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{{Redirect|Saint Michael}}
{{Infobox saint
|honorific_prefix = [[Saint]]
|name = Michael
|honorific_suffix =
|image = File:Luca Giordano - The Fall of the Rebel Angels - Google Art Project.jpg
|imagesize =
|caption = Saint Michael in ''The Fall of the Rebel Angels'' by [[Luca Giordano]]
|titles = Archangel, Prince (Commander) of the Heavenly Host
|feast_day = * '''29 September''' ("[[Michaelmas]]" - [[Catholic Church]], [[Anglican Communion]] and [[Lutheranism]])
* '''8 November''' (New Calendar [[Eastern Orthodox Churches]])
* '''8 November''' ([[Eastern Catholic Churches]])
* '''21 November''' (Old Calendar Eastern Orthodox Churches)
* '''12th of each month in [[Coptic calendar]]''' (Coptic Churches)
* Many other local and historical feasts
|beatified_by =
|canonized_place =
|canonized_by =
|major_shrine =[[Mont-Saint-Michel]], [[Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo|The Sanctuary of Saint Michael the Archangel]]
|attributes = banner, [[weighing scale|scales]], weighing souls, sword, slaying Satan or a dragon
|patronage = Protector of the Jewish people,<ref name="Bible gateway, Daniel 12:1">{{cite web|url=http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=daniel%2012;&version=31 |title=Bible gateway, Daniel 12:1 |publisher=Biblegateway.com |access-date=2010-07-21}}</ref> Guardian of the Catholic Church,<ref name=Alban >[[Alban Butler]], ''The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and Other Principal Saints''. 12 vols. B. Dornin, 1821; p. 117</ref> Vatican City<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.news.va/en/news/benedict-xvi-joins-pope-francis-in-consecrating-va |title=Benedict XVI joins Pope Francis in consecrating Vatican to St Michael Archangel |publisher=news.va |access-date=2013-07-05 |archive-date=2017-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709154017/http://www.news.va/en/news/benedict-xvi-joins-pope-francis-in-consecrating-va |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=308 |title=St. Michael, the Archangel – Saints & Angels |publisher=Catholic.org |access-date=2012-12-27}}</ref> [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Normandy]], [[Poor souls]], against lightningstroke and windstorm<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.donaukurier.de/archiv/erzengel-teufelsbezwinger-und-beliebter-schutzpatron-3625816 | title=Erzengel, Teufelsbezwinger und beliebter Schutzpatron }}</ref>
|issues =
|venerated_in = [[Judaism]]<br />All [[Christian denomination]]s which [[veneration of saints|venerate saints]]<br />[[Islam]]
[[Baháʼí Faith]]
}}
'''Michael''',{{#tag:ref|({{IPA-he|mixaˈʔel|lang}}; {{lang-he|מִיכָאֵל|lit=Who is like El [God]?|translit=Mīḵāʾēl}}; {{lang-el|Μιχαήλ|translit=Mikhaḗl}}; {{lang-la|Michahel}}; {{lang-ar|ميخائيل ، مِيكَالَ ، ميكائيل|translit=Mīkāʾīl, Mīkāl, Mīkhāʾīl}})|group="Notes"}} also called '''Saint Michael the Archangel''', '''Archangel Michael''' and '''Saint Michael the [[Taxiarch]]'''<ref> [https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22St.%20Michael%20the%20Taxiarch%22&sin=TXT/ It is so called in the Orthodox Church.]</ref> is an [[archangel]] in [[Judaism]], [[Christianity]], [[Islam]], and the [[Baha'i faith]]. The earliest surviving mentions of his name are in 3rd and 2nd-century BC Jewish works, often but not always apocalyptic, where he is the chief of the [[angels]] and [[archangels]], and he is the guardian prince of Israel and is responsible for the care of [[Israel]].{{sfn|Asale|2020|p=55}}{{sfn|Hannah|2011|p=33-54}}{{sfn|Hannah|2011|p=33}}{{sfn|Barnes|1993|p=54}} Christianity adopted nearly all the Jewish traditions concerning him,{{sfn|Hannah|2011|p=54}} and he is mentioned explicitly in [[Revelation 12]]:7–12,<ref>{{bibleverse|Revelation|12:7-12}}</ref> where he does battle with Satan,{{sfn|Bromiley|1971|p=156-157}} and in the [[Epistle of Jude]], where the author denounces heretics by contrasting them with Michael.{{sfn|Hannah|2011|p=46}}
== Second Temple Jewish writings ==
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[[File:Guido Reni 031.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Guido Reni]]'s Michael (in [[Santa Maria della Concezione dei Cappuccini|Santa Maria della Concezione]] church, Rome, 1636) tramples Satan. A mosaic of the same painting decorates ''St. Michael's Altar'' in [[St. Peter's Basilica]].]]
The earliest surviving mention of Michael is in a 3rd century BC Jewish apocalypse, the [[Book of Enoch]].{{sfn|Hannah|2011|p=33}}
This lists him as one of seven archangels (the remaining names are [[Uriel]], [[Raguel (angel)|Raguel]], [[Raphael (archangel)|Raphael]], [[Sariel]], [[Gabriel]], and [[Remiel]]), who, according to a slightly later work, the [[Book of Tobit]], "stand ready and enter before the glory of the Lord".{{sfn|Barnes|1993|p=54}} The fact that Michael is introduced in both works without explanation implies that readers already knew him and the other named angels, which in turn implies that they are earlier than the late 3rd century BC (the earliest possible date of the relevant passages in the Book of Enoch), but although their origins remain a matter for speculation there is no evidence that they are older than the [[Hellenistic period]].{{sfn|Hannah|2011|p=33}}{{sfn|Collins|1999|p=339}} He is mentioned again in [[Daniel's final vision|last chapters of the Book of Daniel]], a Jewish apocalypse composed in the 2nd century BC although set in the 6th, in which a man clothed in linen (never identified, but probably the archangel [[Gabriel]]) tells Daniel that he and "Michael, your prince" are engaged in a battle with the "[[Territorial spirit#Daniel 10|prince of Persia]]", after which, at the end-time, "Michael, the great prince who protects your people, will arise".{{sfn|Collins|1984|pp=34-36}}{{sfn|Hill|2008|p=176}}
Enoch was instrumental in establishing the pre-eminent place of Michael among the angels or archangels, and in later Jewish works he is said to be their chief, mediating the [[Torah]] (the law of God) and standing at the right hand of the throne of God.{{sfn|Asale|2020|p=55}} In the traditions of the [[Qumran]] community he defends or leads the people of God in the eschatological (i.e., end-time) battle,{{sfn|Fahlbusch|1999|p=674}} and in other writings he is responsible for the care of Israel (and he may be the "one like a son of man" mentioned in Daniel 7:13–14) and the commander of the heavenly armies; he is Israel's advocate contesting Satan's claim to the body of Moses; he intercedes between God and humanity and serves as High Priest in the heavenly sanctuary; and he accompanies the souls of the righteous dead to Paradise.{{sfn|Hannah|2011|p=33-54}}
== New Testament ==
[[File:Anónimo - San Miguel Arcángel, 1708.jpg|thumb|''Saint Michael, Archangel'', painting from Melchor Pérez de Holguín, (1708)]]
The seven archangels (or four - the traditions differ but always include Michael) were associated with the branches of the [[Temple menorah|menorah]], the sacred seven-branched lampstand in the Temple as the seven spirits before the throne of God, and this is reflected in the [[Revelation of John]] 4:5 ("From the throne came flashes of lightning, and rumblings and peals of thunder, and before the throne were burning seven torches of fire, which are the seven spirits of God" - ESV).{{sfn|Barker|2006|p=123}} Michael is mentioned explicitly in Revelation 12:7-12, where he does battle with Satan and casts him out of heaven so that he no longer has access to God as accuser (his formal role in the Old Testament).{{sfn|Bromiley|1971|p=156-157}} The fall of Satan at the coming of Jesus marks the separation of the New Testament from Judaism.{{sfn|Bromiley|1971|p=157}} In [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]] 22:31 Jesus tells Peter that Satan has asked God for permission to "sift" the disciples, the goal being to accuse them, but the accusation is opposed by Jesus, who thus takes on the role played by angels, and especially by Michael, in Judaism.{{sfn|Bromiley|1971|p=156}}
Michael is mentioned by name for the second time in the [[Epistle of Jude]], a passionate plea for believers in Christ to do battle against heresy.{{sfn|Green|2008|p=18}} In verses 9-10 the author denounces the heretics by contrasting them with the archangel Michael, who, disputing with Satan over the body of Moses, "did not presume to pronounce the verdict of 'slander' but said, 'The Lord punish you!'{{sfn|Green|2008|p=79}}
== Quran and other Muslim traditions ==
Michael is called Mika'il in Muslim works generally, but in the one instance in which he is mentioned in the Quran he is called Mikal.{{sfn|Hughes|1885|p=348}} The single Quranic mention comes in the QS 2:98, when the Jews of Medina challenged Muhammed to tell them the name of the angel from whom he received his revelations; when he told them it was Gabriel, the Jews said that Gabriel was their enemy, and that revelations came from Michael.{{sfn|Noegel|Wheeler|2002|p=218}} The [[hadith]] (sayings of and about the Prophet collected by his followers) quote Muhammed mentioning both Gabriel and Michael as two angels who showed him Paradise and hell, and in the early years of Islam the Muslims recited the names of both in the obligatory daily prayers (the salat).{{sfn|Capmak|2017|p=1042}} The place of Michael, and some of the other archangels, is not clearly identified in the major sources, and among ordinary Muslims knowledge of them is drawn from non-Islamic sources, notably Jewish.{{sfn|Capmak|2017|p=1042}}. For further knowledge, Michael or Mika'il is not a archangel rather an angel as in the Holy book of the muslims, the Quran it is mentioned that they are angels who only exist to obey and worship Allah, The Almighty.
==Later traditions==
===Judaism===
[[File:Michael.svg|thumb|The name Michael in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]]]
According to [[rabbinic literature|rabbinic tradition]], Michael acted as the advocate of Israel, and sometimes had to fight with the princes of the other nations (Daniel 10:13) and particularly with the angel [[Samael]], Israel's accuser. Their enmity dates from the time Samael was thrown from heaven and tried to drag Michael down with him, necessitating God's intervention.<ref>[[Pirkei De-Rabbi Eliezer]] xxvi</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title = Jewish Encyclopedia – Michael | encyclopedia = Jewish Encyclopedia | url = http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=560&letter=M#1833 | access-date=2009-02-18}}</ref>
The idea that Michael was the advocate of the Jews became so prevalent that in spite of the rabbinical prohibition against appealing to angels as intermediaries between God and his people, he held a place in the Jewish liturgy: "When a man is in need he must pray directly to God, and neither to Michael nor to [[Gabriel]]."<ref>Yer. Ber. ix. 13a</ref> [[Jeremiah]] addresses a prayer to him.<ref>Baruch Apoc. Ethiopic, ix. 5</ref>
The [[rabbi]]s declare that Michael entered into his role of defender at the time of the biblical patriarchs. Rabbi Eliezer ben Jacob said he rescued [[Abraham]] from the furnace into which he had been thrown by [[Nimrod]] (Midrash Genesis Rabbah xliv. 16). Some say he was the "one that had escaped" (Genesis [[s:Bible (American Standard)/Genesis#14:13|14:13]]), who told Abraham that Lot had been taken captive (Midrash Pirke R. El.), and who protected Sarah from defilement by Abimelech.
Michael prevented [[Isaac]] from sacrifice by his father by substituting a ram in his place. He saved [[Jacob]], while yet in his mother's womb, from death by Samael.<ref>Midrash Abkir, in Yalḳ., Gen. 110</ref> He later prevented Laban from harming Jacob.(''[[Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer]]'', xxxvi).
The [[midrash]] ''[[Exodus Rabbah]]'' holds that Michael exercised his function of advocate of Israel at the time of [[the Exodus]] and destroyed [[Sennacherib]]'s army.<ref>Midrash Exodus Rabbah xviii. 5</ref>
===Christianity===
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====Early Christian views and devotions====
[[File:Michael4.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Statue of the Archangel Michael at the [[University of Bonn]], slaying Satan as a dragon; ''[[Quis ut Deus]]'' is inscribed on his shield]]
Michael was venerated as a healer in [[Phrygia]] (modern-day Turkey).<ref name="Cathenc">{{cite web|url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10275b.htm|title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: St. Michael the Archangel|website=www.newadvent.org}}</ref>
The earliest and most famous sanctuary to Michael in the ancient Near East was also associated with healing waters. It was the ''[[Michaelion]]'' built in the early 4th century by [[Constantine the Great]] at [[Chalcedon]], on the site of an earlier temple called ''Sosthenion''.<ref name=Richard >Richard Freeman Johnson (2005), ''Saint Michael the Archangel in Medieval English Legend'' {{ISBN|1-84383-128-7}}; pp. 33–34</ref>
[[Epiphanius of Salamis]] (c. 310–320 – 403) in his Coptic-Arabic ''Hexaemeron'' referred to Michael as a replacement of [[Satan]]. Accordingly, after Satan fell, Michael was appointed to the function Satan served when he was still one of the noble angels.<ref>Monferrer-Sala, J. P. (2014). "One More Time on the Arabized Nominal Form Iblīs", ''Studia Orientalia Electronica,'' 112, 55-70. Retrieved from https://journal.fi/store/article/view/9526 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803172624/https://journal.fi/store/article/view/9526 |date=2019-08-03 }}</ref>
A painting of the Archangel slaying a serpent became a major art piece at the Michaelion after Constantine defeated [[Licinius]] near there in 324. This contributed to the standard [[iconography]] that developed of the Archangel Michael as a [[warrior saint]] slaying a dragon.<ref name=Richard /> The Michaelion was a magnificent church and in time became a model for hundreds of other churches in [[Eastern Christianity]]; these spread devotions to the Archangel.<ref>[[Anna Jameson]] (2004), ''Sacred and Legendary Art'' {{ISBN|0-7661-8144-8}}; p. 92</ref>
In the 4th century, [[Basil the Great|Saint Basil the Great]]'s homily (''De Angelis'') placed Saint Michael over all the angels. He was called ''"Archangel"'' because he heralds other angels, the title Ἀρχανγέλος (archangelos) being used of him in [[Epistle of Jude|Jude]] 1:9.<ref name=Cathenc /> Into the 6th century, the view of Michael as a healer continued in Rome; after a plague, the sick slept at night in the church of ''[[Castel Sant'Angelo]]'' (dedicated to him for saving Rome), waiting for his manifestation.<ref name=Butler320 >Alban Butler, ''The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and other Principal Saints''. 12 vols. Dublin: James Duffy, 1866; p. 320</ref>
In the 6th century, the growth of devotions to Michael in the [[Western Church]] was expressed by the feasts dedicated to him, as recorded in the [[Leonine Sacramentary]]. The 7th-century [[Gelasian Sacramentary]] included the feast ''"S. Michaelis Archangeli"'', as did the 8th-century [[Sacramentary#The Gregorian Sacramentary|Gregorian Sacramentary]]. Some of these documents refer to a ''Basilica Archangeli'' (no longer extant) on [[via Salaria]] in Rome.<ref name=Cathenc />
The [[angelology]] of [[Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite|Pseudo-Dionysius]], which was widely read as of the 6th century, gave Michael a rank in the [[Hierarchy of angels|celestial hierarchy]]. Later, in the 13th century, others such as [[Bonaventure]] believed that he is the prince of the [[Seraphim]], the first of the nine angelic orders. According to [[Thomas Aquinas]] (''[[Summa Theologica|Summa]]'' Ia. 113.3), he is the Prince of the last and lowest choir, the Angels.<ref name=Cathenc />
====Catholicism====
{{For|Roman Catholic views and prayers|Saint Michael (Roman Catholic)}}
[[File:Jacopo vignali, san michele arcangelo libera le anime del purgatorio.jpg|thumb|upright| ''[[Saint Michael (Roman Catholic)#At the hour of death|Archangel Michael frees souls from purgatory]]'', by [[Jacopo Vignali]], 17th century]]
[[Catholic Church|Catholic]]s often refer to Michael as "Holy Michael, the Archangel"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.catholic.org/prayers/prayer.php?p=12|title=Holy Michael, the Archangel, Defend Us in Battle - Prayers|first=Catholic|last=Online|website=Catholic Online}}</ref> or "Saint Michael", a title that does not indicate [[Canonization|canonisation]]. He is generally referred to in Christian [[litany|litanies]] as "Saint Michael", as in the [[Litany of the Saints]]. In the shortened version used in the [[Easter Vigil]], he alone of the angels and archangels is mentioned by name, omitting saints [[Gabriel]] and [[Raphael (archangel)|Raphael]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Cadwallader+Michael+Chonai |first=Alan H.|last=Cadwallader|author2=Michael Trainor|title=Colossae in Space and Time|publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht|year=2011 |isbn=978-3-525-53397-0| page=323|access-date=2012-12-27}}</ref>
In [[Saint Michael (Roman Catholic)|Roman Catholic teachings]], Saint Michael has four main roles or offices.<ref name=Cathenc/> His first role is the leader of the Army of God and the leader of heaven's forces in their triumph over the powers of hell.<ref name=Donna60 >Donna-Marie O'Boyle, ''Catholic Saints Prayer Book'' OSV Publishing, 2008 {{ISBN|1-59276-285-9}} p. 60</ref> He is viewed as the angelic model for the virtues of the "spiritual warrior", his conflict with evil taken as "the battle within".{{sfn|Starr|2007|p=2}}
[[File:Stift Rein - Bibliothek, Antiphonale Cisterciense, Miniatur Erzengel Michael.jpg|thumb|left|upright|''St. Michael weighing souls during the [[Last Judgement]]'', ''Antiphonale Cisterciense'' (15th century), Abbey Bibliotheca, [[Rein Abbey, Austria]]]]
The second and third roles of Michael in Catholic teachings deal with death. In his second role, he is the angel of death, [[psychopomp|carrying the souls]] of Christians to heaven. In this role he descends at the hour of death, and gives each soul the chance to redeem itself before passing; thus consternating the devil and his minions. Catholic prayers often refer to this role of Michael. In his third role, he weighs souls on his perfectly balanced scales. For this reason, he is often depicted holding scales.{{sfn|Starr|2007|p=39}}
In his fourth role, Saint Michael, the special patron of the Chosen People in the Old Testament, is also the guardian of the church. Saint Michael was revered by the military orders of knights during the [[Middle Ages in history|Middle Ages]]. The names of villages around the [[Bay of Biscay]] express that history. This role also was why he was considered the patron saint of a number of cities and countries.{{sfn|Butler|1821|p=117}}<ref name="ReferenceA">Michael McGrath, ''Patrons and Protectors''. Liturgy Training, 2001. {{ISBN|1-56854-109-0}}.</ref>
Roman Catholicism includes traditions such as the ''[[Prayer to Saint Michael]],'' which specifically asks for the faithful to be "defended" by the saint.<ref>{{cite web |website=[[EWTN]] |title=Prayer to St Michael |url=http://www.ewtn.com/devotionals/prayers/michael.htm |access-date=2011-11-01 |archive-date=2019-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710020229/http://ewtn.com/Devotionals/prayers/michael.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Matthew Bunson, ''The Catholic Almanac's Guide to the Church'', OSV Publishing, 2001 {{ISBN|0-87973-914-2}} p. 315</ref><ref>Amy Welborn, ''The Words We Pray''. Loyola Press, 2004. {{ISBN|0-8294-1956-X}}, p. 101.</ref> The ''[[Chaplet of Saint Michael]]'' consists of nine salutations, one for each choir of angels.<ref name="Ann Ball p. 123">Ann Ball, ''2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices'' {{ISBN|0-87973-910-X}} p. 123</ref><ref>[[EWTN]] [http://www.ewtn.com/devotionals/prayers/chaplet-of-st-michael.htm "The Chaplet of St. Michael the Archangel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029165706/http://www.ewtn.com/Devotionals/prayers/chaplet-of-st-michael.htm |date=2010-10-29 }}"</ref>
=====Saint Michael the Archangel prayer=====
{{Main|Prayer to Saint Michael#In the Leonine Prayers}}
{{verse translation|lang=la
|<poem>
Sancte Míchael Archángele,
defénde nos in próelio;
contra nequítiam et insídias diáboli esto praesídium.
Imperet illi Deus, súpplices deprecámur,
tuque, Prínceps milítiae caeléstis,
Sátanam aliósque spíritus malígnos,
qui ad perditiónem animárum pervagántur in mundo,
divína virtúte, in inférnum detrúde.
Amen.<ref name="bollettino">{{Cite web |title=Holy See Press Office Communiqué |url=http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2018/09/29/180929d.html |access-date=2018-09-30 |website=press.vatican.va}}</ref>
</poem>
|<poem>
Blessed Michael, archangel,
defend us in the hour of conflict.
Be our safeguard against the wickedness and snares of the devil
(may God restrain him, we humbly pray):
and do thou, O Prince of the heavenly host,
by the power of God thrust Satan down to hell
and with him those other wicked spirits
who wander through the world for the ruin of souls.
Amen.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Joyce |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RFXCBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA80 |title=Ulysses |date=17 April 2008 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-162349-3 |page=80}}</ref>
</poem>
}}
====Eastern and Oriental Orthodoxy====
The [[Eastern Orthodox]] accord Michael the title ''Archistrategos'', or "Supreme Commander of the Heavenly Hosts".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Baun+%22Michael+Archistrategos%22 |first=Jane|last=Baun|title=Tales from Another Byzantium|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-521-82395-1|page=391 et passim |access-date=2012-12-27}}</ref> The Eastern Orthodox pray to their [[guardian angel]]s and above all to Michael and Gabriel.<ref>''Eastern Orthodox Theology: A Contemporary Reader'' by Daniel B. Clendenin (2003) {{ISBN|0801026512}}, p. 75</ref>
The Eastern Orthodox have always had strong devotions to angels. In contemporary times they are referred to by the term of "Bodiless Powers".<ref name="EOEnc" /> A number of feasts dedicated to Archangel Michael are celebrated by the Eastern Orthodox throughout the year.<ref name="EOEnc">''The Encyclopedia of Eastern Orthodox Christianity'', by John Anthony McGuckin (2011) {{ISBN|1405185392}} p. 30</ref>
Archangel Michael is mentioned in a number of Eastern Orthodox hymns and prayer, and his icons are widely used within Eastern Orthodox churches.<ref name="B16">''The Eastern Orthodox Church: Its Thought and Life'', by Ernst Benz (2008) {{ISBN|0202362981}}, p. 16</ref> In many Eastern Orthodox icons, Christ is accompanied by a number of angels, Michael being a predominant figure among them.<ref name="B16" />
In Russia, many monasteries, cathedrals, court and merchant churches are dedicated to the Chief Commander Michael; most Russian cities have a church or chapel dedicated to the Archangel Michael.<ref>''A Geography of Russia and Its Neighbors'', by Mikhail S. Blinnikov (2010) ISBN, p. 203</ref><ref>''Architectures of Russian Identity, 1500 to the Present'', by James Cracraft (2003) {{ISBN|0801488281}}, p. 42</ref>
While in the [[Serbian Orthodox Church]] [[Saint Sava]] has a special role as the establisher of its autocephaly and the largest Belgrade church is devoted to him, the capital [[Belgrade]]'s Orthodox [[cathedral]], the [[St. Michael's Cathedral, Belgrade|see church]] of the patriarch, is devoted to Archangel Michael (in Serbian: ''Арханђел Михаило'' / ''Arhanđel Mihailo'').
The place of Michael in the [[Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria]] is as a [[intercession of saints|saintly intercessor]]. He is the one who presents to God the prayers of the just, who accompanies the souls of the dead to heaven, who defeats the devil. He is celebrated liturgically on the 12th of each [[Coptic calendar|Coptic month]].<ref>''Two Thousand Years of Coptic Christianity'', by Otto Friedrich August Meinardus (2010) {{ISBN|977-424-757-4}} pp. 27, 117, 147</ref> In [[Alexandria]], a church was dedicated to him in the early fourth century on the 12th of the month of [[Paoni]]. The 12th of the month of [[Hathor (month)|Hathor]] is the celebration of Michael's appointment in heaven, where Michael became the chief of the angels.<ref>''Money, Land and Trade: An Economic History of the Muslim Mediterranean'', by Nelly Hanna (2002) {{ISBN|1-86064-699-9}}, p. 226</ref>
====Protestant views====
[[File:West Window, Church of the Good Shepherd (Rosemont, Pennsylvania).jpg|left|thumb|West window showing Michael in armour, Episcopal [[Church of the Good Shepherd (Rosemont, Pennsylvania)]] United States; memorial to the dead of the [[First World War]]]]
[[File:Erzengel Michael-Statue über dem Portal der St. Michaeliskirche Hamburg.jpg|thumb|Statue at [[St. Michaelis Church, Hamburg]]]]
Protestant denominations recognize Michael as an archangel. Within Protestantism, the [[Anglican]] and [[Methodist]] tradition recognizes four angels as archangels: Michael, [[Raphael (archangel)|Raphael]], [[Gabriel]], and [[Uriel]].<ref name="Armentrout2000">{{cite book|last=Armentrout|first=Don S.|title=An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church|date=1 January 2000|publisher=Church Publishing, Inc.|language=en|isbn=9780898697018|page=14}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Methodist New Connexion Magazine and Evangelical Repository, Volume XXXV, Third Series |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Q8EAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA493|year=1867|publisher=William Cooke|location=London|language=en|page=493}}</ref> Within [[Anglicanism]], the controversial bishop [[Robert Clayton (bishop)|Robert Clayton]] (died 1758) proposed that Michael was the [[Logos (Christianity)|Logos]] and Gabriel the [[Holy Spirit (Christianity)|Holy Spirit]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/anessayonspirit00clagoog|title=An essay on spirit|first=Robert|last=Clayton|date=February 13, 1751|publisher=London, printed: [etc.]|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Controversy over Clayton's views led the government to order his prosecution, but he died before his scheduled examination.<ref>[[s:Clayton, Robert (1695–1758) (DNB00)|''Dictionary of National Biography'': Clayton, Robert]]</ref><ref>John Walsh, Colin Haydon & Stephen Taylor, eds. (1993) ''The Church of England c. 1689 – c. 1833: from Toleration to Tractarianism''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press {{ISBN|0-521-41732-5}}; p. 47</ref>
The [[Lutheran Church]]es of [[St. Michael's Church, Hamburg]] and [[St. Michael's Church, Hildesheim]] are named for him. In [[Johann Sebastian Bach|Bach]]'s time, the annual feast of Michael and All the Angels on 29 September was regularly celebrated with a festive service in Lutheran churches, for which Bach composed several cantatas, for example the [[Chorale cantata (Bach)|chorale cantata]] ''[[Herr Gott, dich loben alle wir, BWV 130]]'' in 1724, [[Es erhub sich ein Streit, BWV 19|''Es erhub sich ein Streit'', BWV 19]], in 1726 and [[Man singet mit Freuden vom Sieg, BWV 149|''Man singet mit Freuden vom Sieg'', BWV 149]], in 1728 or 1729.
