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{{Use British English|date=October 2013}}
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{{Infobox person
| name = William Carey
| image = William Carey.jpg
| caption = Missionary to India
| birth_date = {{birth date |1761|8|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Paulerspury]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1834|6|9|1761|8|17|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Serampore]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
}}
'''William Carey''' (17 August 1761 – 9 June 1834) was an English Christian [[missionary]], [[Particular Baptist]] minister, translator, social reformer and cultural anthropologist who founded the [[Serampore College]] and the [[Serampore University]], the first degree-awarding university in India.<ref>Vishal Mangalwadi (1999), ''The Legacy of William Carey: A Model for the Transformation of a Culture'', pp. 61–67, {{ISBN |978-1-58134-112-6}}</ref>
He went to [[Kolkata|Calcutta (Kolkata)]] in 1793, but was forced to leave the British Indian territory by non-Baptist Christian missionaries.<ref name=brit1/> He joined the Baptist missionaries in the Danish colony of Frederiksnagar in [[Serampore]]. One of his first contributions was to start schools for impoverished children where they were taught reading, writing, accounting and [[Christianity]].<ref name= riddick>{{cite book|last=Riddick |first= John F.|title= The History of British India: A Chronology |publisher= Praeger Publications |year= 2006|isbn=0-313-32280-5 |page= 158 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Es6x4u_g19UC}}</ref> He opened the first [[Theology|theological university]] in [[Serampore]] offering divinity degrees,<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-northamptonshire-14547355|title=Northants celebrates 250th anniversary of William Carey|date= 18 August 2011 |access-date=7 November 2016|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| first = George | last = Smith|author-link= George Smith (1833–1919) |title= The Life of William Carey: Shoemaker & Missionary |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=b7k9AQAAMAAJ|year=1922|publisher= J. M. Dent & Co |page=292}}</ref> and campaigned to end the practice of [[sati (practice)|sati]].<ref name= sharma>{{cite book|last= Sharma|first=Arvind|title=Sati: Historical and Phenomenological Essays |publisher=Motilal Benarasidass |year=1988|isbn= 81-208-0464-3| pages=57–63|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=UJmWgz2mv5oC}}</ref>
Carey is known as the "father of modern missions."<ref name= "Gonzalez, Justo L p. 306">Gonzalez, Justo L. (2010) ''The Story of Christianity'' Vol. 2: The Reformation to the Present Day, [[Zondervan]], {{ISBN|978-0-06185589-4}}, p. 419</ref> His essay, ''An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians to Use Means for the Conversion of the Heathens'', led to the founding of the [[Baptist Missionary Society]].<ref name=brit1/><ref>William Carey, ''An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians to Use Means for the Conversion of the Heathens'' (1792; repr., London: Carey Kingsgate Press, 1961)</ref> [[The Asiatic Society]] commended Carey for “his eminent services in opening the stores of Indian literature to the knowledge of Europe and for his extensive acquaintance with the science, the natural history and botany of this country and his useful contributions, in every branch.”<ref name=thomas>{{cite journal |last=Thomas|first= T. Jacob | journal =Indian Journal of Theology | title = Interaction of the Gospel and Culture in Bengal |volume = 36 | number = 2 |date= 1994 |publisher= Serampore College Theology Department and Bishop's College, Kolkata |url= https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/ijt/36-2_038.pdf |pages=46, 47}}</ref>
He translated the Hindu classic, the [[Ramayana]], into English,<ref name= kopf>{{cite book |last= Kopf |first= David|title= British Orientalism and the Renaissance: The Dynamics of Indian Modernization 1778–1835 |date=1969 | place =Calcutta | publisher = Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay|pages=70, 78}}</ref> and the Bible into [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Odia Language |Oriya]], [[Assamese Language|Assamese]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Hindi]] and [[Sanskrit]].<ref name= brit1>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/95736/William-Carey William Carey British missionary] ''Encyclopædia Britannica''.</ref> William Carey has been called a reformer and illustrious Christian missionary.<ref>Vishal Mangalwadi (1999), ''The Legacy of William Carey: A Model for the Transformation of a Culture'', pp. 61-67, {{ISBN|978-1-58134112-6}}</ref><ref name="bkp2"/><ref name= vr1>V Rao (2007), ''Contemporary Education'', pp. 17-18, {{ISBN|978-81-3130273-6}}</ref>
==Early life==
[[File:Attempt Great Things for God - Expect Great Things from God.JPG|thumb|William Carey's motto on a hanging in St James' Church, [[Paulerspury]], Northamptonshire, which he attended as a boy]]
William Carey, the oldest of 5 children, was born to Edmund and Elizabeth Carey, who were [[weaving|weavers]] by trade, in the hamlet of [[Pury End]] in the village of [[Paulerspury]], Northamptonshire.<ref>{{cite web|title=Paulerspury: Pury End|url=http://www.thecareyexperience.co.uk/paulerspury.htm|website=The Carey Experience|access-date=9 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=William Carey's Historical Wall – Carey Road, Pury End, Northamptonshire, UK|url=http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM8V98_William_Careys_Historical_Wall_Carey_Road_Pury_End_Northamptonshire_UK|website=UK Historical Markers|publisher=Waymarking.com|access-date=9 July 2016}} ''Includes image of memorial stone''</ref> William was raised in the [[Church of England]]; when he was six, his father was appointed the parish clerk and village schoolmaster. As a child he was inquisitive and keenly interested in the [[natural sciences]], particularly [[botany]]. He possessed a natural gift for language, teaching himself [[Latin]].
At the age of 14, Carey's father apprenticed him to a [[cordwainer]] in the nearby village of [[Piddington, Northamptonshire]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chi.gospelcom.net/GLIMPSEF/Glimpses/glmps045.shtml |title=Glimpses #45: William Carey's Amazing Mission |publisher=Christian History Institute |access-date=11 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.is/20050404040813/http://chi.gospelcom.net/GLIMPSEF/Glimpses/glmps045.shtml |archive-date=4 April 2005 }}</ref> His master, Clarke Nichols, was a churchman like himself, but another apprentice, John Warr, was a [[Dissenter]]. Through his influence Carey would leave the Church of England and join with other Dissenters to form a small [[Congregational church]] in nearby [[Hackleton]]. While apprenticed to Nichols, he also taught himself [[Greek language|Greek]] with the help of a local villager who had a college education.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}
When Nichols died in 1779, Carey went to work for the local shoemaker, Thomas Old; he married Old's sister-in-law Dorothy Plackett in 1781 in the Church of St John the Baptist, Piddington. Unlike William, Dorothy was illiterate; her signature in the marriage register is a crude cross. William and Dorothy Carey had seven children, five sons and two daughters; both girls died in infancy, as did son Peter, who died at the age of 5. Thomas Old himself died soon afterward, and Carey took over his business, during which time he taught himself [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], Italian, [[Dutch language|Dutch]], and French, often reading while working on the shoes.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}
Carey acknowledged his humble origins and referred to himself as a [[Shoemaking|cobbler]]. [[John Brown Myers]] entitled his biography of Carey ''William Carey the Shoemaker Who Became the Father and Founder of Modern Missions''.
==Founding of the Baptist Missionary Society==
[[File:Detail from Hanging in Carey Baptist Church - Moulton - Northamptonshire.JPG|thumb|Detail from wall hanging depicting Carey's life, in Carey Baptist Church, Moulton, Northamptonshire]]
Carey became involved with a local association of [[Strict Baptist|Particular Baptists]] that had recently formed, where he became acquainted with men such as [[John Ryland]], [[John Sutcliff]], and [[Andrew Fuller]], who would become his close friends in later years. They invited him to preach in their church in the nearby village of [[Earls Barton]] every other Sunday. On 5 October 1783, William Carey was [[baptism#Baptist|baptised]] by Ryland and committed himself to the Baptist denomination.
[[File:W H Carey.jpg|thumb|left|Portrait sketch by [[Colesworthey Grant]]]]
In 1785, Carey was appointed the schoolmaster for the village of [[Moulton, Northamptonshire|Moulton]]. He was also invited to serve as pastor to the local Baptist church. During this time he read [[Jonathan Edwards (theologian)|Jonathan Edwards]]' ''Account of the Life of the Late Rev. [[David Brainerd]]'' and the journals of the explorer [[James Cook]], and became concerned with propagating the Christian [[Gospel]] throughout the world. [[John Eliot (missionary)#Legacy|John Eliot]] (c. 1604 – 21 May 1690), Puritan missionary in New England, and David Brainerd (1718–47) became the "canonized heroes" and "enkindlers" of Carey.<ref>Carpenter, John, (2002) "New England Puritans: The Grandparents of Modern Protestant Missions," ''[[Fides et Historia]]'' 30.4, 529.</ref>
In 1789 Carey, became the full-time pastor of Harvey Lane Baptist Church in [[Leicester]]. Three years later, in 1792, he published his groundbreaking missionary manifesto, ''An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians to use Means for the Conversion of the Heathens''. This short book consists of five parts. The first part is a theological justification for missionary activity, arguing that the command of Jesus to make disciples of all the world ([[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] 28:18–20) remains binding on Christians.<ref>[http://www.wmcarey.edu/carey/enquiry/anenquiry.pdf AN ENQUIRY INTO THE OBLIGATIONS OF CHRISTIANS, TO USE MEANS FOR THE CONVERSION OF THE HEATHENS] reprinted London: Carey Kingsgate Press, 1961</ref>
The second part outlines a history of missionary activity, beginning with the early Church and ending with David Brainerd and [[John Wesley]].<ref name="wmcarey.edu">William Carey (1792), [http://www.wmcarey.edu/carey/enquiry/anenquiry.pdf AN ENQUIRY INTO THE OBLIGATIONS OF CHRISTIANS, TO USE MEANS FOR THE CONVERSION OF THE HEATHENS] reprinted London: Carey Kingsgate Press, 1961</ref>
Part 3 comprises 26 pages of tables, listing area, population, and religion statistics for every country in the world. Carey had compiled these figures during his years as a schoolteacher. The fourth part answers objections to sending missionaries, such as difficulty learning the language or danger to life. Finally, the fifth part calls for the formation by the Baptist denomination of a missionary society and describes the practical means by which it could be supported. Carey's seminal pamphlet outlines his basis for missions: Christian obligation, wise use of available resources, and accurate information.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}
Carey later preached a pro-missionary sermon (the so-called [[Deathless Sermon]]), using [[Isaiah]] 54:2–3 as his text, in which he repeatedly used the epigram which has become his most famous quotation: {{cquote|Expect great things from God; attempt great things for God.}}
Carey finally overcame the resistance to missionary effort, and the 'Particular Baptist Society for the Propagation of the Gospel Amongst the Heathen' (subsequently known as the 'Baptist Missionary Society' and since 2000 as [[BMS World Mission]]) was founded in October 1792, including Carey, Andrew Fuller, John Ryland, and John Sutcliff as charter members. They then concerned themselves with practical matters such as raising funds, as well as deciding where they would direct their efforts. A medical missionary, Dr John Thomas, had been in [[Calcutta]] and was in England raising funds; they agreed to support him and that Carey would accompany him to India.
==Missionary life in India==
[[File:Grave of William Carey, India, ca. 1920 (IMP-CSCNWW33-OS15-65).jpg|thumb|Black-and-white [[lantern slide]] ca 1920, showing the grave at Serampore of William Carey and his second wife Charlotte Emilia Carey (1761-1821) and third wife Grace Carey (d. 1835)]]
Carey, his eldest son Felix, Thomas and his wife and daughter sailed from London aboard an English ship in April 1793. Dorothy Carey had refused to leave England, being pregnant with their fourth son and having never been more than a few miles from home; but before they left they asked her again to come with them and she gave consent, with the knowledge that her sister Kitty would help her give birth. En route they were delayed at the [[Isle of Wight]], at which time the captain of the ship received word that he endangered his command if he conveyed the missionaries to Calcutta, as their unauthorised journey violated the trade monopoly of the [[British East India Company]]. He decided to sail without them, and they were delayed until June when Thomas found a Danish captain willing to offer them passage. In the meantime, Carey's wife, who had by now given birth, agreed to accompany him provided her sister came as well. They landed at [[Calcutta]] in November.<ref name=notefrom>{{cite web|url=http://www.ccel.org/s/smith_geo/carey/carey.htm|title=Note from the preparer of this etext_ I have had to insert a view comments mainly in regards to adjustments to fonts to allow}}</ref>
During the first year in Calcutta, the missionaries sought means to [[Tentmaking|support themselves]] and a place to establish their mission. They also began to learn the Bengali language to communicate with others. A friend of Thomas owned two [[Indigo dye|indigo]] [[Factory|factories]] and needed managers, so Carey moved with his family north to [[Midnapore]]. During the six years that Carey managed the indigo plant, he completed the first revision of his Bengali [[New Testament]] and began formulating the principles upon which his missionary community would be formed, including communal living, financial self-reliance, and the training of indigenous ministers. His son Peter died of [[dysentery]], which, along with other causes of stress, resulted in Dorothy suffering a [[nervous breakdown]] from which she never recovered.<ref name=notefrom/>
Meanwhile, the missionary society had begun sending more missionaries to India. The first to arrive was John Fountain, who arrived in Midnapore and began teaching. He was followed by [[William Ward (missionary)|William Ward]], a printer; [[Joshua Marshman]], a schoolteacher; David Brunsdon, one of Marshman's students; and William Grant, who died three weeks after his arrival. Because the [[East India Company]] was still hostile to missionaries, they settled in the [[Danish India|Danish colony]] in [[Serampore]] and were joined there by Carey on 10 January 1800.<ref name=notefrom/>
===Late Indian period===
{{refimprove section|date=April 2015}}
[[File:Carey House - Serampore College - Hooghly 2017-07-06 0903.JPG|thumb|Carey lived here at the Serampore College]]
Once settled in [[Serampore]], the mission bought a house large enough to accommodate all of their families and a school, which was to be their principal means of support. Ward set up a print shop with a secondhand press Carey had acquired and began the task of printing the Bible in Bengali. In August 1800 Fountain died of dysentery. By the end of that year, the mission had their first convert, a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] named [[Krishna Pal]]. They had also earned the goodwill of the local Danish government and [[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley |Richard Wellesley]], then Governor-General of India.
The conversion of [[Hindus]] to Christianity posed a new question for the missionaries concerning whether it was appropriate for converts to retain their [[caste]]. In 1802, the daughter of Krishna Pal, a [[Shudra|Sudra]], married a [[Brahmin]]. This wedding was a public demonstration that the church repudiated the caste distinctions.
Brunsdon and Thomas died in 1801. The same year, the Governor-General founded [[Fort William College]], a college intended to educate civil servants. He offered Carey the position of professor of Bengali. Carey's colleagues at the college included [[pundit (India)|pundit]]s, whom he could consult to correct his Bengali testament. One of his colleagues was [[Madan Mohan Tarkalankar]] who taught him the Sanskrit language. He also wrote grammars of Bengali and [[Sanskrit]], and began a translation of the Bible into Sanskrit. He also used his influence with the Governor-General to help put a stop to the practices of infant sacrifice and [[Sati (practice)|suttee]], after consulting with the pundits and determining that they had no basis in the Hindu sacred writings (although the latter would not be abolished until 1829).
Dorothy Carey died in 1807.<ref>[http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/1992/issue36/3627.html?start=3 ''William Carey's Less-than-Perfect Family Life''], Christian History, Issue 36, 10 January 1992</ref> Due to her debilitating mental breakdown, she had long since ceased to be an able member of the mission, and her condition was an additional burden to it. John Marshman wrote how Carey worked away on his studies and translations, "…while an insane wife, frequently wrought up to a state of most distressing excitement, was in the next room…".
Several friends and colleagues had urged William to commit Dorothy to an asylum. But he recoiled at the thought of the treatment she might receive in such a place and took the responsibility to keep her within the family home, even though the children were exposed to her rages.<ref>Timothy George, The Life and Mission of William Carey, IVP, p. 158</ref>
In 1808 Carey remarried. His new wife Charlotte Rhumohr, a [[Denmark|Danish]] member of his church was, unlike Dorothy, Carey's intellectual equal. They were married for 13 years until her death.
From the printing press at the mission came translations of the Bible in Bengali, Sanskrit, and other major languages and dialects. Many of these languages had never been printed before; William Ward had to create [[Punchcutting|punches]] for the type by hand. Carey had begun translating literature and sacred writings from the original Sanskrit into English to make them accessible to his own countryman. On 11 March 1812, a fire in the print shop caused £10,000 in damages and lost work. Among the losses were many irreplaceable manuscripts, including much of Carey's translation of Sanskrit literature and a polyglot dictionary of Sanskrit and related languages, which would have been a seminal [[philology|philological]] work had it been completed. However, the press itself and the punches were saved, and the mission was able to continue printing in six months. In Carey's lifetime, the mission printed and distributed the Bible in whole or part in 44 languages and dialects.
