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"Space Seed"

"Space Seed" is an episode of the American science fiction television series Star Trek. It is the 22nd episode of the first season and was first broadcast by NBC on February 16, 1967. "Space Seed" was written by Gene L. Coon and Carey Wilber and directed by Marc Daniels. Set in the 23rd century, the series follows the adventures of the Starfleet starship USS Enterprise under Captain James T. Kirk (William Shatner). In this episode, the crew of the Enterprise encounter a sleeper ship holding genetically-engineered supermen and women from Earth's war-torn past. The supermen's leader, Khan Noonien Singh (Ricardo Montalbán), attempts to take control of the Enterprise to begin a new conquest. The episode also guest stars Madlyn Rhue as Lt. Marla McGivers, who becomes romantically involved with Khan.

The general plot had originally been created by Wilber for the series Captain Video and His Video Rangers which featured humans from Ancient Greece who were preserved in cryogenic suspension and resurrected. During the conception and writing of the episode numerous changes were made as producer Bob Justman felt that it would be too expensive to film. Despite this, and due to the support of NBC executives, Justman gave a series of notes to Wilber for him to redraft the proposal. Eventually it was passed to Gene L. Coon to revise, and the final draft was also revised by series creator Gene Roddenberry. These revisions include the marooning of the criminals at the end of the episode, and the change of the primary villain from a Nordic character to a Sikh. Roddenberry attempted to claim the primary writing credit for "Space Seed", a request that was turned down by the Writers Guild of America.

Montalbán was the first choice for Khan and described the role as "wonderful".[2] Despite being planned as a bottle episode, the special sets and shots using starship miniatures caused the episode to go over budget. It was broadcast on NBC on February 16, 1967, and held second place in the ratings for the first half hour with 13.12 million viewers. During the second half hour it was pushed into third place after the Thursday night movie began on CBS. "Space Seed" is commonly considered one of the best episodes of the series, having been included in several top ten lists. The 1982 film Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan serves as a sequel to this episode. Plot elements of the episode and The Wrath of Khan were also used in the 2013 film Star Trek Into Darkness, and references to it appear in episodes of Star Trek: Enterprise.

Plot

On stardate 3141.9, the Federation starship Enterprise finds a derelict ship floating in space. Its hull identifies it as the SS Botany Bay, a ship launched from Earth in the 1990s, during Earth's last great world conflict—the Eugenics Wars. A landing party consisting of Captain James T. Kirk (William Shatner), Doctor Leonard McCoy (DeForest Kelley), Chief Engineer Montgomery Scott (James Doohan), and historian Lieutenant Marla McGivers (Madlyn Rhue), is beamed over to the freighter. Kirk selects McGivers because she specializes in late 20th-century history and culture. The landing party finds a cargo of 84 humans, 72 of whom are still alive in suspended animation after nearly 200 years. McGivers identifies the stasis tube that contains the body of the group's leader. The male occupant begins to revive, but his stasis cell begins to fail; he is taken back to the Enterprise for a medical examination.

Kirk has the Botany Bay taken in tow by a tractor beam, and the Enterprise sets course for Starbase 12. In sickbay, the group's leader awakens and attacks McCoy, placing a scalpel to his throat and demanding to know where he is. McCoy responds by suggesting the optimal way to kill him if he wishes to do so. Impressed by McCoy's bravery, the man puts the scalpel down and introduces himself as "Khan" (Ricardo Montalbán). Lt. McGivers marvels over Khan, a living relic from an era she has studied all her life. First Officer Spock (Leonard Nimoy) discovers that their guest is Khan Noonien Singh who, along with his people, are products of 20th-century genetic engineering designed to be perfect humans. The genetic superhumans instead became warlords and conquered more than one third of the Earth, sparking a global war. At the end of the Eugenics Wars, between eighty and ninety of the superhumans were unaccounted for; Khan is said to be the most dangerous of these warriors.

Khan is given quarters, although his door is locked and an armed guard posted outside. McGivers is sent to brief him on current events. Taking advantage of McGivers' attraction towards him, Khan tells her he means to rule mankind again and needs her help to take over the Enterprise. Reluctantly, she agrees and beams Khan to Botany Bay, where he revives the rest of his supermen. They return to the Enterprise and assume control of the ship. Khan throws Kirk into a decompression tank, and threatens to slowly suffocate him unless Kirk's command crew agree to follow Khan. Having a change of heart, McGivers frees Kirk from the chamber. Kirk and Spock vent anesthetic gas throughout the entire ship to disable Khan and his cohorts. Khan escapes the gas and heads to Engineering, where he attempts to destroy the Enterprise, but Kirk confronts him and a brawl ensues. Though outmatched by Khan's superior strength, Kirk uses a tool as a club to knock the superman unconscious.