====Seventh-day Adventists====
{{See also|Seventh-day Adventist theology#Christ and the Archangel Michael|l1=Seventh-day Adventist, beliefs about Michael|Pre-existence of Christ}}
[[File:Le Grand Saint Michel, by Raffaello Sanzio, from C2RMF retouched.jpg|thumb|upright|''Le Grand Saint Michel'', 1518, by [[Raphael]] (Raffaello Sanzio), Archangel Michael defeating evil]]
[[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventists]] believe that "Michael" is but one of the many titles applied to the pre-existent Christ, or Son of God. According to Adventists, such a view does not in any way conflict with the belief in his full deity and eternal preexistence, nor does it in the least disparage his person and work.<ref>[http://www.sdanet.org/atissue/books/qod/index.htm Seventh-day Adventists Answer Questions on Doctrine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513084729/http://www.sdanet.org/atissue/books/qod/index.htm |date=2021-05-13 }}, Review and Herald Publishing Association, Washington, D.C., 1957. Chapter 8 "Christ, and Michael the Archangel".</ref> According to Adventist theology, Michael was considered the "eternal Word", and the one by whom all things were created. The Word was then born incarnate as Jesus.<ref>''Seventh Day Adventists: What do they believe?'' by Val Waldeck Pilgrim Publications (April 5, 2005) p. 16</ref>
They believe that name "Michael" signifies "One Who Is Like God" and that as the "Archangel" or "chief or head of the angels" he led the angels and thus the statement in [[s:Bible (American Standard)/Revelation 12:7–9|Revelation 12:7–9]] identifies Jesus as Michael.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adventistworld.org/article.php?id=787&search=law |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120724141630/http://www.adventistworld.org/article.php?id=787&search=law |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-07-24 |title=The Remnant |publisher=Adventist World |access-date=2011-12-05}}</ref>
====Jehovah's Witnesses====
{{See also|Jehovah's witnesses#Jesus|l1=Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs about Jesus}}
[[Jehovah's Witnesses]] believe Michael to be another name for [[Pre-existence of Christ|Jesus in heaven]], in his pre-human and post-resurrection existence.<ref name="autogenerated218">Reasoning from the Scriptures, 1985, Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, p. 218</ref> They say the definite article at Jude 9<ref>{{Bibleverse|Jude|9|ESV}}</ref>—referring to "Michael the archangel"—identifies Michael as the only archangel. They consider Michael to be synonymous with Christ, described at 1 Thessalonians 4:16<ref>{{Bibleverse|1|Thessalonians|4:16|ESV}}</ref> as descending "with a cry of command, with the voice of an archangel, and with the sound of the trumpet".<ref>{{cite book|url=http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200003035|title=Insight on the Scriptures|volume=2|pages=393–394|publisher=Watch Tower Society|access-date=2013-05-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1102005160|title=What Does the Bible ''Really'' Teach?|pages=218–219 |publisher=Watch Tower Society|access-date=2013-05-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/2007206|title=Angels—How They Affect Mankind|journal=The Watchtower|pages=21–25|publisher=Watch Tower Society|date=March 15, 2007|access-date=2013-05-01}}</ref>
They believe the prominent roles assigned to Michael at Daniel 12:1,<ref>{{Bibleverse|Daniel|12:1|ESV}}</ref> Revelation 12:7,<ref>{{Bibleverse|Revelation |12:7|ESV}}</ref> Revelation 19:14,<ref>{{Bibleverse|Revelation |19:14|ESV}}</ref> and Revelation 16<ref>{{Bibleverse|Revelation|16|ESV}}</ref> are identical to Jesus' roles, being the one chosen to lead God's people and as the only one who "stands up", identifying the two as the same spirit being. Because they identify Michael with Jesus, he is therefore considered the first and greatest of all God's heavenly sons, God's chief messenger, who takes the lead in vindicating God's [[sovereignty]], sanctifying his name, fighting the wicked forces of Satan and protecting God's covenant people on earth.<ref>{{cite book|title=What Does The Bible ''Really'' Teach?|page=87|publisher=Watch Tower Society}}</ref> Jehovah's Witnesses also identify Michael with the "[[Angel of the Lord]]" who led and protected the Israelites in the wilderness.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Watchtower|title=Your Leader Is One, the Christ|date=September 15, 2010|page=21}}</ref> Their earliest teachings stated that Archangel Michael was not to be worshipped and was distinct from Jesus.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://archive.org/download/WatchtowerLibrary/magazines/w/w1879_E.pdf|page=48|title=THE NAME OF JESUS|magazine=The Watchtower|date=November 1879|year=1879|volume=1|issue=4}}</ref>
<!-- JW's changing core beliefs is part of their doctrine that humans make mistakes. https://christianity.stackexchange.com/questions/77680/the-founder-of-zions-watch-tower-charles-taze-russell-made-the-following-statem -->
====The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints====
{{See also|Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints}}
Members of [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] believe that Michael is [[Adam and Eve (LDS Church)|Adam]], the [[Ancient of Days]] (Dan. 7), a prince, and the patriarch of the human family. They also hold that Michael assisted [[Jehovah]] (the [[Pre-existence#Latter Day Saints|pre-mortal]] form of [[Jesus]]) in the creation of the world under the direction of [[God the Father]] ([[Elohim#Latter Day Saint movement|Elohim]]); under the direction of the Father, Michael also cast Satan out of heaven.<ref>{{Citation |last= Millet |first= Robert L. |author-link= Robert L. Millet |title= The Man Adam |journal= [[Liahona (magazine)|Liahona]] |date= February 1998 |url= https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/liahona/1998/02/the-man-adam?lang=eng }}</ref><ref>{{lds|Doctrine and Covenants|dc|27|11}}</ref><ref>{{lds|Doctrine and Covenants|dc|107|53|56}}</ref><ref>{{lds|Doctrine and Covenants|dc|128|21}}</ref>
===Islam===
In Islam, Michael, or Mīkāʾīl,<ref name="King">{{cite web|title = King, Daniel "A Christian Qur'an? A Study in the Syriac Background of the Qur'an as Presented in the Work of Christoph Luxenberg," JLARC 3, 44–71 (2009)|url = http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/share/research/centres/clarc/jlarc/contents/King%2520A%2520Christian%2520Qur%2527an.pdf|website = School of History, Archaeology and Religion|access-date = 2015-12-17}}</ref> is the angel said to effectuate God's providence as well as natural phenomena, such as rain.<ref name=britannica>{{cite web |title=Mikal - Angel, Meaning, & Islam |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mikal |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=5 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref> He is one of the four archangels along with [[Gabriel#Islam|Jebreel]] (Gabriel, whom he is often paired with), [[Israfil|ʾIsrāfīl]] (trumpeter angel) and [[Azrael|ʿAzrāʾīl]] (angel of death).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/002-qmt.php#002.098 |title=Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement |publisher=Usc.edu |access-date=2015-01-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202024354/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/002-qmt.php#002.098 |archive-date=2015-02-02 }}</ref>
Michael in Islam is tasked with providing nourishment for bodies and souls and is also responsible for universal or environmental events, and is often depicted as the archangel of mercy. He is said to be friendly, asking [[God in Islam|God]] for mercy toward humans and is, according to Muslim legends, one of the first to obey God's orders to bow before [[Adam in Islam|Adam]].<ref>John L. Esposito ''Oxford Dictionary of Islam'' Oxford University Press {{ISBN|978-0-195-12559-7}} p. 200</ref><ref name=britannica/> He is also responsible for the rewards doled out to good persons in this life. From the tears of Michael, angels are created as his helpers.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 20832755|title = The Creation of Man and Angels in the Eschatological Literature: [Translated Excerpts from an Unpublished Collection of Traditions]|last1 = MacDonald|first1 = John|journal = Islamic Studies|year = 1964|volume = 3|issue = 3|pages = 285–308}}</ref>
Consensus of Islamic scholars and clerics has enclosed various hadiths as interpretation material for the verse of [[Al Imran|Al Imran]], [[Ayah]] 124|{{Cite Quran|3|124|s=r|t=s}} that Gabriel,<ref name = "Quran 4 U">{{cite web|url=http://www.quran4u.com/Tafsir%20Ibn%20Kathir/003%20Imran.htm |title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir (English): Surah Ale Imran |work=Quran 4 U|author=Ibn Kathir (d.1373)|author-link=Ibn Kathir|publisher=[[Tafsir]]|access-date=22 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="Misri; Sirah Sahabah: Zubair bin Awwam">{{cite book |last1=al-Misri |first1=Mahmud |title=Sahabat-Sahabat Rasulullah vol 1: Zubair bin Awwam |trans-title=Companion of the Prophet vol 1: Zubair bin Awwam |date=2015 |publisher=Pustaka Ibnu Katsir |isbn=9789791294386 |language=id, ar |url=https://onesearch.id/Record/IOS3644.slims-9450 |access-date=6 November 2021 |page=[https://kalemtayeb.com/safahat/item/36531 Shaja'ah Zubayr ibn al-Awwam Radhiyallahu anh (bravery of Zubayr ibn al-Awwam]; by {{ill|Mahmud al-Misri|ar|محمود المصري}}; official Book review by [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pS1qvPSxq34 Basalamah]; quoting various supplementary sources such as Sahih Bukhari, [[Sahih Muslim]], Siyar A'lam Nubala, [[Al-Tirmidhi]], [[Prophetic biography]] of Ibn Hisham, etc.}}</ref> Michael, [[Israfil|Raphael]]<ref name="Israfil" /> {{#tag:ref|found in Mustadrak al Sahihayn.<ref>{{cite book |last1=al-Nishapuri |first1=al-Hakim |title=al Mustadrak ala Sahihayn |publisher=Islamweb |location=Islamweb |url=https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&idfrom=4305&idto=4307&bk_no=74&ID=1899 |access-date=13 December 2021 |chapter=Kitabu Ma'rifat Shahabatu Radhiyallahu Anhum: Gabriel, Michael and Israfil descend in the Battle of Badr. |quote=4488 - Narrated Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Ya'kub, through Ibrahim bin Abdullah Al Saadi, on the authority of Muhammad bin Khalid bin Athmah, on the authority of Musa bin Yaqub, who reported Abu Huwayrith, that Muhammad bin Jabir bin Mut'im, told him}}</ref> The complete narration from [[Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri]] were:... ''Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Yaqoub has reported from Ibrahim bin Abdullah Al-Saadi, who told us Muhammad bin Khalid bin Uthma, told us Musa bin Yaqoub, told me Abu Al-Huwairith, that Muhammad bin Jubayr bin Mut’im told him, that he heard Ali - may God be pleased with him - addresses the people, and he said: While I was leaving from the well of Badr, a strong wind came, the like of which I had never seen, then it left, then came a strong wind, the like of which I have never seen except for the one before it, then it went, then came a strong wind that I did not see before. I have never seen anything like it except for the one before it, and the first wind was Gabriel descended among a thousand angels with the Messenger of God - may God bless him and grant him peace - and the second wind was Michael who descended among a thousand angels to the right of the Messenger of God - may God bless him and his family and grant them peace - and Abu Bakr was On his right, and the third wind was Israfil. He descended with a thousand angels on the side of the Messenger of God - may God’s prayers and peace be upon him and his family - and I was on the right side. When God Almighty defeated his enemies, the Messenger of God - may God’s prayers and peace be upon him and his family - carried me on his horse, I blew up, and I fell On my heels, I prayed to God Almighty''... {{ill|Ibn al Mulqin|id|Ibnu Al-Mulaqqin}}, Hadith scholar from Cordoba of 13-14 AD century, evaluate this hadith tha he found weaknesses in Musa ibn Yaqoub and Abu al Huwairith chain, so he deemed there is weakness about this hadith.<ref name="Al Mulqin Mukhtaras">{{cite web |last1=Abu Hafs Umar bin Ali bin Ahmad bin Muhammad bin Abdullah Al-Anshari Al-Wadi Asyi Al-Andalusi At-Tukuruwi Al-Mishri Asy-Syafi`i |first1=Sirajuddin |title=كتاب مختصر تلخيص الذهبي|trans-title=kitab mukhtasar talkhis aldhahabii |url=https://al-maktaba.org/book/33911/1160 |website=Islamweb |publisher=Islamweb |access-date=14 December 2021}}</ref> More recent scholarship from Ali Hasan al-Halabi notes another hadith which supports the participation of Raphael in Badr<ref name="Israfil">{{cite web |last1=Hakim |first1=Saifuddin |title=Apakah Malaikat Israfil Bertugas Meniup Sangkakala pada Hari Kiamat? (1) |url=https://muslim.or.id/24549-apakah-malaikat-israfil-bertugas-meniup-sangkakala-pada-hari-kiamat-1.html |website=Muslim.or.id |publisher=Muslim.or.id |access-date=14 December 2021 |language=id|date=2015 |quote=[ يا آدم بر حجك ] " ما يروى عن آدم -عليه السلام- أنه لما حج قالت له الملائكة: «يا آدم بر حجك»: غير ثابت. " [من فوائد جلسة مع طلبة العلم /16/ذو الحجة/1432 ] __________________ " ... فهل يحسن بنا وقد أنضينا قرائحنا في تعلم هذه السنة المطهرة، وبذلنا في العمل بها جهد المستطيع، وركبنا المخاطر في الدعوة إليها؛ هل يحسن بنا بعد هذا كله أن نسكت لهؤلاء عن هذه الدعوى الباطلة، ونوليهم منا ما تولوا ونبلعهم ريقهم، وهل يحسن بنا أن لا يكون لنا في الدفاع عنها ما كان منا في الدعوة إليها؟ إنا إذن لمقصرون!..."}}</ref>|group="Notes"}}{{#tag:ref|According to Islamic belief in weak chain of Hadith, Israfil were acknowledged as angel who were tasked to blower of [[Armageddon]] trumpet.<ref name="Israfil2">{{cite web |last1=Hakim |first1=Saifuddin |title=Apakah Malaikat Israfil Bertugas Meniup Sangkakala pada Hari Kiamat? (2)|trans-title=Does angel Raphael tasked to blow the trumpet of Armageddon in the day of judgment? (2) |url=https://muslim.or.id/24567-apakah-malaikat-israfil-bertugas-meniup-sangkakala-pada-hari-kiamat-2.html |website=Muslim.or.id |publisher=Muslim.or.id |access-date=14 December 2021 |language=id|date=2015 |quote=Tafsir Al-Qurthubi, 7/20 (Maktabah Syamilah); At-Tadzkirah bi Ahwaalil Mauta wa Umuuril Akhirah, 1/488 (Maktabah Syamilah).; Fathul Baari 11/368 (Maktabah Syamilah); see Al-Imaan bimaa Ba’dal Maut, p. 112. ; Syarh Al-Ibanah: Al-Imaan bin Nafkhi Ash-Shuur, 5/33.; Syarh Al-‘Aqidah Al-Washithiyyah, 1/59-60 (Maktabah Asy-Syamilah). while in another book: وذلك أن الله سبحانه وتعالى يأمر اسرافيل وهو أحد الملائكة الموكلين بحمل العرش أن ينفخ في الصور (Syarh Al-‘Aqidah As-Safariyaniyyah, 1/467).}}</ref> Suyuti mentioned Israfil as [[Muezzin]] among angels, possessed four wings, while Suyuti also mentioned another narrator Israfil possessed twelve wings instead.<ref name="Suyuti" /> Israfil also mentioned by Suyuti as [[Muezzin]] among angels and a member of a group of biggest archangels who bear the [[Throne of God]] on their back.<ref name="Suyuti" /> Abu Bakar al-Hudhali opined the angel who blowing horn were different from Israfil, while [[Abu Said Al-Khudri]] mentioned the blower of horn were in fact consisted of two angels, while he supported the opinion that Israfil were also one of the blower.<ref name="Suyuti" /> [[Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani]] thought the hadith were [[Hadith_terminology#Munkar|Munkar]] and should not be trusted.<ref name="Collector of Hadiths and Traces : Which was brought out">{{cite book |author1=Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani |author1-link=Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani |title=جامع الأحاديث والآثار التي خرجها وحكم عليها فضيلة الشيخ محمد ناصر الدين الألباني، رحمه الله، في جميع كتبه|trans-title=Collector of Hadiths and Traces : Which was brought out and judged by His Eminence Sheikh Muhammad Nasir al-Din al-Albani, may God have mercy on him, in all his books |date=2001 |type=Hadith -- Texts -- Authorities -- Criticism, Textual -- Hermeneutics |publisher=Maktaba al Islam |page=12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2vDXAAAAMAAJ |access-date=3 March 2022 |language=ar}}</ref>|group="Notes"}} and thousands of [[Angels in Islam|best angels]] from third level of sky, all came to the battle of Badr.<ref name="Suyuti">{{cite book |author1=Al-Suyuti |author1-link=Al-Suyuti |editor1-last=Muhammad as Said Basyuni |translator=Mishabul Munir |editor1-first=Abu Hajir |editor2-last=Yasir |editor2-first=Muhammad |title=Misteri Alam Malaikat |date=2021 |type= Religion / Islam / General |publisher=Pustaka al-Kautsar |pages=29–33, 172 |isbn=9789795929512 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDxQEAAAQBAJ |access-date=6 February 2022 |language=id |quote=Quoting Ibnul Mubarak from a book of ''az-Zuhd''; ad Durr al-Manshur, chain narration from Ibnul Mubarak to Ibn SHihab (1/92)}}</ref> Various hadith traditions linked to the Al Imran, verse 125|{{Cite Quran|3|124|s=r|t=s}}, has stated that those angels has taken form of [[Zubayr ibn al-Awwam]], [[companion of Muhammad]].{{#tag:ref|According to one Hadith, Muhammad were told that the angels that appeared in the battle of Badr were highest in status and the "best of angels" according to Gabriel.<ref name="Lives Of The Sahaba 39 – Az-Zubayr Ibn Al-Awwam – PT 01">{{cite news |last1=Qadhi |first1=Yasir|author-link1=Abu Ammaar Yasir Qadhi |title=Lives Of The Sahaba 39 – Az-Zubayr Ibn Al-Awwam – PT 01 |url=https://muslimcentral.com/yasir-qadhi-lives-sahaba-az-zubayr-ibn-al-awwam/ |newspaper=Muslim Central |publisher=Muslim Central Audio |access-date=4 December 2021 |date=2016}}</ref>|group="Notes"}}<ref name="Tarikh Dimashq 2">{{harvtxt|Bin Al-Hassan|Al-Dimashqi |first2=Ibn Asaker|2012|p=622, Al-Zubayr told us, he said: And Abu Al-Makarram Uqbah bin Makram Al-Dhabi told me, Musab bin Salam Al-Tamimi told me, on the authority of Saad bin Tarif, on the authority of Abu Jaafar Muhammad bin Ali, he said: On the day of Badr, Al-Zubayr bin Al-Awwam had a yellow turban}}</ref>
In a [[Sunan an-Nasa'i|version]] of a [[hadith]] by [[Al-Nasa'i|an-Nasāʾi]], [[Muhammad]] is quoted as saying that Gabriel and Michael came to him, and when Gabriel had sat down at his right and Michael at his left, Gabriel told him to recite the Qurʾān in one mode, and Michael told him to ask more, till he reached seven modes, each mode being sufficiently health-giving.<ref>{{cite book |last1=At-Tabrizi |first1=Khatib |title=Mishkat al-Masabih 2215 - The Excellent Qualities of the Qur'an - كتاب فضائل القرآن, Hadith 2215 - Sunnah.com |url=https://sunnah.com/mishkat:2215 |access-date=5 August 2021}}</ref> According to another hadith in [[Sahih Muslim]], Michael, along with Gabriel both dressed in white, were reported to have accompanied Muhammad on the day of the [[Battle of Uhud]].<ref>Sahih Muslim, Book of Virtues (#43), Hadith 63 (reference: Sahih Muslim 2306a)</ref> [[Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri]] has recorded in his historiography works of Quran and Hadith revelation in [[Prophetic biography]], that [[Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas]] testified has saw Jibril and Mikail during that battle.<ref name="eve of battle of Uhud & Ahzab">{{cite book |author1=Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri |editor1-last=Nayra |translator=Abu Ahsan |editor1-first=Abu |title=Periode Madinah; Aktivitas Militer Menjelang Perang Uhud dan Perang Ahzab |trans-title= Medina period: military activity on the eve of battle of Uhud & Ahzab |date=2021|type=Religion / General, Religion / Islam / General, Religion / Islam / History, Religion / Reference |publisher=Hikam Pustaka |isbn=9786233114158 |pages=78–79 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BWhgEAAAQBAJ |access-date=12 March 2022 |language=id |format=ebook}}</ref>
In [[Shia Islam]], in [[Dua]] Umm Dawood, a supplication reportedly handed down by the 6th [[Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq]], the reciter sends blessing upon Michael (with his name spelled as Mīkā'īl):<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.duas.org/ummedawood.htm |title = Aamal e Umme Dawood}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wilayatmission.org/Duas/UmmDawood.pdf |title=Dua of Umm Dawood |publisher=www.wilayatmission.org |date= |access-date=2021-02-13}}</ref>
<blockquote>O Allah! Bestow your blessing on Michael-angel of Your mercy and created for kindness and seeker of pardon for and supporter of the obedient people.</blockquote>
In the creation narrative of [[Adam in Islam|Adam]] he was sent to bring a handful of earth, but the Earth did not yield a piece of itself, some of which will burn. This is articulated by [[Al-Tha`labi|Al-Tha'labi]], whose narrative states that God tells Earth that some will obey him and others will not.<ref>The Birth of the Prophet Muḥammad: Devotional Piety in Sunni Islam – p. 21, Marion Holmes Katz – 2007</ref>
===Baha'i Faith===
The archangel Michael seems to have never been mentioned publicly by [[Baha'u'llah]], [['Abdu'l-Baha]], [[Shoghi Effendi]], or even the [[Universal House of Justice]]. Baha'i publications interpreting the [[Book of Revelation]] from the [[New Testament]] say Baha'u'llah was a chief prince of Persia<ref>The Logic of The Revelation of St. John|Stephen Beebe|Baha'i Publishing Trust|2001|pgs. 103-104</ref><ref>Daniel 10:7-13</ref> foretold as Michael who would win "final victory over the dragon". Or, Michael, "One like God", is thought to be Baha'u'llah, as archangel Michael is thought to be an emanation of [[Hod (Kabbalah)|Hod]] or "glory" in [[Jewish Mysticism]]<ref>The Apocalypse Unsealed|Robert F. Riggs|Philosophical Library, Inc.|1982|pgs. 160,164</ref> - because "Baha'u'llah" means splendor or glory of God.
===Gnosticism===
In the [[Apocryphon of John|Secret Book of John]], a 2nd-century text found in the [[Nag Hammadi library|Nag Hammadi codices]] of [[Gnosticism]], Michael is placed in control of the demons who help [[Demiurge#Yaldabaoth|Yaldabaoth]] create [[Adam]], along with six others named Uriel, Asmenedas, Saphasatoel, Aarmouriam, Richram, and Amiorps.<ref>{{cite book|author1=[[Marvin Meyer]]|author2=[[Willis Barnstone]]|title=The Gnostic Bible|publisher=[[Shambhala Publications|Shambhala]]|chapter=The Secret Book of John|url=http://gnosis.org/naghamm/apocjn-meyer.html|date=June 30, 2009|access-date=2022-02-06}}</ref> According to [[Origen|Origen of Alexandria]] in his work [[Contra Celsum|Against Celsus]], Michael was represented as a lion on the [[Ophite Diagrams|Ophite Diagram]].<ref>{{Cite wikisource|author=[[Origen]]|translator=Frederick Crombie|title=Ante-Nicene Fathers|wslink=Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume IV/Origen/Origen Against Celsus/Book VI/Chapter XXX|year=248|volume=IV|entry=Origen Against Celsus, chapter XXX}}</ref>
==Feasts==
[[File:S. Miguel Arcanjo.jpg|thumb|right|Archangel Michael at a Portuguese feast in [[Cabeceiras de Basto]]]]
In the [[General Roman Calendar]], the [[Calendar of saints (Church of England)|Anglican Calendar of Saints]], and the [[Calendar of Saints (Lutheran)|Lutheran Calendar of Saints]], the archangel's feast is celebrated on [[Michaelmas]] Day, 29 September. The day is also considered the feast of Saints Michael, [[Gabriel]], and [[Raphael (archangel)|Raphael]], in the General Roman Calendar and the Feast of Saint Michael and All Angels according to the Church of England.<ref>''Saint Michael the Archangel in Medieval English Legend'' by Richard Freeman Johnson 2005 {{ISBN|1-84383-128-7}} p. 105</ref>
In the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], Saint Michael's principal feast day is 8 November (those that use the [[Julian calendar]] celebrate it on what in the [[Gregorian calendar]] is now 21 November), honouring him along with the rest of the ''"Bodiless Powers of Heaven"'' (i.e. [[angel]]s) as their Supreme Commander (Synaxis of the Archangel Michael and the Other Bodiless Powers), and the ''[[Miracle of the Archangel Michael at Chonae#Miracle of the Archangel Michael|Miracle at Chonae]]'' is commemorated on 6 September.<ref>''Icons and saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church'' by Alfredo Tradigo 2006 {{ISBN|0-89236-845-4}} p. 46</ref><ref>''The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity'' 2010 by Ken Parry {{ISBN|1-4443-3361-5}} p. 242</ref>
In the calendar of the [[Church of England]] [[diocese of Truro]], 8 May is the feast of ''St. Michael, Protector of Cornwall''. The archangel Michael is one of the three patron saints of [[Cornwall]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/cornwall/uncovered/stories/st_piran_background.shtml|title=BBC - Cornwall Uncovered - Story The Legend of St Piran|website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> The feast of the Appearing of S. Michael the Archangel is observed by Anglo-Catholics on 8 May.<ref>''The English Missal for the laity''; 3rd ed. London: W. Knott, 1958; pp. 625–627</ref> From medieval times until 1960 it was also observed on that day in the Roman Catholic Church; the feast commemorates the archangel's apparition on [[Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo|Mount Gargano in Italy]].<ref>Cross & Livingstone (eds.) ''ODCC''; p. 613</ref>
In the [[Coptic Orthodox Church]], the main feast day in 12 [[Hathor (month)|Hathor]] and 12 [[Paoni]], and he is celebrated liturgically on the 12th of each Coptic month.
[[Feast of Saint Michael and All Angels]] is [[Calendar of saints|commemorated]] on 29 September in [[ROCOR]] [[Western Rite Orthodoxy|Western Rite]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ROCOR Western Rite (Home) |url=https://www.rocor-wr.org/ |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=rocorwr |language=en}}</ref>
[[Vision (spirituality)|Apparition]] of Saint Michael in [[492]] on [[Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo|Mount Gargano]] is [[Calendar of saints|commemorated]] on 8 May<ref>{{Cite web |title=МИХАИЛ, АРХАНГЕЛ - Древо |url=http://drevo-info.ru/articles/7863.html |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=drevo-info.ru |language=ru}}</ref> and [[Michaelmas|Dedication of Saint Michael the Archangel]] is [[Calendar of saints|commemorated]] on 29 September ([[Antiochian Western Rite Vicariate]]).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-01-11 |title=Calendar |url=http://www.stgregoryoc.org/calendar/ |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=St. Gregory the Great Orthodox Church |language=en-US}}</ref>
[[Dedication of churches|Dedication]] of Saint Michael [[sanctuary]] [[Mont-Saint-Michel Abbey|Mont-Saint-Michel]] by [[Aubert of Avranches|Saint Aubert of Avranches]] is commemorated on 16 October.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farmer |first=David |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Saints |publisher=OUP Oxford |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-19-959660-7 |edition=Fifth Edition Revised |location=Great Britain |pages=309 |language=English}}</ref>
On 7 April Oriental Orthodox Church commemorates deliverance [[Jeremiah|prophet Jeremiah]] from prison by Michael.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ethiopian synaxarium |url=https://www.tewahedo.dk/litt/cached/The_Ethiopian_Synaxarium.pdf}}</ref>
==Patronages and orders==
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In late [[medieval Christianity]], Michael, together with [[Saint George]], became the [[patron saint]] of [[chivalry]] and is now also considered the patron saint of police officers, paramedics and the military.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>{{sfn|Ball|p=586}}
Since the victorious [[Battle of Lechfeld]] against the Hungarians in 955, Michael was the patron saint of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and still is the patron saint of modern Germany and other German-speaking regions formerly covered by the realm.
[[File:Michael4.jpg|thumb|Statue of St Michael at the former seat of the [[House of Wittelsbach|Bavarian]] [[Order of Saint Michael (Bavaria)|Military Order of Saint Michael]] in the [[Electoral Palace, Bonn]], Germany.]]
In mid to late 15th century, France was one of only four courts in [[Western Christianity|Western Christendom]] without an order of knighthood.<ref name="Dacre">''The Knights of the Crown: The Monarchical Orders of Knighthood in Later Medieval Europe 1325–1520'' by D'Arcy Jonathan Dacre Boulton 2000 {{ISBN|0-85115-795-5}} pp. 427–428</ref> Later in the 15th century, [[Jean Molinet]] glorified the primordial feat of arms of the archangel as "the first deed of knighthood and chivalrous prowess that was ever achieved."<ref>Noted by [[Johan Huizinga]], ''[[The Autumn of the Middle Ages|The Waning of the Middle Ages]]'' (1919, 1924:56.</ref> Thus Michael was the natural patron of the first [[chivalric order]] of France, the [[Order of Saint Michael]] of 1469.<ref name="Dacre" /> In the [[British honours system]], a chivalric order founded in 1818 is also named for these two saints, the [[Order of St Michael and St George]] (''see also'': [[Order of Saint Michael (disambiguation)|Order of Saint Michael]]).<ref>Angels in the early modern world By Alexandra Walsham, Cambridge University Press, 2006 {{ISBN|0-521-84332-4}} p. 2008</ref>
Prior to 1878, the [[Scapular of Saint Michael the Archangel|Scapular of St. Michael the Archangel]] could be worn as part of a Roman Catholic [[Archconfraternity]]. Presently, enrollment is authorized as this [[Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel|holy scapular]] remains as one of the 18 approved by the Church.