Also, in 1812, [[Adoniram Judson]], an American [[Congregational church|Congregational]] missionary en route to India, studied the scriptures on baptism in preparation for a meeting with Carey. His studies led him to become a Baptist. Carey's urging of American Baptists to take over support for Judson's mission, led to the foundation in 1814 of the first American Baptist Mission board, the ''General Missionary Convention of the Baptist Denomination in the United States of America for Foreign Missions'', later commonly known as the [[Triennial Convention]]. Most American Baptist denominations of today are directly or indirectly descended from this convention.
[[File:SeramporeCollege.jpg|thumb|left|Serampore College]]
In 1818, the mission founded [[Serampore College]] to train indigenous ministers for the growing church and to provide education in the arts and sciences to anyone regardless of caste or country. [[Frederick VI of Denmark|Frederick VI]], [[King of Denmark]], granted a royal charter in 1827 that made the college a degree-granting institution, the first in Asia.<ref>The [[Senate of Serampore College (University) |Senate of Serampore College]]</ref>
In 1820 Carey founded the [[Agri Horticultural Society of India]] at [[Alipore]], Calcutta, supporting his enthusiasm for botany. When [[William Roxburgh]] went on leave, Carey was entrusted to maintain the Botanical Garden at Calcutta. The genus ''[[Careya]]'' was named after him.<ref>{{cite book| title= William Carey| last =Culross | first = James| publisher=A.C. Armstrong & Son| place= New York | year=1882|page=190|url= https://archive.org/stream/williamcarey00culr#page/190/mode/1up/}}</ref>{{botanist |Carey|Carey, William}}
Carey's second wife, Charlotte, died in 1821, followed by his eldest son Felix. In 1823 he married a third time, to a widow named Grace Hughes.
Internal dissent and resentment was growing within the Missionary Society as its numbers grew, the older missionaries died, and they were replaced by less experienced men. Some new missionaries arrived who were not willing to live in the communal fashion that had developed, one going so far as to demand "a separate house, stable and servants." Unused to the rigorous work ethic of Carey, Ward, and Marshman, the new missionaries thought their seniors – particularly Marshman – to be somewhat dictatorial, assigning them work not to their liking.
Andrew Fuller, who had been secretary of the Society in England, had died in 1815, and his successor, John Dyer, was a bureaucrat who attempted to reorganise the Society along business lines and manage every detail of the Serampore mission from England. Their differences proved to be irreconcilable, and Carey formally severed ties with the missionary society he had founded, leaving the mission property and moving onto the college grounds. He lived a quiet life until his death in 1834, revising his Bengali Bible, preaching, and teaching students. The couch on which he died, on 9 June 1834, is now housed at [[Regent's Park College]], the Baptist [[Permanent Private Hall|hall]] of the [[University of Oxford]].
===Life in India===
Much of what is known about Carey's activities in [[Indian subcontinent|India]] is from missionary reports sent back home. Historians such as Comaroffs, Thorne, Van der Veer and Brian Pennington note that the representation of India in these reports must be examined in their context and with care for its evangelical and colonial ideology.<ref name=bkp2/> The reports by Carey were conditioned by his background, personal factors and his own religious beliefs. The polemic notes and observations of Carey, and his colleague William Ward, were in a community suffering from [[extreme poverty]] and [[epidemic]]s, and they constructed a view of the [[culture of India]] and Hinduism in light of their missionary goals.<ref name=bkp2/><ref>Robert Eric Frykenberg and Alaine M. Low (2003), Christians and Missionaries in India, pp. 156–157, {{ISBN|978-0-8028-3956-5}}</ref> These reports were by those who had declared their conviction in foreign missionary work, and the letters describe experiences of foreigners who were resented by both the Indian populace as well as European officials and competing Christian groups. Their accounts of culture and Hinduism were forged in [[Bengal]] that was physically, politically and spiritually difficult to preach in.<ref name=bkp2/> Pennington summarises the accounts reported by Carey and his colleagues as follows,
{{cquote|Plagued with anxieties and fears about their own health, regularly reminded of colleagues who had lost their lives or reason, uncertain of their own social location, and preaching to crowds whose reactions ranged from indifference to amusement to hostility, missionaries found expression for their darker misgivings in their production of what is surely part of their speckled legacy: a fabricated Hinduism crazed by blood-lust and devoted to the service of devils.<ref name=bkp2>Brian K. Pennington (2005), Was Hinduism Invented?: Britons, Indians, and the Colonial Construction, pp. 76–77, Oxford University Press</ref>}}
Carey recommended that British people in India should learn and interpret Sanskrit in a manner "compatible with colonial aims",<ref name=sn1>Silvia Nagy (2010), ''Colonization Or Globalization?: Postcolonial Explorations of Imperial Expansion'', p. 62, {{ISBN|978-073-91-31763}}</ref> writing that "to gain the ear of those who are thus deceived, it is necessary for them to believe that the speaker has a superior knowledge of the subject. In these circumstances, knowledge of Sanskrit is valuable."<ref name= sn1/> According to Indian historian V. Rao, Carey lacked understanding and respect for Indian culture, with him describing [[Music of India|Indian music]] as "disgusting" and bringing to mind practices "dishonorable" to [[God in Christianity|God]]. Such attitudes affected the literature authored by Carey and his colleagues.<ref name=vr1/>
==Family history==
Biographies of Carey, such as those by F. D. Walker<ref>Frank Deauville Walker, ''William Carey'' (1925, repr. Chicago: Moody Press, 1980). {{ISBN|0-8024-9562-1}}.</ref> and J. B. Myers, only allude to Carey's distress caused by the mental illness and subsequent breakdown suffered by his wife, Dorothy, in the early years of their ministry in India. More recently, Beck's biography of Dorothy Carey paints a more detailed picture: William Carey uprooted his family from all that was familiar and sought to settle them in one of the most unlikely and difficult cultures in the world for an uneducated eighteenth century English peasant woman. Faced with enormous difficulties in adjusting to all of this change, she failed to make the adjustment emotionally and ultimately, mentally, and her husband seemed to be unable to help her through all of this because he just did not know what to do about it.<ref name="Beck, James R. 1992">Beck, James R. ''Dorothy Carey: The Tragic and Untold Story of Mrs. William Carey.'' Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1992. {{ISBN|0-8010-1030-6}}.</ref> Carey even wrote to his sisters in England on 5 October 1795, that "I have been for some time past in danger of losing my life. Jealousy is the great evil that haunts her mind."<ref>"Dorothy's Devastating Delusions," [http://ctlibrary.com/3918 Christian History & Biography], 1 October 1992.</ref>
Dorothy's mental breakdown ("at the same time William Carey was baptizing his first Indian convert and his son Felix, his wife was forcefully confined to her room, raving with madness"<ref>[http://www.bethelcollege.edu/academics/library/Archives/reflections/v2n1p25_28.pdf Book Review — Dorothy Carey: The Tragic And Untold Story Of Mrs. William Carey] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060915144241/http://www.bethelcollege.edu/academics/library/Archives/reflections/v2n1p25_28.pdf |date=15 September 2006 }}</ref>) led inevitably to other family problems. [[Joshua Marshman]] was appalled by the neglect with which Carey treated his four boys when he first met them in 1800. Aged 4, 7, 12 and 15, they were unmannered, undisciplined, and even uneducated.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}
==Eschatology==
Besides [[Iain Murray (author)|Iain Murray]]'s study, ''The Puritan Hope'',<ref>Iain H. Murray, ''The Puritan Hope.'' Carlisle, PA: Banner of Truth, 1975. {{ISBN|0-85151-037-X}}.</ref> less attention has been paid in Carey's numerous biographies to his [[postmillennial]] [[eschatology]] as expressed in his major missionary manifesto, notably not even in [[Bruce J. Nichols]]' article "The Theology of William Carey."<ref>"The Theology of William Carey," ''Evangelical Review of Theology'' 17 (1993): 369–80.</ref> Carey was a [[Calvinist]].”<ref name=yeh13>{{cite book|last1=Yeh|first1=Allan|last2=Chun|first2=Chris|title=Expect Great Things, Attempt Great Things: William Carey and Adoniram Judson, Missionary Pioneers|page=13|publisher=Wipf and Stock|date=2013|isbn=9781610976145|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qzNNAwAAQBAJ }}</ref> and a [[postmillennialist]]. Even the two dissertations which discuss his achievements (by Oussoren<ref>Aalbertinus Hermen Oussoren, William Carey, Especially his Missionary Principles (Diss.: Freie Universität Amsterdam), (Leiden: A. W. Sijthoff, 1945).</ref> and Potts<ref>E. Daniels Potts. British Baptist Missionaries in India 1793–1837: The History of Serampore and its Missions, (Cambridge: University Press, 1967).</ref>) ignore large areas of his theology. Neither mention his eschatological views, which played a major role in his missionary zeal.<ref>D. James Kennedy, [http://www.coralridge.org/nem/NEMrelatedmessage.asp?dt=0627 "William Carey: Texts That Have Changed Lives"]: "It was the belief of these men that there was going to be ushered in by the proclamation of the Gospel a glorious golden age of Gospel submission on the part of the heathen. It is very interesting to note that theologically that is what is known as 'postmillennialism,' a view which is not very popular today, but was the view that animated all the men who were involved in the early missionary enterprise."</ref> One exception, found in James Beck's biography of his first wife,<ref name="Beck, James R. 1992" /> mentions his personal optimism in the chapter on "Attitudes Towards the Future," but not his optimistic perspective on world missions, which he derived from postmillennial theology.<ref>[[Thomas Schirrmacher]], ''[http://www.contra-mundum.org/schirrmacher/careypostmil.html William Carey, Postmillennialism and the Theology of World Missions]''</ref>
==Translation, education and schools==
[[File:William Carey Used Desk - Carey Museum - Serampore College - Hooghly 2017-07-06 0749.JPG|thumb|Carey's desk at the Serampore College]]
Carey devoted great efforts and time to the study not only of the common language of Bengali, but to many other Indian vernaculars including the ancient root language of [[Sanskrit]]. In collaboration with the [[Fort William College|College of Fort William]], Carey undertook the translation of the Hindu classics into English, beginning with the three-volume epic poem the [[Ramayana]]. He then translated the [[Bible]] into [[Bengali language|Bengali]], Oriya, Marathi, Hindi, Assamese, Sanskrit and parts of it into other dialects and languages.<ref name=britannica>{{cite web|title=William Carey|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Carey}}</ref> For 30 years Carey served in the college as the professor of Bengali, Sanskrit and Marathi,<ref name=britannica /><ref>{{cite book|last=Smith|first=George|author-link=George Smith (1833–1919)|title=The Life of William Carey, D.D.: Shoemaker and Missionary, Professor ..., Part 4|date=1885|publisher=R & R Clark, Edinburgh|pages=69–70}}</ref> publishing, in 1805, the first book on [[Marathi grammar]].<ref>{{Cite book|title = Language Change: Lexical Diffusion and Literacy|last = Rao|first = Goparaju Sambasiva|publisher = Academic Foundation|year = 1994|isbn = 978-81-7188-057-7|pages = 48 and 49|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141207082805/https://books.google.com/books?id=8Ben0lE61msC|archive-date = 7 December 2014|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8Ben0lE61msC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = A Grammar of the Marathi Language|last = Carey|first = William|publisher = Serampore Mission Press|year = 1805|isbn = 978-1-108-05631-1|location = Serampur|author-link = William Carey (missionary)}}</ref>
The [[Serampore Mission Press]] that Carey founded is credited as the only press which “consistently thought it important enough that costly fonts of type be cast for the irregular and neglected languages of the Indian people."<ref name=kopf71>{{cite book|last=Kopf|first=David|title= British Orientalism and the Renaissance: The Dynamics of Indian Modernization 1778-1835 |date=1969|publisher=Calcutta: Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay|pages=71, 78}}</ref> Carey and his team produced textbooks, dictionaries, classical literature and other publications which served primary school children, college-level students and the general public, including the first systematic Sanskrit grammar which served a model for later publications.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Brockington|first=John| date=1991–1992|title=William Carey's Significance as an Indologist|url= http://www.indologica.com/volumes/vol17-18/vol17-18_art05_BROCKINGTON.pdf |journal=Indologica Taurinensia – the Online Journal Of…Sanskrit Studies|volume=17-18|pages=87–88|access-date=January 29, 2017}}</ref>
In the latter 1700s and early 1800s in India, only children of certain social strata received education, and even that was limited to basic accounting and Hindu religion. Only the Brahmins and writer castes could read, and then only men, women being completely unschooled. Carey started [[Sunday School]]s in which children learned to read using the Bible as their textbook.<ref>Smith 1885, p. 150></ref> In 1794 Carey opened, at his own cost, what is considered the first primary school in all of India.<ref>Smith 1885, p. 148></ref> The public school system that Carey initiated expanded to include girls in an era when the education of the female was considered unthinkable. Carey's work is considered to have provided the starting point of what blossomed into the Christian Vernacular Education Society providing English medium education across India.<ref>Smith 1885, p. 102></ref>
==Legacy and influence==
William Carey spent 41 years in India without a furlough. His mission could count only some 700 converts in a nation of millions but he had laid an impressive foundation of [[Bible translations]], education, and social reform.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/131christians/missionaries/carey.html?start=2|title=William Carey|publisher=[[Christianity Today]]|access-date=7 November 2016}}</ref> He has been referred to as the "father of modern [[Christian mission|missions]]",<ref name="Gonzalez, Justo L p. 306"/> and as "India's first cultural anthropologist."<ref name=kopf70>{{cite book|last=Kopf|first=David| author-link = David Kopf|title= British Orientalism and the Renaissance: The Dynamics of Indian Modernization 1778–1835 |date=1969|publisher=Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay|location=Calcutta|pages=70, 78}}</ref>
His teaching, translations, writings and publications, his educational establishments and influence in social reform are said to have “marked the turning point of Indian culture from a downward to an upward trend.”
{{Quote|text= [Carey] saw India not as a foreign country to be exploited, but as his heavenly Father’s land to be loved and saved... he believed in understanding and controlling nature instead of fearing, appeasing or worshipping it; in developing one’s intellect instead of killing it as mysticism taught. He emphasized enjoying literature and culture instead of shunning it as [[Maya (religion)|''maya'']].|author=[[Vishal Mangalwadi]]<ref name=mangalwadi24>{{cite book|last=Mangalwadi|first=Vishal|title=The Legacy of William Carey: A Model for the Transformation of a Culture|date=1999|isbn=978-1-58134-112-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/legacyofwilliamc0000mang/page/24 24–25]|url=https://archive.org/details/legacyofwilliamc0000mang/page/24}}</ref>}} Thus Carey contributed to the birth of [[Indian nationalism]].<ref name=mangalwadi24/>
Carey was instrumental in launching [[Serampore College]] in [[Serampore]].<ref name=yeh39>Yeh page=39</ref>
Carey's passionate insistence on change resulted in the founding of the [[BMS World Mission|Baptist Missionary Society]].<ref name=yeh117>{{cite book|last1=Yeh|first1=Allan|last2=Chun|first2=Chris|title=Expect Great Things, Attempt Great Things: William Carey and Adoniram Judson, Missionary Pioneers|page=117|publisher=Wipf and Stock|date=2013|isbn=9781610976145|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qzNNAwAAQBAJ }}</ref>
Carey has at least eleven schools named after him: William Carey Christian School (WCCS) in [[Sydney, NSW]], William Carey International University, founded in 1876 in [[Pasadena, California]], [[Carey Theological College]] in Vancouver, British Columbia, [[Carey Baptist College]] in [[Auckland]], New Zealand, [[Carey Baptist Grammar School]] in [[Melbourne, Victoria]], [[Carey College, Colombo|Carey College]] in [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka, [[William Carey University]], founded in [[Hattiesburg]], [[Mississippi]], in 1892,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wmcarey.edu/about-william-carey|title=About William Carey|publisher=William Carey University|access-date=26 January 2017}}</ref> and Carey Baptist College in [[Perth]], Australia. The William Carey Academy of [[Chittagong]], Bangladesh teaches both Bangladeshi and expatriate children, from kindergarten to grade 12, and the William Carey Memorial School, (A Co-ed English Medium), operates in Serampore, Hooghly. An English medium school named William Carey International School was established on 17 August 2008 in [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh.