When Khan and the other superhumans are rounded up, Kirk holds a hearing to decide their fate. Kirk decides that Khan and his followers should be exiled, and picks Ceti Alpha V, a world that Kirk believes would be a perfect place for Khan to start his kingdom over again. Khan, impressed with the idea, claims he is up to the challenge and accepts Kirk's offer. Instead of a court-martial for Lt. McGivers, Kirk allows her to go into exile with Khan. Spock notes that it would be interesting to see what Khan makes of Ceti Alpha V in 100 years.

Production

Writing

The Writers Guild of America denied permission for Gene Roddenberry to get a writing credit on the script for "Space Seed".

Writer Carey Wilber was hired to write a script for an episode of Star Trek, which he later explained had been based on the plot of an episode he had written for the television series Captain Video and His Video Rangers (1949-1955). His previous work on that show had included the idea of transporting people in suspended animation through space. However in Captain Video, the episode featured Greek era humans being resurrected and the people of the future finding that they have mythological powers. These powers were replaced with enhanced abilities due to genetic engineering in "Space Seed".[3] Wilber had briefly worked with Gene Roddenberry on the television series Harbormaster and was also involved in writing scripts for Lost in Space and The Time Tunnel around the same time as his work on Star Trek.[2][4]

Wilber's first proposal for the story of what became "Space Seed" was dated August 29, 1966, shortly before the first episode was aired.[5] In the proposal, the villain was Harold Erickson, an ordinary criminal exiled into space in suspended animation. He sought to free his gang from the Botany Bay, seize the Enterprise, and become pirates.[4] Parts of the story were inspired by the use of penal colonies from the 18th century, and the characterization was based on the descriptions from the writer's bible. This resulted in several plot elements included in the first draft which differed from how the characters behaved in the actual series – for example, the draft includes a scene where Spock defeats Kirk at chess by cheating.[5] Producer Gene L. Coon wrote to Wilber saying that it was the best outline he had seen during the time he had worked on Star Trek – although he had only been in his post for two weeks. Fellow producer Bob Justman was less enthusiastic and compared it to Flash Gordon and Buck Rogers in a negative manner. He felt that it would be too expensive to film for Star Trek. Furthermore there were concerns that an unsolicited script submitted by science fiction author Philip José Farmer bore resemblance to the proposed plot, and this might lead to litigation as Roddenberry had been corresponding with Farmer.[4]

However, NBC executives supported the plot for "Space Seed" and Justman made a reassessment saying that it needed to be heavily revised.[6] In September, Wilber was given a list of suggested changes asking him to remove any mention of the setting, as the producers did not want to say how far in the future Star Trek was set, and to remove the chess scene.[5] Wilber submitted a second draft, but Roddenberry still had problems with the logic behind the basic element of the script. He did not believe that common criminals would be fired into space as a solution and strongly disliked the notion of space pirates.[6][7] However, one element which was introduced in the second draft remained in the final version, which was Kirk's forgiveness of Khan and marooning of him and his crew on a new planet.[8] Wilber was not asked to produce a third draft, instead it was passed to Coon to re-write.[9] Coon amended the second draft submitted by Wilber and submitted his re-write on December 7, and updated it twice further over the following five days.[10] Wilber did not object to Coon's re-writes, and left the staff following the submission of the second draft as his contractual obligations were completed.[2]

Coon proposed that Erickson should be a true rival to Kirk, a genetic superman who had once ruled part of Earth.[11] Roddenberry and Justman still were not completely happy with the script, and Roddenberry revised it once more only a week before filming was due to begin, after Montalbán had been cast.[9][12] It was in this version that the blond Nordic character of Erickson became closer to the final name.[9] In the Roddenberry/Coon script, the character was renamed to Sibahl Khan Noonien. The name Govin Bahadur Singh was suggested by the DeForest Research company, who checked scripts for potential errors on behalf of the production company. The Singh name was suggested in part because it was closer to actual Sikh names. Together Coon and Roddenberry settled on Khan Noonian Singh, with "Noonien" coming from Roddenberry, who had an old Chinese friend named Noonien Wang that he had lost touch with. Roddenberry hoped that perhaps Wang would see the episode and contact him.[12] In the final draft, Roddenberry listed himself as the primary writer with Coon getting a co-writer credit with Wilber absent. However, the Writers Guild of America turned down the request by Roddenberry to be credited as the writer and instead Coon was credited as the main writer, Wilber was both the co-writer and received a "story-by" credit.[9] Wilber later said that he did not often watch his own work, and has never seen "Space Seed".[2] Coon was later credited as Lee Cronin for his part in writing the script.[13]

Casting

Madlyn Rhue (pictured in 1961) was cast as Lt. Marla McGivers in "Space Seed".