Apart from his being a patron of warriors, the sick and the suffering also consider Archangel Michael their patron saint.<ref>''Patron Saints'' by Michael Freze 1992 {{ISBN|0-87973-464-7}} p. 170</ref> Based on the legend of his 8th-century [[Vision (spirituality)|apparition]] at [[Mont-Saint-Michel]], France, the Archangel is the patron of [[sailors|mariners]] in this famous sanctuary.<ref name="Cathenc" /> After the evangelisation of Germany, where mountains were often dedicated to pagan gods, Christians placed many mountains under the patronage of the Archangel, and numerous mountain chapels of St. Michael appeared all over Germany.<ref name="Cathenc" />
Similarly, the Sanctuary of St. Michel (San Migel Aralarkoa), the oldest Christian building in Navarre (Spain), lies at the top of a hill on the [[Aralar Range]], and harbours Carolingian remains. St. Michel is an ancient devotion of [[Navarre]] and eastern [[Gipuzkoa]], revered by the [[History of the Basques#Christianization|Basques]], shrouded in legend, and held as a champion against paganism and heresy. It came to symbolize the defense of Catholicism, as well as Basque tradition and values during the early 20th century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dronda |first=Javier |date=2013 |title=Con Cristo o contra Cristo: Religión y movilización antirrepublicana en Navarra (1931–1936)|location=Tafalla |publisher=Txalaparta |pages=54–55 |isbn=978-84-15313-31-1 }}</ref>[[File:Greater coat of arms of the City of Brussels.svg|upright|thumb|[[Coat of arms of Brussels]]]][[File:COA of Kyiv Kurovskyi.svg|upright|thumb|[[Coat of arms of Kyiv]]]]He has been the patron saint of [[Brussels]] since the Middle Ages.<ref>''Netherlandish sculpture 1450–1550'' by Paul Williamson 2002 {{ISBN|0-8109-6602-6}} p. 42</ref> The city of [[Arkhangelsk]] in Russia is named for the Archangel. Ukraine and its capital [[Kyiv]] also consider Michael their patron saint and protector.<ref name="Fairbairn">''Eastern Orthodoxy through Western eyes'' by Donald Fairbairn 2002 {{ISBN|0-664-22497-0}} p. 148</ref>
In [[Linlithgow]], Scotland, St. Michael has been the patron saint of the town since the 13th century, with [[St. Michael's Parish Church]] being originally constructed in 1134.
Since the 14th century, Saint Michael has been the patron saint of [[Dumfries]] in Scotland, where a church dedicated to him was built at the southern end of the town, on a mound overlooking the [[River Nith]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.loreburne.co.uk/history_of_dumfries.html|title=History of Dumfries|publisher=loreburne.co.uk|access-date=29 November 2017|archive-date=18 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018223118/http://www.loreburne.co.uk/history_of_dumfries.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
An [[Anglican]] sisterhood dedicated to Saint Michael under the title of the [[Community of St Michael and All Angels]] was founded in 1851.<ref>''All Saints Sisters of the Poor: An Anglican Sisterhood in the Nineteenth Century (Church of England Record Society)'' by Susan Mumm 200 {{ISBN|0-85115-728-9}} p. 48</ref> The [[Congregation of Saint Michael the Archangel]] (CSMA), also known as the ''Michaelite Fathers'', is a religious order of the Roman Catholic Church founded in 1897. The Canons Regular of the Order of St Michael the Archangel (OSM) are an Order of [[Profession (religious)|professed]] religious within the [[Anglican Church in North America]], the North American component of the [[Anglican realignment]] movement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orderofstmichaelanglican.com/|title=甘肃快3_官方彩购买|website=www.orderofstmichaelanglican.com|access-date=2021-02-13|archive-date=2019-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229062948/http://www.orderofstmichaelanglican.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The city of [[Arkhangelsk]], [[Russia]], and the federal subject [[Arkhangelsk Oblast]] are named after Michael, the Archangel
In the United States military Saint Michael is considered to be a patron of paratroopers and, in particular, the [[82nd Airborne Division]].<ref>[https://www.jber.jb.mil/News/Commentaries/Display/Article/772200/chaplains-corner-saint-michael-patron-saint-of-the-airborne-military/ Chaplain's Corner: Saint Michael, patron saint of the airborne, military] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121161625/https://www.jber.jb.mil/News/Commentaries/Display/Article/772200/chaplains-corner-saint-michael-patron-saint-of-the-airborne-military/ |date=2021-11-21 }}. Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson Alaska.</ref> One of the first battles where the unit first was combat christened is the [[Battle of Saint-Mihiel]] during World War I.
The beret insignia of the French paratroopers is a winged arm grasping a dagger, representing Saint Michael.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://foreignlegion.info/history/2rep/|title=History: 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment | French Foreign Legion Information}}</ref>
Saint Michael is the patronus of italian special forces 9° Reggimento "Col Moschin" and the italian state police. Saint Michael ({{lang-hr|Sveti Mihovil}}) is patron of [[Croatian Police]] and [[Croatian Army]], his feast day being also celebrated as the Police day in Croatia.<ref> [https://mup.gov.hr/vijesti/svecano-obiljezen-dan-policije-i-blagdan-svetog-mihovila/288935 Svečano obilježen Dan policije i blagdan svetog Mihovila] ''mup.gov.hr''. [[Ministry of the Interior (Croatia)|Ministry of Interior]]. Published 29 September 2022. </ref>
==Legends==
===Judaism===
There is a legend which seems to be of Jewish origin, and which was adopted by the [[Copt]]s, to the effect that Michael was first sent by God to bring [[Nebuchadnezzar]] (c. 600 BC) against Jerusalem, and that Michael was afterward very active in freeing his nation from Babylonian captivity.<ref>[[Émile Amélineau|Amélineau]], "Contes et Romans de l'Egypte Chrétienne", ii. 142 et seq</ref>
According to midrash [[Genesis Rabbah]], Michael saved [[Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego|Hananiah]] and his companions from the [[Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego|fiery furnace]].<ref>Midrash Genesis Rabbah xliv. 16</ref> Michael was active in the time of [[Esther]]: "The more [[Haman (Bible)|Haman]] accused Israel on earth, the more Michael defended Israel in heaven".<ref>Midrash Esther Rabbah iii. 8</ref> It was Michael who reminded [[Ahasuerus]] that he was [[Mordecai]]'s debtor;<ref>Targum to Esther, vi. 1</ref> and there is a legend that Michael appeared to the high priest [[John Hyrcanus|Hyrcanus]], promising him assistance.<ref>comp. Josephus, "Ant." xiii. 10, § 3</ref>
According to ''[[Legends of the Jews]]'', archangel Michael was the chief of a band of angels who questioned God's decision to create man on Earth. The entire band of angels, except for Michael, was then consumed by fire.<ref name="ginzberg michael">Ginzberg, Louis, [https://philologos.org/__eb-lotj/vol1/two.htm#2 The Legends of the Jews, Vol. I: The Angels and The Creation of Man] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201063745/https://philologos.org/__eb-lotj/vol1/two.htm#2|date=2017-12-01}}, (Translated by Henrietta Szold), Johns Hopkins University Press: 1998, {{ISBN|0-8018-5890-9}}</ref>
===Christianity===
[[File:Michael Miracle Icon Sinai 12th century.jpg|thumb|upright|A 12th-century [[icon]] of the ''[[Miracle of the Archangel Michael at Chonae|Miracle at Chonae]]'', from [[Saint Catherine's Monastery]], [[Mount Sinai]].]]The [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] celebrates the [[Miracle of the Archangel Michael at Chonae|Miracle at Chonae]] on September 6.<ref>Makarios of Simonos Petra, ''The Synaxarion: the Lives of the Saints of the Orthodox Church'', trans. Christopher Hookway (Holy Convent of the Annunciation of Our Lady 1998 {{ISBN|960-85603-7-3}}), p. 47.</ref> The pious legend surrounding the event states that [[John the Apostle]], when preaching nearby, foretold the appearance of Michael at Cheretopa near [[Lake Salda]], where a healing spring appeared soon after the Apostle left; in gratitude for the healing of his daughter, one pilgrim built a church on the site.<ref>Synaxarion, p. 47.</ref> Local pagans, who are described as jealous of the healing power of the spring and the church, attempt to drown the church by redirecting the river, but the Archangel, "in the likeness of a column of fire", split the bedrock to open up a new bed for the stream, directing the flow away from the church.<ref>Synaxarion, p. 48.</ref> The legend is supposed to have predated the actual events, but the 5th – 7th-century texts that refer to the miracle at Chonae formed the basis of specific paradigms for "properly approaching" angelic intermediaries for more effective prayers within the Christian culture.<ref name=Peers >{{cite book|title=Subtle bodies: representing angels in Byzantium|first=Glenn |last=Peers |year=2001|publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0-520-22405-1 |page= 144 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kaonEi_dCJIC&q=Chonae+michael+miracle+university+california&pg=PA143}}</ref>
{{visible anchor|There is a late-5th-century legend}} in [[Cornwall]], UK that the Archangel appeared to fishermen on [[St Michael's Mount]].<ref name=Cornwall /> According to author Richard Freeman Johnson, this legend is likely a nationalistic twist to a myth.<ref name=Cornwall >''Saint Michael the Archangel in medieval English legend'' by Richard Freeman Johnson 2005 {{ISBN|1-84383-128-7}} p. 68</ref> Cornish legends also hold that the mount itself was constructed by giants<ref>''Popular Romances of the West of England'' by Robert Hunt 2009 {{ISBN|0-559-12999-8}} p. 238</ref> and that [[King Arthur]] battled a giant there.<ref>''Myths and Legends of Britain and Ireland'' by Richard Jones 2006 {{ISBN|1-84537-594-7}} p. 17</ref>
The legend of the apparition of the Archangel at around 490 AD at a secluded hilltop cave on [[Monte Gargano]] in Italy gained a following among the [[Lombards]] in the immediate period thereafter, and by the 8th century, pilgrims arrived from as far away as England.<ref>''The Medieval state: essays presented to James Campbell'' by John Robert Maddicott, David Michael Palliser, James Campbell 2003 {{ISBN|1-85285-195-3}} pp. 10–11</ref> The [[Tridentine Calendar]] included a feast of the apparition on 8 May, the date of the 663 victory over the [[Greece|Greek]] [[Naples|Neapolitans]] that the Lombards of [[Manfredonia]] attributed to Saint Michael.<ref name=Cathenc /> The feast [[General Roman Calendar of 1954|remained]] in the Roman liturgical calendar until removed in the [[General Roman Calendar of 1960|revision]] of [[Pope John XXIII]]. The [[Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo]] at Gargano is a major Catholic pilgrimage site.
According to Roman legends, Archangel Michael appeared with a sword over the [[mausoleum]] of [[Hadrian]] while a devastating plague persisted in Rome, in apparent answer to the prayers of Pope [[Gregory I the Great]] (c. 590–604) that the plague should cease. After the plague ended, in honor of the occasion, the pope called the mausoleum ''"[[Castel Sant'Angelo]]"'' (Castle of the Holy Angel), the name by which it is still known.<ref name=Butler320 />
According to [[Normandy|Norman]] legend, Michael is said to have appeared to [[St Aubert]], [[Bishop of Avranches]], in 708, giving instruction to build a church on the rocky islet now known as [[Mont Saint-Michel]].<ref name=MonkM >''Mont-Saint-Michel: a monk talks about his abbey'' by Jean-Pierre Mouton, Olivier Mignon 1998 {{ISBN|2-7082-3351-3}} pp. 55–56</ref><ref name="CathMont">{{cite web|url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10551a.htm|title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Mont-St-Michel|website=www.newadvent.org}}</ref><ref name=pilgrim /> In 960 the [[Duke of Normandy]] commissioned a [[Order of St. Benedict|Benedictine]] abbey on the mount, and it remains a major pilgrimage site.<ref name="pilgrim">''Pilgrimage: from the Ganges to Graceland : an encyclopedia, Volume 1'' by Linda Kay Davidson, David Martin Gitlitz 2002 {{ISBN|1-57607-004-2}} p. 398</ref>
A [[Portugal|Portuguese]] [[Carmelites|Carmelite]] nun, [[Antónia d'Astónaco]], reported an apparition and [[private revelation]] of the [[Saint Michael (Roman Catholic)|Archangel Michael]] who had told to this devoted [[Servant of God#Roman Catholicism|Servant of God]], in 1751, that he would like to be honored, and God glorified, by the praying of nine special invocations. These nine invocations correspond to invocations to the nine choirs of angels and origins the famous [[Chaplet of Saint Michael]]. This private revelation and prayers were approved by [[Pope Pius IX]] in 1851.{{sfn|Ball|p=123}}<ref>[[EWTN]] [http://www.ewtn.com/devotionals/prayers/chaplet-of-st-michael.htm The Chaplet of Saint Michael the Archangel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029165706/http://www.ewtn.com/Devotionals/prayers/chaplet-of-st-michael.htm |date=2010-10-29 }}</ref>
From 1961 to 1965, four young schoolgirls had reported several apparitions of the Archangel Michael in the small village of [[San Sebastian de Garabandal|Garabandal]], Spain. At Garabandal, the apparitions of the Archangel Michael were mainly reported as announcing the arrivals of the [[Blessed Virgin Mary|Virgin Mary]]. The [[Catholic Church]] has neither approved nor condemned the [[Garabandal apparitions]].<ref>Michael Freze, 1993, ''Voices, Visions, and Apparitions'', OSV Publishing {{ISBN|0-87973-454-X}} p. 267</ref>
==Art and literature==
===In literature===
In the 1667 English [[epic poem]] ''[[Paradise Lost]]'' by [[John Milton]], Michael commands the army of angels loyal to God against the rebel forces of [[Satan]]. Armed with a sword from God's armory, he bests Satan in personal combat, wounding his side.<ref>John Milton, ''Paradise Lost'' 1674 [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~milton/reading_room/pl/book_6/index.shtml Book VI line 320] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100219155635/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~milton/reading_room/pl/book_6/index.shtml |date=2010-02-19 }}</ref>
In [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]]'s translation of the mid-13th century ''[[The Golden Legend]]'', Michael is one of the angels of the seven planets. He is the angel of Mercury.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Longfellow |first1=Henry Wadsworth |title=The Golden Legend |date=1851 |publisher=Ticknor, Reed and Fields |location=Boston |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/10490/10490-h/10490-h.htm}}</ref>
In Japanese [[light novel]] series ''Date a Live'', Michael is the name of a spiritual weapon (referred to as Angels within the series), belonging to Mukuro Hoshimiya. Michael is a sword-sized key capable of locking away abilities or properties of objects (Michael Segva), as well as opening portals (Michael Lataib) and molecular deconstruction.
===Music===
[[Marc-Antoine Charpentier]], ''Praelium Michaelis Archangeli factum in coelo cum dracone,'' H.410, oratorio for soloists, double chorus, strings and continuo. (1683)
«Archangel Michael» — a song performed by [[Nikolai Karachentsov]].<ref>{{YouTube|eDgv-bOlGOY|Nikolai Karachentsov «Archangel Michael». Music by Rustam Nevredinov, lyrics by Olesya Borisova.}}</ref>
===Film===
The 1996 film ''[[Michael (1996 film)|Michael]]'' portrays the archangel as being sent to Earth to perform various tasks.
[[Peter Mensah]] portrays Michael in the 2023 movie [[The Devil Conspiracy]].
===Artistic depictions===
{{Main|Archangel Michael in Christian art}}
[[File:Meister der Ikone des Erzengels Michael 001 adjusted.jpg|thumb|10th-century gold and enamel Byzantine [[icon]] of [[St Michael]], in the treasury of the St Mark's Basilica ]]
In [[Christian art]], Archangel Michael may be depicted alone or with other angels such as [[Gabriel]]. Some depictions with Gabriel date back to the 8th century, e.g. the stone casket at [[Mortain|Notre Dame de Mortain]] church in France.<ref name=rich141 />
The widely reproduced image of ''[[Our Mother of Perpetual Help]]'', an icon of the [[Cretan school]], depicts Michael on the left carrying the lance and sponge of the [[crucifixion of Jesus]], with Gabriel on the right side of [[Madonna and Child|Mary and Jesus]].<ref>''Icons and saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church'' by Alfredo Tradigo 2006 {{ISBN|0-89236-845-4}} p. 188</ref>
In many depictions, Michael is represented as an angelic warrior, fully armed with helmet, sword, and shield.<ref name=Cathenc /> The shield may bear the Latin inscription ''[[Quis ut Deus]]'' or the Greek inscription ''Christos Dikaios Krites'' or its initials.<ref>Ann Ball, 2003 ''Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices'' {{ISBN|0-87973-910-X}} p. 520</ref> He may be standing over a serpent, a dragon, or the defeated figure of Satan, whom he sometimes pierces with a lance.<ref name=Cathenc /> The iconography of Michael slaying a serpent goes back to the early 4th century, when [[Emperor Constantine]] defeated [[Licinius]] at the [[Battle of Adrianople (324)|Battle of Adrianople]] in 324 AD, not far from the ''[[Michaelion]]'', a church dedicated to Archangel Michael.<ref name=Richard />
Constantine felt that Licinius was an agent of Satan and associated him with the serpent described in the [[Book of Revelation]] ([[s:Bible (American Standard)/Revelation#12:9|12:9]]).<ref>''Constantine and the Christian empire'' by Charles Matson Odahl 2004 {{ISBN|0-415-17485-6}} p. 315</ref> After the victory, Constantine commissioned a depiction of himself and his sons slaying Licinius represented as a serpent – a symbolism borrowed from the Christian teachings on the Archangel to whom he attributed the victory. A similar painting, this time with the Archangel Michael himself slaying a serpent, then became a major art piece at the Michaelion and eventually lead to the standard [[iconography]] of the Archangel Michael as a [[warrior saint]].<ref name=Richard />
In less common depiction, Michael holds a pair of scales, weighs the souls of the departed and holds the [[book of life]] (as in the [[Book of Revelation]]) to show he partakes in the judgment.<ref name=rich141 >''Saint Michael the Archangel in medieval English legend'' by Richard Freeman Johnson 2005 {{ISBN|1-84383-128-7}} pp. 141–147</ref> [[Michelangelo]] depicted this scene on the altar wall of the [[Sistine Chapel]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vaticanstate.va/EN/Monuments/The_Vatican_Museums/Sistine_Chapel--p--5.htm |title=Vatican website: Sistine Chapel |publisher=Vaticanstate.va |access-date=2010-07-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526031746/http://www.vaticanstate.va/EN/Monuments/The_Vatican_Museums/Sistine_Chapel--p--5.htm |archive-date=2010-05-26 }}</ref>
In [[Byzantine art]], Michael was often shown as a princely court dignitary rather than a warrior who battled Satan or with scales for weighing souls on the [[Day of Judgement]].<ref>''Saints in art'' by Rosa Giorgi, Stefano Zuffi 2003 {{ISBN|0-89236-717-2}} pp. 274–276</ref>
<gallery>
File:Faras - Archangel Michael with a horn trumpet and an orb - Google Art Project.jpg|Archangel Michael on a 9th-century [[Makuria]]n mural
File:Rublev Arhangel Mikhail.jpg|[[Andrei Rublev]]'s standalone depiction c. 1408
File:Francesco Botticini - I tre Arcangeli e Tobias.jpg|Michael (left) with archangels [[Raphael (archangel)|Raphael]] and [[Gabriel]], by [[Francesco Botticini|Botticini]], 1470
File:MemlingJudgmentCenter-crop.jpg|''Weighing souls'' on [[Last Judgment|Judgement Day]] by [[Hans Memling]], 15th century
File:GIORDANO, Luca fallen angels.jpg|Michael defeating the [[fallen angel]]s, by [[Luca Giordano]] c. 1660–1665
Image:Angel Van Verschaffelt SantAngelo.jpg|Bronze statue of the Archangel Michael, standing on top of the [[Castel Sant'Angelo]], modelled in 1753 by [[Peter Anton von Verschaffelt]].
File:Archangel Michael Hajdudorog.JPG|Michael's icon on the northern ''deacons' door'' on the [[iconostasis of Hajdúdorog]]. The archangel is often depicted on iconostases' doors as a defender of the sanctuary.
File:Archangel Michael, St Pancras New Church, London.JPG|''Archangel Michael'' by [[Emily Young]] in the grounds of [[St Pancras New Church]]. Plaque inscription: "In memory of the victims of the [[7 July 2005 London bombings|7th July 2005 bombings]] and all victims of violence. 'I will lift up my eyes unto the hills'"
File:St. Michael the Archangel.jpg|''St. Michael the Archangel and the Dragon''. Queen of Archangels Roman Catholic Parish, Clarence, PA
File:St Michael's victory over the Devil by Sir Jacob Epstein, Coventry Cathedral.jpg|''[[St Michael's Victory over the Devil]]'', a 1958 sculpture by [[Jacob Epstein]] on the wall of the new [[Coventry Cathedral]], England
</gallery>
==Churches named after Michael==
* [[St. Michael's Church (disambiguation)]]
{{commons|Structured gallery of churches dedicated to Archangel Michael}}
[[File:Mont Saint-Michel France.jpg|thumb|The [[Mont-Saint-Michel]] in [[Normandy]], France]]
[[File:20060416-Michaelskirche Muenchen.jpg|thumb|[[St. Michael's Church, Munich|St. Michael's]] [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] church, [[Munich]], [[Bavaria]], Germany]]
<!--DO NOT ADD SMALL PARISH CHURCHES TO THIS SECTION. IT IS FOR MAJOR SHRINES. -->
* Parroquia de San Miguel Arcángel ([[:es:Parroquia de San Miguel Arcángel (San Miguel el Alto)|es]]), [[San Miguel de Allende]], [[Guanajuato]] Mexico [[World Heritage Site]]
* Parroquia de San Miguel Arcángel Cocula Jalisco Mexico
* St Michael's Church, [[Frenaros]], [[Cyprus]]
* St Michael's Church, [[Pedoulas]], Cyprus
* Parroquia de San Miguel Arcángel, [[Utuado, Puerto Rico|Utuado]], [[Puerto Rico]]
* [[Sacra di San Michele]] (Saint Michael's Abbey), near [[Turin]], Italy
* Pfarrei Brixen St. Michael with the [[White Tower (Brixen)|White Tower]], [[Brixen]], Italy
* [[Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula]], in [[Brussels]], Belgium
* [[Mont-Saint-Michel]], [[Normandy]], France – a [[World Heritage Site]]
* [[St. Michael's Cathedral Basilica (Toronto)]], Canada
* [[St. Michael's Cathedral (Izhevsk)]], Russia
* [[St. Michael's Cathedral, Qingdao]], China
* [[Chudov Monastery]] in the [[Moscow Kremlin]]
* [[Cathedral of the Archangel]] in the Moscow Kremlin – a World Heritage Site
* [[Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo]], [[Gargano]], Italy – a World Heritage Site
* [[St Michael's Mount]], [[Cornwall]], UK
* [[St. Michael Catholic Church]]
* [[St. Michael]], MN
* [[St. Michael's Basilica, Miramichi]], Canada
* [[Skellig Michael]], off the [[Ireland|Irish]] west coast – a World Heritage Site
* [[Coventry Cathedral|St Michael's Cathedral]], [[Coventry]], UK
* [[St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery]], [[Kyiv]], Ukraine
* Basilica of St Michael the Archangel, [[Pensacola, Florida]], United States
* [[St. Michael's Church, Vienna]] in [[Vienna]], Austria
* [[Tayabas Basilica]], [[Tayabas, Quezon]], Philippines
* St. Michael the Archangel Parish Church, [[Pontevedra, Negros Occidental]], Philippines
* Archdiocesan Shrine and Parish of St. Michael the Archangel, [[Argao, Cebu]], Philippines ([[Argao Church]])
* [[St. Michael's Church, Berlin]], Germany
* St. Michael's Cathedral, [[Iligan City]], Philippines
* St. Michael Cathedral, [[Ilagan]], Philippines
* [[San Miguel Church (Manila)]], Philippines
* Cathedral of Saint Michael, [[Kalibo|Kalibo, Aklan]], Philippines
* Iglesia Filipina Independiente - Cathedral of St. Michael the Archangel, [[Bacoor|Bacoor, Cavite]], Philippines
* St. Michael the Archangel Parish, [[Taguig]], Philippines
* [[St. Michael's Church, Munich|St. Michael's]] [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] church, [[Munich]], Germany
* [[St. Michael's Cathedral, Belgrade]] in [[Belgrade]], [[Serbia]]
* [[Gamu Cathedral|Cathedral of St. Michael the Archangel]] in [[Gamu|Gamu, Isabela]], Philippines
* [[Mission San Miguel Arcángel]], San Miguel, California, United States, one of the California Missions
* [[St Michael at the North Gate]], [[Oxford]], UK
* [[St. Michael's Church, Mumbai]], India
* [[Church of St. Michael, Štip]], Republic of Macedonia
* [[St Michael and All Angels Church, Polwatte]]
* [[St Michael's Church, Churchill]], UK
* St Michael's Catholic Church, [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]], Canada
* [[St Michael the Archangel, Llanyblodwel]], England
* St Michael's Parish Church, Linlithgow, West Lothian, Scotland
* St Michael's Parish Church, Blackrock, Cork, Ireland
==See also==
{{div col}}
* [[Abatur]]
* [[Angelus]]
* [[Arkhangelsk]]
* [[Biblical cosmology]]
* [[Christian angelic hierarchy]]
* [[Guardian Angel of Portugal]]
* [[Hierarchy of angels]]
* [[List of angels in theology]]
* [[Metatron]]
* [[Portal:Catholicism/Patron Archive/September 29|Saint Michael, patron saint archive]]
* [[Psychopomp]]
* [[Quis ut Deus?]]