==Artefacts==
St James Church in Paulerspury, Northamptonshire, where Carey was christened and attended as a boy, has a William Carey display. Carey Baptist Church in Moulton, Northamptonshire, also has a display of artefacts related to William Carey, as well as the nearby cottage where he lived.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.thecareyexperience.co.uk/ |title=The Carey Experience|first= Matthew|last=Cooper |access-date= 7 November 2016}}</ref>
In Leicester, Harvey Lane Baptist Church, the last church in England where Carey served before he left for India, was destroyed by a fire in 1921. Carey's nearby cottage had served as a 'Memories of Carey' museum from 1915 until it was destroyed to make way for a new road system in 1968.<ref>{{Citation | publisher = Leicester | title = William Carey | work = Blue plaques | url = http://www.leicester.gov.uk/your-council-services/lc/growth-and-history/blueplaques/blueplaquespeople/williamcarey/}}.</ref> Artefacts from the museum were given to [[Central Baptist Church (Leicester)|Central Baptist Church]] in Charles Street, Leicester which houses the William Carey Museum.<ref name="visitleicester">{{cite web|url=https://www.visitleicester.info/whats-on/central-baptist-church-and-william-carey-museum-p753041|title=Central Baptist Church and William Carey Museum|website=Visit Leicester|access-date=March 1, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=William Carey Museum |url=https://www.central-baptist.org.uk/william-carey-museum |website=Central Baptist |access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref>
[[Angus Library and Archive]] in Oxford holds the largest single collection of Carey letters as well as numerous artefacts such as his Bible and the sign from his cordwainer shop. There is a large collection of historical artefacts including letters, books, and other artefacts that belonged to Carey at the Center for Study of the Life and Work of William Carey at Donnell Hall on the [[William Carey University]] [[Hattiesburg]] campus.<ref>{{Citation | title = Center for Study of the Life and Work of William Carey | publisher = William Carey university | url = http://www.wmcarey.edu/carey/}}.</ref>
==See also==
{{Baptist}}{{Christianity in India sidebar}}
* [[Carey Baptist Church]] in Reading, England
* [[Carey Saheber Munshi]]
* [[William Carey University, Meghalaya]]
{{Portal|Saints}}
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
==References==
*Chatterjee, Sunil Kumar. ''William Carey and Serampore'', Calcutta, Ghosh publishing concern, 1984.
*Daniel, J.T.K.and Hedlund, R.E. (ed.). ''Carey's Obligation and Indian Renaissance'', Serampore, Council of Serampore College, 1993.
*M.M. Thomas. ''Significance of William Carey for India today'', Makkada, Marthoma Diocesan Centre, 1993.
*Beck, James R. ''Dorothy Carey: The Tragic and Untold Story of Mrs. William Carey.'' [[Grand Rapids]]: Baker Book House, 1992.
*Carey, William. ''An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians to Use Means for the Conversion of the Heathens.'' [[Leicester]]: A. Ireland, 1791.
{{Gutenberg|no=11449|name=An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians to Use Means for the Conversion of the Heathens}}
*{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Carey, William|volume=5}}
*{{cite DNB|wstitle=Carey, William (1761-1834)|first=Stanley|last=Lane-Poole|volume=9}}
*Marshman, John Clark. ''Life and Times of Carey, Marshman and Ward Embracing the History of the Serampore Mission.'' 2 vols. London: Longman, 1859.
*Murray, Iain. ''The Puritan Hope: Revival and the Interpretation of Prophecy.'' [[Edinburgh]]: Banner of Truth Trust, 1971.
*Nicholls, Bruce J. "The Theology of William Carey." In ''Evangelical Review of Theology'' 17 (1993): 372.
*Oussoren, Aalbertinus Hermen. ''William Carey, Especially his Missionary Principles.'' [[Leiden]]: A. W. Sijthoff, 1945.
*Potts, E. Daniels. ''British Baptist Missionaries in India 1793–1837: The History of Serampore and its Missions.'' [[Cambridge]]: University Press, 1967.
*[[George Smith (1833–1919)|Smith, George]]. ''The Life of William Carey: Shoemaker and Missionary.'' London: Murray, 1887.
{{Gutenberg|no=2056|name=The Life of William Carey: Shoemaker and Missionary}}
*Walker, F. Deauville. ''William Carey: Missionary Pioneer and Statesman.'' Chicago: Moody, 1951.
*Dutta, Sutapa. ''British Women Missionaries in Bengal, 1793-1861.'' U.K.: Anthem Press, 2017.
==Further reading==
*Carey, Eustace – Memoir of William Carey, D. D. Late missionary to Bengal, Professor of Oriental Languages in the College of Fort William, Calcutta. 1837, 2nd Edition, Jackson & Walford: London.
*Carey, S. Pearce – William Carey "The Father of Modern Missions", edited by Peter Masters, Wakeman Trust, London, 1993 {{ISBN|1-870855-14-0}}
*Cule, W.E. – The Bells of Moulton, The Carey Press, 1942 (Children's biography)
*A Grammar of the Bengalee Language (1801)
*Kathopakathan [কথোপকথন] (i.e. "Conversations") (1801)
*Itihasmala [ইতিহাসমালা] (i.e. "Chronicles") (1812)
==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{commons category|William Carey (missionary)}}
*[http://piddingtonchurch.blogspot.co.uk/ The Church of St John the Baptist, Piddington]
*[http://www.wholesomewords.org/missions/icarey.html William Carey biographies]
*[http://www.wmcarey.edu/carey Center for the study of the life and work of William Carey, USA] includes [http://www.wmcarey.edu/carey/links/full_texts.htm Works by and about Carey]
* {{Gutenberg author | id=Carey,+William }}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=William Carey |birth=1761 |death=1834}}
*[http://www.thecareyexperience.co.uk/paulerspury.htm The William Carey Experience]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150314140253/http://www.central-baptist.org.uk/Carey_Exhibition.html The Carey Exhibition], Central Baptist Church, Leicester
*[http://missionarycare.com/what-about-dorothy.html Missionary Marriage Issues: What About Dorothy?]
{{Protestant missions to India}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Carey, William}}
[[Category:1761 births]]
[[Category:1834 deaths]]
[[Category:English Baptist missionaries]]
[[Category:English Calvinist and Reformed Christians]]
[[Category:English evangelicals]]
[[Category:Christian writers]]
[[Category:Translators of the Bible into Bengali]]
[[Category:Translators of the Bible into Telugu]]
[[Category:Translators to Sanskrit]]
[[Category:People from Northampton]]
[[Category:People from Leicester]]
[[Category:Shoemakers]]
[[Category:Baptist ministers]]
[[Category:Social history of India]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:Anglican saints]]
[[Category:Missionary linguists]]
[[Category:18th-century Baptist ministers]]
[[Category:19th-century Baptist ministers]]
[[Category:British people of colonial India]]
[[Category:Baptist missionaries in India]]
[[Category:Missionary educators]]
[[Category:People from South Northamptonshire District]]
[[Category:Protestant missionaries in Asia|India]]
[[Category:Christian missionaries in India|Protestant]]
[[Category:Protestantism in India| Missionaries]]
[[Category:Missionary botanists]]
[[Category:Christian revivalists]]
[[Category:Church Mission Society missionaries]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short description|English Baptist missionary and a Particular Baptist minister}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2013}}
See also Liam??
{{Baptist}}{{Christianity in India sidebar}}
* [[Carey Baptist Church]] in Reading, England
* [[Carey Saheber Munshi]]
* [[William Carey University, Meghalaya]]
{{Portal|Saints}}
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
==References==
*Chatterjee, Sunil Kumar. ''William Carey and Serampore'', Calcutta, Ghosh publishing concern, 1984.
*Daniel, J.T.K.and Hedlund, R.E. (ed.). ''Carey's Obligation and Indian Renaissance'', Serampore, Council of Serampore College, 1993.
*M.M. Thomas. ''Significance of William Carey for India today'', Makkada, Marthoma Diocesan Centre, 1993.
*Beck, James R. ''Dorothy Carey: The Tragic and Untold Story of Mrs. William Carey.'' [[Grand Rapids]]: Baker Book House, 1992.
*Carey, William. ''An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians to Use Means for the Conversion of the Heathens.'' [[Leicester]]: A. Ireland, 1791.
{{Gutenberg|no=11449|name=An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians to Use Means for the Conversion of the Heathens}}
*{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Carey, William|volume=5}}
*{{cite DNB|wstitle=Carey, William (1761-1834)|first=Stanley|last=Lane-Poole|volume=9}}
*Marshman, John Clark. ''Life and Times of Carey, Marshman and Ward Embracing the History of the Serampore Mission.'' 2 vols. London: Longman, 1859.
*Murray, Iain. ''The Puritan Hope: Revival and the Interpretation of Prophecy.'' [[Edinburgh]]: Banner of Truth Trust, 1971.
*Nicholls, Bruce J. "The Theology of William Carey." In ''Evangelical Review of Theology'' 17 (1993): 372.
*Oussoren, Aalbertinus Hermen. ''William Carey, Especially his Missionary Principles.'' [[Leiden]]: A. W. Sijthoff, 1945.
*Potts, E. Daniels. ''British Baptist Missionaries in India 1793–1837: The History of Serampore and its Missions.'' [[Cambridge]]: University Press, 1967.
*[[George Smith (1833–1919)|Smith, George]]. ''The Life of William Carey: Shoemaker and Missionary.'' London: Murray, 1887.
{{Gutenberg|no=2056|name=The Life of William Carey: Shoemaker and Missionary}}
*Walker, F. Deauville. ''William Carey: Missionary Pioneer and Statesman.'' Chicago: Moody, 1951.
*Dutta, Sutapa. ''British Women Missionaries in Bengal, 1793-1861.'' U.K.: Anthem Press, 2017.
==Further reading==
*Carey, Eustace – Memoir of William Carey, D. D. Late missionary to Bengal, Professor of Oriental Languages in the College of Fort William, Calcutta. 1837, 2nd Edition, Jackson & Walford: London.
*Carey, S. Pearce – William Carey "The Father of Modern Missions", edited by Peter Masters, Wakeman Trust, London, 1993 {{ISBN|1-870855-14-0}}
*Cule, W.E. – The Bells of Moulton, The Carey Press, 1942 (Children's biography)
*A Grammar of the Bengalee Language (1801)
*Kathopakathan [কথোপকথন] (i.e. "Conversations") (1801)
*Itihasmala [ইতিহাসমালা] (i.e. "Chronicles") (1812)
==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{commons category|William Carey (missionary)}}
*[http://piddingtonchurch.blogspot.co.uk/ The Church of St John the Baptist, Piddington]
*[http://www.wholesomewords.org/missions/icarey.html William Carey biographies]
*[http://www.wmcarey.edu/carey Center for the study of the life and work of William Carey, USA] includes [http://www.wmcarey.edu/carey/links/full_texts.htm Works by and about Carey]
* {{Gutenberg author | id=Carey,+William }}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=William Carey |birth=1761 |death=1834}}
*[http://www.thecareyexperience.co.uk/paulerspury.htm The William Carey Experience]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150314140253/http://www.central-baptist.org.uk/Carey_Exhibition.html The Carey Exhibition], Central Baptist Church, Leicester
*[http://missionarycare.com/what-about-dorothy.html Missionary Marriage Issues: What About Dorothy?]
{{Protestant missions to India}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Carey, William}}
[[Category:1761 births]]
[[Category:1834 deaths]]
[[Category:English Baptist missionaries]]
[[Category:English Calvinist and Reformed Christians]]
[[Category:English evangelicals]]
[[Category:Christian writers]]
[[Category:Translators of the Bible into Bengali]]
[[Category:Translators of the Bible into Telugu]]
[[Category:Translators to Sanskrit]]
[[Category:People from Northampton]]
[[Category:People from Leicester]]
[[Category:Shoemakers]]
[[Category:Baptist ministers]]
[[Category:Social history of India]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:Anglican saints]]
[[Category:Missionary linguists]]
[[Category:18th-century Baptist ministers]]
[[Category:19th-century Baptist ministers]]
[[Category:British people of colonial India]]
[[Category:Baptist missionaries in India]]
[[Category:Missionary educators]]
[[Category:People from South Northamptonshire District]]
[[Category:Protestant missionaries in Asia|India]]
[[Category:Christian missionaries in India|Protestant]]
[[Category:Protestantism in India| Missionaries]]
[[Category:Missionary botanists]]
[[Category:Christian revivalists]]
[[Category:Church Mission Society missionaries]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,129 +1,5 @@
{{short description|English Baptist missionary and a Particular Baptist minister}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2013}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
-{{Infobox person
-| name = William Carey
-| image = William Carey.jpg
-| caption = Missionary to India
-| birth_date = {{birth date |1761|8|17|df=y}}
-| birth_place = [[Paulerspury]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom]]
-| death_date = {{Death date and age|1834|6|9|1761|8|17|df=y}}
-| death_place = [[Serampore]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
-}}
-
-'''William Carey''' (17 August 1761 – 9 June 1834) was an English Christian [[missionary]], [[Particular Baptist]] minister, translator, social reformer and cultural anthropologist who founded the [[Serampore College]] and the [[Serampore University]], the first degree-awarding university in India.<ref>Vishal Mangalwadi (1999), ''The Legacy of William Carey: A Model for the Transformation of a Culture'', pp. 61–67, {{ISBN |978-1-58134-112-6}}</ref>
-
-He went to [[Kolkata|Calcutta (Kolkata)]] in 1793, but was forced to leave the British Indian territory by non-Baptist Christian missionaries.<ref name=brit1/> He joined the Baptist missionaries in the Danish colony of Frederiksnagar in [[Serampore]]. One of his first contributions was to start schools for impoverished children where they were taught reading, writing, accounting and [[Christianity]].<ref name= riddick>{{cite book|last=Riddick |first= John F.|title= The History of British India: A Chronology |publisher= Praeger Publications |year= 2006|isbn=0-313-32280-5 |page= 158 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Es6x4u_g19UC}}</ref> He opened the first [[Theology|theological university]] in [[Serampore]] offering divinity degrees,<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-northamptonshire-14547355|title=Northants celebrates 250th anniversary of William Carey|date= 18 August 2011 |access-date=7 November 2016|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| first = George | last = Smith|author-link= George Smith (1833–1919) |title= The Life of William Carey: Shoemaker & Missionary |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=b7k9AQAAMAAJ|year=1922|publisher= J. M. Dent & Co |page=292}}</ref> and campaigned to end the practice of [[sati (practice)|sati]].<ref name= sharma>{{cite book|last= Sharma|first=Arvind|title=Sati: Historical and Phenomenological Essays |publisher=Motilal Benarasidass |year=1988|isbn= 81-208-0464-3| pages=57–63|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=UJmWgz2mv5oC}}</ref>
-
-Carey is known as the "father of modern missions."<ref name= "Gonzalez, Justo L p. 306">Gonzalez, Justo L. (2010) ''The Story of Christianity'' Vol. 2: The Reformation to the Present Day, [[Zondervan]], {{ISBN|978-0-06185589-4}}, p. 419</ref> His essay, ''An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians to Use Means for the Conversion of the Heathens'', led to the founding of the [[Baptist Missionary Society]].<ref name=brit1/><ref>William Carey, ''An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians to Use Means for the Conversion of the Heathens'' (1792; repr., London: Carey Kingsgate Press, 1961)</ref> [[The Asiatic Society]] commended Carey for “his eminent services in opening the stores of Indian literature to the knowledge of Europe and for his extensive acquaintance with the science, the natural history and botany of this country and his useful contributions, in every branch.”<ref name=thomas>{{cite journal |last=Thomas|first= T. Jacob | journal =Indian Journal of Theology | title = Interaction of the Gospel and Culture in Bengal |volume = 36 | number = 2 |date= 1994 |publisher= Serampore College Theology Department and Bishop's College, Kolkata |url= https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/ijt/36-2_038.pdf |pages=46, 47}}</ref>
-
-He translated the Hindu classic, the [[Ramayana]], into English,<ref name= kopf>{{cite book |last= Kopf |first= David|title= British Orientalism and the Renaissance: The Dynamics of Indian Modernization 1778–1835 |date=1969 | place =Calcutta | publisher = Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay|pages=70, 78}}</ref> and the Bible into [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Odia Language |Oriya]], [[Assamese Language|Assamese]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Hindi]] and [[Sanskrit]].<ref name= brit1>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/95736/William-Carey William Carey British missionary] ''Encyclopædia Britannica''.</ref> William Carey has been called a reformer and illustrious Christian missionary.<ref>Vishal Mangalwadi (1999), ''The Legacy of William Carey: A Model for the Transformation of a Culture'', pp. 61-67, {{ISBN|978-1-58134112-6}}</ref><ref name="bkp2"/><ref name= vr1>V Rao (2007), ''Contemporary Education'', pp. 17-18, {{ISBN|978-81-3130273-6}}</ref>
-
-==Early life==
-[[File:Attempt Great Things for God - Expect Great Things from God.JPG|thumb|William Carey's motto on a hanging in St James' Church, [[Paulerspury]], Northamptonshire, which he attended as a boy]]
-William Carey, the oldest of 5 children, was born to Edmund and Elizabeth Carey, who were [[weaving|weavers]] by trade, in the hamlet of [[Pury End]] in the village of [[Paulerspury]], Northamptonshire.<ref>{{cite web|title=Paulerspury: Pury End|url=http://www.thecareyexperience.co.uk/paulerspury.htm|website=The Carey Experience|access-date=9 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=William Carey's Historical Wall – Carey Road, Pury End, Northamptonshire, UK|url=http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM8V98_William_Careys_Historical_Wall_Carey_Road_Pury_End_Northamptonshire_UK|website=UK Historical Markers|publisher=Waymarking.com|access-date=9 July 2016}} ''Includes image of memorial stone''</ref> William was raised in the [[Church of England]]; when he was six, his father was appointed the parish clerk and village schoolmaster. As a child he was inquisitive and keenly interested in the [[natural sciences]], particularly [[botany]]. He possessed a natural gift for language, teaching himself [[Latin]].