Ricardo Montalbán was cast as the genetic superman Khan Noonian Singh, having been the first choice for the role.[2][14] He had been suggested by casting director Joseph D’Agosta, who was not looking at casting an actor of a particular ethnic background due to Roddenberry's vision for the series.[n 2][8] Montalbán had previously appeared in a television movie created by Gene Roddenberry called The Secret Weapon of 117 (also referred to as The Secret Defence of 117).[2][14] It was Roddenberry's first attempt at creating science fiction on television, and aired more than ten years before Star Trek.[15] Montalbán called his role as Khan "wonderful",[2] saying that "it was well-written, it had an interesting concept and I was delighted it was offered to me".[2] The main cast were enthusiastic about working with Montalbán, with DeForest Kelley later saying that "I enjoyed working with Ricardo the best. I was privileged. He is a marvellous actor."[16]

Madlyn Rhue portrayed Lt. Marla McGivers, and had previously worked with Montalbán in an episode of Bonanza in 1960 as his on-screen wife and would go on to appear with him for a third occasion in 1982 in an episode of Fantasy Island.[8][14] Both Montalbán and Rhue had also appeared in separate episodes of Roddenberry's previous NBC television series, The Lieutenant (1963–1964). Main cast member George Takei did not appear in "Space Seed"; the character of Hikaru Sulu was replaced by Blaisdell Makee as Lt. Spinelli. It was the first of two appearances in Star Trek for Makee, who would return in the episode "The Changeling" as Lt. Singh. John Winston appeared for the second time as Lt. Kyle, and would go on to make nine further episodic appearances in that role. Following positive feedback from the producers and the network regarding James Doohan, "Space Seed" was the first episode to feature a more prominent role for his character, Chief Engineer Montgomery Scott.[14]

Filming, costumes and post production

File:Ricardo Montalbán-Fay Spain.jpg
Such were the size of Montalbán's (pictured here with Fay Spain in 1963) measurements, that the costume team on Star Trek thought at first that there must have been a mistake.

Filming of Space Seed began Thursday, December 15, 1966, and concluded on December 22 after six shooting days.[14] Roddenberry, Coon and Wilber's efforts resulted in nearly 60 pages of script, across 120 scenes.[17] Marc Daniels was hired to direct the episode; he had previously worked on Roddenberry's series The Lieutenant, which also featured Leonard Nimoy and Majel Barrett.[18] The first day's filming coincided with the airing of the episode "Balance of Terror" and Daniels allowed the cast and crew to go home early so that they could watch it.[19] The other five days ran to schedule, to the extent that there was an early finish once again on the final day of filming, allowing cast and crew time to return home to watch a repeat of the episode "What Are Little Girls Made Of?" which had replaced "Arena" on that evening's schedule.[20]

The character of Khan required more costume changes than any other single guest star in the entire series with five costumes worn by Montalbán in the episode. This in turn meant that the staff working on costumes had less time to devote to any one costume as their production time had not increased proportionately. Montalbán's athletic physique was such that when his measurements were passed to the staff to create the new costumes, they thought that there had been a mistake. Costume designer William Ware Theiss found that the major limitations were in the time he had to make the outfits, the materials to make them seem suitably futuristic and his own preferences in design. Two of Khan's outfits are re-uses of previously created costumes, while three were specifically created for Montalbán.[17]

A new set was created to appear as the decompression chamber in sickbay, as well as the set on board the Botany Bay. A scene was filmed but later cut featuring a discussion between McGivers and Angela Martine (Barbara Baldavin). The scene was intended to show that McGivers was looking for a forceful man.[19] Further scenes were trimmed down after filming due to input from NBC executives. Scenes shot on board the Botany Bay were cut as it was felt that the costumes worn by the newly awakened crew were too revealing.[19][20]