* [[Saint Michael in the Catholic Church]]
* [[Saureil]]
* [[Seraph]]
* [[Theophory in the Bible]]
* [[Uriel]]
{{div col end}}
== References ==
=== Notes ===
{{Reflist|group="Notes"}}
=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}
===Sources===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book
|last1 = Asale
|first1 = Bruk Ayele
|title = 1 Enoch as Christian Scripture
|publisher = Pickwick
|year = 2020
|isbn = 9781532691157
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fQLtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA55
}}
* {{Cite book
|last1 = Barker
|first1 = Margaret
|chapter = The Angel Raphael in the Book of Tobit
|editor1-last = Bredin
|editor1-first = Mark
|title = Studies in the Book of Tobit
|publisher = A&C Black
|year = 2006
|isbn = 9780567082299
|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nwjUAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA123
}}
* {{Cite book
|last1 = Barnes
|first1 = William H.
|chapter = Archangels
|editor1-last = Coogan
|editor1-first = Michael David
|editor2-last = Metzger
|editor2-first = Bruce M.
|title = The Oxford Companion to the Bible
|publisher = Oxford University Press
|year = 1993
|isbn = 9780199743919
|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2KGVuym5OUC&pg=PA54
}}
* {{Cite book
|last1 = Bromiley
|first1 = Geoffrey William ·
|chapter = Satan
|title = Theological Dictionary of the New Testament
|volume = 7
|publisher = Alban Books
|year = 1971
|isbn = 9780802822499
|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CGyOpNrzHj0C
}}
* {{Cite book
|last1 = Capmak
|first1 = Cenap
|chapter = Michael
|editor1-last = Capmak
|editor1-first = Cenap
|title = Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia
|publisher = ABC-CLIO
|year = 2017
|isbn = 9781610692175
|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JSHFDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1042
}}
* {{Cite book
|last = Collins
|first = John J.
|title = Daniel: With an Introduction to Apocalyptic Literature
|year = 1984
|publisher = Eerdmans
|isbn = 9780802800206
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9r_Zs7T1nCMC&q=Daniel:+with+an+introduction+to+apocalyptic+literature
}}
* {{Cite book
|last1 = Collins
|first1 = John J..
|chapter = Gabriel
|editor1-last = Van der Toorn
|editor1-first = Karel
|editor2-last = Becking
|editor2-first = Bob
|editor3-last = Van der Horst
|editor3-first = Pieter Willem
|title = Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible
|publisher = Eerdmans
|year = 1999
|isbn = 9780802824912
|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&pg=PA339
}}
* {{Cite book
|last1 = Esler
|first1 = Philip Francis
|title = God's Court and Courtiers in the Book of the Watchers
|publisher = Wipf and Stock Publishers
|year = 2017
|isbn = 9781625649089
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jIU_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3
}}
* {{Cite book
|last1 = Fahlbusch
|first1 = Erwin
|chapter = Incarnation
|volume = 2
|editor1-last = Bromiley
|editor1-first = Geoffrey William
|title = The Encyclopedia of Christianity
|publisher = Eerdmans
|year = 1999
|isbn = 9789004116955
|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yaecVMhMWaEC&pg=PA99
}}
* {{Cite book
|last1 = Grabbe
|first1 = Lester
|chapter = Tobit
|editor1-last = Dunn
|editor1-first = James D. G.
|title = Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible
|publisher = Eerdmans
|year = 2003
|isbn = 9780802837110
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC
}}
* {{Cite book
|last = Green
|first = Gene
|title = Jude and 2 Peter
|year = 2008
|publisher = Baker
|isbn = 9780801026720
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_quXRpxOxEEC
}}
* {{Cite book
|last1 = Grossman
|first1 = Maxine L.
|chapter = Angels
|editor1-last = Grossman
|editor1-first = Maxine L.
|title = The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion
|publisher = Oxford University Press
|year = 2011
|isbn = 9780199730049
|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hKAaJXvUaUoC&pg=PA51
}}
* {{Cite book
|last1 = Hannah
|first1 = Darrell D.
|title = Michael and Christ: Michael Tradition and Angel Christology
|publisher = Wipf and Stock
|year = 2011
|isbn = 9781610971539
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=whIeEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15
}}
* {{cite book
|last = Hill
|first = Andrew E.
|chapter = Daniel-Malachi
|editor1-last = Longman
|editor1-first= Tremper
|editor2-last = Garland
|editor2-first= David E.
|title = The Expositor's Bible Commentary
|volume = 8
|year = 2008
|publisher = [[Zondervan]]
|isbn = 9780310268932
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bCPBrAfBSdgC&pg=PA170
}}
* {{Cite book
|last1 = Hughes
|first1 = Thomas Patrick
|title = A Dictionary of Islam
|publisher = W.H. Allen
|year = 1885
|isbn = 9788120606722
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=O84eYLVHvB0C&dq=Archangel+Michael+Islam&pg=PA348
}}
* {{Cite book
|last1 = Mach
|first1 = M.
|chapter = Raphael
|editor1-last = Van der Toorn
|editor1-first = Karel
|editor2-last = Becking
|editor2-first = Bob
|editor3-last = Van der Horst
|editor3-first = Pieter Willem
|title = Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible
|publisher = Eerdmans
|year = 1999
|isbn = 9780802824912
|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&pg=PA688
}}
* {{Cite book
|last1 = Meier
|first1 = S.A.
|chapter = Angel I
|editor1-last = Van der Toorn
|editor1-first = Karel
|editor2-last = Becking
|editor2-first = Bob
|editor3-last = Van der Horst
|editor3-first = Pieter Willem
|title = Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible
|publisher = Eerdmans
|year = 1999
|isbn = 9780802824912
|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&pg=PA46
}}
* {{cite book
|last1 = Noegel
|first1 = Scott B.
|last2 = Wheeler
|first2 = Brannon M.
|title = Historical Dictionary of Prophets in Islam and Judaism
|publisher = Scarecrow Press
|year = 2002
|isbn = 9780810866102
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=W-QBAwAAQBAJ
}}
{{refend}}
===Further reading===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=Ball|first= Ann|date=2003|title= Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices|isbn=0-87973-910-X}}
* {{cite book|last=Butler|first= Alban|title=The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and other Principal Saints|series= in twelve volumes| publisher= B. Dornin|date= 1821}}
* {{cite book|last=Starr|first= Mirabai|title=Saint Michael: The Archangel|publisher= Sounds True|date= 2007|isbn=978-1-59179-627-5}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Archangel Michael}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=560&letter=M Michael] in ''[[The Jewish Encyclopedia]]''
{{Angels in Abrahamic Religions}}
{{Catholic saints}}
{{Quranic people}}
{{Book of Daniel}}
{{Book of Revelation}}
{{Private revelation}}
{{Coptic saints}}
{{Portalbar|Saints}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Michael (Archangel)}}
[[Category:Michael (archangel)| ]]
[[Category:Adam and Eve in Mormonism]]
[[Category:Angels in the Book of Enoch]]
[[Category:Angels of death]]
[[Category:Archangels]]
[[Category:Archangels in Christianity]]
[[Category:Archangels in Islam]]
[[Category:Archangel in Judaism]]
[[Category:Christian saints from the New Testament|Michael]]
[[Category:Christian saints from the Old Testament]]
[[Category:Eastern Orthodox saints]]
[[Category:Individual angels]]
[[Category:Patron saints of France]]
[[Category:Quranic figures]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Archangel in Judaism, Christianity and Islam, also recognised in the Baháʼí Faith}}
{{Redirect|Saint Michael}}
{{Infobox saint
|honorific_prefix = [[Saint]]
|name = Michael
|honorific_suffix =
|image = File:Luca Giordano - The Fall of the Rebel Angels - Google Art Project.jpg
|imagesize =
|caption = Saint Michael in ''The Fall of the Rebel Angels'' by [[Luca Giordano]]
|titles = Archangel, Prince (Commander) of the Heavenly Host
|feast_day = * '''29 September''' ("[[Michaelmas]]" - [[Catholic Church]], [[Anglican Communion]] and [[Lutheranism]])
* '''8 November''' (New Calendar [[Eastern Orthodox Churches]])
* '''8 November''' ([[Eastern Catholic Churches]])
* '''21 November''' (Old Calendar Eastern Orthodox Churches)
* '''12th of each month in [[Coptic calendar]]''' (Coptic Churches)
* Many other local and historical feasts
|beatified_by =
|canonized_place =
|canonized_by =
|major_shrine =[[Mont-Saint-Michel]], [[Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo|The Sanctuary of Saint Michael the Archangel]]
|attributes = banner, [[weighing scale|scales]], weighing souls, sword, slaying Satan or a dragon
|patronage = Protector of the Jewish people,<ref name="Bible gateway, Daniel 12:1">{{cite web|url=http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=daniel%2012;&version=31 |title=Bible gateway, Daniel 12:1 |publisher=Biblegateway.com |access-date=2010-07-21}}</ref> Guardian of the Catholic Church,<ref name=Alban >[[Alban Butler]], ''The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and Other Principal Saints''. 12 vols. B. Dornin, 1821; p. 117</ref> Vatican City<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.news.va/en/news/benedict-xvi-joins-pope-francis-in-consecrating-va |title=Benedict XVI joins Pope Francis in consecrating Vatican to St Michael Archangel |publisher=news.va |access-date=2013-07-05 |archive-date=2017-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709154017/http://www.news.va/en/news/benedict-xvi-joins-pope-francis-in-consecrating-va |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=308 |title=St. Michael, the Archangel – Saints & Angels |publisher=Catholic.org |access-date=2012-12-27}}</ref> [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Normandy]], [[Poor souls]], against lightningstroke and windstorm<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.donaukurier.de/archiv/erzengel-teufelsbezwinger-und-beliebter-schutzpatron-3625816 | title=Erzengel, Teufelsbezwinger und beliebter Schutzpatron }}</ref>
|issues =
|venerated_in = [[Judaism]]<br />All [[Christian denomination]]s which [[veneration of saints|venerate saints]]<br />[[Islam]]
[[Baháʼí Faith]]
}}
'''Michael''',{{#tag:ref|({{IPA-he|mixaˈʔel|lang}}; {{lang-he|מִיכָאֵל|lit=Who is like El [God]?|translit=Mīḵāʾēl}}; {{lang-el|Μιχαήλ|translit=Mikhaḗl}}; {{lang-la|Michahel}}; {{lang-ar|ميخائيل ، مِيكَالَ ، ميكائيل|translit=Mīkāʾīl, Mīkāl, Mīkhāʾīl}})|group="Notes"}} also called '''Saint Michael the Archangel''', '''Archangel Michael''' and '''Saint Michael the [[Taxiarch]]'''<ref> [https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22St.%20Michael%20the%20Taxiarch%22&sin=TXT/ It is so called in the Orthodox Church.]</ref> is an [[archangel]] in [[Judaism]], [[Christianity]], [[Islam]], and the [[Baha'i faith]]. The earliest surviving mentions of his name are in 3rd and 2nd-century BC Jewish works, often but not always apocalyptic, where he is the chief of the [[angels]] and [[archangels]], and he is the guardian prince of Israel and is responsible for the care of [[Israel]].{{sfn|Asale|2020|p=55}}{{sfn|Hannah|2011|p=33-54}}{{sfn|Hannah|2011|p=33}}{{sfn|Barnes|1993|p=54}} Christianity adopted nearly all the Jewish traditions concerning him,{{sfn|Hannah|2011|p=54}} and he is mentioned explicitly in [[Revelation 12]]:7–12,<ref>{{bibleverse|Revelation|12:7-12}}</ref> where he does battle with Satan,{{sfn|Bromiley|1971|p=156-157}} and in the [[Epistle of Jude]], where the author denounces heretics by contrasting them with Michael.{{sfn|Hannah|2011|p=46}}
== Second Temple Jewish writings ==
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[[File:Guido Reni 031.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Guido Reni]]'s Michael (in [[Santa Maria della Concezione dei Cappuccini|Santa Maria della Concezione]] church, Rome, 1636) tramples Satan. A mosaic of the same painting decorates ''St. Michael's Altar'' in [[St. Peter's Basilica]].]]
The earliest surviving mention of Michael is in a 3rd century BC Jewish apocalypse, the [[Book of Enoch]].{{sfn|Hannah|2011|p=33}}
This lists him as one of seven archangels (the remaining names are [[Uriel]], [[Raguel (angel)|Raguel]], [[Raphael (archangel)|Raphael]], [[Sariel]], [[Gabriel]], and [[Remiel]]), who, according to a slightly later work, the [[Book of Tobit]], "stand ready and enter before the glory of the Lord".{{sfn|Barnes|1993|p=54}} The fact that Michael is introduced in both works without explanation implies that readers already knew him and the other named angels, which in turn implies that they are earlier than the late 3rd century BC (the earliest possible date of the relevant passages in the Book of Enoch), but although their origins remain a matter for speculation there is no evidence that they are older than the [[Hellenistic period]].{{sfn|Hannah|2011|p=33}}{{sfn|Collins|1999|p=339}} He is mentioned again in [[Daniel's final vision|last chapters of the Book of Daniel]], a Jewish apocalypse composed in the 2nd century BC although set in the 6th, in which a man clothed in linen (never identified, but probably the archangel [[Gabriel]]) tells Daniel that he and "Michael, your prince" are engaged in a battle with the "[[Territorial spirit#Daniel 10|prince of Persia]]", after which, at the end-time, "Michael, the great prince who protects your people, will arise".{{sfn|Collins|1984|pp=34-36}}{{sfn|Hill|2008|p=176}}
Enoch was instrumental in establishing the pre-eminent place of Michael among the angels or archangels, and in later Jewish works he is said to be their chief, mediating the [[Torah]] (the law of God) and standing at the right hand of the throne of God.{{sfn|Asale|2020|p=55}} In the traditions of the [[Qumran]] community he defends or leads the people of God in the eschatological (i.e., end-time) battle,{{sfn|Fahlbusch|1999|p=674}} and in other writings he is responsible for the care of Israel (and he may be the "one like a son of man" mentioned in Daniel 7:13–14) and the commander of the heavenly armies; he is Israel's advocate contesting Satan's claim to the body of Moses; he intercedes between God and humanity and serves as High Priest in the heavenly sanctuary; and he accompanies the souls of the righteous dead to Paradise.{{sfn|Hannah|2011|p=33-54}}
== New Testament ==
[[File:Anónimo - San Miguel Arcángel, 1708.jpg|thumb|''Saint Michael, Archangel'', painting from Melchor Pérez de Holguín, (1708)]]
The seven archangels (or four - the traditions differ but always include Michael) were associated with the branches of the [[Temple menorah|menorah]], the sacred seven-branched lampstand in the Temple as the seven spirits before the throne of God, and this is reflected in the [[Revelation of John]] 4:5 ("From the throne came flashes of lightning, and rumblings and peals of thunder, and before the throne were burning seven torches of fire, which are the seven spirits of God" - ESV).{{sfn|Barker|2006|p=123}} Michael is mentioned explicitly in Revelation 12:7-12, where he does battle with Satan and casts him out of heaven so that he no longer has access to God as accuser (his formal role in the Old Testament).{{sfn|Bromiley|1971|p=156-157}} The fall of Satan at the coming of Jesus marks the separation of the New Testament from Judaism.{{sfn|Bromiley|1971|p=157}} In [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]] 22:31 Jesus tells Peter that Satan has asked God for permission to "sift" the disciples, the goal being to accuse them, but the accusation is opposed by Jesus, who thus takes on the role played by angels, and especially by Michael, in Judaism.{{sfn|Bromiley|1971|p=156}}
Michael is mentioned by name for the second time in the [[Epistle of Jude]], a passionate plea for believers in Christ to do battle against heresy.{{sfn|Green|2008|p=18}} In verses 9-10 the author denounces the heretics by contrasting them with the archangel Michael, who, disputing with Satan over the body of Moses, "did not presume to pronounce the verdict of 'slander' but said, 'The Lord punish you!'{{sfn|Green|2008|p=79}}
== Quran and other Muslim traditions ==
Michael is called Mika'il in Muslim works generally, but in the one instance in which he is mentioned in the Quran he is called Mikal.{{sfn|Hughes|1885|p=348}} The single Quranic mention comes in the QS 2:98, when the Jews of Medina challenged Muhammed to tell them the name of the angel from whom he received his revelations; when he told them it was Gabriel, the Jews said that Gabriel was their enemy, and that revelations came from Michael.{{sfn|Noegel|Wheeler|2002|p=218}} The [[hadith]] (sayings of and about the Prophet collected by his followers) quote Muhammed mentioning both Gabriel and Michael as two angels who showed him Paradise and hell, and in the early years of Islam the Muslims recited the names of both in the obligatory daily prayers (the salat).{{sfn|Capmak|2017|p=1042}} The place of Michael, and some of the other archangels, is not clearly identified in the major sources, and among ordinary Muslims knowledge of them is drawn from non-Islamic sources, notably Jewish.{{sfn|Capmak|2017|p=1042}}. For further knowledge, Michael or Mika'il is not a archangel rather an angel as in the Holy book of the muslims, the Quran it is mentioned that they are angels who only exist to obey and worship Allah, The Almighty.
==Later traditions==
we love judaism its beautiful plus its not wrong
===Christianity===
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====Early Christian views and devotions====
[[File:Michael4.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Statue of the Archangel Michael at the [[University of Bonn]], slaying Satan as a dragon; ''[[Quis ut Deus]]'' is inscribed on his shield]]
Michael was venerated as a healer in [[Phrygia]] (modern-day Turkey).<ref name="Cathenc">{{cite web|url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10275b.htm|title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: St. Michael the Archangel|website=www.newadvent.org}}</ref>
The earliest and most famous sanctuary to Michael in the ancient Near East was also associated with healing waters. It was the ''[[Michaelion]]'' built in the early 4th century by [[Constantine the Great]] at [[Chalcedon]], on the site of an earlier temple called ''Sosthenion''.<ref name=Richard >Richard Freeman Johnson (2005), ''Saint Michael the Archangel in Medieval English Legend'' {{ISBN|1-84383-128-7}}; pp. 33–34</ref>
[[Epiphanius of Salamis]] (c. 310–320 – 403) in his Coptic-Arabic ''Hexaemeron'' referred to Michael as a replacement of [[Satan]]. Accordingly, after Satan fell, Michael was appointed to the function Satan served when he was still one of the noble angels.<ref>Monferrer-Sala, J. P. (2014). "One More Time on the Arabized Nominal Form Iblīs", ''Studia Orientalia Electronica,'' 112, 55-70. Retrieved from https://journal.fi/store/article/view/9526 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803172624/https://journal.fi/store/article/view/9526 |date=2019-08-03 }}</ref>
A painting of the Archangel slaying a serpent became a major art piece at the Michaelion after Constantine defeated [[Licinius]] near there in 324. This contributed to the standard [[iconography]] that developed of the Archangel Michael as a [[warrior saint]] slaying a dragon.<ref name=Richard /> The Michaelion was a magnificent church and in time became a model for hundreds of other churches in [[Eastern Christianity]]; these spread devotions to the Archangel.<ref>[[Anna Jameson]] (2004), ''Sacred and Legendary Art'' {{ISBN|0-7661-8144-8}}; p. 92</ref>
In the 4th century, [[Basil the Great|Saint Basil the Great]]'s homily (''De Angelis'') placed Saint Michael over all the angels. He was called ''"Archangel"'' because he heralds other angels, the title Ἀρχανγέλος (archangelos) being used of him in [[Epistle of Jude|Jude]] 1:9.<ref name=Cathenc /> Into the 6th century, the view of Michael as a healer continued in Rome; after a plague, the sick slept at night in the church of ''[[Castel Sant'Angelo]]'' (dedicated to him for saving Rome), waiting for his manifestation.<ref name=Butler320 >Alban Butler, ''The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and other Principal Saints''. 12 vols. Dublin: James Duffy, 1866; p. 320</ref>
In the 6th century, the growth of devotions to Michael in the [[Western Church]] was expressed by the feasts dedicated to him, as recorded in the [[Leonine Sacramentary]]. The 7th-century [[Gelasian Sacramentary]] included the feast ''"S. Michaelis Archangeli"'', as did the 8th-century [[Sacramentary#The Gregorian Sacramentary|Gregorian Sacramentary]]. Some of these documents refer to a ''Basilica Archangeli'' (no longer extant) on [[via Salaria]] in Rome.<ref name=Cathenc />
The [[angelology]] of [[Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite|Pseudo-Dionysius]], which was widely read as of the 6th century, gave Michael a rank in the [[Hierarchy of angels|celestial hierarchy]]. Later, in the 13th century, others such as [[Bonaventure]] believed that he is the prince of the [[Seraphim]], the first of the nine angelic orders. According to [[Thomas Aquinas]] (''[[Summa Theologica|Summa]]'' Ia. 113.3), he is the Prince of the last and lowest choir, the Angels.<ref name=Cathenc />
====Catholicism====
{{For|Roman Catholic views and prayers|Saint Michael (Roman Catholic)}}
[[File:Jacopo vignali, san michele arcangelo libera le anime del purgatorio.jpg|thumb|upright| ''[[Saint Michael (Roman Catholic)#At the hour of death|Archangel Michael frees souls from purgatory]]'', by [[Jacopo Vignali]], 17th century]]
[[Catholic Church|Catholic]]s often refer to Michael as "Holy Michael, the Archangel"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.catholic.org/prayers/prayer.php?p=12|title=Holy Michael, the Archangel, Defend Us in Battle - Prayers|first=Catholic|last=Online|website=Catholic Online}}</ref> or "Saint Michael", a title that does not indicate [[Canonization|canonisation]]. He is generally referred to in Christian [[litany|litanies]] as "Saint Michael", as in the [[Litany of the Saints]]. In the shortened version used in the [[Easter Vigil]], he alone of the angels and archangels is mentioned by name, omitting saints [[Gabriel]] and [[Raphael (archangel)|Raphael]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Cadwallader+Michael+Chonai |first=Alan H.|last=Cadwallader|author2=Michael Trainor|title=Colossae in Space and Time|publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht|year=2011 |isbn=978-3-525-53397-0| page=323|access-date=2012-12-27}}</ref>
In [[Saint Michael (Roman Catholic)|Roman Catholic teachings]], Saint Michael has four main roles or offices.<ref name=Cathenc/> His first role is the leader of the Army of God and the leader of heaven's forces in their triumph over the powers of hell.<ref name=Donna60 >Donna-Marie O'Boyle, ''Catholic Saints Prayer Book'' OSV Publishing, 2008 {{ISBN|1-59276-285-9}} p. 60</ref> He is viewed as the angelic model for the virtues of the "spiritual warrior", his conflict with evil taken as "the battle within".{{sfn|Starr|2007|p=2}}
[[File:Stift Rein - Bibliothek, Antiphonale Cisterciense, Miniatur Erzengel Michael.jpg|thumb|left|upright|''St. Michael weighing souls during the [[Last Judgement]]'', ''Antiphonale Cisterciense'' (15th century), Abbey Bibliotheca, [[Rein Abbey, Austria]]]]
The second and third roles of Michael in Catholic teachings deal with death. In his second role, he is the angel of death, [[psychopomp|carrying the souls]] of Christians to heaven. In this role he descends at the hour of death, and gives each soul the chance to redeem itself before passing; thus consternating the devil and his minions. Catholic prayers often refer to this role of Michael. In his third role, he weighs souls on his perfectly balanced scales. For this reason, he is often depicted holding scales.{{sfn|Starr|2007|p=39}}
In his fourth role, Saint Michael, the special patron of the Chosen People in the Old Testament, is also the guardian of the church. Saint Michael was revered by the military orders of knights during the [[Middle Ages in history|Middle Ages]]. The names of villages around the [[Bay of Biscay]] express that history. This role also was why he was considered the patron saint of a number of cities and countries.{{sfn|Butler|1821|p=117}}<ref name="ReferenceA">Michael McGrath, ''Patrons and Protectors''. Liturgy Training, 2001. {{ISBN|1-56854-109-0}}.</ref>
Roman Catholicism includes traditions such as the ''[[Prayer to Saint Michael]],'' which specifically asks for the faithful to be "defended" by the saint.<ref>{{cite web |website=[[EWTN]] |title=Prayer to St Michael |url=http://www.ewtn.com/devotionals/prayers/michael.htm |access-date=2011-11-01 |archive-date=2019-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710020229/http://ewtn.com/Devotionals/prayers/michael.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Matthew Bunson, ''The Catholic Almanac's Guide to the Church'', OSV Publishing, 2001 {{ISBN|0-87973-914-2}} p. 315</ref><ref>Amy Welborn, ''The Words We Pray''. Loyola Press, 2004. {{ISBN|0-8294-1956-X}}, p. 101.</ref> The ''[[Chaplet of Saint Michael]]'' consists of nine salutations, one for each choir of angels.<ref name="Ann Ball p. 123">Ann Ball, ''2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices'' {{ISBN|0-87973-910-X}} p. 123</ref><ref>[[EWTN]] [http://www.ewtn.com/devotionals/prayers/chaplet-of-st-michael.htm "The Chaplet of St. Michael the Archangel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029165706/http://www.ewtn.com/Devotionals/prayers/chaplet-of-st-michael.htm |date=2010-10-29 }}"</ref>
=====Saint Michael the Archangel prayer=====
{{Main|Prayer to Saint Michael#In the Leonine Prayers}}
{{verse translation|lang=la
|<poem>
Sancte Míchael Archángele,
defénde nos in próelio;
contra nequítiam et insídias diáboli esto praesídium.
Imperet illi Deus, súpplices deprecámur,
tuque, Prínceps milítiae caeléstis,
Sátanam aliósque spíritus malígnos,
qui ad perditiónem animárum pervagántur in mundo,
divína virtúte, in inférnum detrúde.
Amen.<ref name="bollettino">{{Cite web |title=Holy See Press Office Communiqué |url=http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2018/09/29/180929d.html |access-date=2018-09-30 |website=press.vatican.va}}</ref>
</poem>
|<poem>
Blessed Michael, archangel,
defend us in the hour of conflict.
Be our safeguard against the wickedness and snares of the devil
(may God restrain him, we humbly pray):
and do thou, O Prince of the heavenly host,
by the power of God thrust Satan down to hell
and with him those other wicked spirits
who wander through the world for the ruin of souls.
Amen.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Joyce |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RFXCBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA80 |title=Ulysses |date=17 April 2008 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-162349-3 |page=80}}</ref>
</poem>
}}
====Eastern and Oriental Orthodoxy====
The [[Eastern Orthodox]] accord Michael the title ''Archistrategos'', or "Supreme Commander of the Heavenly Hosts".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Baun+%22Michael+Archistrategos%22 |first=Jane|last=Baun|title=Tales from Another Byzantium|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-521-82395-1|page=391 et passim |access-date=2012-12-27}}</ref> The Eastern Orthodox pray to their [[guardian angel]]s and above all to Michael and Gabriel.<ref>''Eastern Orthodox Theology: A Contemporary Reader'' by Daniel B. Clendenin (2003) {{ISBN|0801026512}}, p. 75</ref>
The Eastern Orthodox have always had strong devotions to angels. In contemporary times they are referred to by the term of "Bodiless Powers".<ref name="EOEnc" /> A number of feasts dedicated to Archangel Michael are celebrated by the Eastern Orthodox throughout the year.<ref name="EOEnc">''The Encyclopedia of Eastern Orthodox Christianity'', by John Anthony McGuckin (2011) {{ISBN|1405185392}} p. 30</ref>
Archangel Michael is mentioned in a number of Eastern Orthodox hymns and prayer, and his icons are widely used within Eastern Orthodox churches.<ref name="B16">''The Eastern Orthodox Church: Its Thought and Life'', by Ernst Benz (2008) {{ISBN|0202362981}}, p. 16</ref> In many Eastern Orthodox icons, Christ is accompanied by a number of angels, Michael being a predominant figure among them.<ref name="B16" />
In Russia, many monasteries, cathedrals, court and merchant churches are dedicated to the Chief Commander Michael; most Russian cities have a church or chapel dedicated to the Archangel Michael.<ref>''A Geography of Russia and Its Neighbors'', by Mikhail S. Blinnikov (2010) ISBN, p. 203</ref><ref>''Architectures of Russian Identity, 1500 to the Present'', by James Cracraft (2003) {{ISBN|0801488281}}, p. 42</ref>
While in the [[Serbian Orthodox Church]] [[Saint Sava]] has a special role as the establisher of its autocephaly and the largest Belgrade church is devoted to him, the capital [[Belgrade]]'s Orthodox [[cathedral]], the [[St. Michael's Cathedral, Belgrade|see church]] of the patriarch, is devoted to Archangel Michael (in Serbian: ''Арханђел Михаило'' / ''Arhanđel Mihailo'').
The place of Michael in the [[Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria]] is as a [[intercession of saints|saintly intercessor]]. He is the one who presents to God the prayers of the just, who accompanies the souls of the dead to heaven, who defeats the devil. He is celebrated liturgically on the 12th of each [[Coptic calendar|Coptic month]].<ref>''Two Thousand Years of Coptic Christianity'', by Otto Friedrich August Meinardus (2010) {{ISBN|977-424-757-4}} pp. 27, 117, 147</ref> In [[Alexandria]], a church was dedicated to him in the early fourth century on the 12th of the month of [[Paoni]]. The 12th of the month of [[Hathor (month)|Hathor]] is the celebration of Michael's appointment in heaven, where Michael became the chief of the angels.<ref>''Money, Land and Trade: An Economic History of the Muslim Mediterranean'', by Nelly Hanna (2002) {{ISBN|1-86064-699-9}}, p. 226</ref>
====Protestant views====
[[File:West Window, Church of the Good Shepherd (Rosemont, Pennsylvania).jpg|left|thumb|West window showing Michael in armour, Episcopal [[Church of the Good Shepherd (Rosemont, Pennsylvania)]] United States; memorial to the dead of the [[First World War]]]]
[[File:Erzengel Michael-Statue über dem Portal der St. Michaeliskirche Hamburg.jpg|thumb|Statue at [[St. Michaelis Church, Hamburg]]]]
Protestant denominations recognize Michael as an archangel. Within Protestantism, the [[Anglican]] and [[Methodist]] tradition recognizes four angels as archangels: Michael, [[Raphael (archangel)|Raphael]], [[Gabriel]], and [[Uriel]].<ref name="Armentrout2000">{{cite book|last=Armentrout|first=Don S.|title=An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church|date=1 January 2000|publisher=Church Publishing, Inc.|language=en|isbn=9780898697018|page=14}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Methodist New Connexion Magazine and Evangelical Repository, Volume XXXV, Third Series |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Q8EAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA493|year=1867|publisher=William Cooke|location=London|language=en|page=493}}</ref> Within [[Anglicanism]], the controversial bishop [[Robert Clayton (bishop)|Robert Clayton]] (died 1758) proposed that Michael was the [[Logos (Christianity)|Logos]] and Gabriel the [[Holy Spirit (Christianity)|Holy Spirit]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/anessayonspirit00clagoog|title=An essay on spirit|first=Robert|last=Clayton|date=February 13, 1751|publisher=London, printed: [etc.]|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Controversy over Clayton's views led the government to order his prosecution, but he died before his scheduled examination.<ref>[[s:Clayton, Robert (1695–1758) (DNB00)|''Dictionary of National Biography'': Clayton, Robert]]</ref><ref>John Walsh, Colin Haydon & Stephen Taylor, eds. (1993) ''The Church of England c. 1689 – c. 1833: from Toleration to Tractarianism''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press {{ISBN|0-521-41732-5}}; p. 47</ref>
The [[Lutheran Church]]es of [[St. Michael's Church, Hamburg]] and [[St. Michael's Church, Hildesheim]] are named for him. In [[Johann Sebastian Bach|Bach]]'s time, the annual feast of Michael and All the Angels on 29 September was regularly celebrated with a festive service in Lutheran churches, for which Bach composed several cantatas, for example the [[Chorale cantata (Bach)|chorale cantata]] ''[[Herr Gott, dich loben alle wir, BWV 130]]'' in 1724, [[Es erhub sich ein Streit, BWV 19|''Es erhub sich ein Streit'', BWV 19]], in 1726 and [[Man singet mit Freuden vom Sieg, BWV 149|''Man singet mit Freuden vom Sieg'', BWV 149]], in 1728 or 1729.