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-At the age of 14, Carey's father apprenticed him to a [[cordwainer]] in the nearby village of [[Piddington, Northamptonshire]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chi.gospelcom.net/GLIMPSEF/Glimpses/glmps045.shtml |title=Glimpses #45: William Carey's Amazing Mission |publisher=Christian History Institute |access-date=11 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.is/20050404040813/http://chi.gospelcom.net/GLIMPSEF/Glimpses/glmps045.shtml |archive-date=4 April 2005 }}</ref> His master, Clarke Nichols, was a churchman like himself, but another apprentice, John Warr, was a [[Dissenter]]. Through his influence Carey would leave the Church of England and join with other Dissenters to form a small [[Congregational church]] in nearby [[Hackleton]]. While apprenticed to Nichols, he also taught himself [[Greek language|Greek]] with the help of a local villager who had a college education.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}
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-When Nichols died in 1779, Carey went to work for the local shoemaker, Thomas Old; he married Old's sister-in-law Dorothy Plackett in 1781 in the Church of St John the Baptist, Piddington. Unlike William, Dorothy was illiterate; her signature in the marriage register is a crude cross. William and Dorothy Carey had seven children, five sons and two daughters; both girls died in infancy, as did son Peter, who died at the age of 5. Thomas Old himself died soon afterward, and Carey took over his business, during which time he taught himself [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], Italian, [[Dutch language|Dutch]], and French, often reading while working on the shoes.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}
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-Carey acknowledged his humble origins and referred to himself as a [[Shoemaking|cobbler]]. [[John Brown Myers]] entitled his biography of Carey ''William Carey the Shoemaker Who Became the Father and Founder of Modern Missions''.
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-==Founding of the Baptist Missionary Society==
-[[File:Detail from Hanging in Carey Baptist Church - Moulton - Northamptonshire.JPG|thumb|Detail from wall hanging depicting Carey's life, in Carey Baptist Church, Moulton, Northamptonshire]]
-Carey became involved with a local association of [[Strict Baptist|Particular Baptists]] that had recently formed, where he became acquainted with men such as [[John Ryland]], [[John Sutcliff]], and [[Andrew Fuller]], who would become his close friends in later years. They invited him to preach in their church in the nearby village of [[Earls Barton]] every other Sunday. On 5 October 1783, William Carey was [[baptism#Baptist|baptised]] by Ryland and committed himself to the Baptist denomination.
-[[File:W H Carey.jpg|thumb|left|Portrait sketch by [[Colesworthey Grant]]]]
-In 1785, Carey was appointed the schoolmaster for the village of [[Moulton, Northamptonshire|Moulton]]. He was also invited to serve as pastor to the local Baptist church. During this time he read [[Jonathan Edwards (theologian)|Jonathan Edwards]]' ''Account of the Life of the Late Rev. [[David Brainerd]]'' and the journals of the explorer [[James Cook]], and became concerned with propagating the Christian [[Gospel]] throughout the world. [[John Eliot (missionary)#Legacy|John Eliot]] (c. 1604 – 21 May 1690), Puritan missionary in New England, and David Brainerd (1718–47) became the "canonized heroes" and "enkindlers" of Carey.<ref>Carpenter, John, (2002) "New England Puritans: The Grandparents of Modern Protestant Missions," ''[[Fides et Historia]]'' 30.4, 529.</ref>
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-In 1789 Carey, became the full-time pastor of Harvey Lane Baptist Church in [[Leicester]]. Three years later, in 1792, he published his groundbreaking missionary manifesto, ''An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians to use Means for the Conversion of the Heathens''. This short book consists of five parts. The first part is a theological justification for missionary activity, arguing that the command of Jesus to make disciples of all the world ([[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] 28:18–20) remains binding on Christians.<ref>[http://www.wmcarey.edu/carey/enquiry/anenquiry.pdf AN ENQUIRY INTO THE OBLIGATIONS OF CHRISTIANS, TO USE MEANS FOR THE CONVERSION OF THE HEATHENS] reprinted London: Carey Kingsgate Press, 1961</ref>
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-The second part outlines a history of missionary activity, beginning with the early Church and ending with David Brainerd and [[John Wesley]].<ref name="wmcarey.edu">William Carey (1792), [http://www.wmcarey.edu/carey/enquiry/anenquiry.pdf AN ENQUIRY INTO THE OBLIGATIONS OF CHRISTIANS, TO USE MEANS FOR THE CONVERSION OF THE HEATHENS] reprinted London: Carey Kingsgate Press, 1961</ref>
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-Part 3 comprises 26 pages of tables, listing area, population, and religion statistics for every country in the world. Carey had compiled these figures during his years as a schoolteacher. The fourth part answers objections to sending missionaries, such as difficulty learning the language or danger to life. Finally, the fifth part calls for the formation by the Baptist denomination of a missionary society and describes the practical means by which it could be supported. Carey's seminal pamphlet outlines his basis for missions: Christian obligation, wise use of available resources, and accurate information.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}
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-Carey later preached a pro-missionary sermon (the so-called [[Deathless Sermon]]), using [[Isaiah]] 54:2–3 as his text, in which he repeatedly used the epigram which has become his most famous quotation: {{cquote|Expect great things from God; attempt great things for God.}}
-Carey finally overcame the resistance to missionary effort, and the 'Particular Baptist Society for the Propagation of the Gospel Amongst the Heathen' (subsequently known as the 'Baptist Missionary Society' and since 2000 as [[BMS World Mission]]) was founded in October 1792, including Carey, Andrew Fuller, John Ryland, and John Sutcliff as charter members. They then concerned themselves with practical matters such as raising funds, as well as deciding where they would direct their efforts. A medical missionary, Dr John Thomas, had been in [[Calcutta]] and was in England raising funds; they agreed to support him and that Carey would accompany him to India.
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-==Missionary life in India==
-[[File:Grave of William Carey, India, ca. 1920 (IMP-CSCNWW33-OS15-65).jpg|thumb|Black-and-white [[lantern slide]] ca 1920, showing the grave at Serampore of William Carey and his second wife Charlotte Emilia Carey (1761-1821) and third wife Grace Carey (d. 1835)]]
-Carey, his eldest son Felix, Thomas and his wife and daughter sailed from London aboard an English ship in April 1793. Dorothy Carey had refused to leave England, being pregnant with their fourth son and having never been more than a few miles from home; but before they left they asked her again to come with them and she gave consent, with the knowledge that her sister Kitty would help her give birth. En route they were delayed at the [[Isle of Wight]], at which time the captain of the ship received word that he endangered his command if he conveyed the missionaries to Calcutta, as their unauthorised journey violated the trade monopoly of the [[British East India Company]]. He decided to sail without them, and they were delayed until June when Thomas found a Danish captain willing to offer them passage. In the meantime, Carey's wife, who had by now given birth, agreed to accompany him provided her sister came as well. They landed at [[Calcutta]] in November.<ref name=notefrom>{{cite web|url=http://www.ccel.org/s/smith_geo/carey/carey.htm|title=Note from the preparer of this etext_ I have had to insert a view comments mainly in regards to adjustments to fonts to allow}}</ref>
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-During the first year in Calcutta, the missionaries sought means to [[Tentmaking|support themselves]] and a place to establish their mission. They also began to learn the Bengali language to communicate with others. A friend of Thomas owned two [[Indigo dye|indigo]] [[Factory|factories]] and needed managers, so Carey moved with his family north to [[Midnapore]]. During the six years that Carey managed the indigo plant, he completed the first revision of his Bengali [[New Testament]] and began formulating the principles upon which his missionary community would be formed, including communal living, financial self-reliance, and the training of indigenous ministers. His son Peter died of [[dysentery]], which, along with other causes of stress, resulted in Dorothy suffering a [[nervous breakdown]] from which she never recovered.<ref name=notefrom/>
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-Meanwhile, the missionary society had begun sending more missionaries to India. The first to arrive was John Fountain, who arrived in Midnapore and began teaching. He was followed by [[William Ward (missionary)|William Ward]], a printer; [[Joshua Marshman]], a schoolteacher; David Brunsdon, one of Marshman's students; and William Grant, who died three weeks after his arrival. Because the [[East India Company]] was still hostile to missionaries, they settled in the [[Danish India|Danish colony]] in [[Serampore]] and were joined there by Carey on 10 January 1800.<ref name=notefrom/>
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-===Late Indian period===
-{{refimprove section|date=April 2015}}
-[[File:Carey House - Serampore College - Hooghly 2017-07-06 0903.JPG|thumb|Carey lived here at the Serampore College]]
-Once settled in [[Serampore]], the mission bought a house large enough to accommodate all of their families and a school, which was to be their principal means of support. Ward set up a print shop with a secondhand press Carey had acquired and began the task of printing the Bible in Bengali. In August 1800 Fountain died of dysentery. By the end of that year, the mission had their first convert, a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] named [[Krishna Pal]]. They had also earned the goodwill of the local Danish government and [[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley |Richard Wellesley]], then Governor-General of India.
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-The conversion of [[Hindus]] to Christianity posed a new question for the missionaries concerning whether it was appropriate for converts to retain their [[caste]]. In 1802, the daughter of Krishna Pal, a [[Shudra|Sudra]], married a [[Brahmin]]. This wedding was a public demonstration that the church repudiated the caste distinctions.
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-Brunsdon and Thomas died in 1801. The same year, the Governor-General founded [[Fort William College]], a college intended to educate civil servants. He offered Carey the position of professor of Bengali. Carey's colleagues at the college included [[pundit (India)|pundit]]s, whom he could consult to correct his Bengali testament. One of his colleagues was [[Madan Mohan Tarkalankar]] who taught him the Sanskrit language. He also wrote grammars of Bengali and [[Sanskrit]], and began a translation of the Bible into Sanskrit. He also used his influence with the Governor-General to help put a stop to the practices of infant sacrifice and [[Sati (practice)|suttee]], after consulting with the pundits and determining that they had no basis in the Hindu sacred writings (although the latter would not be abolished until 1829).
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-Dorothy Carey died in 1807.<ref>[http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/1992/issue36/3627.html?start=3 ''William Carey's Less-than-Perfect Family Life''], Christian History, Issue 36, 10 January 1992</ref> Due to her debilitating mental breakdown, she had long since ceased to be an able member of the mission, and her condition was an additional burden to it. John Marshman wrote how Carey worked away on his studies and translations, "…while an insane wife, frequently wrought up to a state of most distressing excitement, was in the next room…".
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-Several friends and colleagues had urged William to commit Dorothy to an asylum. But he recoiled at the thought of the treatment she might receive in such a place and took the responsibility to keep her within the family home, even though the children were exposed to her rages.<ref>Timothy George, The Life and Mission of William Carey, IVP, p. 158</ref>
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-In 1808 Carey remarried. His new wife Charlotte Rhumohr, a [[Denmark|Danish]] member of his church was, unlike Dorothy, Carey's intellectual equal. They were married for 13 years until her death.
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-From the printing press at the mission came translations of the Bible in Bengali, Sanskrit, and other major languages and dialects. Many of these languages had never been printed before; William Ward had to create [[Punchcutting|punches]] for the type by hand. Carey had begun translating literature and sacred writings from the original Sanskrit into English to make them accessible to his own countryman. On 11 March 1812, a fire in the print shop caused £10,000 in damages and lost work. Among the losses were many irreplaceable manuscripts, including much of Carey's translation of Sanskrit literature and a polyglot dictionary of Sanskrit and related languages, which would have been a seminal [[philology|philological]] work had it been completed. However, the press itself and the punches were saved, and the mission was able to continue printing in six months. In Carey's lifetime, the mission printed and distributed the Bible in whole or part in 44 languages and dialects.
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-Also, in 1812, [[Adoniram Judson]], an American [[Congregational church|Congregational]] missionary en route to India, studied the scriptures on baptism in preparation for a meeting with Carey. His studies led him to become a Baptist. Carey's urging of American Baptists to take over support for Judson's mission, led to the foundation in 1814 of the first American Baptist Mission board, the ''General Missionary Convention of the Baptist Denomination in the United States of America for Foreign Missions'', later commonly known as the [[Triennial Convention]]. Most American Baptist denominations of today are directly or indirectly descended from this convention.
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-[[File:SeramporeCollege.jpg|thumb|left|Serampore College]]
-In 1818, the mission founded [[Serampore College]] to train indigenous ministers for the growing church and to provide education in the arts and sciences to anyone regardless of caste or country. [[Frederick VI of Denmark|Frederick VI]], [[King of Denmark]], granted a royal charter in 1827 that made the college a degree-granting institution, the first in Asia.<ref>The [[Senate of Serampore College (University) |Senate of Serampore College]]</ref>
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-In 1820 Carey founded the [[Agri Horticultural Society of India]] at [[Alipore]], Calcutta, supporting his enthusiasm for botany. When [[William Roxburgh]] went on leave, Carey was entrusted to maintain the Botanical Garden at Calcutta. The genus ''[[Careya]]'' was named after him.<ref>{{cite book| title= William Carey| last =Culross | first = James| publisher=A.C. Armstrong & Son| place= New York | year=1882|page=190|url= https://archive.org/stream/williamcarey00culr#page/190/mode/1up/}}</ref>{{botanist |Carey|Carey, William}}
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-Carey's second wife, Charlotte, died in 1821, followed by his eldest son Felix. In 1823 he married a third time, to a widow named Grace Hughes.
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-Internal dissent and resentment was growing within the Missionary Society as its numbers grew, the older missionaries died, and they were replaced by less experienced men. Some new missionaries arrived who were not willing to live in the communal fashion that had developed, one going so far as to demand "a separate house, stable and servants." Unused to the rigorous work ethic of Carey, Ward, and Marshman, the new missionaries thought their seniors – particularly Marshman – to be somewhat dictatorial, assigning them work not to their liking.
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-Andrew Fuller, who had been secretary of the Society in England, had died in 1815, and his successor, John Dyer, was a bureaucrat who attempted to reorganise the Society along business lines and manage every detail of the Serampore mission from England. Their differences proved to be irreconcilable, and Carey formally severed ties with the missionary society he had founded, leaving the mission property and moving onto the college grounds. He lived a quiet life until his death in 1834, revising his Bengali Bible, preaching, and teaching students. The couch on which he died, on 9 June 1834, is now housed at [[Regent's Park College]], the Baptist [[Permanent Private Hall|hall]] of the [[University of Oxford]].
