Rote Zora (group)
Rote Zora | |
---|---|
Logo of the Rote Zora | |
Dates of operation | 1974 – 1995 |
Split from | Revolutionary Cells |
Motives | Armed resistance and proletarian revolution |
Active regions | West Germany |
Ideology | Autonomism Feminism New Left Radical feminism |
Major actions | Bombings Arson |
Status | Inactive |
Rote Zora (English: Red Zora) was a West German radical left feminist urban guerrilla organization active from 1974 to 1995.[1] The group committed a series of bombing and arson attacks against ideological enemies, including individuals and organizations thought to be involved with sexism, the exploitation of women, genetic engineering, enforcing patriarchal society, nuclear power, and anti-abortionism.[2] Rote Zora were particularly opposed to Section 218 of the German Penal Law limiting abortion, which they referred to as the "Terrorism Paragraph".[3] The organization never officially dissolved, but was completely inactive by 1996.
History
[edit]Revolutionary Cells
[edit]Rote Zora began in 1977 as the autonomous feminist arm of the Revolutionary Cells,[4] a major radical left terrorist organisation in West Germany, which saw itself as a rival to the more prominent Red Army Faction. The organization took its name from the protagonist of the 1941 book Die Rote Zora und ihre Bande (English title: The Outsiders of Uskoken Castle) by Kurt Held, which tells the story of a red-haired girl named Rote Zora (rot meaning red in German) who leads a gang of orphans committed to righting injustice.
The organization had previously existed from 1974 as "Women of the Revolutionary Cells" and began its attacks in 1975, with a bombing of the building of the Federal Constitutional Court in Karlsruhe, and in 1977 with a bombing outside the offices of the German Medical Association, both of which were to protest against support for anti-abortion laws.[3][5] In 1978, Rote Zora committed arson attacks against sex shops in Cologne. In 1980, they set fire to the car of a lawyer in Bergisch Gladbach, near Cologne, to protest gentrification. In 1981, they distributed fake local public transport tickets in the Ruhr area together with the Revolutionary Cells. In 1983, Rote Zora committed four bomb attacks against a recruitment agency for foreigners, a bomb attack on the Philippine embassy in Bonn, bomb attacks against Siemens in Braunschweig and Witten, Attacks on the Nixdorf Computer in Hanover, and the data center of the Association of Clubs Creditreform in Neuss. In 1984, they committed an arson attack on two companies in Gütersloh who were accused of using prison labor for private profit. In 1985, attacks were committed on the Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research in Cologne, a medical institute of the University of Heidelberg, and the Institute of Genetics of the University of Cologne.
Split
[edit]In 1986, Rote Zora split from the Revolutionary Cells, having become disillusioned with the violent methods of other left-wing groups that had resulted in deaths. Although there was still significant overlap in membership, Rote Zora launched a separate campaign that was intended not to harm.[6] Their first attack as an independent organization was an arson attack against the Institute of Human Genetics at the University of Münster, where sensitive documents were also stolen from the institute and published. The same year they committed a bombing attack on the Society for Biotechnological Research in Braunschweig. In 1987, Rote Zora committed ten arson attacks against the clothing chain Alder, including their headquarters in Haibach, and at branches in Halstenbek, Bremen, Oldenburg, Isernhagen, Kassel, Holzwickede, Neuss, Frankfurt and Aachen. In 1988, they committed a bombing attack at the Biological Institute of Technische Universität Berlin. In 1994, they committed an arson attack on a company supplying food to refugee shelters in Nuremberg and Gera.
Rote Zora carried out its last known attack in July 1995, when it bombed the shipyard of Lürssen GmbH in the Vegesack district of Bremen, in support of the Kurds in the Kurdish–Turkish conflict. Lürssen was manufacturing a ship for Turkey, and was accused by the group of being armaments suppliers for the Turkish regime, which leads a war against the Kurds.[7]
Demise
[edit]Following the Bremen shipyard bombing, Rote Zora had become inactive but had never officially dissolved. The group had begun to splinter in the early 1990s, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and a general decline in far-left militant activity, as some members wished to give up armed struggle, while others wished to continue it. Rote Zora's activists were part-time guerillas, and were known as "after-work terrorists" because most had middle class jobs and carried out their attacks in their free time.
In 2000, a short documentary about the group, Die Rote Zora, was made by Oliver Ressler.[8]
In April 2007, former Rote Zora member Adrienne Gershäuser stood trial for the attempted bombings of the Berlin Genetic Technical Institute in 1986, and a clothing factory in Bavaria in 1987, receiving a suspended two-year sentence, due to the time lapse and because she turned herself in, stated the authorities.[9][10][11] The maximum penalty Gershäuser could have faced would have been ten years in jail for being a member of a terrorist group.[12]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ "Rote Zora - Terrorist Groups". Archived from the original on 1 February 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
- ^ "Arm the Spirit". Archived from the original on 26 December 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2007.
- ^ a b Paterson, Tony (17 April 2007). "Germany's 'Red Zora' terrorist spared jail". The Independent. Archived from the original on 15 May 2007.
- ^ Rucht 2003, p. 371.
- ^ Quiet Rumor 2012, p. 112.
- ^ Storim, Fritz. "A herstory of the Revolutionary Cells and Rote Zora". Spunk Library. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
- ^ "1995 - der letzte Anschlag der 'Roten Zora'". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). 20 December 1999. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
- ^ "Rote Zora – Oliver Ressler". Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
- ^ "Infoshop News - Former Left-Wing Extremist Tried For Failed Attacks in 1980s". Archived from the original on 23 May 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2007.
- ^ "Radical Left-Wing Feminist Given Suspended Jail Term". Deutsche Welle. 16 April 2007. Archived from the original on 18 September 2016.
- ^ Connolly, Kate (12 April 2007). "Militant feminist on trial after 20 years on run". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 1 February 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
- ^ Connolly, Kate (12 April 2009). "Militant feminist on trial after 20 years on run". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 1 February 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
If convicted Gershäuser faces a maximum penalty of 10 years in jail for being a member of a terrorist organisation and for attempted bombing. But the authorities have indicated that as she turned herself in, and due to the time lapse, she will probably get a two-year suspended sentence.
Sources
[edit]- "Rote Zora: An Introduction". Quiet Rumours: An Anarcha-Feminist Reader (PDF) (3 ed.). Oakland: AK Press. 2012. pp. 111–114. ISBN 978-1-84935-103-4.
- Rucht, Dieter (2003). "Violence and New Social Movements". In Heitmeyer, Wilhelm; Hagan, John (eds.). International Handbook of Violence Research. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 369–382. doi:10.1007/978-0-306-48039-3. ISBN 978-1-4020-3980-5.
- 1977 establishments in West Germany
- 1995 disestablishments in Germany
- Abortion-rights violence
- Anti-pornography feminism
- Autonomism
- Außerparlamentarische Opposition
- Clandestine groups
- Far-left politics in Germany
- Feminist organisations in Germany
- Left-wing militant groups in Germany
- Organizations disestablished in 1995
- Organizations established in 1977
- Radical feminist organizations
- Revolutionary Cells (German group)
- Socialist feminist organizations
- Terrorism in Germany