====Seventh-day Adventists====
{{See also|Seventh-day Adventist theology#Christ and the Archangel Michael|l1=Seventh-day Adventist, beliefs about Michael|Pre-existence of Christ}}
[[File:Le Grand Saint Michel, by Raffaello Sanzio, from C2RMF retouched.jpg|thumb|upright|''Le Grand Saint Michel'', 1518, by [[Raphael]] (Raffaello Sanzio), Archangel Michael defeating evil]]
[[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventists]] believe that "Michael" is but one of the many titles applied to the pre-existent Christ, or Son of God. According to Adventists, such a view does not in any way conflict with the belief in his full deity and eternal preexistence, nor does it in the least disparage his person and work.<ref>[http://www.sdanet.org/atissue/books/qod/index.htm Seventh-day Adventists Answer Questions on Doctrine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513084729/http://www.sdanet.org/atissue/books/qod/index.htm |date=2021-05-13 }}, Review and Herald Publishing Association, Washington, D.C., 1957. Chapter 8 "Christ, and Michael the Archangel".</ref> According to Adventist theology, Michael was considered the "eternal Word", and the one by whom all things were created. The Word was then born incarnate as Jesus.<ref>''Seventh Day Adventists: What do they believe?'' by Val Waldeck Pilgrim Publications (April 5, 2005) p. 16</ref>
They believe that name "Michael" signifies "One Who Is Like God" and that as the "Archangel" or "chief or head of the angels" he led the angels and thus the statement in [[s:Bible (American Standard)/Revelation 12:7–9|Revelation 12:7–9]] identifies Jesus as Michael.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adventistworld.org/article.php?id=787&search=law |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120724141630/http://www.adventistworld.org/article.php?id=787&search=law |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-07-24 |title=The Remnant |publisher=Adventist World |access-date=2011-12-05}}</ref>
====Jehovah's Witnesses====
{{See also|Jehovah's witnesses#Jesus|l1=Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs about Jesus}}
[[Jehovah's Witnesses]] believe Michael to be another name for [[Pre-existence of Christ|Jesus in heaven]], in his pre-human and post-resurrection existence.<ref name="autogenerated218">Reasoning from the Scriptures, 1985, Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, p. 218</ref> They say the definite article at Jude 9<ref>{{Bibleverse|Jude|9|ESV}}</ref>—referring to "Michael the archangel"—identifies Michael as the only archangel. They consider Michael to be synonymous with Christ, described at 1 Thessalonians 4:16<ref>{{Bibleverse|1|Thessalonians|4:16|ESV}}</ref> as descending "with a cry of command, with the voice of an archangel, and with the sound of the trumpet".<ref>{{cite book|url=http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200003035|title=Insight on the Scriptures|volume=2|pages=393–394|publisher=Watch Tower Society|access-date=2013-05-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1102005160|title=What Does the Bible ''Really'' Teach?|pages=218–219 |publisher=Watch Tower Society|access-date=2013-05-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/2007206|title=Angels—How They Affect Mankind|journal=The Watchtower|pages=21–25|publisher=Watch Tower Society|date=March 15, 2007|access-date=2013-05-01}}</ref>
They believe the prominent roles assigned to Michael at Daniel 12:1,<ref>{{Bibleverse|Daniel|12:1|ESV}}</ref> Revelation 12:7,<ref>{{Bibleverse|Revelation |12:7|ESV}}</ref> Revelation 19:14,<ref>{{Bibleverse|Revelation |19:14|ESV}}</ref> and Revelation 16<ref>{{Bibleverse|Revelation|16|ESV}}</ref> are identical to Jesus' roles, being the one chosen to lead God's people and as the only one who "stands up", identifying the two as the same spirit being. Because they identify Michael with Jesus, he is therefore considered the first and greatest of all God's heavenly sons, God's chief messenger, who takes the lead in vindicating God's [[sovereignty]], sanctifying his name, fighting the wicked forces of Satan and protecting God's covenant people on earth.<ref>{{cite book|title=What Does The Bible ''Really'' Teach?|page=87|publisher=Watch Tower Society}}</ref> Jehovah's Witnesses also identify Michael with the "[[Angel of the Lord]]" who led and protected the Israelites in the wilderness.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Watchtower|title=Your Leader Is One, the Christ|date=September 15, 2010|page=21}}</ref> Their earliest teachings stated that Archangel Michael was not to be worshipped and was distinct from Jesus.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://archive.org/download/WatchtowerLibrary/magazines/w/w1879_E.pdf|page=48|title=THE NAME OF JESUS|magazine=The Watchtower|date=November 1879|year=1879|volume=1|issue=4}}</ref>
<!-- JW's changing core beliefs is part of their doctrine that humans make mistakes. https://christianity.stackexchange.com/questions/77680/the-founder-of-zions-watch-tower-charles-taze-russell-made-the-following-statem -->
====The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints====
{{See also|Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints}}
Members of [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] believe that Michael is [[Adam and Eve (LDS Church)|Adam]], the [[Ancient of Days]] (Dan. 7), a prince, and the patriarch of the human family. They also hold that Michael assisted [[Jehovah]] (the [[Pre-existence#Latter Day Saints|pre-mortal]] form of [[Jesus]]) in the creation of the world under the direction of [[God the Father]] ([[Elohim#Latter Day Saint movement|Elohim]]); under the direction of the Father, Michael also cast Satan out of heaven.<ref>{{Citation |last= Millet |first= Robert L. |author-link= Robert L. Millet |title= The Man Adam |journal= [[Liahona (magazine)|Liahona]] |date= February 1998 |url= https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/liahona/1998/02/the-man-adam?lang=eng }}</ref><ref>{{lds|Doctrine and Covenants|dc|27|11}}</ref><ref>{{lds|Doctrine and Covenants|dc|107|53|56}}</ref><ref>{{lds|Doctrine and Covenants|dc|128|21}}</ref>
===Islam===
In Islam, Michael, or Mīkāʾīl,<ref name="King">{{cite web|title = King, Daniel "A Christian Qur'an? A Study in the Syriac Background of the Qur'an as Presented in the Work of Christoph Luxenberg," JLARC 3, 44–71 (2009)|url = http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/share/research/centres/clarc/jlarc/contents/King%2520A%2520Christian%2520Qur%2527an.pdf|website = School of History, Archaeology and Religion|access-date = 2015-12-17}}</ref> is the angel said to effectuate God's providence as well as natural phenomena, such as rain.<ref name=britannica>{{cite web |title=Mikal - Angel, Meaning, & Islam |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mikal |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=5 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref> He is one of the four archangels along with [[Gabriel#Islam|Jebreel]] (Gabriel, whom he is often paired with), [[Israfil|ʾIsrāfīl]] (trumpeter angel) and [[Azrael|ʿAzrāʾīl]] (angel of death).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/002-qmt.php#002.098 |title=Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement |publisher=Usc.edu |access-date=2015-01-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202024354/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/002-qmt.php#002.098 |archive-date=2015-02-02 }}</ref>
Michael in Islam is tasked with providing nourishment for bodies and souls and is also responsible for universal or environmental events, and is often depicted as the archangel of mercy. He is said to be friendly, asking [[God in Islam|God]] for mercy toward humans and is, according to Muslim legends, one of the first to obey God's orders to bow before [[Adam in Islam|Adam]].<ref>John L. Esposito ''Oxford Dictionary of Islam'' Oxford University Press {{ISBN|978-0-195-12559-7}} p. 200</ref><ref name=britannica/> He is also responsible for the rewards doled out to good persons in this life. From the tears of Michael, angels are created as his helpers.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 20832755|title = The Creation of Man and Angels in the Eschatological Literature: [Translated Excerpts from an Unpublished Collection of Traditions]|last1 = MacDonald|first1 = John|journal = Islamic Studies|year = 1964|volume = 3|issue = 3|pages = 285–308}}</ref>
Consensus of Islamic scholars and clerics has enclosed various hadiths as interpretation material for the verse of [[Al Imran|Al Imran]], [[Ayah]] 124|{{Cite Quran|3|124|s=r|t=s}} that Gabriel,<ref name = "Quran 4 U">{{cite web|url=http://www.quran4u.com/Tafsir%20Ibn%20Kathir/003%20Imran.htm |title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir (English): Surah Ale Imran |work=Quran 4 U|author=Ibn Kathir (d.1373)|author-link=Ibn Kathir|publisher=[[Tafsir]]|access-date=22 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="Misri; Sirah Sahabah: Zubair bin Awwam">{{cite book |last1=al-Misri |first1=Mahmud |title=Sahabat-Sahabat Rasulullah vol 1: Zubair bin Awwam |trans-title=Companion of the Prophet vol 1: Zubair bin Awwam |date=2015 |publisher=Pustaka Ibnu Katsir |isbn=9789791294386 |language=id, ar |url=https://onesearch.id/Record/IOS3644.slims-9450 |access-date=6 November 2021 |page=[https://kalemtayeb.com/safahat/item/36531 Shaja'ah Zubayr ibn al-Awwam Radhiyallahu anh (bravery of Zubayr ibn al-Awwam]; by {{ill|Mahmud al-Misri|ar|محمود المصري}}; official Book review by [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pS1qvPSxq34 Basalamah]; quoting various supplementary sources such as Sahih Bukhari, [[Sahih Muslim]], Siyar A'lam Nubala, [[Al-Tirmidhi]], [[Prophetic biography]] of Ibn Hisham, etc.}}</ref> Michael, [[Israfil|Raphael]]<ref name="Israfil" /> {{#tag:ref|found in Mustadrak al Sahihayn.<ref>{{cite book |last1=al-Nishapuri |first1=al-Hakim |title=al Mustadrak ala Sahihayn |publisher=Islamweb |location=Islamweb |url=https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&idfrom=4305&idto=4307&bk_no=74&ID=1899 |access-date=13 December 2021 |chapter=Kitabu Ma'rifat Shahabatu Radhiyallahu Anhum: Gabriel, Michael and Israfil descend in the Battle of Badr. |quote=4488 - Narrated Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Ya'kub, through Ibrahim bin Abdullah Al Saadi, on the authority of Muhammad bin Khalid bin Athmah, on the authority of Musa bin Yaqub, who reported Abu Huwayrith, that Muhammad bin Jabir bin Mut'im, told him}}</ref> The complete narration from [[Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri]] were:... ''Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Yaqoub has reported from Ibrahim bin Abdullah Al-Saadi, who told us Muhammad bin Khalid bin Uthma, told us Musa bin Yaqoub, told me Abu Al-Huwairith, that Muhammad bin Jubayr bin Mut’im told him, that he heard Ali - may God be pleased with him - addresses the people, and he said: While I was leaving from the well of Badr, a strong wind came, the like of which I had never seen, then it left, then came a strong wind, the like of which I have never seen except for the one before it, then it went, then came a strong wind that I did not see before. I have never seen anything like it except for the one before it, and the first wind was Gabriel descended among a thousand angels with the Messenger of God - may God bless him and grant him peace - and the second wind was Michael who descended among a thousand angels to the right of the Messenger of God - may God bless him and his family and grant them peace - and Abu Bakr was On his right, and the third wind was Israfil. He descended with a thousand angels on the side of the Messenger of God - may God’s prayers and peace be upon him and his family - and I was on the right side. When God Almighty defeated his enemies, the Messenger of God - may God’s prayers and peace be upon him and his family - carried me on his horse, I blew up, and I fell On my heels, I prayed to God Almighty''... {{ill|Ibn al Mulqin|id|Ibnu Al-Mulaqqin}}, Hadith scholar from Cordoba of 13-14 AD century, evaluate this hadith tha he found weaknesses in Musa ibn Yaqoub and Abu al Huwairith chain, so he deemed there is weakness about this hadith.<ref name="Al Mulqin Mukhtaras">{{cite web |last1=Abu Hafs Umar bin Ali bin Ahmad bin Muhammad bin Abdullah Al-Anshari Al-Wadi Asyi Al-Andalusi At-Tukuruwi Al-Mishri Asy-Syafi`i |first1=Sirajuddin |title=كتاب مختصر تلخيص الذهبي|trans-title=kitab mukhtasar talkhis aldhahabii |url=https://al-maktaba.org/book/33911/1160 |website=Islamweb |publisher=Islamweb |access-date=14 December 2021}}</ref> More recent scholarship from Ali Hasan al-Halabi notes another hadith which supports the participation of Raphael in Badr<ref name="Israfil">{{cite web |last1=Hakim |first1=Saifuddin |title=Apakah Malaikat Israfil Bertugas Meniup Sangkakala pada Hari Kiamat? (1) |url=https://muslim.or.id/24549-apakah-malaikat-israfil-bertugas-meniup-sangkakala-pada-hari-kiamat-1.html |website=Muslim.or.id |publisher=Muslim.or.id |access-date=14 December 2021 |language=id|date=2015 |quote=[ يا آدم بر حجك ] " ما يروى عن آدم -عليه السلام- أنه لما حج قالت له الملائكة: «يا آدم بر حجك»: غير ثابت. " [من فوائد جلسة مع طلبة العلم /16/ذو الحجة/1432 ] __________________ " ... فهل يحسن بنا وقد أنضينا قرائحنا في تعلم هذه السنة المطهرة، وبذلنا في العمل بها جهد المستطيع، وركبنا المخاطر في الدعوة إليها؛ هل يحسن بنا بعد هذا كله أن نسكت لهؤلاء عن هذه الدعوى الباطلة، ونوليهم منا ما تولوا ونبلعهم ريقهم، وهل يحسن بنا أن لا يكون لنا في الدفاع عنها ما كان منا في الدعوة إليها؟ إنا إذن لمقصرون!..."}}</ref>|group="Notes"}}{{#tag:ref|According to Islamic belief in weak chain of Hadith, Israfil were acknowledged as angel who were tasked to blower of [[Armageddon]] trumpet.<ref name="Israfil2">{{cite web |last1=Hakim |first1=Saifuddin |title=Apakah Malaikat Israfil Bertugas Meniup Sangkakala pada Hari Kiamat? (2)|trans-title=Does angel Raphael tasked to blow the trumpet of Armageddon in the day of judgment? (2) |url=https://muslim.or.id/24567-apakah-malaikat-israfil-bertugas-meniup-sangkakala-pada-hari-kiamat-2.html |website=Muslim.or.id |publisher=Muslim.or.id |access-date=14 December 2021 |language=id|date=2015 |quote=Tafsir Al-Qurthubi, 7/20 (Maktabah Syamilah); At-Tadzkirah bi Ahwaalil Mauta wa Umuuril Akhirah, 1/488 (Maktabah Syamilah).; Fathul Baari 11/368 (Maktabah Syamilah); see Al-Imaan bimaa Ba’dal Maut, p. 112. ; Syarh Al-Ibanah: Al-Imaan bin Nafkhi Ash-Shuur, 5/33.; Syarh Al-‘Aqidah Al-Washithiyyah, 1/59-60 (Maktabah Asy-Syamilah). while in another book: وذلك أن الله سبحانه وتعالى يأمر اسرافيل وهو أحد الملائكة الموكلين بحمل العرش أن ينفخ في الصور (Syarh Al-‘Aqidah As-Safariyaniyyah, 1/467).}}</ref> Suyuti mentioned Israfil as [[Muezzin]] among angels, possessed four wings, while Suyuti also mentioned another narrator Israfil possessed twelve wings instead.<ref name="Suyuti" /> Israfil also mentioned by Suyuti as [[Muezzin]] among angels and a member of a group of biggest archangels who bear the [[Throne of God]] on their back.<ref name="Suyuti" /> Abu Bakar al-Hudhali opined the angel who blowing horn were different from Israfil, while [[Abu Said Al-Khudri]] mentioned the blower of horn were in fact consisted of two angels, while he supported the opinion that Israfil were also one of the blower.<ref name="Suyuti" /> [[Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani]] thought the hadith were [[Hadith_terminology#Munkar|Munkar]] and should not be trusted.<ref name="Collector of Hadiths and Traces : Which was brought out">{{cite book |author1=Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani |author1-link=Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani |title=جامع الأحاديث والآثار التي خرجها وحكم عليها فضيلة الشيخ محمد ناصر الدين الألباني، رحمه الله، في جميع كتبه|trans-title=Collector of Hadiths and Traces : Which was brought out and judged by His Eminence Sheikh Muhammad Nasir al-Din al-Albani, may God have mercy on him, in all his books |date=2001 |type=Hadith -- Texts -- Authorities -- Criticism, Textual -- Hermeneutics |publisher=Maktaba al Islam |page=12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2vDXAAAAMAAJ |access-date=3 March 2022 |language=ar}}</ref>|group="Notes"}} and thousands of [[Angels in Islam|best angels]] from third level of sky, all came to the battle of Badr.<ref name="Suyuti">{{cite book |author1=Al-Suyuti |author1-link=Al-Suyuti |editor1-last=Muhammad as Said Basyuni |translator=Mishabul Munir |editor1-first=Abu Hajir |editor2-last=Yasir |editor2-first=Muhammad |title=Misteri Alam Malaikat |date=2021 |type= Religion / Islam / General |publisher=Pustaka al-Kautsar |pages=29–33, 172 |isbn=9789795929512 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDxQEAAAQBAJ |access-date=6 February 2022 |language=id |quote=Quoting Ibnul Mubarak from a book of ''az-Zuhd''; ad Durr al-Manshur, chain narration from Ibnul Mubarak to Ibn SHihab (1/92)}}</ref> Various hadith traditions linked to the Al Imran, verse 125|{{Cite Quran|3|124|s=r|t=s}}, has stated that those angels has taken form of [[Zubayr ibn al-Awwam]], [[companion of Muhammad]].{{#tag:ref|According to one Hadith, Muhammad were told that the angels that appeared in the battle of Badr were highest in status and the "best of angels" according to Gabriel.<ref name="Lives Of The Sahaba 39 – Az-Zubayr Ibn Al-Awwam – PT 01">{{cite news |last1=Qadhi |first1=Yasir|author-link1=Abu Ammaar Yasir Qadhi |title=Lives Of The Sahaba 39 – Az-Zubayr Ibn Al-Awwam – PT 01 |url=https://muslimcentral.com/yasir-qadhi-lives-sahaba-az-zubayr-ibn-al-awwam/ |newspaper=Muslim Central |publisher=Muslim Central Audio |access-date=4 December 2021 |date=2016}}</ref>|group="Notes"}}<ref name="Tarikh Dimashq 2">{{harvtxt|Bin Al-Hassan|Al-Dimashqi |first2=Ibn Asaker|2012|p=622, Al-Zubayr told us, he said: And Abu Al-Makarram Uqbah bin Makram Al-Dhabi told me, Musab bin Salam Al-Tamimi told me, on the authority of Saad bin Tarif, on the authority of Abu Jaafar Muhammad bin Ali, he said: On the day of Badr, Al-Zubayr bin Al-Awwam had a yellow turban}}</ref>
In a [[Sunan an-Nasa'i|version]] of a [[hadith]] by [[Al-Nasa'i|an-Nasāʾi]], [[Muhammad]] is quoted as saying that Gabriel and Michael came to him, and when Gabriel had sat down at his right and Michael at his left, Gabriel told him to recite the Qurʾān in one mode, and Michael told him to ask more, till he reached seven modes, each mode being sufficiently health-giving.<ref>{{cite book |last1=At-Tabrizi |first1=Khatib |title=Mishkat al-Masabih 2215 - The Excellent Qualities of the Qur'an - كتاب فضائل القرآن, Hadith 2215 - Sunnah.com |url=https://sunnah.com/mishkat:2215 |access-date=5 August 2021}}</ref> According to another hadith in [[Sahih Muslim]], Michael, along with Gabriel both dressed in white, were reported to have accompanied Muhammad on the day of the [[Battle of Uhud]].<ref>Sahih Muslim, Book of Virtues (#43), Hadith 63 (reference: Sahih Muslim 2306a)</ref> [[Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri]] has recorded in his historiography works of Quran and Hadith revelation in [[Prophetic biography]], that [[Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas]] testified has saw Jibril and Mikail during that battle.<ref name="eve of battle of Uhud & Ahzab">{{cite book |author1=Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri |editor1-last=Nayra |translator=Abu Ahsan |editor1-first=Abu |title=Periode Madinah; Aktivitas Militer Menjelang Perang Uhud dan Perang Ahzab |trans-title= Medina period: military activity on the eve of battle of Uhud & Ahzab |date=2021|type=Religion / General, Religion / Islam / General, Religion / Islam / History, Religion / Reference |publisher=Hikam Pustaka |isbn=9786233114158 |pages=78–79 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BWhgEAAAQBAJ |access-date=12 March 2022 |language=id |format=ebook}}</ref>
In [[Shia Islam]], in [[Dua]] Umm Dawood, a supplication reportedly handed down by the 6th [[Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq]], the reciter sends blessing upon Michael (with his name spelled as Mīkā'īl):<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.duas.org/ummedawood.htm |title = Aamal e Umme Dawood}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wilayatmission.org/Duas/UmmDawood.pdf |title=Dua of Umm Dawood |publisher=www.wilayatmission.org |date= |access-date=2021-02-13}}</ref>
<blockquote>O Allah! Bestow your blessing on Michael-angel of Your mercy and created for kindness and seeker of pardon for and supporter of the obedient people.</blockquote>
In the creation narrative of [[Adam in Islam|Adam]] he was sent to bring a handful of earth, but the Earth did not yield a piece of itself, some of which will burn. This is articulated by [[Al-Tha`labi|Al-Tha'labi]], whose narrative states that God tells Earth that some will obey him and others will not.<ref>The Birth of the Prophet Muḥammad: Devotional Piety in Sunni Islam – p. 21, Marion Holmes Katz – 2007</ref>
===Baha'i Faith===
The archangel Michael seems to have never been mentioned publicly by [[Baha'u'llah]], [['Abdu'l-Baha]], [[Shoghi Effendi]], or even the [[Universal House of Justice]]. Baha'i publications interpreting the [[Book of Revelation]] from the [[New Testament]] say Baha'u'llah was a chief prince of Persia<ref>The Logic of The Revelation of St. John|Stephen Beebe|Baha'i Publishing Trust|2001|pgs. 103-104</ref><ref>Daniel 10:7-13</ref> foretold as Michael who would win "final victory over the dragon". Or, Michael, "One like God", is thought to be Baha'u'llah, as archangel Michael is thought to be an emanation of [[Hod (Kabbalah)|Hod]] or "glory" in [[Jewish Mysticism]]<ref>The Apocalypse Unsealed|Robert F. Riggs|Philosophical Library, Inc.|1982|pgs. 160,164</ref> - because "Baha'u'llah" means splendor or glory of God.
===Gnosticism===
In the [[Apocryphon of John|Secret Book of John]], a 2nd-century text found in the [[Nag Hammadi library|Nag Hammadi codices]] of [[Gnosticism]], Michael is placed in control of the demons who help [[Demiurge#Yaldabaoth|Yaldabaoth]] create [[Adam]], along with six others named Uriel, Asmenedas, Saphasatoel, Aarmouriam, Richram, and Amiorps.<ref>{{cite book|author1=[[Marvin Meyer]]|author2=[[Willis Barnstone]]|title=The Gnostic Bible|publisher=[[Shambhala Publications|Shambhala]]|chapter=The Secret Book of John|url=http://gnosis.org/naghamm/apocjn-meyer.html|date=June 30, 2009|access-date=2022-02-06}}</ref> According to [[Origen|Origen of Alexandria]] in his work [[Contra Celsum|Against Celsus]], Michael was represented as a lion on the [[Ophite Diagrams|Ophite Diagram]].<ref>{{Cite wikisource|author=[[Origen]]|translator=Frederick Crombie|title=Ante-Nicene Fathers|wslink=Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume IV/Origen/Origen Against Celsus/Book VI/Chapter XXX|year=248|volume=IV|entry=Origen Against Celsus, chapter XXX}}</ref>
==Feasts==
[[File:S. Miguel Arcanjo.jpg|thumb|right|Archangel Michael at a Portuguese feast in [[Cabeceiras de Basto]]]]
In the [[General Roman Calendar]], the [[Calendar of saints (Church of England)|Anglican Calendar of Saints]], and the [[Calendar of Saints (Lutheran)|Lutheran Calendar of Saints]], the archangel's feast is celebrated on [[Michaelmas]] Day, 29 September. The day is also considered the feast of Saints Michael, [[Gabriel]], and [[Raphael (archangel)|Raphael]], in the General Roman Calendar and the Feast of Saint Michael and All Angels according to the Church of England.<ref>''Saint Michael the Archangel in Medieval English Legend'' by Richard Freeman Johnson 2005 {{ISBN|1-84383-128-7}} p. 105</ref>
In the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], Saint Michael's principal feast day is 8 November (those that use the [[Julian calendar]] celebrate it on what in the [[Gregorian calendar]] is now 21 November), honouring him along with the rest of the ''"Bodiless Powers of Heaven"'' (i.e. [[angel]]s) as their Supreme Commander (Synaxis of the Archangel Michael and the Other Bodiless Powers), and the ''[[Miracle of the Archangel Michael at Chonae#Miracle of the Archangel Michael|Miracle at Chonae]]'' is commemorated on 6 September.<ref>''Icons and saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church'' by Alfredo Tradigo 2006 {{ISBN|0-89236-845-4}} p. 46</ref><ref>''The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity'' 2010 by Ken Parry {{ISBN|1-4443-3361-5}} p. 242</ref>
In the calendar of the [[Church of England]] [[diocese of Truro]], 8 May is the feast of ''St. Michael, Protector of Cornwall''. The archangel Michael is one of the three patron saints of [[Cornwall]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/cornwall/uncovered/stories/st_piran_background.shtml|title=BBC - Cornwall Uncovered - Story The Legend of St Piran|website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> The feast of the Appearing of S. Michael the Archangel is observed by Anglo-Catholics on 8 May.<ref>''The English Missal for the laity''; 3rd ed. London: W. Knott, 1958; pp. 625–627</ref> From medieval times until 1960 it was also observed on that day in the Roman Catholic Church; the feast commemorates the archangel's apparition on [[Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo|Mount Gargano in Italy]].<ref>Cross & Livingstone (eds.) ''ODCC''; p. 613</ref>
In the [[Coptic Orthodox Church]], the main feast day in 12 [[Hathor (month)|Hathor]] and 12 [[Paoni]], and he is celebrated liturgically on the 12th of each Coptic month.