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-===Life in India===
-Much of what is known about Carey's activities in [[Indian subcontinent|India]] is from missionary reports sent back home. Historians such as Comaroffs, Thorne, Van der Veer and Brian Pennington note that the representation of India in these reports must be examined in their context and with care for its evangelical and colonial ideology.<ref name=bkp2/> The reports by Carey were conditioned by his background, personal factors and his own religious beliefs. The polemic notes and observations of Carey, and his colleague William Ward, were in a community suffering from [[extreme poverty]] and [[epidemic]]s, and they constructed a view of the [[culture of India]] and Hinduism in light of their missionary goals.<ref name=bkp2/><ref>Robert Eric Frykenberg and Alaine M. Low (2003), Christians and Missionaries in India, pp. 156–157, {{ISBN|978-0-8028-3956-5}}</ref> These reports were by those who had declared their conviction in foreign missionary work, and the letters describe experiences of foreigners who were resented by both the Indian populace as well as European officials and competing Christian groups. Their accounts of culture and Hinduism were forged in [[Bengal]] that was physically, politically and spiritually difficult to preach in.<ref name=bkp2/> Pennington summarises the accounts reported by Carey and his colleagues as follows,
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-{{cquote|Plagued with anxieties and fears about their own health, regularly reminded of colleagues who had lost their lives or reason, uncertain of their own social location, and preaching to crowds whose reactions ranged from indifference to amusement to hostility, missionaries found expression for their darker misgivings in their production of what is surely part of their speckled legacy: a fabricated Hinduism crazed by blood-lust and devoted to the service of devils.<ref name=bkp2>Brian K. Pennington (2005), Was Hinduism Invented?: Britons, Indians, and the Colonial Construction, pp. 76–77, Oxford University Press</ref>}}
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-Carey recommended that British people in India should learn and interpret Sanskrit in a manner "compatible with colonial aims",<ref name=sn1>Silvia Nagy (2010), ''Colonization Or Globalization?: Postcolonial Explorations of Imperial Expansion'', p. 62, {{ISBN|978-073-91-31763}}</ref> writing that "to gain the ear of those who are thus deceived, it is necessary for them to believe that the speaker has a superior knowledge of the subject. In these circumstances, knowledge of Sanskrit is valuable."<ref name= sn1/> According to Indian historian V. Rao, Carey lacked understanding and respect for Indian culture, with him describing [[Music of India|Indian music]] as "disgusting" and bringing to mind practices "dishonorable" to [[God in Christianity|God]]. Such attitudes affected the literature authored by Carey and his colleagues.<ref name=vr1/>
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-==Family history==
-Biographies of Carey, such as those by F. D. Walker<ref>Frank Deauville Walker, ''William Carey'' (1925, repr. Chicago: Moody Press, 1980). {{ISBN|0-8024-9562-1}}.</ref> and J. B. Myers, only allude to Carey's distress caused by the mental illness and subsequent breakdown suffered by his wife, Dorothy, in the early years of their ministry in India. More recently, Beck's biography of Dorothy Carey paints a more detailed picture: William Carey uprooted his family from all that was familiar and sought to settle them in one of the most unlikely and difficult cultures in the world for an uneducated eighteenth century English peasant woman. Faced with enormous difficulties in adjusting to all of this change, she failed to make the adjustment emotionally and ultimately, mentally, and her husband seemed to be unable to help her through all of this because he just did not know what to do about it.<ref name="Beck, James R. 1992">Beck, James R. ''Dorothy Carey: The Tragic and Untold Story of Mrs. William Carey.'' Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1992. {{ISBN|0-8010-1030-6}}.</ref> Carey even wrote to his sisters in England on 5 October 1795, that "I have been for some time past in danger of losing my life. Jealousy is the great evil that haunts her mind."<ref>"Dorothy's Devastating Delusions," [http://ctlibrary.com/3918 Christian History & Biography], 1 October 1992.</ref>
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-Dorothy's mental breakdown ("at the same time William Carey was baptizing his first Indian convert and his son Felix, his wife was forcefully confined to her room, raving with madness"<ref>[http://www.bethelcollege.edu/academics/library/Archives/reflections/v2n1p25_28.pdf Book Review — Dorothy Carey: The Tragic And Untold Story Of Mrs. William Carey] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060915144241/http://www.bethelcollege.edu/academics/library/Archives/reflections/v2n1p25_28.pdf |date=15 September 2006 }}</ref>) led inevitably to other family problems. [[Joshua Marshman]] was appalled by the neglect with which Carey treated his four boys when he first met them in 1800. Aged 4, 7, 12 and 15, they were unmannered, undisciplined, and even uneducated.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}
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-==Eschatology==
-Besides [[Iain Murray (author)|Iain Murray]]'s study, ''The Puritan Hope'',<ref>Iain H. Murray, ''The Puritan Hope.'' Carlisle, PA: Banner of Truth, 1975. {{ISBN|0-85151-037-X}}.</ref> less attention has been paid in Carey's numerous biographies to his [[postmillennial]] [[eschatology]] as expressed in his major missionary manifesto, notably not even in [[Bruce J. Nichols]]' article "The Theology of William Carey."<ref>"The Theology of William Carey," ''Evangelical Review of Theology'' 17 (1993): 369–80.</ref> Carey was a [[Calvinist]].”<ref name=yeh13>{{cite book|last1=Yeh|first1=Allan|last2=Chun|first2=Chris|title=Expect Great Things, Attempt Great Things: William Carey and Adoniram Judson, Missionary Pioneers|page=13|publisher=Wipf and Stock|date=2013|isbn=9781610976145|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qzNNAwAAQBAJ }}</ref> and a [[postmillennialist]]. Even the two dissertations which discuss his achievements (by Oussoren<ref>Aalbertinus Hermen Oussoren, William Carey, Especially his Missionary Principles (Diss.: Freie Universität Amsterdam), (Leiden: A. W. Sijthoff, 1945).</ref> and Potts<ref>E. Daniels Potts. British Baptist Missionaries in India 1793–1837: The History of Serampore and its Missions, (Cambridge: University Press, 1967).</ref>) ignore large areas of his theology. Neither mention his eschatological views, which played a major role in his missionary zeal.<ref>D. James Kennedy, [http://www.coralridge.org/nem/NEMrelatedmessage.asp?dt=0627 "William Carey: Texts That Have Changed Lives"]: "It was the belief of these men that there was going to be ushered in by the proclamation of the Gospel a glorious golden age of Gospel submission on the part of the heathen. It is very interesting to note that theologically that is what is known as 'postmillennialism,' a view which is not very popular today, but was the view that animated all the men who were involved in the early missionary enterprise."</ref> One exception, found in James Beck's biography of his first wife,<ref name="Beck, James R. 1992" /> mentions his personal optimism in the chapter on "Attitudes Towards the Future," but not his optimistic perspective on world missions, which he derived from postmillennial theology.<ref>[[Thomas Schirrmacher]], ''[http://www.contra-mundum.org/schirrmacher/careypostmil.html William Carey, Postmillennialism and the Theology of World Missions]''</ref>
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-==Translation, education and schools==
-[[File:William Carey Used Desk - Carey Museum - Serampore College - Hooghly 2017-07-06 0749.JPG|thumb|Carey's desk at the Serampore College]]
-Carey devoted great efforts and time to the study not only of the common language of Bengali, but to many other Indian vernaculars including the ancient root language of [[Sanskrit]]. In collaboration with the [[Fort William College|College of Fort William]], Carey undertook the translation of the Hindu classics into English, beginning with the three-volume epic poem the [[Ramayana]]. He then translated the [[Bible]] into [[Bengali language|Bengali]], Oriya, Marathi, Hindi, Assamese, Sanskrit and parts of it into other dialects and languages.<ref name=britannica>{{cite web|title=William Carey|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Carey}}</ref> For 30 years Carey served in the college as the professor of Bengali, Sanskrit and Marathi,<ref name=britannica /><ref>{{cite book|last=Smith|first=George|author-link=George Smith (1833–1919)|title=The Life of William Carey, D.D.: Shoemaker and Missionary, Professor ..., Part 4|date=1885|publisher=R & R Clark, Edinburgh|pages=69–70}}</ref> publishing, in 1805, the first book on [[Marathi grammar]].<ref>{{Cite book|title = Language Change: Lexical Diffusion and Literacy|last = Rao|first = Goparaju Sambasiva|publisher = Academic Foundation|year = 1994|isbn = 978-81-7188-057-7|pages = 48 and 49|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141207082805/https://books.google.com/books?id=8Ben0lE61msC|archive-date = 7 December 2014|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8Ben0lE61msC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = A Grammar of the Marathi Language|last = Carey|first = William|publisher = Serampore Mission Press|year = 1805|isbn = 978-1-108-05631-1|location = Serampur|author-link = William Carey (missionary)}}</ref>
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-The [[Serampore Mission Press]] that Carey founded is credited as the only press which “consistently thought it important enough that costly fonts of type be cast for the irregular and neglected languages of the Indian people."<ref name=kopf71>{{cite book|last=Kopf|first=David|title= British Orientalism and the Renaissance: The Dynamics of Indian Modernization 1778-1835 |date=1969|publisher=Calcutta: Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay|pages=71, 78}}</ref> Carey and his team produced textbooks, dictionaries, classical literature and other publications which served primary school children, college-level students and the general public, including the first systematic Sanskrit grammar which served a model for later publications.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Brockington|first=John| date=1991–1992|title=William Carey's Significance as an Indologist|url= http://www.indologica.com/volumes/vol17-18/vol17-18_art05_BROCKINGTON.pdf |journal=Indologica Taurinensia – the Online Journal Of…Sanskrit Studies|volume=17-18|pages=87–88|access-date=January 29, 2017}}</ref>
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-In the latter 1700s and early 1800s in India, only children of certain social strata received education, and even that was limited to basic accounting and Hindu religion. Only the Brahmins and writer castes could read, and then only men, women being completely unschooled. Carey started [[Sunday School]]s in which children learned to read using the Bible as their textbook.<ref>Smith 1885, p. 150></ref> In 1794 Carey opened, at his own cost, what is considered the first primary school in all of India.<ref>Smith 1885, p. 148></ref> The public school system that Carey initiated expanded to include girls in an era when the education of the female was considered unthinkable. Carey's work is considered to have provided the starting point of what blossomed into the Christian Vernacular Education Society providing English medium education across India.<ref>Smith 1885, p. 102></ref>
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-==Legacy and influence==
-William Carey spent 41 years in India without a furlough. His mission could count only some 700 converts in a nation of millions but he had laid an impressive foundation of [[Bible translations]], education, and social reform.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/131christians/missionaries/carey.html?start=2|title=William Carey|publisher=[[Christianity Today]]|access-date=7 November 2016}}</ref> He has been referred to as the "father of modern [[Christian mission|missions]]",<ref name="Gonzalez, Justo L p. 306"/> and as "India's first cultural anthropologist."<ref name=kopf70>{{cite book|last=Kopf|first=David| author-link = David Kopf|title= British Orientalism and the Renaissance: The Dynamics of Indian Modernization 1778–1835 |date=1969|publisher=Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay|location=Calcutta|pages=70, 78}}</ref>
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-His teaching, translations, writings and publications, his educational establishments and influence in social reform are said to have “marked the turning point of Indian culture from a downward to an upward trend.”
-{{Quote|text= [Carey] saw India not as a foreign country to be exploited, but as his heavenly Father’s land to be loved and saved... he believed in understanding and controlling nature instead of fearing, appeasing or worshipping it; in developing one’s intellect instead of killing it as mysticism taught. He emphasized enjoying literature and culture instead of shunning it as [[Maya (religion)|''maya'']].|author=[[Vishal Mangalwadi]]<ref name=mangalwadi24>{{cite book|last=Mangalwadi|first=Vishal|title=The Legacy of William Carey: A Model for the Transformation of a Culture|date=1999|isbn=978-1-58134-112-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/legacyofwilliamc0000mang/page/24 24–25]|url=https://archive.org/details/legacyofwilliamc0000mang/page/24}}</ref>}} Thus Carey contributed to the birth of [[Indian nationalism]].<ref name=mangalwadi24/>
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-Carey was instrumental in launching [[Serampore College]] in [[Serampore]].<ref name=yeh39>Yeh page=39</ref>
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-Carey's passionate insistence on change resulted in the founding of the [[BMS World Mission|Baptist Missionary Society]].<ref name=yeh117>{{cite book|last1=Yeh|first1=Allan|last2=Chun|first2=Chris|title=Expect Great Things, Attempt Great Things: William Carey and Adoniram Judson, Missionary Pioneers|page=117|publisher=Wipf and Stock|date=2013|isbn=9781610976145|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qzNNAwAAQBAJ }}</ref>
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-Carey has at least eleven schools named after him: William Carey Christian School (WCCS) in [[Sydney, NSW]], William Carey International University, founded in 1876 in [[Pasadena, California]], [[Carey Theological College]] in Vancouver, British Columbia, [[Carey Baptist College]] in [[Auckland]], New Zealand, [[Carey Baptist Grammar School]] in [[Melbourne, Victoria]], [[Carey College, Colombo|Carey College]] in [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka, [[William Carey University]], founded in [[Hattiesburg]], [[Mississippi]], in 1892,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wmcarey.edu/about-william-carey|title=About William Carey|publisher=William Carey University|access-date=26 January 2017}}</ref> and Carey Baptist College in [[Perth]], Australia. The William Carey Academy of [[Chittagong]], Bangladesh teaches both Bangladeshi and expatriate children, from kindergarten to grade 12, and the William Carey Memorial School, (A Co-ed English Medium), operates in Serampore, Hooghly. An English medium school named William Carey International School was established on 17 August 2008 in [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh.
-
-==Artefacts==
-St James Church in Paulerspury, Northamptonshire, where Carey was christened and attended as a boy, has a William Carey display. Carey Baptist Church in Moulton, Northamptonshire, also has a display of artefacts related to William Carey, as well as the nearby cottage where he lived.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.thecareyexperience.co.uk/ |title=The Carey Experience|first= Matthew|last=Cooper |access-date= 7 November 2016}}</ref>
-
-In Leicester, Harvey Lane Baptist Church, the last church in England where Carey served before he left for India, was destroyed by a fire in 1921. Carey's nearby cottage had served as a 'Memories of Carey' museum from 1915 until it was destroyed to make way for a new road system in 1968.<ref>{{Citation | publisher = Leicester | title = William Carey | work = Blue plaques | url = http://www.leicester.gov.uk/your-council-services/lc/growth-and-history/blueplaques/blueplaquespeople/williamcarey/}}.</ref> Artefacts from the museum were given to [[Central Baptist Church (Leicester)|Central Baptist Church]] in Charles Street, Leicester which houses the William Carey Museum.<ref name="visitleicester">{{cite web|url=https://www.visitleicester.info/whats-on/central-baptist-church-and-william-carey-museum-p753041|title=Central Baptist Church and William Carey Museum|website=Visit Leicester|access-date=March 1, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=William Carey Museum |url=https://www.central-baptist.org.uk/william-carey-museum |website=Central Baptist |access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref>
-
-[[Angus Library and Archive]] in Oxford holds the largest single collection of Carey letters as well as numerous artefacts such as his Bible and the sign from his cordwainer shop. There is a large collection of historical artefacts including letters, books, and other artefacts that belonged to Carey at the Center for Study of the Life and Work of William Carey at Donnell Hall on the [[William Carey University]] [[Hattiesburg]] campus.<ref>{{Citation | title = Center for Study of the Life and Work of William Carey | publisher = William Carey university | url = http://www.wmcarey.edu/carey/}}.</ref>
-
-==See also==
+See also Liam??
