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Density on a manifold

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In mathematics, and specifically differential geometry, a density is a spatially varying quantity on a differentiable manifold that can be integrated in an intrinsic manner. Abstractly, a density is a section of a certain line bundle, called the density bundle. An element of the density bundle at x is a function that assigns a volume for the parallelotope spanned by the n given tangent vectors at x.

From the operational point of view, a density is a collection of functions on coordinate charts which become multiplied by the absolute value of the Jacobian determinant in the change of coordinates. Densities can be generalized into s-densities, whose coordinate representations become multiplied by the s-th power of the absolute value of the jacobian determinant. On an oriented manifold, 1-densities can be canonically identified with the n-forms on M. On non-orientable manifolds this identification cannot be made, since the density bundle is the tensor product of the orientation bundle of M and the n-th exterior product bundle of TM (see pseudotensor).

Motivation (densities in vector spaces)

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In general, there does not exist a natural concept of a "volume" for a parallelotope generated by vectors v1, ..., vn in a n-dimensional vector space V. However, if one wishes to define a function μ : V × ... × VR that assigns a volume for any such parallelotope, it should satisfy the following properties:

  • If any of the vectors vk is multiplied by λR, the volume should be multiplied by |λ|.
  • If any linear combination of the vectors v1, ..., vj−1, vj+1, ..., vn is added to the vector vj, the volume should stay invariant.

These conditions are equivalent to the statement that μ is given by a translation-invariant measure on V, and they can be rephrased as

Any such mapping μ : V × ... × VR is called a density on the vector space V. Note that if (v1, ..., vn) is any basis for V, then fixing μ(v1, ..., vn) will fix μ entirely; it follows that the set Vol(V) of all densities on V forms a one-dimensional vector space. Any n-form ω on V defines a density |ω| on V by

Orientations on a vector space

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The set Or(V) of all functions o : V × ... × VR that satisfy

if are linearly independent and otherwise

forms a one-dimensional vector space, and an orientation on V is one of the two elements o ∈ Or(V) such that |o(v1, ..., vn)| = 1 for any linearly independent v1, ..., vn. Any non-zero n-form ω on V defines an orientation o ∈ Or(V) such that

and vice versa, any o ∈ Or(V) and any density μ ∈ Vol(V) define an n-form ω on V by

In terms of tensor product spaces,

s-densities on a vector space

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The s-densities on V are functions μ : V × ... × VR such that

Just like densities, s-densities form a one-dimensional vector space Vols(V), and any n-form ω on V defines an s-density |ω|s on V by

The product of s1- and s2-densities μ1 and μ2 form an (s1+s2)-density μ by

In terms of tensor product spaces this fact can be stated as

Definition

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Formally, the s-density bundle Vols(M) of a differentiable manifold M is obtained by an associated bundle construction, intertwining the one-dimensional group representation

of the general linear group with the frame bundle of M.

The resulting line bundle is known as the bundle of s-densities, and is denoted by

A 1-density is also referred to simply as a density.

More generally, the associated bundle construction also allows densities to be constructed from any vector bundle E on M.

In detail, if (Uαα) is an atlas of coordinate charts on M, then there is associated a local trivialization of

subordinate to the open cover Uα such that the associated GL(1)-cocycle satisfies

Integration

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Densities play a significant role in the theory of integration on manifolds. Indeed, the definition of a density is motivated by how a measure dx changes under a change of coordinates (Folland 1999, Section 11.4, pp. 361-362).

Given a 1-density ƒ supported in a coordinate chart Uα, the integral is defined by

where the latter integral is with respect to the Lebesgue measure on Rn. The transformation law for 1-densities together with the Jacobian change of variables ensures compatibility on the overlaps of different coordinate charts, and so the integral of a general compactly supported 1-density can be defined by a partition of unity argument. Thus 1-densities are a generalization of the notion of a volume form that does not necessarily require the manifold to be oriented or even orientable. One can more generally develop a general theory of Radon measures as distributional sections of using the Riesz-Markov-Kakutani representation theorem.

The set of 1/p-densities such that is a normed linear space whose completion is called the intrinsic Lp space of M.

Conventions

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In some areas, particularly conformal geometry, a different weighting convention is used: the bundle of s-densities is instead associated with the character

With this convention, for instance, one integrates n-densities (rather than 1-densities). Also in these conventions, a conformal metric is identified with a tensor density of weight 2.

Properties

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References

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  • Berline, Nicole; Getzler, Ezra; Vergne, Michèle (2004), Heat Kernels and Dirac Operators, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-540-20062-8.
  • Folland, Gerald B. (1999), Real Analysis: Modern Techniques and Their Applications (Second ed.), ISBN 978-0-471-31716-6, provides a brief discussion of densities in the last section.{{citation}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  • Nicolaescu, Liviu I. (1996), Lectures on the geometry of manifolds, River Edge, NJ: World Scientific Publishing Co. Inc., ISBN 978-981-02-2836-1, MR 1435504
  • Lee, John M (2003), Introduction to Smooth Manifolds, Springer-Verlag