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Sportswashing

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File:1936 Olympic Games Poster.jpg
The 1936 Summer Olympic Games in Berlin, Nazi Germany, is widely viewed as an early case of sportswashing.

Sportswashing is a term used to describe the practice of individuals, groups, corporations, or governments using sports to improve reputations tarnished by wrongdoing. A form of propaganda, sportswashing can be accomplished through hosting sporting events, purchasing, or sponsoring sporting teams, or participating in a sport.[1]

At the international level, it is believed that sportswashing has been used to direct attention away from poor human rights records and corruption scandals.[2] At the individual and corporate levels, it is believed that sportswashing has been used to cover up vices, crimes, and scandals. Sportswashing is an example of reputation laundering.

Overview

President Vladimir Putin holding the FIFA World Cup Trophy at a pre-tournament ceremony in Moscow on 9 September 2017

Internationally, sportswashing has been described as part of a country's soft power.[3][4][5][6] The first usage of the term "sportswashing" may have been applied to the 2015 European Games in Baku, Azerbaijan.[7] Russia's hosting of the 2018 FIFA World Cup has been cited as an example, as the country's global reputation was low due to its foreign policy and the event changed the focus of discussions to the success of the World Cup.[8]

People from countries accused of sportswashing[which?] often argue that they simply want to enjoy sporting events in their home countries and that sporting boycotts and event relocation are both unfair to sporting fans and are ineffective in changing government policy.[9][unreliable source?]

Companies that have been accused of sportswashing include Ineos' sponsorship of Team Sky (now the Ineos Grenadiers) in 2019,[10] and Arabtec's sponsorship of Manchester City F.C.[11]

Sportswashing is often very costly to the entity using it. For example, in March 2021, human rights organization Grant Liberty said that Saudi Arabia alone has spent at least $1.5 billion on alleged sportswashing activities.[12][13]

Corporate sponsorship

Luis Suárez wearing FC Barcelona jersey bearing Qatar Airways logo as sponsor

Hosting

Basketball

Boxing

Cycling

Football tournaments

Russia handing over the symbolic relay baton for the hosting rights of the 2022 FIFA World Cup to Qatar in June 2018
Chelsea playing against Arsenal at Baku Olympic Stadium during the UEFA Europa League Final on 29 May 2019

Esports

Golf

Motorsport

Formula One

Russian President Vladimir Putin congratulates Lewis Hamilton, the winner of 2014 Russian Grand Prix
Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev awarding the 2019 Azerbaijan Grand Prix trophy to race winner Valtteri Bottas

Formula E

Grand Prix Motorcycle Racing

Rally

Olympic Games

Siegfried Eifrig carrying the 1936 Summer Olympics Flame at the end of the relay

Rugby Union

Police officers guarding a barbed wire perimeter around Eden Park near Kingsland railway station in New Zealand during 1981 South African rugby tour.

Rugby Union tours involving South Africa during the Apartheid era:[25]

During communist rule, Romania undertook several Rugby Union tours:

  • The 1973 Romania tour to Argentina
  • The 1975 Romania tour to New Zealand
  • The 1979 Romania tour to Wales
  • The 1980 Romania tour to Ireland
  • The 1981 Romania tour to Scotland
  • The 1984–1985 Romania tour to England

During military rule in Fiji, the country's Rugby Union team went on numerous overseas tours:

  • The 1989 Fiji tour to Europe
  • The 1989 Fiji tour to Oceania
  • The 1990 Fiji tour to Hong Kong and France
  • The 1995 Fiji tour to Wales and Ireland
  • The 1996 Fiji tour to Hong Kong
  • The 1996 Fiji tour to New Zealand and South Africa
  • The 1997 Fiji tour to New Zealand

During the 1976–1983 military dictatorship in Argentina, seven countries played against Argentina's Rugby Union team: New Zealand, Australia, Fiji, Wales, England, Italy and France.

  • The 1976 Argentina tour to Wales with one provincial match in England v North & Midlands
  • The 1976 New Zealand tour to Argentina with a match against Uruguay
  • The 1977 France tour to Argentina
  • The 1978 Argentina tour to England with a match in Wales a unofficial international against Wales B a provincial match in Ireland v Leinster and a test match in Italy
  • The 1979 Argentina tour to New Zealand
  • The 1979 Australia tour to Argentina
  • The 1980 Fiji tour to Argentina
  • The 1981 England tour to Argentina
  • The 1982 Argentina tour to France and Spain
  • The 1983 Argentina tour to Australia

Tennis

Wrestling

Other events

Paramount leader of China Xi Jinping attends the opening ceremony of 2019 Military World Games in Wuhan, China

Ownership

Association football

Newcastle United fans celebrating the completed takeover of the team outside St James' Park on 7 October 2021

Basketball

  • Russian businessman Mikhail Prokhorov ownership of NBA team Brooklyn Nets. Prokhorov was known to be a close ally to Russian President Vladimir Putin. In 2017, Prokhorov sold the team which was alleged to have been a request from Putin.[144] The team was later bought by Hong Kong businessman Joe Tsai. Tsai was previously criticized for his praise of China's restrictions on personal freedoms and expressing his support of Hong Kong national security law.[145]

Cricket

Cycling

Motorsport

Other

By individuals

See also

References

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