Post production on "Space Seed" began on December 23, 1966, and ran through February 5 the following year. The Westheimer Company produced the majority of effects in the episode; however the scenes of the Enterprise and the Botany Bay in space were produced by Film Effects of Hollywood who were not credited on screen for their work. The Botany Bay utilised a design by Matt Jefferies prior to his creation of the USS Enterprise. It had been previously labeled "antique space freighter",[20] and was built by Film Effects of Hollywood.[18] The creation of the ship miniature caused the episode to go over budget by more than $12,000. Having set the target of $180,000, "Space Seed" actually cost a total of $197,262. By this point, the series was nearly $80,000 over budget in total.[16]

The sound effects team were required to borrow effects and manipulate them in order to achieve the "painted sound" effect sought by Roddenberry.[16][20] Although a number of sources were used, they attempted to avoid most science fiction television series as they wanted an authentic sound. Instead, the sound archive of the United States Air Force was used, although the photon torpedo sound was created from the 1953 film The War of the Worlds.[16] "Space Seed" was awarded the Golden Reel for sound editing on television by the Motion Picture Sound Editors society.[16]

Reception

Broadcast

"Space Seed" was first broadcast in the United States on February 16, 1967, on NBC. A 12-city overnight Trendex report compiled by Nielsen ratings showed that during the first half hour, it held second place in the ratings behind Bewitched on ABC with 14.44 million viewers compared to "Space Seed" with 13.12. It beat My Three Sons on CBS. During the second half hour it was pushed into third place in the ratings by the start of the Thursday Night Movie on CBS, the Western film One-Eyed Jacks starring Marlon Brando, which received 35.5 percent of the audience share compared to 28 percent for "Space Seed".[16]

Critical reception

Michelle Erica Green called Khan a perfect foil for Spock, Kirk and McCoy (pictured left to right).

Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club gave the episode an 'A' rating, noting its strong characters and the interplay between Kirk and Spock that emphasizes their friendship.[21] Michelle Erica Green called the episode "legendary" in her review for Trek Nation. She thought that Khan made the "perfect foil" for the trio of Kirk, Spock and McCoy and said that the episode was not dulled by later episodes and movies based on "Space Seed".[22] In Mark Pickavance's review at Den of Geek, he said that it remained an "obvious choice of great source material" to be followed up in a movie.[23]

The review by Eugene Myers and Torrie Atkinson on Tor.com criticized the attraction between McGivers and Khan, saying that it was "really uncomfortable to watch her immediate attraction to him and her easy acceptance of his abusive and controlling behaviour".[24] However, both praised the episode with Myers giving it a five out of six, and Atkinson a six out of six rating.[24] Also at Tor.com, in Ryan Britt and Emily Asher-Perrin's list of the ten most under-appreciated elements of Star Trek, they placed "Space Seed" at number three saying that "As an introductory story to what old school Star Trek was all about, 'Space Seed' is perfect. It presents an original science fiction concept, grapples with notions of human technology and ingenuity creating a monster, and features Captain Kirk beating the crap out of someone with a piece of Styrofoam. What more could you want?"[25]

Entertainment Weekly chose the episode as the second best of the series,[26] while IGN ranked "Space Seed" as the fourth best episode of the series, praising the fist fight between Kirk and Khan.[27] It appeared in the top ten episodes listed by Cinefantastique and was also included in a list of ten "must see" episodes on The A.V. Club.[16][28] Reviewer Zack Handlen said that it "features a terrific performance from guest star Montalban, gives the franchise one of its greatest villains, and sets the stage for one of best science-fiction adventure movies ever made."[28] Sociology professors John and Maria Jose Tenuto from the College of Lake County described "Space Seed" as the most important episode of the original series, because it resulted in a film which ultimately saved the franchise.[29][5][30]

Home media release

"Space Seed" was released on VHS cassette in 1982 by Paramount Home Video.[31] It was one of the episodes of The Original Series published on Capacitance Electronic Disc, alongside "The Changeling", released on November 1, 1982.[32] A LaserDisc of the episode alongside "Return of the Archons" was released in 1985.[33] Further releases of all episodes of the series were made on VHS and Betamax.[34][35]

It was released on DVD paired with "A Taste of Armageddon" as part of the general release of the series in 2000.[36] It was subsequently released within a DVD box set of the first season in 2004.[37] The episode was included in the remastered season 1 release on DVD and Blu-Ray in 2009. This release featured CGI remodels of the Enterprise and other space scenes such as the Botany Bay.[38]