{{Baptist}}{{Christianity in India sidebar}}
* [[Carey Baptist Church]] in Reading, England
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1 => '{{Infobox person',
2 => '| name = William Carey',
3 => '| image = William Carey.jpg',
4 => '| caption = Missionary to India',
5 => '| birth_date = {{birth date |1761|8|17|df=y}}',
6 => '| birth_place = [[Paulerspury]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom]]',
7 => '| death_date = {{Death date and age|1834|6|9|1761|8|17|df=y}}',
8 => '| death_place = [[Serampore]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]',
9 => '}}',
10 => '',
11 => ''''William Carey''' (17 August 1761 – 9 June 1834) was an English Christian [[missionary]], [[Particular Baptist]] minister, translator, social reformer and cultural anthropologist who founded the [[Serampore College]] and the [[Serampore University]], the first degree-awarding university in India.<ref>Vishal Mangalwadi (1999), ''The Legacy of William Carey: A Model for the Transformation of a Culture'', pp. 61–67, {{ISBN |978-1-58134-112-6}}</ref>',
12 => '',
13 => 'He went to [[Kolkata|Calcutta (Kolkata)]] in 1793, but was forced to leave the British Indian territory by non-Baptist Christian missionaries.<ref name=brit1/> He joined the Baptist missionaries in the Danish colony of Frederiksnagar in [[Serampore]]. One of his first contributions was to start schools for impoverished children where they were taught reading, writing, accounting and [[Christianity]].<ref name= riddick>{{cite book|last=Riddick |first= John F.|title= The History of British India: A Chronology |publisher= Praeger Publications |year= 2006|isbn=0-313-32280-5 |page= 158 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Es6x4u_g19UC}}</ref> He opened the first [[Theology|theological university]] in [[Serampore]] offering divinity degrees,<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-northamptonshire-14547355|title=Northants celebrates 250th anniversary of William Carey|date= 18 August 2011 |access-date=7 November 2016|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| first = George | last = Smith|author-link= George Smith (1833–1919) |title= The Life of William Carey: Shoemaker & Missionary |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=b7k9AQAAMAAJ|year=1922|publisher= J. M. Dent & Co |page=292}}</ref> and campaigned to end the practice of [[sati (practice)|sati]].<ref name= sharma>{{cite book|last= Sharma|first=Arvind|title=Sati: Historical and Phenomenological Essays |publisher=Motilal Benarasidass |year=1988|isbn= 81-208-0464-3| pages=57–63|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=UJmWgz2mv5oC}}</ref>',
14 => '',
15 => 'Carey is known as the "father of modern missions."<ref name= "Gonzalez, Justo L p. 306">Gonzalez, Justo L. (2010) ''The Story of Christianity'' Vol. 2: The Reformation to the Present Day, [[Zondervan]], {{ISBN|978-0-06185589-4}}, p. 419</ref> His essay, ''An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians to Use Means for the Conversion of the Heathens'', led to the founding of the [[Baptist Missionary Society]].<ref name=brit1/><ref>William Carey, ''An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians to Use Means for the Conversion of the Heathens'' (1792; repr., London: Carey Kingsgate Press, 1961)</ref> [[The Asiatic Society]] commended Carey for “his eminent services in opening the stores of Indian literature to the knowledge of Europe and for his extensive acquaintance with the science, the natural history and botany of this country and his useful contributions, in every branch.”<ref name=thomas>{{cite journal |last=Thomas|first= T. Jacob | journal =Indian Journal of Theology | title = Interaction of the Gospel and Culture in Bengal |volume = 36 | number = 2 |date= 1994 |publisher= Serampore College Theology Department and Bishop's College, Kolkata |url= https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/ijt/36-2_038.pdf |pages=46, 47}}</ref>',
16 => '',
17 => 'He translated the Hindu classic, the [[Ramayana]], into English,<ref name= kopf>{{cite book |last= Kopf |first= David|title= British Orientalism and the Renaissance: The Dynamics of Indian Modernization 1778–1835 |date=1969 | place =Calcutta | publisher = Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay|pages=70, 78}}</ref> and the Bible into [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Odia Language |Oriya]], [[Assamese Language|Assamese]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Hindi]] and [[Sanskrit]].<ref name= brit1>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/95736/William-Carey William Carey British missionary] ''Encyclopædia Britannica''.</ref> William Carey has been called a reformer and illustrious Christian missionary.<ref>Vishal Mangalwadi (1999), ''The Legacy of William Carey: A Model for the Transformation of a Culture'', pp. 61-67, {{ISBN|978-1-58134112-6}}</ref><ref name="bkp2"/><ref name= vr1>V Rao (2007), ''Contemporary Education'', pp. 17-18, {{ISBN|978-81-3130273-6}}</ref>',
18 => '',
19 => '==Early life==',
20 => '[[File:Attempt Great Things for God - Expect Great Things from God.JPG|thumb|William Carey's motto on a hanging in St James' Church, [[Paulerspury]], Northamptonshire, which he attended as a boy]]',
21 => 'William Carey, the oldest of 5 children, was born to Edmund and Elizabeth Carey, who were [[weaving|weavers]] by trade, in the hamlet of [[Pury End]] in the village of [[Paulerspury]], Northamptonshire.<ref>{{cite web|title=Paulerspury: Pury End|url=http://www.thecareyexperience.co.uk/paulerspury.htm|website=The Carey Experience|access-date=9 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=William Carey's Historical Wall – Carey Road, Pury End, Northamptonshire, UK|url=http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM8V98_William_Careys_Historical_Wall_Carey_Road_Pury_End_Northamptonshire_UK|website=UK Historical Markers|publisher=Waymarking.com|access-date=9 July 2016}} ''Includes image of memorial stone''</ref> William was raised in the [[Church of England]]; when he was six, his father was appointed the parish clerk and village schoolmaster. As a child he was inquisitive and keenly interested in the [[natural sciences]], particularly [[botany]]. He possessed a natural gift for language, teaching himself [[Latin]].',
22 => '',
23 => 'At the age of 14, Carey's father apprenticed him to a [[cordwainer]] in the nearby village of [[Piddington, Northamptonshire]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chi.gospelcom.net/GLIMPSEF/Glimpses/glmps045.shtml |title=Glimpses #45: William Carey's Amazing Mission |publisher=Christian History Institute |access-date=11 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.is/20050404040813/http://chi.gospelcom.net/GLIMPSEF/Glimpses/glmps045.shtml |archive-date=4 April 2005 }}</ref> His master, Clarke Nichols, was a churchman like himself, but another apprentice, John Warr, was a [[Dissenter]]. Through his influence Carey would leave the Church of England and join with other Dissenters to form a small [[Congregational church]] in nearby [[Hackleton]]. While apprenticed to Nichols, he also taught himself [[Greek language|Greek]] with the help of a local villager who had a college education.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}',
24 => '',
25 => 'When Nichols died in 1779, Carey went to work for the local shoemaker, Thomas Old; he married Old's sister-in-law Dorothy Plackett in 1781 in the Church of St John the Baptist, Piddington. Unlike William, Dorothy was illiterate; her signature in the marriage register is a crude cross. William and Dorothy Carey had seven children, five sons and two daughters; both girls died in infancy, as did son Peter, who died at the age of 5. Thomas Old himself died soon afterward, and Carey took over his business, during which time he taught himself [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], Italian, [[Dutch language|Dutch]], and French, often reading while working on the shoes.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}',
26 => '',
27 => 'Carey acknowledged his humble origins and referred to himself as a [[Shoemaking|cobbler]]. [[John Brown Myers]] entitled his biography of Carey ''William Carey the Shoemaker Who Became the Father and Founder of Modern Missions''.',
28 => '',
29 => '==Founding of the Baptist Missionary Society==',
30 => '[[File:Detail from Hanging in Carey Baptist Church - Moulton - Northamptonshire.JPG|thumb|Detail from wall hanging depicting Carey's life, in Carey Baptist Church, Moulton, Northamptonshire]]',
31 => 'Carey became involved with a local association of [[Strict Baptist|Particular Baptists]] that had recently formed, where he became acquainted with men such as [[John Ryland]], [[John Sutcliff]], and [[Andrew Fuller]], who would become his close friends in later years. They invited him to preach in their church in the nearby village of [[Earls Barton]] every other Sunday. On 5 October 1783, William Carey was [[baptism#Baptist|baptised]] by Ryland and committed himself to the Baptist denomination.',
32 => '[[File:W H Carey.jpg|thumb|left|Portrait sketch by [[Colesworthey Grant]]]]',
33 => 'In 1785, Carey was appointed the schoolmaster for the village of [[Moulton, Northamptonshire|Moulton]]. He was also invited to serve as pastor to the local Baptist church. During this time he read [[Jonathan Edwards (theologian)|Jonathan Edwards]]' ''Account of the Life of the Late Rev. [[David Brainerd]]'' and the journals of the explorer [[James Cook]], and became concerned with propagating the Christian [[Gospel]] throughout the world. [[John Eliot (missionary)#Legacy|John Eliot]] (c. 1604 – 21 May 1690), Puritan missionary in New England, and David Brainerd (1718–47) became the "canonized heroes" and "enkindlers" of Carey.<ref>Carpenter, John, (2002) "New England Puritans: The Grandparents of Modern Protestant Missions," ''[[Fides et Historia]]'' 30.4, 529.</ref>',
34 => '',
35 => 'In 1789 Carey, became the full-time pastor of Harvey Lane Baptist Church in [[Leicester]]. Three years later, in 1792, he published his groundbreaking missionary manifesto, ''An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians to use Means for the Conversion of the Heathens''. This short book consists of five parts. The first part is a theological justification for missionary activity, arguing that the command of Jesus to make disciples of all the world ([[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] 28:18–20) remains binding on Christians.<ref>[http://www.wmcarey.edu/carey/enquiry/anenquiry.pdf AN ENQUIRY INTO THE OBLIGATIONS OF CHRISTIANS, TO USE MEANS FOR THE CONVERSION OF THE HEATHENS] reprinted London: Carey Kingsgate Press, 1961</ref>',
36 => '',
37 => 'The second part outlines a history of missionary activity, beginning with the early Church and ending with David Brainerd and [[John Wesley]].<ref name="wmcarey.edu">William Carey (1792), [http://www.wmcarey.edu/carey/enquiry/anenquiry.pdf AN ENQUIRY INTO THE OBLIGATIONS OF CHRISTIANS, TO USE MEANS FOR THE CONVERSION OF THE HEATHENS] reprinted London: Carey Kingsgate Press, 1961</ref>',
38 => '',
39 => 'Part 3 comprises 26 pages of tables, listing area, population, and religion statistics for every country in the world. Carey had compiled these figures during his years as a schoolteacher. The fourth part answers objections to sending missionaries, such as difficulty learning the language or danger to life. Finally, the fifth part calls for the formation by the Baptist denomination of a missionary society and describes the practical means by which it could be supported. Carey's seminal pamphlet outlines his basis for missions: Christian obligation, wise use of available resources, and accurate information.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}',
40 => '',
41 => 'Carey later preached a pro-missionary sermon (the so-called [[Deathless Sermon]]), using [[Isaiah]] 54:2–3 as his text, in which he repeatedly used the epigram which has become his most famous quotation: {{cquote|Expect great things from God; attempt great things for God.}}',
42 => 'Carey finally overcame the resistance to missionary effort, and the 'Particular Baptist Society for the Propagation of the Gospel Amongst the Heathen' (subsequently known as the 'Baptist Missionary Society' and since 2000 as [[BMS World Mission]]) was founded in October 1792, including Carey, Andrew Fuller, John Ryland, and John Sutcliff as charter members. They then concerned themselves with practical matters such as raising funds, as well as deciding where they would direct their efforts. A medical missionary, Dr John Thomas, had been in [[Calcutta]] and was in England raising funds; they agreed to support him and that Carey would accompany him to India.',
43 => '',
44 => '==Missionary life in India==',
45 => '[[File:Grave of William Carey, India, ca. 1920 (IMP-CSCNWW33-OS15-65).jpg|thumb|Black-and-white [[lantern slide]] ca 1920, showing the grave at Serampore of William Carey and his second wife Charlotte Emilia Carey (1761-1821) and third wife Grace Carey (d. 1835)]]',
46 => 'Carey, his eldest son Felix, Thomas and his wife and daughter sailed from London aboard an English ship in April 1793. Dorothy Carey had refused to leave England, being pregnant with their fourth son and having never been more than a few miles from home; but before they left they asked her again to come with them and she gave consent, with the knowledge that her sister Kitty would help her give birth. En route they were delayed at the [[Isle of Wight]], at which time the captain of the ship received word that he endangered his command if he conveyed the missionaries to Calcutta, as their unauthorised journey violated the trade monopoly of the [[British East India Company]]. He decided to sail without them, and they were delayed until June when Thomas found a Danish captain willing to offer them passage. In the meantime, Carey's wife, who had by now given birth, agreed to accompany him provided her sister came as well. They landed at [[Calcutta]] in November.<ref name=notefrom>{{cite web|url=http://www.ccel.org/s/smith_geo/carey/carey.htm|title=Note from the preparer of this etext_ I have had to insert a view comments mainly in regards to adjustments to fonts to allow}}</ref>',
47 => '',
48 => 'During the first year in Calcutta, the missionaries sought means to [[Tentmaking|support themselves]] and a place to establish their mission. They also began to learn the Bengali language to communicate with others. A friend of Thomas owned two [[Indigo dye|indigo]] [[Factory|factories]] and needed managers, so Carey moved with his family north to [[Midnapore]]. During the six years that Carey managed the indigo plant, he completed the first revision of his Bengali [[New Testament]] and began formulating the principles upon which his missionary community would be formed, including communal living, financial self-reliance, and the training of indigenous ministers. His son Peter died of [[dysentery]], which, along with other causes of stress, resulted in Dorothy suffering a [[nervous breakdown]] from which she never recovered.<ref name=notefrom/>',
49 => '',
50 => 'Meanwhile, the missionary society had begun sending more missionaries to India. The first to arrive was John Fountain, who arrived in Midnapore and began teaching. He was followed by [[William Ward (missionary)|William Ward]], a printer; [[Joshua Marshman]], a schoolteacher; David Brunsdon, one of Marshman's students; and William Grant, who died three weeks after his arrival. Because the [[East India Company]] was still hostile to missionaries, they settled in the [[Danish India|Danish colony]] in [[Serampore]] and were joined there by Carey on 10 January 1800.<ref name=notefrom/>',
51 => '',
52 => '===Late Indian period===',
53 => '{{refimprove section|date=April 2015}}',
54 => '[[File:Carey House - Serampore College - Hooghly 2017-07-06 0903.JPG|thumb|Carey lived here at the Serampore College]]',
55 => 'Once settled in [[Serampore]], the mission bought a house large enough to accommodate all of their families and a school, which was to be their principal means of support. Ward set up a print shop with a secondhand press Carey had acquired and began the task of printing the Bible in Bengali. In August 1800 Fountain died of dysentery. By the end of that year, the mission had their first convert, a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] named [[Krishna Pal]]. They had also earned the goodwill of the local Danish government and [[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley |Richard Wellesley]], then Governor-General of India.',
56 => '',
57 => 'The conversion of [[Hindus]] to Christianity posed a new question for the missionaries concerning whether it was appropriate for converts to retain their [[caste]]. In 1802, the daughter of Krishna Pal, a [[Shudra|Sudra]], married a [[Brahmin]]. This wedding was a public demonstration that the church repudiated the caste distinctions.',
58 => '',
59 => 'Brunsdon and Thomas died in 1801. The same year, the Governor-General founded [[Fort William College]], a college intended to educate civil servants. He offered Carey the position of professor of Bengali. Carey's colleagues at the college included [[pundit (India)|pundit]]s, whom he could consult to correct his Bengali testament. One of his colleagues was [[Madan Mohan Tarkalankar]] who taught him the Sanskrit language. He also wrote grammars of Bengali and [[Sanskrit]], and began a translation of the Bible into Sanskrit. He also used his influence with the Governor-General to help put a stop to the practices of infant sacrifice and [[Sati (practice)|suttee]], after consulting with the pundits and determining that they had no basis in the Hindu sacred writings (although the latter would not be abolished until 1829).',
60 => '',
61 => 'Dorothy Carey died in 1807.<ref>[http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/1992/issue36/3627.html?start=3 ''William Carey's Less-than-Perfect Family Life''], Christian History, Issue 36, 10 January 1992</ref> Due to her debilitating mental breakdown, she had long since ceased to be an able member of the mission, and her condition was an additional burden to it. John Marshman wrote how Carey worked away on his studies and translations, "…while an insane wife, frequently wrought up to a state of most distressing excitement, was in the next room…".',
62 => '',
63 => 'Several friends and colleagues had urged William to commit Dorothy to an asylum. But he recoiled at the thought of the treatment she might receive in such a place and took the responsibility to keep her within the family home, even though the children were exposed to her rages.<ref>Timothy George, The Life and Mission of William Carey, IVP, p. 158</ref>',
64 => '',
65 => 'In 1808 Carey remarried. His new wife Charlotte Rhumohr, a [[Denmark|Danish]] member of his church was, unlike Dorothy, Carey's intellectual equal. They were married for 13 years until her death.',
66 => '',
67 => 'From the printing press at the mission came translations of the Bible in Bengali, Sanskrit, and other major languages and dialects. Many of these languages had never been printed before; William Ward had to create [[Punchcutting|punches]] for the type by hand. Carey had begun translating literature and sacred writings from the original Sanskrit into English to make them accessible to his own countryman. On 11 March 1812, a fire in the print shop caused £10,000 in damages and lost work. Among the losses were many irreplaceable manuscripts, including much of Carey's translation of Sanskrit literature and a polyglot dictionary of Sanskrit and related languages, which would have been a seminal [[philology|philological]] work had it been completed. However, the press itself and the punches were saved, and the mission was able to continue printing in six months. In Carey's lifetime, the mission printed and distributed the Bible in whole or part in 44 languages and dialects.',
68 => '',
69 => 'Also, in 1812, [[Adoniram Judson]], an American [[Congregational church|Congregational]] missionary en route to India, studied the scriptures on baptism in preparation for a meeting with Carey. His studies led him to become a Baptist. Carey's urging of American Baptists to take over support for Judson's mission, led to the foundation in 1814 of the first American Baptist Mission board, the ''General Missionary Convention of the Baptist Denomination in the United States of America for Foreign Missions'', later commonly known as the [[Triennial Convention]]. Most American Baptist denominations of today are directly or indirectly descended from this convention.',