[[Feast of Saint Michael and All Angels]] is [[Calendar of saints|commemorated]] on 29 September in [[ROCOR]] [[Western Rite Orthodoxy|Western Rite]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ROCOR Western Rite (Home) |url=https://www.rocor-wr.org/ |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=rocorwr |language=en}}</ref>
[[Vision (spirituality)|Apparition]] of Saint Michael in [[492]] on [[Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo|Mount Gargano]] is [[Calendar of saints|commemorated]] on 8 May<ref>{{Cite web |title=МИХАИЛ, АРХАНГЕЛ - Древо |url=http://drevo-info.ru/articles/7863.html |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=drevo-info.ru |language=ru}}</ref> and [[Michaelmas|Dedication of Saint Michael the Archangel]] is [[Calendar of saints|commemorated]] on 29 September ([[Antiochian Western Rite Vicariate]]).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-01-11 |title=Calendar |url=http://www.stgregoryoc.org/calendar/ |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=St. Gregory the Great Orthodox Church |language=en-US}}</ref>
[[Dedication of churches|Dedication]] of Saint Michael [[sanctuary]] [[Mont-Saint-Michel Abbey|Mont-Saint-Michel]] by [[Aubert of Avranches|Saint Aubert of Avranches]] is commemorated on 16 October.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Farmer |first=David |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Saints |publisher=OUP Oxford |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-19-959660-7 |edition=Fifth Edition Revised |location=Great Britain |pages=309 |language=English}}</ref>
On 7 April Oriental Orthodox Church commemorates deliverance [[Jeremiah|prophet Jeremiah]] from prison by Michael.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ethiopian synaxarium |url=https://www.tewahedo.dk/litt/cached/The_Ethiopian_Synaxarium.pdf}}</ref>
==Patronages and orders==
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In late [[medieval Christianity]], Michael, together with [[Saint George]], became the [[patron saint]] of [[chivalry]] and is now also considered the patron saint of police officers, paramedics and the military.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>{{sfn|Ball|p=586}}
Since the victorious [[Battle of Lechfeld]] against the Hungarians in 955, Michael was the patron saint of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and still is the patron saint of modern Germany and other German-speaking regions formerly covered by the realm.
[[File:Michael4.jpg|thumb|Statue of St Michael at the former seat of the [[House of Wittelsbach|Bavarian]] [[Order of Saint Michael (Bavaria)|Military Order of Saint Michael]] in the [[Electoral Palace, Bonn]], Germany.]]
In mid to late 15th century, France was one of only four courts in [[Western Christianity|Western Christendom]] without an order of knighthood.<ref name="Dacre">''The Knights of the Crown: The Monarchical Orders of Knighthood in Later Medieval Europe 1325–1520'' by D'Arcy Jonathan Dacre Boulton 2000 {{ISBN|0-85115-795-5}} pp. 427–428</ref> Later in the 15th century, [[Jean Molinet]] glorified the primordial feat of arms of the archangel as "the first deed of knighthood and chivalrous prowess that was ever achieved."<ref>Noted by [[Johan Huizinga]], ''[[The Autumn of the Middle Ages|The Waning of the Middle Ages]]'' (1919, 1924:56.</ref> Thus Michael was the natural patron of the first [[chivalric order]] of France, the [[Order of Saint Michael]] of 1469.<ref name="Dacre" /> In the [[British honours system]], a chivalric order founded in 1818 is also named for these two saints, the [[Order of St Michael and St George]] (''see also'': [[Order of Saint Michael (disambiguation)|Order of Saint Michael]]).<ref>Angels in the early modern world By Alexandra Walsham, Cambridge University Press, 2006 {{ISBN|0-521-84332-4}} p. 2008</ref>
Prior to 1878, the [[Scapular of Saint Michael the Archangel|Scapular of St. Michael the Archangel]] could be worn as part of a Roman Catholic [[Archconfraternity]]. Presently, enrollment is authorized as this [[Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel|holy scapular]] remains as one of the 18 approved by the Church.
Apart from his being a patron of warriors, the sick and the suffering also consider Archangel Michael their patron saint.<ref>''Patron Saints'' by Michael Freze 1992 {{ISBN|0-87973-464-7}} p. 170</ref> Based on the legend of his 8th-century [[Vision (spirituality)|apparition]] at [[Mont-Saint-Michel]], France, the Archangel is the patron of [[sailors|mariners]] in this famous sanctuary.<ref name="Cathenc" /> After the evangelisation of Germany, where mountains were often dedicated to pagan gods, Christians placed many mountains under the patronage of the Archangel, and numerous mountain chapels of St. Michael appeared all over Germany.<ref name="Cathenc" />
Similarly, the Sanctuary of St. Michel (San Migel Aralarkoa), the oldest Christian building in Navarre (Spain), lies at the top of a hill on the [[Aralar Range]], and harbours Carolingian remains. St. Michel is an ancient devotion of [[Navarre]] and eastern [[Gipuzkoa]], revered by the [[History of the Basques#Christianization|Basques]], shrouded in legend, and held as a champion against paganism and heresy. It came to symbolize the defense of Catholicism, as well as Basque tradition and values during the early 20th century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dronda |first=Javier |date=2013 |title=Con Cristo o contra Cristo: Religión y movilización antirrepublicana en Navarra (1931–1936)|location=Tafalla |publisher=Txalaparta |pages=54–55 |isbn=978-84-15313-31-1 }}</ref>[[File:Greater coat of arms of the City of Brussels.svg|upright|thumb|[[Coat of arms of Brussels]]]][[File:COA of Kyiv Kurovskyi.svg|upright|thumb|[[Coat of arms of Kyiv]]]]He has been the patron saint of [[Brussels]] since the Middle Ages.<ref>''Netherlandish sculpture 1450–1550'' by Paul Williamson 2002 {{ISBN|0-8109-6602-6}} p. 42</ref> The city of [[Arkhangelsk]] in Russia is named for the Archangel. Ukraine and its capital [[Kyiv]] also consider Michael their patron saint and protector.<ref name="Fairbairn">''Eastern Orthodoxy through Western eyes'' by Donald Fairbairn 2002 {{ISBN|0-664-22497-0}} p. 148</ref>
In [[Linlithgow]], Scotland, St. Michael has been the patron saint of the town since the 13th century, with [[St. Michael's Parish Church]] being originally constructed in 1134.
Since the 14th century, Saint Michael has been the patron saint of [[Dumfries]] in Scotland, where a church dedicated to him was built at the southern end of the town, on a mound overlooking the [[River Nith]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.loreburne.co.uk/history_of_dumfries.html|title=History of Dumfries|publisher=loreburne.co.uk|access-date=29 November 2017|archive-date=18 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018223118/http://www.loreburne.co.uk/history_of_dumfries.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
An [[Anglican]] sisterhood dedicated to Saint Michael under the title of the [[Community of St Michael and All Angels]] was founded in 1851.<ref>''All Saints Sisters of the Poor: An Anglican Sisterhood in the Nineteenth Century (Church of England Record Society)'' by Susan Mumm 200 {{ISBN|0-85115-728-9}} p. 48</ref> The [[Congregation of Saint Michael the Archangel]] (CSMA), also known as the ''Michaelite Fathers'', is a religious order of the Roman Catholic Church founded in 1897. The Canons Regular of the Order of St Michael the Archangel (OSM) are an Order of [[Profession (religious)|professed]] religious within the [[Anglican Church in North America]], the North American component of the [[Anglican realignment]] movement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orderofstmichaelanglican.com/|title=甘肃快3_官方彩购买|website=www.orderofstmichaelanglican.com|access-date=2021-02-13|archive-date=2019-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229062948/http://www.orderofstmichaelanglican.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The city of [[Arkhangelsk]], [[Russia]], and the federal subject [[Arkhangelsk Oblast]] are named after Michael, the Archangel
In the United States military Saint Michael is considered to be a patron of paratroopers and, in particular, the [[82nd Airborne Division]].<ref>[https://www.jber.jb.mil/News/Commentaries/Display/Article/772200/chaplains-corner-saint-michael-patron-saint-of-the-airborne-military/ Chaplain's Corner: Saint Michael, patron saint of the airborne, military] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121161625/https://www.jber.jb.mil/News/Commentaries/Display/Article/772200/chaplains-corner-saint-michael-patron-saint-of-the-airborne-military/ |date=2021-11-21 }}. Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson Alaska.</ref> One of the first battles where the unit first was combat christened is the [[Battle of Saint-Mihiel]] during World War I.
The beret insignia of the French paratroopers is a winged arm grasping a dagger, representing Saint Michael.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://foreignlegion.info/history/2rep/|title=History: 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment | French Foreign Legion Information}}</ref>
Saint Michael is the patronus of italian special forces 9° Reggimento "Col Moschin" and the italian state police. Saint Michael ({{lang-hr|Sveti Mihovil}}) is patron of [[Croatian Police]] and [[Croatian Army]], his feast day being also celebrated as the Police day in Croatia.<ref> [https://mup.gov.hr/vijesti/svecano-obiljezen-dan-policije-i-blagdan-svetog-mihovila/288935 Svečano obilježen Dan policije i blagdan svetog Mihovila] ''mup.gov.hr''. [[Ministry of the Interior (Croatia)|Ministry of Interior]]. Published 29 September 2022. </ref>
==Legends==
===Judaism===
There is a legend which seems to be of Jewish origin, and which was adopted by the [[Copt]]s, to the effect that Michael was first sent by God to bring [[Nebuchadnezzar]] (c. 600 BC) against Jerusalem, and that Michael was afterward very active in freeing his nation from Babylonian captivity.<ref>[[Émile Amélineau|Amélineau]], "Contes et Romans de l'Egypte Chrétienne", ii. 142 et seq</ref>
According to midrash [[Genesis Rabbah]], Michael saved [[Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego|Hananiah]] and his companions from the [[Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego|fiery furnace]].<ref>Midrash Genesis Rabbah xliv. 16</ref> Michael was active in the time of [[Esther]]: "The more [[Haman (Bible)|Haman]] accused Israel on earth, the more Michael defended Israel in heaven".<ref>Midrash Esther Rabbah iii. 8</ref> It was Michael who reminded [[Ahasuerus]] that he was [[Mordecai]]'s debtor;<ref>Targum to Esther, vi. 1</ref> and there is a legend that Michael appeared to the high priest [[John Hyrcanus|Hyrcanus]], promising him assistance.<ref>comp. Josephus, "Ant." xiii. 10, § 3</ref>
According to ''[[Legends of the Jews]]'', archangel Michael was the chief of a band of angels who questioned God's decision to create man on Earth. The entire band of angels, except for Michael, was then consumed by fire.<ref name="ginzberg michael">Ginzberg, Louis, [https://philologos.org/__eb-lotj/vol1/two.htm#2 The Legends of the Jews, Vol. I: The Angels and The Creation of Man] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201063745/https://philologos.org/__eb-lotj/vol1/two.htm#2|date=2017-12-01}}, (Translated by Henrietta Szold), Johns Hopkins University Press: 1998, {{ISBN|0-8018-5890-9}}</ref>
===Christianity===
[[File:Michael Miracle Icon Sinai 12th century.jpg|thumb|upright|A 12th-century [[icon]] of the ''[[Miracle of the Archangel Michael at Chonae|Miracle at Chonae]]'', from [[Saint Catherine's Monastery]], [[Mount Sinai]].]]The [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] celebrates the [[Miracle of the Archangel Michael at Chonae|Miracle at Chonae]] on September 6.<ref>Makarios of Simonos Petra, ''The Synaxarion: the Lives of the Saints of the Orthodox Church'', trans. Christopher Hookway (Holy Convent of the Annunciation of Our Lady 1998 {{ISBN|960-85603-7-3}}), p. 47.</ref> The pious legend surrounding the event states that [[John the Apostle]], when preaching nearby, foretold the appearance of Michael at Cheretopa near [[Lake Salda]], where a healing spring appeared soon after the Apostle left; in gratitude for the healing of his daughter, one pilgrim built a church on the site.<ref>Synaxarion, p. 47.</ref> Local pagans, who are described as jealous of the healing power of the spring and the church, attempt to drown the church by redirecting the river, but the Archangel, "in the likeness of a column of fire", split the bedrock to open up a new bed for the stream, directing the flow away from the church.<ref>Synaxarion, p. 48.</ref> The legend is supposed to have predated the actual events, but the 5th – 7th-century texts that refer to the miracle at Chonae formed the basis of specific paradigms for "properly approaching" angelic intermediaries for more effective prayers within the Christian culture.<ref name=Peers >{{cite book|title=Subtle bodies: representing angels in Byzantium|first=Glenn |last=Peers |year=2001|publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0-520-22405-1 |page= 144 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kaonEi_dCJIC&q=Chonae+michael+miracle+university+california&pg=PA143}}</ref>
{{visible anchor|There is a late-5th-century legend}} in [[Cornwall]], UK that the Archangel appeared to fishermen on [[St Michael's Mount]].<ref name=Cornwall /> According to author Richard Freeman Johnson, this legend is likely a nationalistic twist to a myth.<ref name=Cornwall >''Saint Michael the Archangel in medieval English legend'' by Richard Freeman Johnson 2005 {{ISBN|1-84383-128-7}} p. 68</ref> Cornish legends also hold that the mount itself was constructed by giants<ref>''Popular Romances of the West of England'' by Robert Hunt 2009 {{ISBN|0-559-12999-8}} p. 238</ref> and that [[King Arthur]] battled a giant there.<ref>''Myths and Legends of Britain and Ireland'' by Richard Jones 2006 {{ISBN|1-84537-594-7}} p. 17</ref>
The legend of the apparition of the Archangel at around 490 AD at a secluded hilltop cave on [[Monte Gargano]] in Italy gained a following among the [[Lombards]] in the immediate period thereafter, and by the 8th century, pilgrims arrived from as far away as England.<ref>''The Medieval state: essays presented to James Campbell'' by John Robert Maddicott, David Michael Palliser, James Campbell 2003 {{ISBN|1-85285-195-3}} pp. 10–11</ref> The [[Tridentine Calendar]] included a feast of the apparition on 8 May, the date of the 663 victory over the [[Greece|Greek]] [[Naples|Neapolitans]] that the Lombards of [[Manfredonia]] attributed to Saint Michael.<ref name=Cathenc /> The feast [[General Roman Calendar of 1954|remained]] in the Roman liturgical calendar until removed in the [[General Roman Calendar of 1960|revision]] of [[Pope John XXIII]]. The [[Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo]] at Gargano is a major Catholic pilgrimage site.
According to Roman legends, Archangel Michael appeared with a sword over the [[mausoleum]] of [[Hadrian]] while a devastating plague persisted in Rome, in apparent answer to the prayers of Pope [[Gregory I the Great]] (c. 590–604) that the plague should cease. After the plague ended, in honor of the occasion, the pope called the mausoleum ''"[[Castel Sant'Angelo]]"'' (Castle of the Holy Angel), the name by which it is still known.<ref name=Butler320 />
According to [[Normandy|Norman]] legend, Michael is said to have appeared to [[St Aubert]], [[Bishop of Avranches]], in 708, giving instruction to build a church on the rocky islet now known as [[Mont Saint-Michel]].<ref name=MonkM >''Mont-Saint-Michel: a monk talks about his abbey'' by Jean-Pierre Mouton, Olivier Mignon 1998 {{ISBN|2-7082-3351-3}} pp. 55–56</ref><ref name="CathMont">{{cite web|url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10551a.htm|title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Mont-St-Michel|website=www.newadvent.org}}</ref><ref name=pilgrim /> In 960 the [[Duke of Normandy]] commissioned a [[Order of St. Benedict|Benedictine]] abbey on the mount, and it remains a major pilgrimage site.<ref name="pilgrim">''Pilgrimage: from the Ganges to Graceland : an encyclopedia, Volume 1'' by Linda Kay Davidson, David Martin Gitlitz 2002 {{ISBN|1-57607-004-2}} p. 398</ref>
A [[Portugal|Portuguese]] [[Carmelites|Carmelite]] nun, [[Antónia d'Astónaco]], reported an apparition and [[private revelation]] of the [[Saint Michael (Roman Catholic)|Archangel Michael]] who had told to this devoted [[Servant of God#Roman Catholicism|Servant of God]], in 1751, that he would like to be honored, and God glorified, by the praying of nine special invocations. These nine invocations correspond to invocations to the nine choirs of angels and origins the famous [[Chaplet of Saint Michael]]. This private revelation and prayers were approved by [[Pope Pius IX]] in 1851.{{sfn|Ball|p=123}}<ref>[[EWTN]] [http://www.ewtn.com/devotionals/prayers/chaplet-of-st-michael.htm The Chaplet of Saint Michael the Archangel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029165706/http://www.ewtn.com/Devotionals/prayers/chaplet-of-st-michael.htm |date=2010-10-29 }}</ref>
From 1961 to 1965, four young schoolgirls had reported several apparitions of the Archangel Michael in the small village of [[San Sebastian de Garabandal|Garabandal]], Spain. At Garabandal, the apparitions of the Archangel Michael were mainly reported as announcing the arrivals of the [[Blessed Virgin Mary|Virgin Mary]]. The [[Catholic Church]] has neither approved nor condemned the [[Garabandal apparitions]].<ref>Michael Freze, 1993, ''Voices, Visions, and Apparitions'', OSV Publishing {{ISBN|0-87973-454-X}} p. 267</ref>
==Art and literature==
===In literature===
In the 1667 English [[epic poem]] ''[[Paradise Lost]]'' by [[John Milton]], Michael commands the army of angels loyal to God against the rebel forces of [[Satan]]. Armed with a sword from God's armory, he bests Satan in personal combat, wounding his side.<ref>John Milton, ''Paradise Lost'' 1674 [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~milton/reading_room/pl/book_6/index.shtml Book VI line 320] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100219155635/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~milton/reading_room/pl/book_6/index.shtml |date=2010-02-19 }}</ref>
In [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]]'s translation of the mid-13th century ''[[The Golden Legend]]'', Michael is one of the angels of the seven planets. He is the angel of Mercury.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Longfellow |first1=Henry Wadsworth |title=The Golden Legend |date=1851 |publisher=Ticknor, Reed and Fields |location=Boston |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/10490/10490-h/10490-h.htm}}</ref>
In Japanese [[light novel]] series ''Date a Live'', Michael is the name of a spiritual weapon (referred to as Angels within the series), belonging to Mukuro Hoshimiya. Michael is a sword-sized key capable of locking away abilities or properties of objects (Michael Segva), as well as opening portals (Michael Lataib) and molecular deconstruction.
===Music===
[[Marc-Antoine Charpentier]], ''Praelium Michaelis Archangeli factum in coelo cum dracone,'' H.410, oratorio for soloists, double chorus, strings and continuo. (1683)
«Archangel Michael» — a song performed by [[Nikolai Karachentsov]].<ref>{{YouTube|eDgv-bOlGOY|Nikolai Karachentsov «Archangel Michael». Music by Rustam Nevredinov, lyrics by Olesya Borisova.}}</ref>
===Film===
The 1996 film ''[[Michael (1996 film)|Michael]]'' portrays the archangel as being sent to Earth to perform various tasks.
[[Peter Mensah]] portrays Michael in the 2023 movie [[The Devil Conspiracy]].
===Artistic depictions===
{{Main|Archangel Michael in Christian art}}
[[File:Meister der Ikone des Erzengels Michael 001 adjusted.jpg|thumb|10th-century gold and enamel Byzantine [[icon]] of [[St Michael]], in the treasury of the St Mark's Basilica ]]
In [[Christian art]], Archangel Michael may be depicted alone or with other angels such as [[Gabriel]]. Some depictions with Gabriel date back to the 8th century, e.g. the stone casket at [[Mortain|Notre Dame de Mortain]] church in France.<ref name=rich141 />
The widely reproduced image of ''[[Our Mother of Perpetual Help]]'', an icon of the [[Cretan school]], depicts Michael on the left carrying the lance and sponge of the [[crucifixion of Jesus]], with Gabriel on the right side of [[Madonna and Child|Mary and Jesus]].<ref>''Icons and saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church'' by Alfredo Tradigo 2006 {{ISBN|0-89236-845-4}} p. 188</ref>
In many depictions, Michael is represented as an angelic warrior, fully armed with helmet, sword, and shield.<ref name=Cathenc /> The shield may bear the Latin inscription ''[[Quis ut Deus]]'' or the Greek inscription ''Christos Dikaios Krites'' or its initials.<ref>Ann Ball, 2003 ''Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices'' {{ISBN|0-87973-910-X}} p. 520</ref> He may be standing over a serpent, a dragon, or the defeated figure of Satan, whom he sometimes pierces with a lance.<ref name=Cathenc /> The iconography of Michael slaying a serpent goes back to the early 4th century, when [[Emperor Constantine]] defeated [[Licinius]] at the [[Battle of Adrianople (324)|Battle of Adrianople]] in 324 AD, not far from the ''[[Michaelion]]'', a church dedicated to Archangel Michael.<ref name=Richard />
Constantine felt that Licinius was an agent of Satan and associated him with the serpent described in the [[Book of Revelation]] ([[s:Bible (American Standard)/Revelation#12:9|12:9]]).<ref>''Constantine and the Christian empire'' by Charles Matson Odahl 2004 {{ISBN|0-415-17485-6}} p. 315</ref> After the victory, Constantine commissioned a depiction of himself and his sons slaying Licinius represented as a serpent – a symbolism borrowed from the Christian teachings on the Archangel to whom he attributed the victory. A similar painting, this time with the Archangel Michael himself slaying a serpent, then became a major art piece at the Michaelion and eventually lead to the standard [[iconography]] of the Archangel Michael as a [[warrior saint]].<ref name=Richard />
In less common depiction, Michael holds a pair of scales, weighs the souls of the departed and holds the [[book of life]] (as in the [[Book of Revelation]]) to show he partakes in the judgment.<ref name=rich141 >''Saint Michael the Archangel in medieval English legend'' by Richard Freeman Johnson 2005 {{ISBN|1-84383-128-7}} pp. 141–147</ref> [[Michelangelo]] depicted this scene on the altar wall of the [[Sistine Chapel]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vaticanstate.va/EN/Monuments/The_Vatican_Museums/Sistine_Chapel--p--5.htm |title=Vatican website: Sistine Chapel |publisher=Vaticanstate.va |access-date=2010-07-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526031746/http://www.vaticanstate.va/EN/Monuments/The_Vatican_Museums/Sistine_Chapel--p--5.htm |archive-date=2010-05-26 }}</ref>
In [[Byzantine art]], Michael was often shown as a princely court dignitary rather than a warrior who battled Satan or with scales for weighing souls on the [[Day of Judgement]].<ref>''Saints in art'' by Rosa Giorgi, Stefano Zuffi 2003 {{ISBN|0-89236-717-2}} pp. 274–276</ref>
<gallery>
File:Faras - Archangel Michael with a horn trumpet and an orb - Google Art Project.jpg|Archangel Michael on a 9th-century [[Makuria]]n mural
File:Rublev Arhangel Mikhail.jpg|[[Andrei Rublev]]'s standalone depiction c. 1408
File:Francesco Botticini - I tre Arcangeli e Tobias.jpg|Michael (left) with archangels [[Raphael (archangel)|Raphael]] and [[Gabriel]], by [[Francesco Botticini|Botticini]], 1470
File:MemlingJudgmentCenter-crop.jpg|''Weighing souls'' on [[Last Judgment|Judgement Day]] by [[Hans Memling]], 15th century
File:GIORDANO, Luca fallen angels.jpg|Michael defeating the [[fallen angel]]s, by [[Luca Giordano]] c. 1660–1665
Image:Angel Van Verschaffelt SantAngelo.jpg|Bronze statue of the Archangel Michael, standing on top of the [[Castel Sant'Angelo]], modelled in 1753 by [[Peter Anton von Verschaffelt]].
File:Archangel Michael Hajdudorog.JPG|Michael's icon on the northern ''deacons' door'' on the [[iconostasis of Hajdúdorog]]. The archangel is often depicted on iconostases' doors as a defender of the sanctuary.
File:Archangel Michael, St Pancras New Church, London.JPG|''Archangel Michael'' by [[Emily Young]] in the grounds of [[St Pancras New Church]]. Plaque inscription: "In memory of the victims of the [[7 July 2005 London bombings|7th July 2005 bombings]] and all victims of violence. 'I will lift up my eyes unto the hills'"
File:St. Michael the Archangel.jpg|''St. Michael the Archangel and the Dragon''. Queen of Archangels Roman Catholic Parish, Clarence, PA
File:St Michael's victory over the Devil by Sir Jacob Epstein, Coventry Cathedral.jpg|''[[St Michael's Victory over the Devil]]'', a 1958 sculpture by [[Jacob Epstein]] on the wall of the new [[Coventry Cathedral]], England
</gallery>
==Churches named after Michael==
* [[St. Michael's Church (disambiguation)]]
{{commons|Structured gallery of churches dedicated to Archangel Michael}}
[[File:Mont Saint-Michel France.jpg|thumb|The [[Mont-Saint-Michel]] in [[Normandy]], France]]
[[File:20060416-Michaelskirche Muenchen.jpg|thumb|[[St. Michael's Church, Munich|St. Michael's]] [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] church, [[Munich]], [[Bavaria]], Germany]]
<!--DO NOT ADD SMALL PARISH CHURCHES TO THIS SECTION. IT IS FOR MAJOR SHRINES. -->
* Parroquia de San Miguel Arcángel ([[:es:Parroquia de San Miguel Arcángel (San Miguel el Alto)|es]]), [[San Miguel de Allende]], [[Guanajuato]] Mexico [[World Heritage Site]]
* Parroquia de San Miguel Arcángel Cocula Jalisco Mexico
* St Michael's Church, [[Frenaros]], [[Cyprus]]
* St Michael's Church, [[Pedoulas]], Cyprus
* Parroquia de San Miguel Arcángel, [[Utuado, Puerto Rico|Utuado]], [[Puerto Rico]]
* [[Sacra di San Michele]] (Saint Michael's Abbey), near [[Turin]], Italy
* Pfarrei Brixen St. Michael with the [[White Tower (Brixen)|White Tower]], [[Brixen]], Italy
* [[Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula]], in [[Brussels]], Belgium
* [[Mont-Saint-Michel]], [[Normandy]], France – a [[World Heritage Site]]
* [[St. Michael's Cathedral Basilica (Toronto)]], Canada
* [[St. Michael's Cathedral (Izhevsk)]], Russia
* [[St. Michael's Cathedral, Qingdao]], China
* [[Chudov Monastery]] in the [[Moscow Kremlin]]
* [[Cathedral of the Archangel]] in the Moscow Kremlin – a World Heritage Site
* [[Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo]], [[Gargano]], Italy – a World Heritage Site
* [[St Michael's Mount]], [[Cornwall]], UK
* [[St. Michael Catholic Church]]
* [[St. Michael]], MN
* [[St. Michael's Basilica, Miramichi]], Canada
* [[Skellig Michael]], off the [[Ireland|Irish]] west coast – a World Heritage Site
* [[Coventry Cathedral|St Michael's Cathedral]], [[Coventry]], UK
* [[St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery]], [[Kyiv]], Ukraine
* Basilica of St Michael the Archangel, [[Pensacola, Florida]], United States
* [[St. Michael's Church, Vienna]] in [[Vienna]], Austria
* [[Tayabas Basilica]], [[Tayabas, Quezon]], Philippines
* St. Michael the Archangel Parish Church, [[Pontevedra, Negros Occidental]], Philippines
* Archdiocesan Shrine and Parish of St. Michael the Archangel, [[Argao, Cebu]], Philippines ([[Argao Church]])
* [[St. Michael's Church, Berlin]], Germany
* St. Michael's Cathedral, [[Iligan City]], Philippines
* St. Michael Cathedral, [[Ilagan]], Philippines
* [[San Miguel Church (Manila)]], Philippines
* Cathedral of Saint Michael, [[Kalibo|Kalibo, Aklan]], Philippines
* Iglesia Filipina Independiente - Cathedral of St. Michael the Archangel, [[Bacoor|Bacoor, Cavite]], Philippines
* St. Michael the Archangel Parish, [[Taguig]], Philippines
* [[St. Michael's Church, Munich|St. Michael's]] [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] church, [[Munich]], Germany
* [[St. Michael's Cathedral, Belgrade]] in [[Belgrade]], [[Serbia]]
* [[Gamu Cathedral|Cathedral of St. Michael the Archangel]] in [[Gamu|Gamu, Isabela]], Philippines
* [[Mission San Miguel Arcángel]], San Miguel, California, United States, one of the California Missions
* [[St Michael at the North Gate]], [[Oxford]], UK
* [[St. Michael's Church, Mumbai]], India
* [[Church of St. Michael, Štip]], Republic of Macedonia
* [[St Michael and All Angels Church, Polwatte]]
* [[St Michael's Church, Churchill]], UK
* St Michael's Catholic Church, [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]], Canada
* [[St Michael the Archangel, Llanyblodwel]], England
* St Michael's Parish Church, Linlithgow, West Lothian, Scotland
* St Michael's Parish Church, Blackrock, Cork, Ireland
==See also==
{{div col}}
* [[Abatur]]
* [[Angelus]]
* [[Arkhangelsk]]
* [[Biblical cosmology]]
* [[Christian angelic hierarchy]]
* [[Guardian Angel of Portugal]]
* [[Hierarchy of angels]]
* [[List of angels in theology]]
* [[Metatron]]
* [[Portal:Catholicism/Patron Archive/September 29|Saint Michael, patron saint archive]]
* [[Psychopomp]]
* [[Quis ut Deus?]]