Legacy

The events of "Space Seed" were followed up in the 1982 film Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan.[12] Concerned about resuming the role of Khan, Montalbán worried that fans would see him only as Mr. Roarke from Fantasy Island. However, he felt that he managed to recapture the character by re-watching 'Space Seed'.[39] The film set a new record for the opening weekend gross with $14.3 million taken. The film went on to take $78.9 million domestically within the United States,[12][40] which was the sixth best selling film of the year.[18]

A non-canon novelization was later released in 2005 to fill in the timeframe between "Space Seed" and the film; entitled To Reign in Hell: The Exile of Khan Noonien Singh.[41] Events of both "Space Seed" and The Wrath of Khan were also directly referenced in 2013's Star Trek Into Darkness with Khan recast as Benedict Cumberbatch.[42] It took $70.1 million on the opening weekend, and $467.3 million internationally throughout the cinematic release.[43] A retro-style film poster for "Space Seed" was created by Juan Ortiz in 2013, released around the same as Star Trek Into Darkness.[44]

Star Trek: Enterprise made several further references to the events first described in "Space Seed". In "Twilight", the survivors of the Xindi attack on Earth eventually resettle on Ceti Alpha V.[45] A further reference is made to the Mutara Nebula, the location of the climatic battle between the USS Enterprise and USS Reliant in Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan.[46] The season four episodes "Borderland", "Cold Station 12" and "The Augments" showed a further group of genetic supermen produced from embryos produced in the same era as Khan and his crew.[22][47][48]

See also

Annotations

  1. ^ Listed as Production Code 024 on StarTrek.com; Cushman & Osborn (p. 443) gives this number as 023, noting 'incorrectly listed in all other sources' as 024.[1]
  2. ^ Gene Roddenberry wanted to show his perceived 23rd century values by not requiring any specific ethnicities when casting actors in guest roles.[8]