70 => '',
71 => '[[File:SeramporeCollege.jpg|thumb|left|Serampore College]]',
72 => 'In 1818, the mission founded [[Serampore College]] to train indigenous ministers for the growing church and to provide education in the arts and sciences to anyone regardless of caste or country. [[Frederick VI of Denmark|Frederick VI]], [[King of Denmark]], granted a royal charter in 1827 that made the college a degree-granting institution, the first in Asia.<ref>The [[Senate of Serampore College (University) |Senate of Serampore College]]</ref>',
73 => '',
74 => 'In 1820 Carey founded the [[Agri Horticultural Society of India]] at [[Alipore]], Calcutta, supporting his enthusiasm for botany. When [[William Roxburgh]] went on leave, Carey was entrusted to maintain the Botanical Garden at Calcutta. The genus ''[[Careya]]'' was named after him.<ref>{{cite book| title= William Carey| last =Culross | first = James| publisher=A.C. Armstrong & Son| place= New York | year=1882|page=190|url= https://archive.org/stream/williamcarey00culr#page/190/mode/1up/}}</ref>{{botanist |Carey|Carey, William}}',
75 => '',
76 => 'Carey's second wife, Charlotte, died in 1821, followed by his eldest son Felix. In 1823 he married a third time, to a widow named Grace Hughes.',
77 => '',
78 => 'Internal dissent and resentment was growing within the Missionary Society as its numbers grew, the older missionaries died, and they were replaced by less experienced men. Some new missionaries arrived who were not willing to live in the communal fashion that had developed, one going so far as to demand "a separate house, stable and servants." Unused to the rigorous work ethic of Carey, Ward, and Marshman, the new missionaries thought their seniors – particularly Marshman – to be somewhat dictatorial, assigning them work not to their liking.',
79 => '',
80 => 'Andrew Fuller, who had been secretary of the Society in England, had died in 1815, and his successor, John Dyer, was a bureaucrat who attempted to reorganise the Society along business lines and manage every detail of the Serampore mission from England. Their differences proved to be irreconcilable, and Carey formally severed ties with the missionary society he had founded, leaving the mission property and moving onto the college grounds. He lived a quiet life until his death in 1834, revising his Bengali Bible, preaching, and teaching students. The couch on which he died, on 9 June 1834, is now housed at [[Regent's Park College]], the Baptist [[Permanent Private Hall|hall]] of the [[University of Oxford]].',
81 => '',
82 => '===Life in India===',
83 => 'Much of what is known about Carey's activities in [[Indian subcontinent|India]] is from missionary reports sent back home. Historians such as Comaroffs, Thorne, Van der Veer and Brian Pennington note that the representation of India in these reports must be examined in their context and with care for its evangelical and colonial ideology.<ref name=bkp2/> The reports by Carey were conditioned by his background, personal factors and his own religious beliefs. The polemic notes and observations of Carey, and his colleague William Ward, were in a community suffering from [[extreme poverty]] and [[epidemic]]s, and they constructed a view of the [[culture of India]] and Hinduism in light of their missionary goals.<ref name=bkp2/><ref>Robert Eric Frykenberg and Alaine M. Low (2003), Christians and Missionaries in India, pp. 156–157, {{ISBN|978-0-8028-3956-5}}</ref> These reports were by those who had declared their conviction in foreign missionary work, and the letters describe experiences of foreigners who were resented by both the Indian populace as well as European officials and competing Christian groups. Their accounts of culture and Hinduism were forged in [[Bengal]] that was physically, politically and spiritually difficult to preach in.<ref name=bkp2/> Pennington summarises the accounts reported by Carey and his colleagues as follows,',
84 => '',
85 => '{{cquote|Plagued with anxieties and fears about their own health, regularly reminded of colleagues who had lost their lives or reason, uncertain of their own social location, and preaching to crowds whose reactions ranged from indifference to amusement to hostility, missionaries found expression for their darker misgivings in their production of what is surely part of their speckled legacy: a fabricated Hinduism crazed by blood-lust and devoted to the service of devils.<ref name=bkp2>Brian K. Pennington (2005), Was Hinduism Invented?: Britons, Indians, and the Colonial Construction, pp. 76–77, Oxford University Press</ref>}}',
86 => '',
87 => 'Carey recommended that British people in India should learn and interpret Sanskrit in a manner "compatible with colonial aims",<ref name=sn1>Silvia Nagy (2010), ''Colonization Or Globalization?: Postcolonial Explorations of Imperial Expansion'', p. 62, {{ISBN|978-073-91-31763}}</ref> writing that "to gain the ear of those who are thus deceived, it is necessary for them to believe that the speaker has a superior knowledge of the subject. In these circumstances, knowledge of Sanskrit is valuable."<ref name= sn1/> According to Indian historian V. Rao, Carey lacked understanding and respect for Indian culture, with him describing [[Music of India|Indian music]] as "disgusting" and bringing to mind practices "dishonorable" to [[God in Christianity|God]]. Such attitudes affected the literature authored by Carey and his colleagues.<ref name=vr1/>',
88 => '',
89 => '==Family history==',
90 => 'Biographies of Carey, such as those by F. D. Walker<ref>Frank Deauville Walker, ''William Carey'' (1925, repr. Chicago: Moody Press, 1980). {{ISBN|0-8024-9562-1}}.</ref> and J. B. Myers, only allude to Carey's distress caused by the mental illness and subsequent breakdown suffered by his wife, Dorothy, in the early years of their ministry in India. More recently, Beck's biography of Dorothy Carey paints a more detailed picture: William Carey uprooted his family from all that was familiar and sought to settle them in one of the most unlikely and difficult cultures in the world for an uneducated eighteenth century English peasant woman. Faced with enormous difficulties in adjusting to all of this change, she failed to make the adjustment emotionally and ultimately, mentally, and her husband seemed to be unable to help her through all of this because he just did not know what to do about it.<ref name="Beck, James R. 1992">Beck, James R. ''Dorothy Carey: The Tragic and Untold Story of Mrs. William Carey.'' Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1992. {{ISBN|0-8010-1030-6}}.</ref> Carey even wrote to his sisters in England on 5 October 1795, that "I have been for some time past in danger of losing my life. Jealousy is the great evil that haunts her mind."<ref>"Dorothy's Devastating Delusions," [http://ctlibrary.com/3918 Christian History & Biography], 1 October 1992.</ref>',
91 => '',
92 => 'Dorothy's mental breakdown ("at the same time William Carey was baptizing his first Indian convert and his son Felix, his wife was forcefully confined to her room, raving with madness"<ref>[http://www.bethelcollege.edu/academics/library/Archives/reflections/v2n1p25_28.pdf Book Review — Dorothy Carey: The Tragic And Untold Story Of Mrs. William Carey] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060915144241/http://www.bethelcollege.edu/academics/library/Archives/reflections/v2n1p25_28.pdf |date=15 September 2006 }}</ref>) led inevitably to other family problems. [[Joshua Marshman]] was appalled by the neglect with which Carey treated his four boys when he first met them in 1800. Aged 4, 7, 12 and 15, they were unmannered, undisciplined, and even uneducated.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}',
93 => '',
94 => '==Eschatology==',
95 => 'Besides [[Iain Murray (author)|Iain Murray]]'s study, ''The Puritan Hope'',<ref>Iain H. Murray, ''The Puritan Hope.'' Carlisle, PA: Banner of Truth, 1975. {{ISBN|0-85151-037-X}}.</ref> less attention has been paid in Carey's numerous biographies to his [[postmillennial]] [[eschatology]] as expressed in his major missionary manifesto, notably not even in [[Bruce J. Nichols]]' article "The Theology of William Carey."<ref>"The Theology of William Carey," ''Evangelical Review of Theology'' 17 (1993): 369–80.</ref> Carey was a [[Calvinist]].”<ref name=yeh13>{{cite book|last1=Yeh|first1=Allan|last2=Chun|first2=Chris|title=Expect Great Things, Attempt Great Things: William Carey and Adoniram Judson, Missionary Pioneers|page=13|publisher=Wipf and Stock|date=2013|isbn=9781610976145|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qzNNAwAAQBAJ }}</ref> and a [[postmillennialist]]. Even the two dissertations which discuss his achievements (by Oussoren<ref>Aalbertinus Hermen Oussoren, William Carey, Especially his Missionary Principles (Diss.: Freie Universität Amsterdam), (Leiden: A. W. Sijthoff, 1945).</ref> and Potts<ref>E. Daniels Potts. British Baptist Missionaries in India 1793–1837: The History of Serampore and its Missions, (Cambridge: University Press, 1967).</ref>) ignore large areas of his theology. Neither mention his eschatological views, which played a major role in his missionary zeal.<ref>D. James Kennedy, [http://www.coralridge.org/nem/NEMrelatedmessage.asp?dt=0627 "William Carey: Texts That Have Changed Lives"]: "It was the belief of these men that there was going to be ushered in by the proclamation of the Gospel a glorious golden age of Gospel submission on the part of the heathen. It is very interesting to note that theologically that is what is known as 'postmillennialism,' a view which is not very popular today, but was the view that animated all the men who were involved in the early missionary enterprise."</ref> One exception, found in James Beck's biography of his first wife,<ref name="Beck, James R. 1992" /> mentions his personal optimism in the chapter on "Attitudes Towards the Future," but not his optimistic perspective on world missions, which he derived from postmillennial theology.<ref>[[Thomas Schirrmacher]], ''[http://www.contra-mundum.org/schirrmacher/careypostmil.html William Carey, Postmillennialism and the Theology of World Missions]''</ref>',
96 => '',
97 => '==Translation, education and schools==',
98 => '[[File:William Carey Used Desk - Carey Museum - Serampore College - Hooghly 2017-07-06 0749.JPG|thumb|Carey's desk at the Serampore College]]',
99 => 'Carey devoted great efforts and time to the study not only of the common language of Bengali, but to many other Indian vernaculars including the ancient root language of [[Sanskrit]]. In collaboration with the [[Fort William College|College of Fort William]], Carey undertook the translation of the Hindu classics into English, beginning with the three-volume epic poem the [[Ramayana]]. He then translated the [[Bible]] into [[Bengali language|Bengali]], Oriya, Marathi, Hindi, Assamese, Sanskrit and parts of it into other dialects and languages.<ref name=britannica>{{cite web|title=William Carey|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Carey}}</ref> For 30 years Carey served in the college as the professor of Bengali, Sanskrit and Marathi,<ref name=britannica /><ref>{{cite book|last=Smith|first=George|author-link=George Smith (1833–1919)|title=The Life of William Carey, D.D.: Shoemaker and Missionary, Professor ..., Part 4|date=1885|publisher=R & R Clark, Edinburgh|pages=69–70}}</ref> publishing, in 1805, the first book on [[Marathi grammar]].<ref>{{Cite book|title = Language Change: Lexical Diffusion and Literacy|last = Rao|first = Goparaju Sambasiva|publisher = Academic Foundation|year = 1994|isbn = 978-81-7188-057-7|pages = 48 and 49|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141207082805/https://books.google.com/books?id=8Ben0lE61msC|archive-date = 7 December 2014|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8Ben0lE61msC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = A Grammar of the Marathi Language|last = Carey|first = William|publisher = Serampore Mission Press|year = 1805|isbn = 978-1-108-05631-1|location = Serampur|author-link = William Carey (missionary)}}</ref>',
100 => '',
101 => 'The [[Serampore Mission Press]] that Carey founded is credited as the only press which “consistently thought it important enough that costly fonts of type be cast for the irregular and neglected languages of the Indian people."<ref name=kopf71>{{cite book|last=Kopf|first=David|title= British Orientalism and the Renaissance: The Dynamics of Indian Modernization 1778-1835 |date=1969|publisher=Calcutta: Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay|pages=71, 78}}</ref> Carey and his team produced textbooks, dictionaries, classical literature and other publications which served primary school children, college-level students and the general public, including the first systematic Sanskrit grammar which served a model for later publications.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Brockington|first=John| date=1991–1992|title=William Carey's Significance as an Indologist|url= http://www.indologica.com/volumes/vol17-18/vol17-18_art05_BROCKINGTON.pdf |journal=Indologica Taurinensia – the Online Journal Of…Sanskrit Studies|volume=17-18|pages=87–88|access-date=January 29, 2017}}</ref>',
102 => '',
103 => 'In the latter 1700s and early 1800s in India, only children of certain social strata received education, and even that was limited to basic accounting and Hindu religion. Only the Brahmins and writer castes could read, and then only men, women being completely unschooled. Carey started [[Sunday School]]s in which children learned to read using the Bible as their textbook.<ref>Smith 1885, p. 150></ref> In 1794 Carey opened, at his own cost, what is considered the first primary school in all of India.<ref>Smith 1885, p. 148></ref> The public school system that Carey initiated expanded to include girls in an era when the education of the female was considered unthinkable. Carey's work is considered to have provided the starting point of what blossomed into the Christian Vernacular Education Society providing English medium education across India.<ref>Smith 1885, p. 102></ref>',
104 => '',
105 => '==Legacy and influence==',
106 => 'William Carey spent 41 years in India without a furlough. His mission could count only some 700 converts in a nation of millions but he had laid an impressive foundation of [[Bible translations]], education, and social reform.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/131christians/missionaries/carey.html?start=2|title=William Carey|publisher=[[Christianity Today]]|access-date=7 November 2016}}</ref> He has been referred to as the "father of modern [[Christian mission|missions]]",<ref name="Gonzalez, Justo L p. 306"/> and as "India's first cultural anthropologist."<ref name=kopf70>{{cite book|last=Kopf|first=David| author-link = David Kopf|title= British Orientalism and the Renaissance: The Dynamics of Indian Modernization 1778–1835 |date=1969|publisher=Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay|location=Calcutta|pages=70, 78}}</ref>',
107 => '',
108 => 'His teaching, translations, writings and publications, his educational establishments and influence in social reform are said to have “marked the turning point of Indian culture from a downward to an upward trend.” ',
109 => '{{Quote|text= [Carey] saw India not as a foreign country to be exploited, but as his heavenly Father’s land to be loved and saved... he believed in understanding and controlling nature instead of fearing, appeasing or worshipping it; in developing one’s intellect instead of killing it as mysticism taught. He emphasized enjoying literature and culture instead of shunning it as [[Maya (religion)|''maya'']].|author=[[Vishal Mangalwadi]]<ref name=mangalwadi24>{{cite book|last=Mangalwadi|first=Vishal|title=The Legacy of William Carey: A Model for the Transformation of a Culture|date=1999|isbn=978-1-58134-112-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/legacyofwilliamc0000mang/page/24 24–25]|url=https://archive.org/details/legacyofwilliamc0000mang/page/24}}</ref>}} Thus Carey contributed to the birth of [[Indian nationalism]].<ref name=mangalwadi24/>',
110 => '',
111 => 'Carey was instrumental in launching [[Serampore College]] in [[Serampore]].<ref name=yeh39>Yeh page=39</ref>',
112 => '',
113 => 'Carey's passionate insistence on change resulted in the founding of the [[BMS World Mission|Baptist Missionary Society]].<ref name=yeh117>{{cite book|last1=Yeh|first1=Allan|last2=Chun|first2=Chris|title=Expect Great Things, Attempt Great Things: William Carey and Adoniram Judson, Missionary Pioneers|page=117|publisher=Wipf and Stock|date=2013|isbn=9781610976145|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qzNNAwAAQBAJ }}</ref>',
114 => '',
115 => 'Carey has at least eleven schools named after him: William Carey Christian School (WCCS) in [[Sydney, NSW]], William Carey International University, founded in 1876 in [[Pasadena, California]], [[Carey Theological College]] in Vancouver, British Columbia, [[Carey Baptist College]] in [[Auckland]], New Zealand, [[Carey Baptist Grammar School]] in [[Melbourne, Victoria]], [[Carey College, Colombo|Carey College]] in [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka, [[William Carey University]], founded in [[Hattiesburg]], [[Mississippi]], in 1892,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wmcarey.edu/about-william-carey|title=About William Carey|publisher=William Carey University|access-date=26 January 2017}}</ref> and Carey Baptist College in [[Perth]], Australia. The William Carey Academy of [[Chittagong]], Bangladesh teaches both Bangladeshi and expatriate children, from kindergarten to grade 12, and the William Carey Memorial School, (A Co-ed English Medium), operates in Serampore, Hooghly. An English medium school named William Carey International School was established on 17 August 2008 in [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh.',
116 => '',
117 => '==Artefacts==',
118 => 'St James Church in Paulerspury, Northamptonshire, where Carey was christened and attended as a boy, has a William Carey display. Carey Baptist Church in Moulton, Northamptonshire, also has a display of artefacts related to William Carey, as well as the nearby cottage where he lived.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.thecareyexperience.co.uk/ |title=The Carey Experience|first= Matthew|last=Cooper |access-date= 7 November 2016}}</ref>',
119 => '',
120 => 'In Leicester, Harvey Lane Baptist Church, the last church in England where Carey served before he left for India, was destroyed by a fire in 1921. Carey's nearby cottage had served as a 'Memories of Carey' museum from 1915 until it was destroyed to make way for a new road system in 1968.<ref>{{Citation | publisher = Leicester | title = William Carey | work = Blue plaques | url = http://www.leicester.gov.uk/your-council-services/lc/growth-and-history/blueplaques/blueplaquespeople/williamcarey/}}.</ref> Artefacts from the museum were given to [[Central Baptist Church (Leicester)|Central Baptist Church]] in Charles Street, Leicester which houses the William Carey Museum.<ref name="visitleicester">{{cite web|url=https://www.visitleicester.info/whats-on/central-baptist-church-and-william-carey-museum-p753041|title=Central Baptist Church and William Carey Museum|website=Visit Leicester|access-date=March 1, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=William Carey Museum |url=https://www.central-baptist.org.uk/william-carey-museum |website=Central Baptist |access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref>',
121 => '',
122 => '[[Angus Library and Archive]] in Oxford holds the largest single collection of Carey letters as well as numerous artefacts such as his Bible and the sign from his cordwainer shop. There is a large collection of historical artefacts including letters, books, and other artefacts that belonged to Carey at the Center for Study of the Life and Work of William Carey at Donnell Hall on the [[William Carey University]] [[Hattiesburg]] campus.<ref>{{Citation | title = Center for Study of the Life and Work of William Carey | publisher = William Carey university | url = http://www.wmcarey.edu/carey/}}.</ref>',
123 => '',
124 => '==See also=='
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65 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312948#identifiers',
66 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n79065143'
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English Baptist missionary and a Particular Baptist minister</div>
<p>
See also Liam??