* [[Saint Michael in the Catholic Church]]
* [[Saureil]]
* [[Seraph]]
* [[Theophory in the Bible]]
* [[Uriel]]
{{div col end}}
== References ==
=== Notes ===
{{Reflist|group="Notes"}}
=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}
===Sources===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book
|last1 = Asale
|first1 = Bruk Ayele
|title = 1 Enoch as Christian Scripture
|publisher = Pickwick
|year = 2020
|isbn = 9781532691157
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fQLtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA55
}}
* {{Cite book
|last1 = Barker
|first1 = Margaret
|chapter = The Angel Raphael in the Book of Tobit
|editor1-last = Bredin
|editor1-first = Mark
|title = Studies in the Book of Tobit
|publisher = A&C Black
|year = 2006
|isbn = 9780567082299
|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nwjUAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA123
}}
* {{Cite book
|last1 = Barnes
|first1 = William H.
|chapter = Archangels
|editor1-last = Coogan
|editor1-first = Michael David
|editor2-last = Metzger
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|title = The Oxford Companion to the Bible
|publisher = Oxford University Press
|year = 1993
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|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2KGVuym5OUC&pg=PA54
}}
* {{Cite book
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|first1 = Geoffrey William ·
|chapter = Satan
|title = Theological Dictionary of the New Testament
|volume = 7
|publisher = Alban Books
|year = 1971
|isbn = 9780802822499
|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CGyOpNrzHj0C
}}
* {{Cite book
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|chapter = Michael
|editor1-last = Capmak
|editor1-first = Cenap
|title = Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia
|publisher = ABC-CLIO
|year = 2017
|isbn = 9781610692175
|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JSHFDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1042
}}
* {{Cite book
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|title = Daniel: With an Introduction to Apocalyptic Literature
|year = 1984
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}}
* {{Cite book
|last1 = Collins
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|chapter = Gabriel
|editor1-last = Van der Toorn
|editor1-first = Karel
|editor2-last = Becking
|editor2-first = Bob
|editor3-last = Van der Horst
|editor3-first = Pieter Willem
|title = Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible
|publisher = Eerdmans
|year = 1999
|isbn = 9780802824912
|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&pg=PA339
}}
* {{Cite book
|last1 = Esler
|first1 = Philip Francis
|title = God's Court and Courtiers in the Book of the Watchers
|publisher = Wipf and Stock Publishers
|year = 2017
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|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jIU_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3
}}
* {{Cite book
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|editor1-last = Bromiley
|editor1-first = Geoffrey William
|title = The Encyclopedia of Christianity
|publisher = Eerdmans
|year = 1999
|isbn = 9789004116955
|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yaecVMhMWaEC&pg=PA99
}}
* {{Cite book
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|title = Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible
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|year = 2003
|isbn = 9780802837110
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC
}}
* {{Cite book
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* {{Cite book
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|title = The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion
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|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hKAaJXvUaUoC&pg=PA51
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* {{Cite book
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|first1 = Darrell D.
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|publisher = Wipf and Stock
|year = 2011
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}}
* {{cite book
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|editor1-last = Longman
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|editor2-last = Garland
|editor2-first= David E.
|title = The Expositor's Bible Commentary
|volume = 8
|year = 2008
|publisher = [[Zondervan]]
|isbn = 9780310268932
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bCPBrAfBSdgC&pg=PA170
}}
* {{Cite book
|last1 = Hughes
|first1 = Thomas Patrick
|title = A Dictionary of Islam
|publisher = W.H. Allen
|year = 1885
|isbn = 9788120606722
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=O84eYLVHvB0C&dq=Archangel+Michael+Islam&pg=PA348
}}
* {{Cite book
|last1 = Mach
|first1 = M.
|chapter = Raphael
|editor1-last = Van der Toorn
|editor1-first = Karel
|editor2-last = Becking
|editor2-first = Bob
|editor3-last = Van der Horst
|editor3-first = Pieter Willem
|title = Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible
|publisher = Eerdmans
|year = 1999
|isbn = 9780802824912
|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&pg=PA688
}}
* {{Cite book
|last1 = Meier
|first1 = S.A.
|chapter = Angel I
|editor1-last = Van der Toorn
|editor1-first = Karel
|editor2-last = Becking
|editor2-first = Bob
|editor3-last = Van der Horst
|editor3-first = Pieter Willem
|title = Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible
|publisher = Eerdmans
|year = 1999
|isbn = 9780802824912
|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&pg=PA46
}}
* {{cite book
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|first1 = Scott B.
|last2 = Wheeler
|first2 = Brannon M.
|title = Historical Dictionary of Prophets in Islam and Judaism
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|year = 2002
|isbn = 9780810866102
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=W-QBAwAAQBAJ
}}
{{refend}}
===Further reading===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=Ball|first= Ann|date=2003|title= Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices|isbn=0-87973-910-X}}
* {{cite book|last=Butler|first= Alban|title=The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and other Principal Saints|series= in twelve volumes| publisher= B. Dornin|date= 1821}}
* {{cite book|last=Starr|first= Mirabai|title=Saint Michael: The Archangel|publisher= Sounds True|date= 2007|isbn=978-1-59179-627-5}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Archangel Michael}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=560&letter=M Michael] in ''[[The Jewish Encyclopedia]]''
{{Angels in Abrahamic Religions}}
{{Catholic saints}}
{{Quranic people}}
{{Book of Daniel}}
{{Book of Revelation}}
{{Private revelation}}
{{Coptic saints}}
{{Portalbar|Saints}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Michael (Archangel)}}
[[Category:Michael (archangel)| ]]
[[Category:Adam and Eve in Mormonism]]
[[Category:Angels in the Book of Enoch]]
[[Category:Angels of death]]
[[Category:Archangels]]
[[Category:Archangels in Christianity]]
[[Category:Archangels in Islam]]
[[Category:Archangel in Judaism]]
[[Category:Christian saints from the New Testament|Michael]]
[[Category:Christian saints from the Old Testament]]
[[Category:Eastern Orthodox saints]]
[[Category:Individual angels]]
[[Category:Patron saints of France]]
[[Category:Quranic figures]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -49,15 +49,5 @@
==Later traditions==
-===Judaism===
-[[File:Michael.svg|thumb|The name Michael in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]]]
-According to [[rabbinic literature|rabbinic tradition]], Michael acted as the advocate of Israel, and sometimes had to fight with the princes of the other nations (Daniel 10:13) and particularly with the angel [[Samael]], Israel's accuser. Their enmity dates from the time Samael was thrown from heaven and tried to drag Michael down with him, necessitating God's intervention.<ref>[[Pirkei De-Rabbi Eliezer]] xxvi</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title = Jewish Encyclopedia – Michael | encyclopedia = Jewish Encyclopedia | url = http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=560&letter=M#1833 | access-date=2009-02-18}}</ref>
-
-The idea that Michael was the advocate of the Jews became so prevalent that in spite of the rabbinical prohibition against appealing to angels as intermediaries between God and his people, he held a place in the Jewish liturgy: "When a man is in need he must pray directly to God, and neither to Michael nor to [[Gabriel]]."<ref>Yer. Ber. ix. 13a</ref> [[Jeremiah]] addresses a prayer to him.<ref>Baruch Apoc. Ethiopic, ix. 5</ref>
-
-The [[rabbi]]s declare that Michael entered into his role of defender at the time of the biblical patriarchs. Rabbi Eliezer ben Jacob said he rescued [[Abraham]] from the furnace into which he had been thrown by [[Nimrod]] (Midrash Genesis Rabbah xliv. 16). Some say he was the "one that had escaped" (Genesis [[s:Bible (American Standard)/Genesis#14:13|14:13]]), who told Abraham that Lot had been taken captive (Midrash Pirke R. El.), and who protected Sarah from defilement by Abimelech.
-
-Michael prevented [[Isaac]] from sacrifice by his father by substituting a ram in his place. He saved [[Jacob]], while yet in his mother's womb, from death by Samael.<ref>Midrash Abkir, in Yalḳ., Gen. 110</ref> He later prevented Laban from harming Jacob.(''[[Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer]]'', xxxvi).
-
-The [[midrash]] ''[[Exodus Rabbah]]'' holds that Michael exercised his function of advocate of Israel at the time of [[the Exodus]] and destroyed [[Sennacherib]]'s army.<ref>Midrash Exodus Rabbah xviii. 5</ref>
+we love judaism its beautiful plus its not wrong
===Christianity===
' |
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1 => '[[File:Michael.svg|thumb|The name Michael in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]]]',
2 => 'According to [[rabbinic literature|rabbinic tradition]], Michael acted as the advocate of Israel, and sometimes had to fight with the princes of the other nations (Daniel 10:13) and particularly with the angel [[Samael]], Israel's accuser. Their enmity dates from the time Samael was thrown from heaven and tried to drag Michael down with him, necessitating God's intervention.<ref>[[Pirkei De-Rabbi Eliezer]] xxvi</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title = Jewish Encyclopedia – Michael | encyclopedia = Jewish Encyclopedia | url = http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=560&letter=M#1833 | access-date=2009-02-18}}</ref>',
3 => '',
4 => 'The idea that Michael was the advocate of the Jews became so prevalent that in spite of the rabbinical prohibition against appealing to angels as intermediaries between God and his people, he held a place in the Jewish liturgy: "When a man is in need he must pray directly to God, and neither to Michael nor to [[Gabriel]]."<ref>Yer. Ber. ix. 13a</ref> [[Jeremiah]] addresses a prayer to him.<ref>Baruch Apoc. Ethiopic, ix. 5</ref>',
5 => '',
6 => 'The [[rabbi]]s declare that Michael entered into his role of defender at the time of the biblical patriarchs. Rabbi Eliezer ben Jacob said he rescued [[Abraham]] from the furnace into which he had been thrown by [[Nimrod]] (Midrash Genesis Rabbah xliv. 16). Some say he was the "one that had escaped" (Genesis [[s:Bible (American Standard)/Genesis#14:13|14:13]]), who told Abraham that Lot had been taken captive (Midrash Pirke R. El.), and who protected Sarah from defilement by Abimelech.',
7 => '',
8 => 'Michael prevented [[Isaac]] from sacrifice by his father by substituting a ram in his place. He saved [[Jacob]], while yet in his mother's womb, from death by Samael.<ref>Midrash Abkir, in Yalḳ., Gen. 110</ref> He later prevented Laban from harming Jacob.(''[[Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer]]'', xxxvi).',
9 => '',
10 => 'The [[midrash]] ''[[Exodus Rabbah]]'' holds that Michael exercised his function of advocate of Israel at the time of [[the Exodus]] and destroyed [[Sennacherib]]'s army.<ref>Midrash Exodus Rabbah xviii. 5</ref>'
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76 => 'https://mup.gov.hr/vijesti/svecano-obiljezen-dan-policije-i-blagdan-svetog-mihovila/288935',
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80 => 'https://d-nb.info/gnd/118733591',
81 => 'https://www.jber.jb.mil/News/Commentaries/Display/Article/772200/chaplains-corner-saint-michael-patron-saint-of-the-airborne-military/',
82 => 'https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&idfrom=4305&idto=4307&bk_no=74&ID=1899',
83 => 'https://al-maktaba.org/book/33911/1160',
84 => 'https://archive.org/download/WatchtowerLibrary/magazines/w/w1879_E.pdf',
85 => 'https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22St.%20Michael%20the%20Taxiarch%22&sin=TXT/',
86 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20100219155635/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~milton/reading_room/pl/book_6/index.shtml',
87 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20100526031746/http://www.vaticanstate.va/EN/Monuments/The_Vatican_Museums/Sistine_Chapel--p--5.htm',
88 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20101029165706/http://www.ewtn.com/Devotionals/prayers/chaplet-of-st-michael.htm',
89 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150202024354/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/002-qmt.php#002.098',
90 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20161018223118/http://www.loreburne.co.uk/history_of_dumfries.html',
91 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170709154017/http://www.news.va/en/news/benedict-xvi-joins-pope-francis-in-consecrating-va',
92 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20171201063745/https://philologos.org/__eb-lotj/vol1/two.htm#2',
93 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190710020229/http://ewtn.com/Devotionals/prayers/michael.htm',
94 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20190803172624/https://journal.fi/store/article/view/9526',
95 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20191229062948/http://www.orderofstmichaelanglican.com/',
96 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210513084729/http://www.sdanet.org/atissue/books/qod/index.htm',
97 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20211121161625/https://www.jber.jb.mil/News/Commentaries/Display/Article/772200/chaplains-corner-saint-michael-patron-saint-of-the-airborne-military/',
98 => 'https://www.catholic.org/prayers/prayer.php?p=12',
99 => 'https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/liahona/1998/02/the-man-adam?lang=eng',
100 => 'https://www.esv.org/1+Thessalonians+4:16',
101 => 'https://www.esv.org/Daniel+12:1',
102 => 'https://www.esv.org/Jude+1:9',
103 => 'https://www.esv.org/Revelation+12:7',
104 => 'https://www.esv.org/Revelation+16:1',
105 => 'https://www.esv.org/Revelation+19:14',
106 => 'https://isni.org/isni/0000000079950674',
107 => 'https://www.jstor.org/stable/20832755',
108 => 'https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10275b.htm',
109 => 'https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10551a.htm',
110 => 'https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Revelation%2012:7%E2%80%9312&version=nrsv',
111 => 'https://philologos.org/__eb-lotj/vol1/two.htm#2',
112 => 'https://www.rocor-wr.org/',
113 => 'https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/85947',
114 => 'https://viaf.org/viaf/49524228',
115 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45581#identifiers',
116 => 'https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers/Volume_IV/Origen/Origen_Against_Celsus/Book_VI/Chapter_XXX',
117 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n2001096929/',
118 => 'https://archive.today/20120724141630/http://www.adventistworld.org/article.php?id=787&search=law'
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Archangel in Judaism, Christianity and Islam, also recognised in the Baháʼí Faith</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Saint Michael" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Saint Michael (disambiguation)">Saint Michael (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066479718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="background-color:gold;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div><br /><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Michael</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Luca_Giordano_-_The_Fall_of_the_Rebel_Angels_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Luca Giordano - The Fall of the Rebel Angels - Google Art Project.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Luca_Giordano_-_The_Fall_of_the_Rebel_Angels_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Luca_Giordano_-_The_Fall_of_the_Rebel_Angels_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Luca_Giordano_-_The_Fall_of_the_Rebel_Angels_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Luca_Giordano_-_The_Fall_of_the_Rebel_Angels_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Luca_Giordano_-_The_Fall_of_the_Rebel_Angels_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Luca_Giordano_-_The_Fall_of_the_Rebel_Angels_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4665" data-file-height="6957" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Saint Michael in <i>The Fall of the Rebel Angels</i> by <a href="/wiki/Luca_Giordano" title="Luca Giordano">Luca Giordano</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:gold;">Archangel, Prince (Commander) of the Heavenly Host</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a><br />All <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denominations</a> which <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Veneration of saints">venerate saints</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>
<a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Major <a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">shrine</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mont-Saint-Michel" title="Mont-Saint-Michel">Mont-Saint-Michel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Monte_Sant%27Angelo" title="Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo">The Sanctuary of Saint Michael the Archangel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast</a></th><td class="infobox-data">
<ul><li><b>29 September</b> ("<a href="/wiki/Michaelmas" title="Michaelmas">Michaelmas</a>" - <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>)</li>
<li><b>8 November</b> (New Calendar <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Churches">Eastern Orthodox Churches</a>)</li>
<li><b>8 November</b> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a>)</li>
<li><b>21 November</b> (Old Calendar Eastern Orthodox Churches)</li>
<li><b>12th of each month in <a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic calendar</a></b> (Coptic Churches)</li>
<li>Many other local and historical feasts</li></ul>
</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Saint_symbolism" title="Saint symbolism">Attributes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">banner, <a href="/wiki/Weighing_scale" title="Weighing scale">scales</a>, weighing souls, sword, slaying Satan or a dragon</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">Patronage</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Protector of the Jewish people,<sup id="cite_ref-Bible_gateway,_Daniel_12:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bible_gateway,_Daniel_12:1-1">[1]</a></sup> Guardian of the Catholic Church,<sup id="cite_ref-Alban_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alban-2">[2]</a></sup> Vatican City<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poor_souls" class="mw-redirect" title="Poor souls">Poor souls</a>, against lightningstroke and windstorm<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Michael</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[Notes 1]</a></sup> also called <b>Saint Michael the Archangel</b>, <b>Archangel Michael</b> and <b>Saint Michael the <a href="/wiki/Taxiarch" title="Taxiarch">Taxiarch</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a></sup> is an <a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">archangel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Baha%27i_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Baha'i faith">Baha'i faith</a>. The earliest surviving mentions of his name are in 3rd and 2nd-century BC Jewish works, often but not always apocalyptic, where he is the chief of the <a href="/wiki/Angels" class="mw-redirect" title="Angels">angels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archangels" class="mw-redirect" title="Archangels">archangels</a>, and he is the guardian prince of Israel and is responsible for the care of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsale202055_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsale202055-8">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannah201133-54_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannah201133-54-9">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannah201133_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannah201133-10">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes199354_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes199354-11">[10]</a></sup> Christianity adopted nearly all the Jewish traditions concerning him,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannah201154_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannah201154-12">[11]</a></sup> and he is mentioned explicitly in <a href="/wiki/Revelation_12" title="Revelation 12">Revelation 12</a>:7–12,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a></sup> where he does battle with Satan,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromiley1971156-157_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromiley1971156-157-14">[13]</a></sup> and in the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Epistle of Jude</a>, where the author denounces heretics by contrasting them with Michael.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannah201146_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannah201146-15">[14]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Second_Temple_Jewish_writings"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Second Temple Jewish writings</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#New_Testament"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">New Testament</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Quran_and_other_Muslim_traditions"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Quran and other Muslim traditions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Later_traditions"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Later traditions</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Christianity"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Christianity</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Early_Christian_views_and_devotions"><span class="tocnumber">4.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early Christian views and devotions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Catholicism"><span class="tocnumber">4.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Catholicism</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-8"><a href="#Saint_Michael_the_Archangel_prayer"><span class="tocnumber">4.1.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Saint Michael the Archangel prayer</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Eastern_and_Oriental_Orthodoxy"><span class="tocnumber">4.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Eastern and Oriental Orthodoxy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Protestant_views"><span class="tocnumber">4.1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Protestant views</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Seventh-day_Adventists"><span class="tocnumber">4.1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Seventh-day Adventists</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Jehovah's_Witnesses"><span class="tocnumber">4.1.6</span> <span class="toctext">Jehovah's Witnesses</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"><span class="tocnumber">4.1.7</span> <span class="toctext">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Islam"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Islam</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Baha'i_Faith"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Baha'i Faith</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Gnosticism"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Gnosticism</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Feasts"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Feasts</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Patronages_and_orders"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Patronages and orders</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Legends"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Legends</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Judaism"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Judaism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Christianity_2"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Christianity</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Art_and_literature"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Art and literature</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#In_literature"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">In literature</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Music"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Music</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Film"><span class="tocnumber">8.3</span> <span class="toctext">Film</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Artistic_depictions"><span class="tocnumber">8.4</span> <span class="toctext">Artistic depictions</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Churches_named_after_Michael"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Churches named after Michael</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">11.1</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Citations"><span class="tocnumber">11.2</span> <span class="toctext">Citations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">11.3</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">11.4</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Second_Temple_Jewish_writings">Second Temple Jewish writings</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Second Temple Jewish writings">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Guido_Reni_031.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Guido_Reni_031.jpg/170px-Guido_Reni_031.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Guido_Reni_031.jpg/255px-Guido_Reni_031.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Guido_Reni_031.jpg/340px-Guido_Reni_031.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="2358" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Guido_Reni_031.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Guido_Reni" title="Guido Reni">Guido Reni</a>'s Michael (in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_della_Concezione_dei_Cappuccini" title="Santa Maria della Concezione dei Cappuccini">Santa Maria della Concezione</a> church, Rome, 1636) tramples Satan. A mosaic of the same painting decorates <i>St. Michael's Altar</i> in <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>.</div></div></div>
<p>The earliest surviving mention of Michael is in a 3rd century BC Jewish apocalypse, the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannah201133_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannah201133-10">[9]</a></sup>
This lists him as one of seven archangels (the remaining names are <a href="/wiki/Uriel" title="Uriel">Uriel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raguel_(angel)" title="Raguel (angel)">Raguel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sariel" title="Sariel">Sariel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Remiel" class="mw-redirect" title="Remiel">Remiel</a>), who, according to a slightly later work, the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Book of Tobit</a>, "stand ready and enter before the glory of the Lord".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes199354_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes199354-11">[10]</a></sup> The fact that Michael is introduced in both works without explanation implies that readers already knew him and the other named angels, which in turn implies that they are earlier than the late 3rd century BC (the earliest possible date of the relevant passages in the Book of Enoch), but although their origins remain a matter for speculation there is no evidence that they are older than the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannah201133_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannah201133-10">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1999339_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1999339-16">[15]</a></sup> He is mentioned again in <a href="/wiki/Daniel%27s_final_vision" title="Daniel's final vision">last chapters of the Book of Daniel</a>, a Jewish apocalypse composed in the 2nd century BC although set in the 6th, in which a man clothed in linen (never identified, but probably the archangel <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a>) tells Daniel that he and "Michael, your prince" are engaged in a battle with the "<a href="/wiki/Territorial_spirit#Daniel_10" title="Territorial spirit">prince of Persia</a>", after which, at the end-time, "Michael, the great prince who protects your people, will arise".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198434–36_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198434–36-17">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2008176_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2008176-18">[17]</a></sup>
</p><p>Enoch was instrumental in establishing the pre-eminent place of Michael among the angels or archangels, and in later Jewish works he is said to be their chief, mediating the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> (the law of God) and standing at the right hand of the throne of God.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsale202055_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsale202055-8">[7]</a></sup> In the traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Qumran" title="Qumran">Qumran</a> community he defends or leads the people of God in the eschatological (i.e., end-time) battle,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFahlbusch1999674_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahlbusch1999674-19">[18]</a></sup> and in other writings he is responsible for the care of Israel (and he may be the "one like a son of man" mentioned in Daniel 7:13–14) and the commander of the heavenly armies; he is Israel's advocate contesting Satan's claim to the body of Moses; he intercedes between God and humanity and serves as High Priest in the heavenly sanctuary; and he accompanies the souls of the righteous dead to Paradise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannah201133-54_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannah201133-54-9">[8]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="New_Testament">New Testament</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: New Testament">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:An%C3%B3nimo_-_San_Miguel_Arc%C3%A1ngel,_1708.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/An%C3%B3nimo_-_San_Miguel_Arc%C3%A1ngel%2C_1708.jpg/220px-An%C3%B3nimo_-_San_Miguel_Arc%C3%A1ngel%2C_1708.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/An%C3%B3nimo_-_San_Miguel_Arc%C3%A1ngel%2C_1708.jpg/330px-An%C3%B3nimo_-_San_Miguel_Arc%C3%A1ngel%2C_1708.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/An%C3%B3nimo_-_San_Miguel_Arc%C3%A1ngel%2C_1708.jpg 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="500" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:An%C3%B3nimo_-_San_Miguel_Arc%C3%A1ngel,_1708.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><i>Saint Michael, Archangel</i>, painting from Melchor Pérez de Holguín, (1708)</div></div></div>
<p>The seven archangels (or four - the traditions differ but always include Michael) were associated with the branches of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_menorah" title="Temple menorah">menorah</a>, the sacred seven-branched lampstand in the Temple as the seven spirits before the throne of God, and this is reflected in the <a href="/wiki/Revelation_of_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Revelation of John">Revelation of John</a> 4:5 ("From the throne came flashes of lightning, and rumblings and peals of thunder, and before the throne were burning seven torches of fire, which are the seven spirits of God" - ESV).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarker2006123_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker2006123-20">[19]</a></sup> Michael is mentioned explicitly in Revelation 12:7-12, where he does battle with Satan and casts him out of heaven so that he no longer has access to God as accuser (his formal role in the Old Testament).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromiley1971156-157_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromiley1971156-157-14">[13]</a></sup> The fall of Satan at the coming of Jesus marks the separation of the New Testament from Judaism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromiley1971157_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromiley1971157-21">[20]</a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a> 22:31 Jesus tells Peter that Satan has asked God for permission to "sift" the disciples, the goal being to accuse them, but the accusation is opposed by Jesus, who thus takes on the role played by angels, and especially by Michael, in Judaism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromiley1971156_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromiley1971156-22">[21]</a></sup>
</p><p>Michael is mentioned by name for the second time in the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Epistle of Jude</a>, a passionate plea for believers in Christ to do battle against heresy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen200818_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen200818-23">[22]</a></sup> In verses 9-10 the author denounces the heretics by contrasting them with the archangel Michael, who, disputing with Satan over the body of Moses, "did not presume to pronounce the verdict of 'slander' but said, 'The Lord punish you!'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen200879_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen200879-24">[23]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Quran_and_other_Muslim_traditions">Quran and other Muslim traditions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Quran and other Muslim traditions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Michael is called Mika'il in Muslim works generally, but in the one instance in which he is mentioned in the Quran he is called Mikal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes1885348_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes1885348-25">[24]</a></sup> The single Quranic mention comes in the QS 2:98, when the Jews of Medina challenged Muhammed to tell them the name of the angel from whom he received his revelations; when he told them it was Gabriel, the Jews said that Gabriel was their enemy, and that revelations came from Michael.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoegelWheeler2002218_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoegelWheeler2002218-26">[25]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> (sayings of and about the Prophet collected by his followers) quote Muhammed mentioning both Gabriel and Michael as two angels who showed him Paradise and hell, and in the early years of Islam the Muslims recited the names of both in the obligatory daily prayers (the salat).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapmak20171042_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapmak20171042-27">[26]</a></sup> The place of Michael, and some of the other archangels, is not clearly identified in the major sources, and among ordinary Muslims knowledge of them is drawn from non-Islamic sources, notably Jewish.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapmak20171042_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECapmak20171042-27">[26]</a></sup>. For further knowledge, Michael or Mika'il is not a archangel rather an angel as in the Holy book of the muslims, the Quran it is mentioned that they are angels who only exist to obey and worship Allah, The Almighty.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Later_traditions">Later traditions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Later traditions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>we love judaism its beautiful plus its not wrong
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Christianity">Christianity</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Christianity">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_Christian_views_and_devotions">Early Christian views and devotions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early Christian views and devotions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael4.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Michael4.jpg/170px-Michael4.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="284" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Michael4.jpg/255px-Michael4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Michael4.jpg/340px-Michael4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="600" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael4.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Statue of the Archangel Michael at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bonn" title="University of Bonn">University of Bonn</a>, slaying Satan as a dragon; <i><a href="/wiki/Quis_ut_Deus" class="mw-redirect" title="Quis ut Deus">Quis ut Deus</a></i> is inscribed on his shield</div></div></div>
<p>Michael was venerated as a healer in <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a> (modern-day Turkey).<sup id="cite_ref-Cathenc_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cathenc-28">[27]</a></sup>
</p><p>The earliest and most famous sanctuary to Michael in the ancient Near East was also associated with healing waters. It was the <i><a href="/wiki/Michaelion" title="Michaelion">Michaelion</a></i> built in the early 4th century by <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> at <a href="/wiki/Chalcedon" title="Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a>, on the site of an earlier temple called <i>Sosthenion</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Richard_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richard-29">[28]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a> (c. 310–320 – 403) in his Coptic-Arabic <i>Hexaemeron</i> referred to Michael as a replacement of <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>. Accordingly, after Satan fell, Michael was appointed to the function Satan served when he was still one of the noble angels.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a></sup>