Notes

  1. ^ Cushman & Osborn (2013): p. 443
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Gross & Altman (1993): p. 38
  3. ^ Gross & Altman (1993): p. 37
  4. ^ a b c Cushman & Osborn (2013): p. 445
  5. ^ a b c d Jose, Maria; Tenuto, John (July 16, 2013). "Khan Was Almost... Harald Ericsson". StarTrek.com. CBS Entertainment. Retrieved September 27, 2013.
  6. ^ a b Cushman & Osborn (2013): p. 447
  7. ^ Cushman & Osborn (2013): p. 448
  8. ^ a b c d Jose, Maria; Tenuto, John (September 26, 2013). "The Evolution of "Space Seed," Part 3". StarTrek.com. CBS Entertainment. Retrieved September 27, 2013.
  9. ^ a b c d Cushman & Osborn (2013): p. 449
  10. ^ Cushman & Osborn (2013): p. 444
  11. ^ Jose, Maria; Tenuto, John (July 31, 2013). "The Evolution of "Space Seed," Part 2". StarTrek.com. CBS Entertainment. Retrieved September 27, 2013.
  12. ^ a b c d Jose, Maria; Tenuto, John (November 24, 2013). "The Evolution of "Space Seed," Part 4". StarTrek.com. CBS Entertainment. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
  13. ^ Solow & Justman (1996): p. 139
  14. ^ a b c d e Cushman & Osborn (2013): p. 450
  15. ^ "The Strange Story of Stage 7". TV Obscurities. October 3, 2009. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g Cushman & Osborn (2013): p. 453
  17. ^ a b Jose, Maria; Tenuto, John (December 17, 2013). "The Evolution of "Space Seed," Part 5". StarTrek.com. CBS Entertainment. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
  18. ^ a b c Jose, Maria; John, Tenuto (January 13, 2014). "The Evolution of "Space Seed," Part 6". Star Trek.com. Retrieved May 3, 2014.
  19. ^ a b c Cushman & Osborn (2013): p. 451
  20. ^ a b c d Cushman & Osborn (2013): p. 452
  21. ^ Handlen, Zack (April 3, 2009). ""Space Seed" / The Wrath Of Khan". The A.V. Club. Retrieved April 29, 2012.
  22. ^ a b Green, Michelle Erica (October 21, 2005). "Space Seed". The Trek Nation. Retrieved April 13, 2014.
  23. ^ Pickavance, Mark (May 26, 2009). "Star Trek: The Original Series episode 22 review". Den of Geek. Retrieved April 13, 2014.
  24. ^ a b Myer, Eugene; Atkinson, Torrie (June 18, 2009). "Star Trek Re-watch: "Space Seed"". Tor.com. Retrieved April 13, 2014.
  25. ^ Britt, Ryan; Asher-Perrin, Emily (September 8, 2011). "For Trek's 45th Birthday: 10 Underappreciated Aspects of Classic Star Trek". Tor.com. Retrieved May 5, 2014.
  26. ^ Cushman & Osborn (2013): p. 454
  27. ^ Collura, Scott; Pirrello, Phil; Vejvoda, Jim (April 16, 2009). "IGN's Top 10 Classic Star Trek Episodes". IGN. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
  28. ^ a b Handlen, Zack (August 15, 2012). "10 must-see episodes of Star Trek". The A.V. Club. Retrieved December 18, 2013. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  29. ^ "Star Trek". Chicago Sun-Times. March 19, 2013. Retrieved May 5, 2014. (subscription required)
  30. ^ "Library Notes". The News Sun. Waukegan, IL. May 11, 2013. Retrieved May 5, 2014. (subscription required)
  31. ^ Nielsen Business Media, Inc (October 16, 1982). "Videocassette Top 40". Billboard: 32. Retrieved May 3, 2014. {{cite journal}}: |author1= has generic name (help)
  32. ^ Tenuto, John (January 25, 2012). "Collector's Corner: Looking Back at the 1982 Star Trek CEDs". Treknews.net. Retrieved May 3, 2014.
  33. ^ "Star Trek #090: Return of the Archons/Space Seed: Disc #10 (1967) [LV 60040-90]". LaserDisc Database. Retrieved May 5, 2014.
  34. ^ Kelley (2008): p. 249
  35. ^ Kelley (2008): p. 250
  36. ^ Salas, Randy A. (June 20, 2000). "Video notebook; Concert disc commemorates 25 years of Arista Records". Star Tribune. Minneapolis, MN. Retrieved May 5, 2014. (subscription required)
  37. ^ Szadkowski, Joseph (September 2, 2004). "'Trek' DVDs: No Frills but Great Value". The Washington Times. Retrieved May 5, 2014. (subscription required)
  38. ^ Hunt, James (May 20, 2009). "Star Trek: The Remastered Series Seasons 1, 2 & 3 review". Den of Geek. Retrieved May 3, 2014.
  39. ^ "Star Trek Stories". Archive of American Television. Retrieved May 5, 2014.
  40. ^ "Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
  41. ^ Ayers (2006): p. 144
  42. ^ Ediden, Rachel (May 22, 2013). "The Braver, Better Movie That Star Trek Into Darkness Could Have Been". Wired. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
  43. ^ "Star Trek Into Darkness". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
  44. ^ Jensen, Jeff (June 3, 2013). "KHAAAAAAAAN! 'Star Trek' retro poster push wants to put 'Space Seed' on your wall". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved May 3, 2014.
  45. ^ Sussman, Michael (November 5, 2003). "Twilight". Star Trek: Enterprise. Season 3. Episode 8. {{cite episode}}: Unknown parameter |episodelink= ignored (|episode-link= suggested) (help)
  46. ^ Hoffman, Jordan (January 14, 2008). "Star Trek's Top Nebulas, Ionic Disturbances and Gaseous Anomalies". UGO. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
  47. ^ Hunt, James (November 4, 2009). "Top 10 Star Trek: Enterprise episodes". Den of Geek. Retrieved April 13, 2014.
  48. ^ Pierce, Scott D. (October 28, 2004). "Can Spiner revive 'ST: Enterprise'?". Deseret Morning News. Retrieved May 5, 2014. (subscription required)

References

  • Ayers, Jeff (2006). Voyages of Imagination. New York: Pocket Books. ISBN 978-141650-3491.
  • Block, Paula M.; Erdmann, Terry J. (2010). Star Trek: The Original Series 365. New York: Abrams. ISBN 9780810991729.
  • Cushman, Marc; Osborn, Susan (2013). These are the Voyages: TOS, Season One. San Diego, CA: Jacobs Brown Press. ISBN 978-0989238113.
  • Gross, Edward; Altman, Mark A. (1993). Captain's Logs: The Complete Trek Voyages. London: Boxtree. ISBN 978-1-85283-899-7.
  • Kelley, Steve (2008). Star Trek: The Collectables. Iola, WI: Krause Publications. ISBN 978-0896896376.
  • Shatner, William (1993). Star Trek Memories. New York: HarperCollinsPublishers. ISBN 978-0060177348.
  • Solow, Herbert F.; Justman, Robert H. (1996). Inside Star Trek: The Real Story. New York: Pocket Books. ISBN 978-0671896287.

External links

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