</p>
<table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks plainlist" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f8f9fa;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding-top:0.4em;line-height:1.2em">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Baptist_Christianity" title="Category:Baptist Christianity">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;padding-top:0;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0.2em 0 0.4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Baptism_logo.jpg" class="image" title="From Baptizing in the Jordan by Silas X. Floyd (1869-1923)"><img alt="From Baptizing in the Jordan by Silas X. Floyd (1869-1923)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Baptism_logo.jpg/150px-Baptism_logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Baptism_logo.jpg/225px-Baptism_logo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Baptism_logo.jpg/300px-Baptism_logo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="503" /></a></td></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(Baptist_minister)" title="John Smyth (Baptist minister)">John Smyth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Helwys" title="Thomas Helwys">Thomas Helwys</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams_(theologian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Williams (theologian)">Roger Williams</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Clarke_(Baptist_minister)" title="John Clarke (Baptist minister)">John Clarke</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Bunyan" title="John Bunyan">John Bunyan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shubal_Stearns" title="Shubal Stearns">Shubal Stearns</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fuller" title="Andrew Fuller">Andrew Fuller</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Spurgeon" title="Charles Spurgeon">Charles Spurgeon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/D._N._Jackson" title="D. N. Jackson">D. N. Jackson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James_Robinson_Graves" title="James Robinson Graves">James Robinson Graves</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Bullein_Johnson" title="William Bullein Johnson">William Bullein Johnson</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William Carey</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Rice" title="Luther Rice">Luther Rice</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Baptist_denominations" title="List of Baptist denominations">Baptist denominations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Baptist_colleges_and_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Baptist colleges and universities">Baptist colleges and universities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_World_Alliance" title="Baptist World Alliance">Baptist World Alliance</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Christians" title="Bengali Christians">Bengali Christians</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bettiah_Christians" title="Bettiah Christians">Bettiah Christians</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Christians" title="Marathi Christians">Marathi Christians</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Mizoram" title="History of Christianity in Mizoram">Mizo Christians</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nagaland" title="Christianity in Nagaland">Naga Christians</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Christians" title="Punjabi Christians">Punjabi Christians</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Christians" title="Telugu Christians">Telugu Christians</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
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<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background:lavender;text-align:center;">People</div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Saint Thomas the Apostle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Alphonsa" title="Saint Alphonsa">Saint Alphonsa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Saint Francis Xavier</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gonsalo_Garcia" title="Gonsalo Garcia">Saint Gonsalo Garcia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Euphrasia_Eluvathingal" title="Euphrasia Eluvathingal">Saint Euphrasia Eluvathingal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kuriakose_Elias_Chavara" title="Kuriakose Elias Chavara">Saint Kuriakose Elias Chavara</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Saint Mother Teresa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Devasahayam_Pillai" title="Devasahayam Pillai">Bl.Devasahayam Pillai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Sabor_and_Mar_Proth" title="Mar Sabor and Mar Proth">Mar Sabor and Mar Proth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eldho_Mor_Baselios" class="mw-redirect" title="Eldho Mor Baselios">Mar Baselios Eldho</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paremmakkal_Thoma_Kathanar" title="Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar">Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Cana" title="Thomas of Cana">Thomas of Cana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Elias_III" title="Ignatius Elias III">Ignatius Elias III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Parumala_Thirumeni" class="mw-redirect" title="Parumala Thirumeni">Mar Gregorios of Parumala</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Varghese_Payyappilly_Palakkappilly" title="Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly">Mar Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_C._Panjikaran" title="Joseph C. Panjikaran">Mar Joseph C. Panjikaran</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mathews_Mar_Athanasius_Metropolitan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathews Mar Athanasius Metropolitan">Mathews Mar Athanasius Metropolitan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geevarghese_Mar_Dionysius_of_Vattasseril" class="mw-redirect" title="Geevarghese Mar Dionysius of Vattasseril">Mar Geevarghese Dionysius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Malpan" title="Abraham Malpan">Abraham Malpan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Maria_Bernini" title="Giuseppe Maria Bernini">Giuseppe Maria Bernini</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu_Sundar_Singh" title="Sadhu Sundar Singh">Sadhu Sundar Singh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Palackal_Thoma_Malpan" class="mw-redirect" title="Palackal Thoma Malpan">Palackal Thoma Malpan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Augustine_Kandathil" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar Augustine Kandathil">Mar Augustine Kandathil</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William Carey</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/K._C._John" title="K. C. John">K. C. John</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
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<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background:lavender;text-align:center;">Denominations</div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><div class="plainlist" style="padding-top:0.3em;">
<p><u><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christian_denominations" title="Saint Thomas Christian denominations">Saint Thomas Christian denominations</a></b></u><br />
</p>
<ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_India" title="Catholic Church in India">Catholic</a></b></i><br /></li></ul>
<p><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Catholic Church">Latin Catholic</a>
</p>
<ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a></b></i><br /></li></ul>
<p><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_Syrian_Christian_Church" title="Jacobite Syrian Christian Church">Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><i><b>Independent Oriential Orthodox</b></i><br /></dd></dl>
<p><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Independent_Syrian_Church" title="Malabar Independent Syrian Church">Malabar Independent Syrian Church</a>
</p>
<ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></b></i><br /></li></ul>
<p><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Syrian_Church" title="Chaldean Syrian Church">Chaldean Syrian</a>
</p>
<ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Oriental Protestant Christian</a></b></i><br /></li></ul>
<p><a href="/wiki/Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church" title="Mar Thoma Syrian Church">Mar Thoma Syrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Evangelical_Church_of_India" title="St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India">St. Thomas Evangelical</a>
</p><p><u><b><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_India" title="Protestantism in India">Protestant denominations</a></b></u><br />
<a href="/wiki/Andhra_Evangelical_Lutheran_Church" title="Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church">Andhra Evangelical Lutheran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assemblies_Jehovah_Shammah" title="Assemblies Jehovah Shammah">Assemblies Jehovah Shammah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Revival_Church" title="Christian Revival Church">Christian Revival Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_North_India" title="Church of North India">Church of North India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_South_India" title="Church of South India">Church of South India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garo_Baptist_Convention" title="Garo Baptist Convention">Garo Baptist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Brethren" title="Indian Brethren">Indian Brethren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Pentecostal_Church_of_God" title="Indian Pentecostal Church of God">Indian Pentecostal Church of God</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Full_Gospel)_in_India" title="Church of God (Full Gospel) in India">Church of God (Full Gospel)</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Bank_Baptist_Christian_Association" title="North Bank Baptist Christian Association">North Bank Baptist Christian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Evangelical_Lutheran_Church" title="Northern Evangelical Lutheran Church">Northern Evangelical Lutheran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_in_India" title="Methodist Church in India">Methodist Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_India" title="Presbyterian Church of India">Presbyterian</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Pentecostal_Mission" title="The Pentecostal Mission">The Pentecostal Mission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Evangelical_Lutheran_Churches_in_India" title="United Evangelical Lutheran Churches in India">United Evangelical Lutheran</a>
</p>
</div></div></div></td>
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<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background:lavender;text-align:center;">Organisations</div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Churches_in_India" title="National Council of Churches in India">National Council of Churches in India</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Conference_of_Indian_Christians" title="All India Conference of Indian Christians">All India Conference of Indian Christians</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Catholic_Union" title="All India Catholic Union">All India Catholic Union</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carey_Baptist_Church" title="Carey Baptist Church">Carey Baptist Church</a> in Reading, England</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carey_Saheber_Munshi" title="Carey Saheber Munshi">Carey Saheber Munshi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Carey_University,_Meghalaya" title="William Carey University, Meghalaya">William Carey University, Meghalaya</a></li></ul>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Carey_(missionary)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Carey_(missionary)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li>Chatterjee, Sunil Kumar. <i>William Carey and Serampore</i>, Calcutta, Ghosh publishing concern, 1984.</li>
<li>Daniel, J.T.K.and Hedlund, R.E. (ed.). <i>Carey's Obligation and Indian Renaissance</i>, Serampore, Council of Serampore College, 1993.</li>
<li>M.M. Thomas. <i>Significance of William Carey for India today</i>, Makkada, Marthoma Diocesan Centre, 1993.</li>
<li>Beck, James R. <i>Dorothy Carey: The Tragic and Untold Story of Mrs. William Carey.</i> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Rapids">Grand Rapids</a>: Baker Book House, 1992.</li>
<li>Carey, William. <i>An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians to Use Means for the Conversion of the Heathens.</i> <a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a>: A. Ireland, 1791.</li></ul>
<ul><li><span class="citation gutenberg"> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/11449">An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians to Use Means for the Conversion of the Heathens</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></span></li>
<li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r999302996">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Carey, William"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Carey,_William">"Carey, William" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. <b>5</b> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Carey%2C+William&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Carey+%28missionary%29" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFLane-Poole1887" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lane-Poole, Stanley (1887). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Carey, William (1761-1834)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Carey,_William_(1761-1834)">"Carey, William (1761-1834)" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Stephen" title="Leslie Stephen">Stephen, Leslie</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. <b>9</b>. London: Smith, Elder & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Carey%2C+William+%281761-1834%29&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1887&rft.aulast=Lane-Poole&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Carey+%28missionary%29" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li>Marshman, John Clark. <i>Life and Times of Carey, Marshman and Ward Embracing the History of the Serampore Mission.</i> 2 vols. London: Longman, 1859.</li>
<li>Murray, Iain. <i>The Puritan Hope: Revival and the Interpretation of Prophecy.</i> <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>: Banner of Truth Trust, 1971.</li>
<li>Nicholls, Bruce J. "The Theology of William Carey." In <i>Evangelical Review of Theology</i> 17 (1993): 372.</li>
<li>Oussoren, Aalbertinus Hermen. <i>William Carey, Especially his Missionary Principles.</i> <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: A. W. Sijthoff, 1945.</li>
<li>Potts, E. Daniels. <i>British Baptist Missionaries in India 1793–1837: The History of Serampore and its Missions.</i> <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: University Press, 1967.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_Smith_(1833%E2%80%931919)" title="George Smith (1833–1919)">Smith, George</a>. <i>The Life of William Carey: Shoemaker and Missionary.</i> London: Murray, 1887.</li></ul>
<ul><li><span class="citation gutenberg"> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2056">The Life of William Carey: Shoemaker and Missionary</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></span></li>
<li>Walker, F. Deauville. <i>William Carey: Missionary Pioneer and Statesman.</i> Chicago: Moody, 1951.</li>
<li>Dutta, Sutapa. <i>British Women Missionaries in Bengal, 1793-1861.</i> U.K.: Anthem Press, 2017.</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Carey_(missionary)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li>Carey, Eustace – Memoir of William Carey, D. D. Late missionary to Bengal, Professor of Oriental Languages in the College of Fort William, Calcutta. 1837, 2nd Edition, Jackson & Walford: London.</li>
<li>Carey, S. Pearce – William Carey "The Father of Modern Missions", edited by Peter Masters, Wakeman Trust, London, 1993 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-870855-14-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-870855-14-0">1-870855-14-0</a></li>
<li>Cule, W.E. – The Bells of Moulton, The Carey Press, 1942 (Children's biography)</li>
<li>A Grammar of the Bengalee Language (1801)</li>
<li>Kathopakathan [কথোপকথন] (i.e. "Conversations") (1801)</li>
<li>Itihasmala [ইতিহাসমালা] (i.e. "Chronicles") (1812)</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Carey_(missionary)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://piddingtonchurch.blogspot.co.uk/">The Church of St John the Baptist, Piddington</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wholesomewords.org/missions/icarey.html">William Carey biographies</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wmcarey.edu/carey">Center for the study of the life and work of William Carey, USA</a> includes <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wmcarey.edu/carey/links/full_texts.htm">Works by and about Carey</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/author/Carey,+William">Works by William Carey</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Carey%2C%20William%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22William%20Carey%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Carey%2C%20William%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22William%20Carey%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Carey%2C%20W%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22William%20Carey%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Carey%2C%20William%22%20OR%20description%3A%22William%20Carey%22%29%20OR%20%28%221761-1834%22%20AND%20Carey%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about William Carey</a> at <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecareyexperience.co.uk/paulerspury.htm">The William Carey Experience</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150314140253/http://www.central-baptist.org.uk/Carey_Exhibition.html">The Carey Exhibition</a>, Central Baptist Church, Leicester</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://missionarycare.com/what-about-dorothy.html">Missionary Marriage Issues: What About Dorothy?</a></li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Protestant_missions_to_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Protestant_missions_to_India" title="Template:Protestant missions to India"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Protestant_missions_to_India" title="Template talk:Protestant missions to India"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Protestant_missions_to_India&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Protestant_missions_to_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Protestant missions to India</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas the Apostle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pantaenus" title="Pantaenus">Pantaenus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indian_history" title="Timeline of Indian history">Indian history</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Missions timeline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_India" title="Christianity in India">Christianity in India</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Protestant_missionaries_in_India" title="List of Protestant missionaries in India">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Oliver_Allen" title="David Oliver Allen">David Oliver Allen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Olaf_Bodding" title="Paul Olaf Bodding">Paul Olaf Bodding</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Mary_Brown" title="Edith Mary Brown">Edith Mary Brown</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Brown_(missionary)" title="Nathan Brown (missionary)">Nathan Brown</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Caldwell" title="Robert Caldwell">Robert Caldwell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/C._T._E._Rhenius" title="C. T. E. Rhenius">C. T. E. Rhenius</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William Carey</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Carmichael" title="Amy Carmichael">Amy Carmichael</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Margoschis" title="Arthur Margoschis">Arthur Margoschis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Cook" title="Robert F. Cook">Robert F. Cook</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Duff_(missionary)" title="Alexander Duff (missionary)">Alexander Duff</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Norris_Groves" title="Anthony Norris Groves">Anthony Norris Groves</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Gundert" title="Hermann Gundert">Hermann Gundert</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Nelson_Hyde" title="John Nelson Hyde">John Hyde</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/E._Stanley_Jones" title="E. Stanley Jones">E. Stanley Jones</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jones_(missionary)" title="Thomas Jones (missionary)">Thomas Jones</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Knill" title="Richard Knill">Richard Knill</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Marshman" title="Hannah Marshman">Hannah Marshman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Clark_Marshman" title="John Clark Marshman">John Clark Marshman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Marshman" title="Joshua Marshman">Joshua Marshman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Martyn" title="Henry Martyn">Henry Martyn</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Donald_McGavran" title="Donald McGavran">Donald McGavran</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James_Mudge" title="James Mudge">James Mudge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Volbrecht_Nagel" title="Volbrecht Nagel">Volbrecht Nagel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_Uglow_Pope" title="George Uglow Pope">George Uglow Pope</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Rice" title="Luther Rice">Luther Rice</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Robinson_(bishop)" title="John Edward Robinson (bishop)">John Edward Robinson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Daniel_Rockey" title="Clement Daniel Rockey">Clement Daniel Rockey</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Friedrich_Schwarz" title="Christian Friedrich Schwarz">Christian Friedrich Schwarz</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scudder_family_of_missionaries_in_India" title="Scudder family of missionaries in India">Scudder Family</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Serampore_Trio" title="Serampore Trio">Serampore Trio</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Olsen_Skrefsrud" title="Lars Olsen Skrefsrud">Lars Olsen Skrefsrud</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Somervell" title="Howard Somervell">Howard Somervell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Staines" title="Graham Staines">Graham Staines</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sturge" title="Alfred Sturge">Alfred Sturge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James_Mills_Thoburn" title="James Mills Thoburn">James Mills Thoburn</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Tyndale-Biscoe" title="Cecil Tyndale-Biscoe">Cecil Tyndale-Biscoe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Ward_(missionary)" title="William Ward (missionary)">William Ward</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bartholom%C3%A4us_Ziegenbalg" title="Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg">Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Paton_(ecumenist)" title="William Paton (ecumenist)">William Paton</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Christian_College" title="Andhra Christian College">Andhra Christian College</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eccles_Establishment" title="Eccles Establishment">Eccles Establishment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Missionary_Society_of_Mayurbhanj" title="Evangelical Missionary Society of Mayurbhanj">Evangelical Missionary Society of Mayurbhanj</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gossner_Theological_College" title="Gossner Theological College">Gossner Theological College</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Madras_Christian_College" title="Madras Christian College">Madras Christian College</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Serampore_College" title="Serampore College">Serampore College</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Church_College" title="Scottish Church College">Scottish Church College</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Christian_College" title="Scott Christian College">Scott Christian College</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_College,_Delhi" title="St. Stephen's College, Delhi">St. Stephen's College</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_College,_Mumbai" title="Wilson College, Mumbai">Wilson College</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missionary agencies</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Baptist_International_Ministries" title="American Baptist International Ministries">American Baptist Foreign Mission Society</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions" title="American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions">American Board</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Baptist_Missionary_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Baptist Missionary Society">Australian Baptist Missionary Society</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/BMS_World_Mission" title="BMS World Mission">Baptist Missionary Society</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Baptist_Mission" title="Canadian Baptist Mission">Canadian Baptist Mission</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England_Zenana_Missionary_Society" title="Church of England Zenana Missionary Society">Church of England Zenana Missionary Society</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Church_Mission_Society" title="Church Mission Society">Church Mission Society</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Church_of_Scotland" title="General Assembly of the Church of Scotland">Scottish General Assembly</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/London_Missionary_Society" title="London Missionary Society">London Missionary Society</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mission_to_the_World" title="Mission to the World">Mission to the World</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_Union_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist Union of New Zealand">New Zealand Baptist Missionary Society</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_Society_Partners_in_the_Gospel" title="United Society Partners in the Gospel">United Society Partners in the Gospel</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pivotal events</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi_in_reports_by_Christian_missionaries" title="Ayyavazhi in reports by Christian missionaries">Interactions with Ayyavazhi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian Protestants</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Mohan_Banerjee" title="Krishna Mohan Banerjee">Krishna Mohan Banerjee</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jashwant_Rao_Chitambar" title="Jashwant Rao Chitambar">Jashwant Rao Chitambar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/P._C._John" title="P. C. John">P. C. John</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/A._B._Masilamani" title="A. B. Masilamani">A. B. Masilamani</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Premasagar" title="Victor Premasagar">Victor Premasagar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pandita_Ramabai" title="Pandita Ramabai">Pandita Ramabai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bakht_Singh" title="Bakht Singh">Bakht Singh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu_Sundar_Singh" title="Sadhu Sundar Singh">Sadhu Sundar Singh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Y._D._Tiwari" title="Y. D. Tiwari">Y. D. Tiwari</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1611131077 |