring ruthenium (44Ru) is composed of seven stable isotopes. Additionally, 27 radioactive isotopes have been discovered. Of these radioisotopes, the most stable are 106Ru, with a half-life of 373.59 days; 103Ru, with a half-life of 39.26 days and 97Ru, with a half-life of 2.9 days.
Twenty-four other radioisotopes have been characterized with atomic weights ranging from 86.95 u (87Ru) to 119.95 u (120Ru). Most of these have half-lives that are less than five minutes, excepting 95Ru (half-life: 1.643 hours) and 105Ru (half-life: 4.44 hours).
The primary decay mode before the most abundant isotope, 102Ru, is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta emission. The primary decay product before 102Ru is technetium and the primary product after is rhodium.
List of isotopes
nuclide symbol |
Z(p) | N(n) | isotopic mass (u) |
half-life | decay mode(s)[4][n 1] |
daughter isotope(s)[n 2] |
nuclear spin and parity |
representative isotopic composition (mole fraction) |
range of natural variation (mole fraction) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
excitation energy | |||||||||
87Ru | 44 | 43 | 86.94918(64)# | 50# ms [>1.5 µs] | β+ | 87Tc | 1/2−# | ||
88Ru | 44 | 44 | 87.94026(43)# | 1.3(3) s [1.2(+3−2) s] | β+ | 88Tc | 0+ | ||
89Ru | 44 | 45 | 88.93611(54)# | 1.38(11) s | β+ | 89Tc | (7/2)(+#) | ||
90Ru | 44 | 46 | 89.92989(32)# | 11.7(9) s | β+ | 90Tc | 0+ | ||
91Ru | 44 | 47 | 90.92629(63)# | 7.9(4) s | β+ | 91Tc | (9/2+) | ||
91mRu | 80(300)# keV | 7.6(8) s | β+ (>99.9%) | 91Tc | (1/2−) | ||||
IT (<.1%) | 91Ru | ||||||||
β+, p (<.1%) | 90Mo | ||||||||
92Ru | 44 | 48 | 91.92012(32)# | 3.65(5) min | β+ | 92Tc | 0+ | ||
93Ru | 44 | 49 | 92.91705(9) | 59.7(6) s | β+ | 93Tc | (9/2)+ | ||
93m1Ru | 734.40(10) keV | 10.8(3) s | β+ (78%) | 93Tc | (1/2)− | ||||
IT (22%) | 93Ru | ||||||||
β+, p (.027%) | 92Mo | ||||||||
93m2Ru | 2082.6(9) keV | 2.20(17) µs | (21/2)+ | ||||||
94Ru | 44 | 50 | 93.911360(14) | 51.8(6) min | β+ | 94Tc | 0+ | ||
94mRu | 2644.55(25) keV | 71(4) µs | (8+) | ||||||
95Ru | 44 | 51 | 94.910413(13) | 1.643(14) h | β+ | 95Tc | 5/2+ | ||
96Ru | 44 | 52 | 95.907598(8) | Observationally Stable[n 3] | 0+ | 0.0554(14) | |||
97Ru | 44 | 53 | 96.907555(9) | 2.791(4) d | β+ | 97mTc | 5/2+ | ||
98Ru | 44 | 54 | 97.905287(7) | Stable | 0+ | 0.0187(3) | |||
99Ru | 44 | 55 | 98.9059393(22) | Stable | 5/2+ | 0.1276(14) | |||
100Ru | 44 | 56 | 99.9042195(22) | Stable | 0+ | 0.1260(7) | |||
101Ru[n 4] | 44 | 57 | 100.9055821(22) | Stable | 5/2+ | 0.1706(2) | |||
101mRu | 527.56(10) keV | 17.5(4) µs | 11/2− | ||||||
102Ru[n 4] | 44 | 58 | 101.9043493(22) | Stable | 0+ | 0.3155(14) | |||
103Ru[n 4] | 44 | 59 | 102.9063238(22) | 39.26(2) d | β− | 103Rh | 3/2+ | ||
103mRu | 238.2(7) keV | 1.69(7) ms | IT | 103Ru | 11/2− | ||||
104Ru[n 4] | 44 | 60 | 103.905433(3) | Observationally Stable[n 5] | 0+ | 0.1862(27) | |||
105Ru[n 4] | 44 | 61 | 104.907753(3) | 4.44(2) h | β− | 105Rh | 3/2+ | ||
106Ru[n 4] | 44 | 62 | 105.907329(8) | 373.59(15) d | β− | 106Rh | 0+ | ||
107Ru | 44 | 63 | 106.90991(13) | 3.75(5) min | β− | 107Rh | (5/2)+ | ||
108Ru | 44 | 64 | 107.91017(12) | 4.55(5) min | β− | 108Rh | 0+ | ||
109Ru | 44 | 65 | 108.91320(7) | 34.5(10) s | β− | 109Rh | (5/2+)# | ||
110Ru | 44 | 66 | 109.91414(6) | 11.6(6) s | β− | 110Rh | 0+ | ||
111Ru | 44 | 67 | 110.91770(8) | 2.12(7) s | β− | 111Rh | (5/2+) | ||
112Ru | 44 | 68 | 111.91897(8) | 1.75(7) s | β− | 112Rh | 0+ | ||
113Ru | 44 | 69 | 112.92249(8) | 0.80(5) s | β− | 113Rh | (5/2+) | ||
113mRu | 130(18) keV | 510(30) ms | (11/2−) | ||||||
114Ru | 44 | 70 | 113.92428(25)# | 0.53(6) s | β− (>99.9%) | 114Rh | 0+ | ||
β−, n (<.1%) | 113Rh | ||||||||
115Ru | 44 | 71 | 114.92869(14) | 740(80) ms | β− (>99.9%) | 115Rh | |||
β−, n (<..1%) | 114Rh | ||||||||
116Ru | 44 | 72 | 115.93081(75)# | 400# ms [>300 ns] | β− | 116Rh | 0+ | ||
117Ru | 44 | 73 | 116.93558(75)# | 300# ms [>300 ns] | β− | 117Rh | |||
118Ru | 44 | 74 | 117.93782(86)# | 200# ms [>300 ns] | β− | 118Rh | 0+ | ||
119Ru | 44 | 75 | 118.94284(75)# | 170# ms [>300 ns] | |||||
120Ru | 44 | 76 | 119.94531(86)# | 80# ms [>300 ns] | 0+ |
Notes
- Geologically exceptional samples are known in which the isotopic composition lies outside the reported range. The uncertainty in the atomic mass may exceed the stated value for such specimens.[citation needed]
- Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
- Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC, which use expanded uncertainties.
- In September 2017 an estimated amount of 100 to 300 TBq (0.3 to 1 g) was released in Russia, probably in the Ural region. It was, after ruling out release from a reentering satellite, concluded that the source is to be found either in nuclear fuel cycle facilities or radioactive source production. In France levels up to 0.036mBq/m3 of air were measured. It is estimated that over distances of the order of a few tens of kilometres around the location of the release levels may exceed the limits for non-dairy foodstuffs.[5]
References
- ^ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
- ^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Ruthenium". CIAAW. 1983.
- ^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
- ^ "Universal Nuclide Chart". nucleonica.
- ^ [1] Detection of ruthenium 106 in France and in Europe, IRSN France (9 Nov 2017)
- Isotope masses from:
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- de Laeter, John Robert; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
- Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.
- "News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 19 October 2005.
- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. See editing notes on this article's talk page.
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
- Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.