</p><p>A painting of the Archangel slaying a serpent became a major art piece at the Michaelion after Constantine defeated <a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a> near there in 324. This contributed to the standard <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a> that developed of the Archangel Michael as a <a href="/wiki/Warrior_saint" class="mw-redirect" title="Warrior saint">warrior saint</a> slaying a dragon.<sup id="cite_ref-Richard_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richard-29">[28]</a></sup> The Michaelion was a magnificent church and in time became a model for hundreds of other churches in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a>; these spread devotions to the Archangel.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the 4th century, <a href="/wiki/Basil_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Basil the Great">Saint Basil the Great</a>'s homily (<i>De Angelis</i>) placed Saint Michael over all the angels. He was called <i>"Archangel"</i> because he heralds other angels, the title Ἀρχανγέλος (archangelos) being used of him in <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude</a> 1:9.<sup id="cite_ref-Cathenc_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cathenc-28">[27]</a></sup> Into the 6th century, the view of Michael as a healer continued in Rome; after a plague, the sick slept at night in the church of <i><a href="/wiki/Castel_Sant%27Angelo" title="Castel Sant'Angelo">Castel Sant'Angelo</a></i> (dedicated to him for saving Rome), waiting for his manifestation.<sup id="cite_ref-Butler320_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler320-32">[31]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the 6th century, the growth of devotions to Michael in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Church">Western Church</a> was expressed by the feasts dedicated to him, as recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Leonine_Sacramentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonine Sacramentary">Leonine Sacramentary</a>. The 7th-century <a href="/wiki/Gelasian_Sacramentary" title="Gelasian Sacramentary">Gelasian Sacramentary</a> included the feast <i>"S. Michaelis Archangeli"</i>, as did the 8th-century <a href="/wiki/Sacramentary#The_Gregorian_Sacramentary" title="Sacramentary">Gregorian Sacramentary</a>. Some of these documents refer to a <i>Basilica Archangeli</i> (no longer extant) on <a href="/wiki/Via_Salaria" title="Via Salaria">via Salaria</a> in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-Cathenc_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cathenc-28">[27]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Angelology">angelology</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius</a>, which was widely read as of the 6th century, gave Michael a rank in the <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_angels" title="Hierarchy of angels">celestial hierarchy</a>. Later, in the 13th century, others such as <a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a> believed that he is the prince of the <a href="/wiki/Seraphim" class="mw-redirect" title="Seraphim">Seraphim</a>, the first of the nine angelic orders. According to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa</a></i> Ia. 113.3), he is the Prince of the last and lowest choir, the Angels.<sup id="cite_ref-Cathenc_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cathenc-28">[27]</a></sup>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Catholicism">Catholicism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Catholicism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For Roman Catholic views and prayers, see <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael_(Roman_Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Michael (Roman Catholic)">Saint Michael (Roman Catholic)</a>.</div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacopo_vignali,_san_michele_arcangelo_libera_le_anime_del_purgatorio.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Jacopo_vignali%2C_san_michele_arcangelo_libera_le_anime_del_purgatorio.jpg/170px-Jacopo_vignali%2C_san_michele_arcangelo_libera_le_anime_del_purgatorio.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="264" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Jacopo_vignali%2C_san_michele_arcangelo_libera_le_anime_del_purgatorio.jpg/255px-Jacopo_vignali%2C_san_michele_arcangelo_libera_le_anime_del_purgatorio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Jacopo_vignali%2C_san_michele_arcangelo_libera_le_anime_del_purgatorio.jpg/340px-Jacopo_vignali%2C_san_michele_arcangelo_libera_le_anime_del_purgatorio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1685" data-file-height="2621" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacopo_vignali,_san_michele_arcangelo_libera_le_anime_del_purgatorio.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael_(Roman_Catholic)#At_the_hour_of_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Michael (Roman Catholic)">Archangel Michael frees souls from purgatory</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Vignali" title="Jacopo Vignali">Jacopo Vignali</a>, 17th century</div></div></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a> often refer to Michael as "Holy Michael, the Archangel"<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a></sup> or "Saint Michael", a title that does not indicate <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonisation</a>. He is generally referred to in Christian <a href="/wiki/Litany" title="Litany">litanies</a> as "Saint Michael", as in the <a href="/wiki/Litany_of_the_Saints" title="Litany of the Saints">Litany of the Saints</a>. In the shortened version used in the <a href="/wiki/Easter_Vigil" title="Easter Vigil">Easter Vigil</a>, he alone of the angels and archangels is mentioned by name, omitting saints <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a></sup>
</p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael_(Roman_Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Michael (Roman Catholic)">Roman Catholic teachings</a>, Saint Michael has four main roles or offices.<sup id="cite_ref-Cathenc_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cathenc-28">[27]</a></sup> His first role is the leader of the Army of God and the leader of heaven's forces in their triumph over the powers of hell.<sup id="cite_ref-Donna60_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donna60-35">[34]</a></sup> He is viewed as the angelic model for the virtues of the "spiritual warrior", his conflict with evil taken as "the battle within".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarr20072_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarr20072-36">[35]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Stift_Rein_-_Bibliothek,_Antiphonale_Cisterciense,_Miniatur_Erzengel_Michael.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Stift_Rein_-_Bibliothek%2C_Antiphonale_Cisterciense%2C_Miniatur_Erzengel_Michael.jpg/170px-Stift_Rein_-_Bibliothek%2C_Antiphonale_Cisterciense%2C_Miniatur_Erzengel_Michael.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Stift_Rein_-_Bibliothek%2C_Antiphonale_Cisterciense%2C_Miniatur_Erzengel_Michael.jpg/255px-Stift_Rein_-_Bibliothek%2C_Antiphonale_Cisterciense%2C_Miniatur_Erzengel_Michael.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Stift_Rein_-_Bibliothek%2C_Antiphonale_Cisterciense%2C_Miniatur_Erzengel_Michael.jpg/340px-Stift_Rein_-_Bibliothek%2C_Antiphonale_Cisterciense%2C_Miniatur_Erzengel_Michael.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3770" data-file-height="2510" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Stift_Rein_-_Bibliothek,_Antiphonale_Cisterciense,_Miniatur_Erzengel_Michael.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><i>St. Michael weighing souls during the <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Last Judgement">Last Judgement</a></i>, <i>Antiphonale Cisterciense</i> (15th century), Abbey Bibliotheca, <a href="/wiki/Rein_Abbey,_Austria" title="Rein Abbey, Austria">Rein Abbey, Austria</a></div></div></div>
<p>The second and third roles of Michael in Catholic teachings deal with death. In his second role, he is the angel of death, <a href="/wiki/Psychopomp" title="Psychopomp">carrying the souls</a> of Christians to heaven. In this role he descends at the hour of death, and gives each soul the chance to redeem itself before passing; thus consternating the devil and his minions. Catholic prayers often refer to this role of Michael. In his third role, he weighs souls on his perfectly balanced scales. For this reason, he is often depicted holding scales.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarr200739_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarr200739-37">[36]</a></sup>
</p><p>In his fourth role, Saint Michael, the special patron of the Chosen People in the Old Testament, is also the guardian of the church. Saint Michael was revered by the military orders of knights during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ages in history">Middle Ages</a>. The names of villages around the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a> express that history. This role also was why he was considered the patron saint of a number of cities and countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler1821117_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler1821117-38">[37]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-39">[38]</a></sup>
</p><p>Roman Catholicism includes traditions such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Prayer_to_Saint_Michael" title="Prayer to Saint Michael">Prayer to Saint Michael</a>,</i> which specifically asks for the faithful to be "defended" by the saint.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Chaplet_of_Saint_Michael" title="Chaplet of Saint Michael">Chaplet of Saint Michael</a></i> consists of nine salutations, one for each choir of angels.<sup id="cite_ref-Ann_Ball_p._123_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ann_Ball_p._123-43">[42]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a></sup>
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<h5><span class="mw-headline" id="Saint_Michael_the_Archangel_prayer">Saint Michael the Archangel prayer</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Saint Michael the Archangel prayer">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h5>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prayer_to_Saint_Michael#In_the_Leonine_Prayers" title="Prayer to Saint Michael">Prayer to Saint Michael § In the Leonine Prayers</a></div>
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<td><div style="font-style:italic;text-align:left" lang="la" class="poem">
<div class="poem">
<p>Sancte Míchael Archángele, <br />
defénde nos in próelio;<br />
contra nequítiam et insídias diáboli esto praesídium.<br />
Imperet illi Deus, súpplices deprecámur,<br />
tuque, Prínceps milítiae caeléstis,<br />
Sátanam aliósque spíritus malígnos,<br />
qui ad perditiónem animárum pervagántur in mundo,<br />
divína virtúte, in inférnum detrúde. <br />
Amen.<sup id="cite_ref-bollettino_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bollettino-45">[44]</a></sup>
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<td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem">
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<p>Blessed Michael, archangel,<br />
defend us in the hour of conflict.<br />
Be our safeguard against the wickedness and snares of the devil<br />
(may God restrain him, we humbly pray):<br />
and do thou, O Prince of the heavenly host,<br />
by the power of God thrust Satan down to hell<br />
and with him those other wicked spirits<br />
who wander through the world for the ruin of souls.<br />
Amen.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a></sup>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Eastern_and_Oriental_Orthodoxy">Eastern and Oriental Orthodoxy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Eastern and Oriental Orthodoxy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> accord Michael the title <i>Archistrategos</i>, or "Supreme Commander of the Heavenly Hosts".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a></sup> The Eastern Orthodox pray to their <a href="/wiki/Guardian_angel" title="Guardian angel">guardian angels</a> and above all to Michael and Gabriel.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Eastern Orthodox have always had strong devotions to angels. In contemporary times they are referred to by the term of "Bodiless Powers".<sup id="cite_ref-EOEnc_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOEnc-49">[48]</a></sup> A number of feasts dedicated to Archangel Michael are celebrated by the Eastern Orthodox throughout the year.<sup id="cite_ref-EOEnc_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOEnc-49">[48]</a></sup>
</p><p>Archangel Michael is mentioned in a number of Eastern Orthodox hymns and prayer, and his icons are widely used within Eastern Orthodox churches.<sup id="cite_ref-B16_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B16-50">[49]</a></sup> In many Eastern Orthodox icons, Christ is accompanied by a number of angels, Michael being a predominant figure among them.<sup id="cite_ref-B16_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B16-50">[49]</a></sup>
</p><p>In Russia, many monasteries, cathedrals, court and merchant churches are dedicated to the Chief Commander Michael; most Russian cities have a church or chapel dedicated to the Archangel Michael.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a></sup>
</p><p>While in the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian Orthodox Church</a> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sava" title="Saint Sava">Saint Sava</a> has a special role as the establisher of its autocephaly and the largest Belgrade church is devoted to him, the capital <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>'s Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">cathedral</a>, the <a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Cathedral,_Belgrade" title="St. Michael's Cathedral, Belgrade">see church</a> of the patriarch, is devoted to Archangel Michael (in Serbian: <i>Арханђел Михаило</i> / <i>Arhanđel Mihailo</i>).
</p><p>The place of Michael in the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria</a> is as a <a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_saints" title="Intercession of saints">saintly intercessor</a>. He is the one who presents to God the prayers of the just, who accompanies the souls of the dead to heaven, who defeats the devil. He is celebrated liturgically on the 12th of each <a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic month</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, a church was dedicated to him in the early fourth century on the 12th of the month of <a href="/wiki/Paoni" title="Paoni">Paoni</a>. The 12th of the month of <a href="/wiki/Hathor_(month)" title="Hathor (month)">Hathor</a> is the celebration of Michael's appointment in heaven, where Michael became the chief of the angels.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a></sup>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Protestant_views">Protestant views</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Protestant views">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Window,_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_(Rosemont,_Pennsylvania).jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/West_Window%2C_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_%28Rosemont%2C_Pennsylvania%29.jpg/220px-West_Window%2C_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_%28Rosemont%2C_Pennsylvania%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/West_Window%2C_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_%28Rosemont%2C_Pennsylvania%29.jpg/330px-West_Window%2C_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_%28Rosemont%2C_Pennsylvania%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/West_Window%2C_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_%28Rosemont%2C_Pennsylvania%29.jpg/440px-West_Window%2C_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_%28Rosemont%2C_Pennsylvania%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1085" data-file-height="1510" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Window,_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_(Rosemont,_Pennsylvania).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>West window showing Michael in armour, Episcopal <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_(Rosemont,_Pennsylvania)" title="Church of the Good Shepherd (Rosemont, Pennsylvania)">Church of the Good Shepherd (Rosemont, Pennsylvania)</a> United States; memorial to the dead of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a></div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Erzengel_Michael-Statue_%C3%BCber_dem_Portal_der_St._Michaeliskirche_Hamburg.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Erzengel_Michael-Statue_%C3%BCber_dem_Portal_der_St._Michaeliskirche_Hamburg.jpg/220px-Erzengel_Michael-Statue_%C3%BCber_dem_Portal_der_St._Michaeliskirche_Hamburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Erzengel_Michael-Statue_%C3%BCber_dem_Portal_der_St._Michaeliskirche_Hamburg.jpg/330px-Erzengel_Michael-Statue_%C3%BCber_dem_Portal_der_St._Michaeliskirche_Hamburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Erzengel_Michael-Statue_%C3%BCber_dem_Portal_der_St._Michaeliskirche_Hamburg.jpg/440px-Erzengel_Michael-Statue_%C3%BCber_dem_Portal_der_St._Michaeliskirche_Hamburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="1140" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Erzengel_Michael-Statue_%C3%BCber_dem_Portal_der_St._Michaeliskirche_Hamburg.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Statue at <a href="/wiki/St._Michaelis_Church,_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Michaelis Church, Hamburg">St. Michaelis Church, Hamburg</a></div></div></div>
<p>Protestant denominations recognize Michael as an archangel. Within Protestantism, the <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> tradition recognizes four angels as archangels: Michael, <a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uriel" title="Uriel">Uriel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Armentrout2000_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armentrout2000-55">[54]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a></sup> Within <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>, the controversial bishop <a href="/wiki/Robert_Clayton_(bishop)" title="Robert Clayton (bishop)">Robert Clayton</a> (died 1758) proposed that Michael was the <a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">Logos</a> and Gabriel the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Spirit (Christianity)">Holy Spirit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a></sup> Controversy over Clayton's views led the government to order his prosecution, but he died before his scheduled examination.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church">Lutheran Churches</a> of <a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Church,_Hamburg" title="St. Michael's Church, Hamburg">St. Michael's Church, Hamburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Church,_Hildesheim" title="St. Michael's Church, Hildesheim">St. Michael's Church, Hildesheim</a> are named for him. In <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Bach</a>'s time, the annual feast of Michael and All the Angels on 29 September was regularly celebrated with a festive service in Lutheran churches, for which Bach composed several cantatas, for example the <a href="/wiki/Chorale_cantata_(Bach)" title="Chorale cantata (Bach)">chorale cantata</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Herr_Gott,_dich_loben_alle_wir,_BWV_130" title="Herr Gott, dich loben alle wir, BWV 130">Herr Gott, dich loben alle wir, BWV 130</a></i> in 1724, <a href="/wiki/Es_erhub_sich_ein_Streit,_BWV_19" title="Es erhub sich ein Streit, BWV 19"><i>Es erhub sich ein Streit</i>, BWV 19</a>, in 1726 and <a href="/wiki/Man_singet_mit_Freuden_vom_Sieg,_BWV_149" title="Man singet mit Freuden vom Sieg, BWV 149"><i>Man singet mit Freuden vom Sieg</i>, BWV 149</a>, in 1728 or 1729.
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Seventh-day_Adventists">Seventh-day Adventists</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Seventh-day Adventists">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_theology#Christ_and_the_Archangel_Michael" title="Seventh-day Adventist theology">Seventh-day Adventist, beliefs about Michael</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pre-existence_of_Christ" title="Pre-existence of Christ">Pre-existence of Christ</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Grand_Saint_Michel,_by_Raffaello_Sanzio,_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Le_Grand_Saint_Michel%2C_by_Raffaello_Sanzio%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg/170px-Le_Grand_Saint_Michel%2C_by_Raffaello_Sanzio%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="287" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Le_Grand_Saint_Michel%2C_by_Raffaello_Sanzio%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg/255px-Le_Grand_Saint_Michel%2C_by_Raffaello_Sanzio%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Le_Grand_Saint_Michel%2C_by_Raffaello_Sanzio%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg/340px-Le_Grand_Saint_Michel%2C_by_Raffaello_Sanzio%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12542" data-file-height="21200" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Grand_Saint_Michel,_by_Raffaello_Sanzio,_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><i>Le Grand Saint Michel</i>, 1518, by <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a> (Raffaello Sanzio), Archangel Michael defeating evil</div></div></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventists</a> believe that "Michael" is but one of the many titles applied to the pre-existent Christ, or Son of God. According to Adventists, such a view does not in any way conflict with the belief in his full deity and eternal preexistence, nor does it in the least disparage his person and work.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a></sup> According to Adventist theology, Michael was considered the "eternal Word", and the one by whom all things were created. The Word was then born incarnate as Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a></sup>
</p><p>They believe that name "Michael" signifies "One Who Is Like God" and that as the "Archangel" or "chief or head of the angels" he led the angels and thus the statement in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Revelation_12:7%E2%80%939" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Revelation 12:7–9">Revelation 12:7–9</a> identifies Jesus as Michael.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a></sup>
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<h4><span id="Jehovah.27s_Witnesses"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Jehovah's_Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Jehovah's Witnesses">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_witnesses#Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Jehovah's witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs about Jesus</a></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> believe Michael to be another name for <a href="/wiki/Pre-existence_of_Christ" title="Pre-existence of Christ">Jesus in heaven</a>, in his pre-human and post-resurrection existence.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated218_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated218-63">[62]</a></sup> They say the definite article at Jude 9<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a></sup>—referring to "Michael the archangel"—identifies Michael as the only archangel. They consider Michael to be synonymous with Christ, described at 1 Thessalonians 4:16<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a></sup> as descending "with a cry of command, with the voice of an archangel, and with the sound of the trumpet".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a></sup>
</p><p>They believe the prominent roles assigned to Michael at Daniel 12:1,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a></sup> Revelation 12:7,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a></sup> Revelation 19:14,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a></sup> and Revelation 16<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a></sup> are identical to Jesus' roles, being the one chosen to lead God's people and as the only one who "stands up", identifying the two as the same spirit being. Because they identify Michael with Jesus, he is therefore considered the first and greatest of all God's heavenly sons, God's chief messenger, who takes the lead in vindicating God's <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a>, sanctifying his name, fighting the wicked forces of Satan and protecting God's covenant people on earth.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a></sup> Jehovah's Witnesses also identify Michael with the "<a href="/wiki/Angel_of_the_Lord" title="Angel of the Lord">Angel of the Lord</a>" who led and protected the Israelites in the wilderness.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a></sup> Their earliest teachings stated that Archangel Michael was not to be worshipped and was distinct from Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a></sup>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Beliefs_and_practices_of_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></div>
<p>Members of <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> believe that Michael is <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve_(LDS_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam and Eve (LDS Church)">Adam</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_of_Days" title="Ancient of Days">Ancient of Days</a> (Dan. 7), a prince, and the patriarch of the human family. They also hold that Michael assisted <a href="/wiki/Jehovah" title="Jehovah">Jehovah</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Pre-existence#Latter_Day_Saints" title="Pre-existence">pre-mortal</a> form of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>) in the creation of the world under the direction of <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a> (<a href="/wiki/Elohim#Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Elohim">Elohim</a>); under the direction of the Father, Michael also cast Satan out of heaven.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Islam">Islam</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Islam">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In Islam, Michael, or Mīkāʾīl,<sup id="cite_ref-King_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King-80">[79]</a></sup> is the angel said to effectuate God's providence as well as natural phenomena, such as rain.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-81">[80]</a></sup> He is one of the four archangels along with <a href="/wiki/Gabriel#Islam" title="Gabriel">Jebreel</a> (Gabriel, whom he is often paired with), <a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">ʾIsrāfīl</a> (trumpeter angel) and <a href="/wiki/Azrael" title="Azrael">ʿAzrāʾīl</a> (angel of death).<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a></sup>
</p><p>Michael in Islam is tasked with providing nourishment for bodies and souls and is also responsible for universal or environmental events, and is often depicted as the archangel of mercy. He is said to be friendly, asking <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a> for mercy toward humans and is, according to Muslim legends, one of the first to obey God's orders to bow before <a href="/wiki/Adam_in_Islam" title="Adam in Islam">Adam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-britannica_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-81">[80]</a></sup> He is also responsible for the rewards doled out to good persons in this life. From the tears of Michael, angels are created as his helpers.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a></sup>
</p><p>Consensus of Islamic scholars and clerics has enclosed various hadiths as interpretation material for the verse of <a href="/wiki/Al_Imran" title="Al Imran">Al Imran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayah">Ayah</a> 124|<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0003%3Asura%3D3%3Averse%3D124">3:124</a> <sup>(<a href="/wiki/Quran_translations" title="Quran translations">Translated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Habib_Shakir" title="Muhammad Habib Shakir">Shakir</a>)</sup> that Gabriel,<sup id="cite_ref-Quran_4_U_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quran_4_U-85">[84]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Misri;_Sirah_Sahabah:_Zubair_bin_Awwam_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Misri;_Sirah_Sahabah:_Zubair_bin_Awwam-86">[85]</a></sup> Michael, <a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Raphael</a><sup id="cite_ref-Israfil_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Israfil-87">[86]</a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">[Notes 2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94">[Notes 3]</a></sup> and thousands of <a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">best angels</a> from third level of sky, all came to the battle of Badr.<sup id="cite_ref-Suyuti_92-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suyuti-92">[90]</a></sup> Various hadith traditions linked to the Al Imran, verse 125|<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0003%3Asura%3D3%3Averse%3D124">3:124</a> <sup>(<a href="/wiki/Quran_translations" title="Quran translations">Translated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Habib_Shakir" title="Muhammad Habib Shakir">Shakir</a>)</sup>, has stated that those angels has taken form of <a href="/wiki/Zubayr_ibn_al-Awwam" title="Zubayr ibn al-Awwam">Zubayr ibn al-Awwam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Companion_of_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of Muhammad">companion of Muhammad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[Notes 4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tarikh_Dimashq_2_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tarikh_Dimashq_2-97">[93]</a></sup>
</p><p>In a <a href="/wiki/Sunan_an-Nasa%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunan an-Nasa'i">version</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> by <a href="/wiki/Al-Nasa%27i" title="Al-Nasa'i">an-Nasāʾi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> is quoted as saying that Gabriel and Michael came to him, and when Gabriel had sat down at his right and Michael at his left, Gabriel told him to recite the Qurʾān in one mode, and Michael told him to ask more, till he reached seven modes, each mode being sufficiently health-giving.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98">[94]</a></sup> According to another hadith in <a href="/wiki/Sahih_Muslim" title="Sahih Muslim">Sahih Muslim</a>, Michael, along with Gabriel both dressed in white, were reported to have accompanied Muhammad on the day of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud" title="Battle of Uhud">Battle of Uhud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[95]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Safiur_Rahman_Mubarakpuri" title="Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri">Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri</a> has recorded in his historiography works of Quran and Hadith revelation in <a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" title="Prophetic biography">Prophetic biography</a>, that <a href="/wiki/Sa%27d_ibn_Abi_Waqqas" title="Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas">Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas</a> testified has saw Jibril and Mikail during that battle.<sup id="cite_ref-eve_of_battle_of_Uhud_&_Ahzab_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eve_of_battle_of_Uhud_&_Ahzab-100">[96]</a></sup>
</p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Dua" title="Dua">Dua</a> Umm Dawood, a supplication reportedly handed down by the 6th <a href="/wiki/Imam_Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq">Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq</a>, the reciter sends blessing upon Michael (with his name spelled as Mīkā'īl):<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101">[97]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a></sup>
</p>
<blockquote><p>O Allah! Bestow your blessing on Michael-angel of Your mercy and created for kindness and seeker of pardon for and supporter of the obedient people.</p></blockquote>
<p>In the creation narrative of <a href="/wiki/Adam_in_Islam" title="Adam in Islam">Adam</a> he was sent to bring a handful of earth, but the Earth did not yield a piece of itself, some of which will burn. This is articulated by <a href="/wiki/Al-Tha%60labi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Tha`labi">Al-Tha'labi</a>, whose narrative states that God tells Earth that some will obey him and others will not.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a></sup>
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<h3><span id="Baha.27i_Faith"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Baha'i_Faith">Baha'i Faith</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Baha'i Faith">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The archangel Michael seems to have never been mentioned publicly by <a href="/wiki/Baha%27u%27llah" class="mw-redirect" title="Baha'u'llah">Baha'u'llah</a>, <a href="/wiki/%27Abdu%27l-Baha" class="mw-redirect" title="'Abdu'l-Baha">'Abdu'l-Baha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shoghi_Effendi" title="Shoghi Effendi">Shoghi Effendi</a>, or even the <a href="/wiki/Universal_House_of_Justice" title="Universal House of Justice">Universal House of Justice</a>. Baha'i publications interpreting the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> from the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> say Baha'u'llah was a chief prince of Persia<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a></sup> foretold as Michael who would win "final victory over the dragon". Or, Michael, "One like God", is thought to be Baha'u'llah, as archangel Michael is thought to be an emanation of <a href="/wiki/Hod_(Kabbalah)" title="Hod (Kabbalah)">Hod</a> or "glory" in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Mysticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Mysticism">Jewish Mysticism</a><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a></sup> - because "Baha'u'llah" means splendor or glory of God.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Gnosticism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In the <a href="/wiki/Apocryphon_of_John" title="Apocryphon of John">Secret Book of John</a>, a 2nd-century text found in the <a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library" title="Nag Hammadi library">Nag Hammadi codices</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a>, Michael is placed in control of the demons who help <a href="/wiki/Demiurge#Yaldabaoth" title="Demiurge">Yaldabaoth</a> create <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>, along with six others named Uriel, Asmenedas, Saphasatoel, Aarmouriam, Richram, and Amiorps.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen of Alexandria</a> in his work <a href="/wiki/Contra_Celsum" title="Contra Celsum">Against Celsus</a>, Michael was represented as a lion on the <a href="/wiki/Ophite_Diagrams" title="Ophite Diagrams">Ophite Diagram</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Feasts">Feasts</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Feasts">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:S._Miguel_Arcanjo.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/S._Miguel_Arcanjo.jpg/220px-S._Miguel_Arcanjo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/S._Miguel_Arcanjo.jpg/330px-S._Miguel_Arcanjo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/S._Miguel_Arcanjo.jpg/440px-S._Miguel_Arcanjo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="960" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:S._Miguel_Arcanjo.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Archangel Michael at a Portuguese feast in <a href="/wiki/Cabeceiras_de_Basto" title="Cabeceiras de Basto">Cabeceiras de Basto</a></div></div></div>
<p>In the <a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar" title="General Roman Calendar">General Roman Calendar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Church_of_England)" title="Calendar of saints (Church of England)">Anglican Calendar of Saints</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_Saints_(Lutheran)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar of Saints (Lutheran)">Lutheran Calendar of Saints</a>, the archangel's feast is celebrated on <a href="/wiki/Michaelmas" title="Michaelmas">Michaelmas</a> Day, 29 September. The day is also considered the feast of Saints Michael, <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a>, in the General Roman Calendar and the Feast of Saint Michael and All Angels according to the Church of England.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, Saint Michael's principal feast day is 8 November (those that use the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a> celebrate it on what in the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> is now 21 November), honouring him along with the rest of the <i>"Bodiless Powers of Heaven"</i> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angels</a>) as their Supreme Commander (Synaxis of the Archangel Michael and the Other Bodiless Powers), and the <i><a href="/wiki/Miracle_of_the_Archangel_Michael_at_Chonae#Miracle_of_the_Archangel_Michael" class="mw-redirect" title="Miracle of the Archangel Michael at Chonae">Miracle at Chonae</a></i> is commemorated on 6 September.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110">[106]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the calendar of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Truro" title="Diocese of Truro">diocese of Truro</a>, 8 May is the feast of <i>St. Michael, Protector of Cornwall</i>. The archangel Michael is one of the three patron saints of <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a></sup> The feast of the Appearing of S. Michael the Archangel is observed by Anglo-Catholics on 8 May.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a></sup> From medieval times until 1960 it was also observed on that day in the Roman Catholic Church; the feast commemorates the archangel's apparition on <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Monte_Sant%27Angelo" title="Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo">Mount Gargano in Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox Church</a>, the main feast day in 12 <a href="/wiki/Hathor_(month)" title="Hathor (month)">Hathor</a> and 12 <a href="/wiki/Paoni" title="Paoni">Paoni</a>, and he is celebrated liturgically on the 12th of each Coptic month.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Saint_Michael_and_All_Angels" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast of Saint Michael and All Angels">Feast of Saint Michael and All Angels</a> is <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">commemorated</a> on 29 September in <a href="/wiki/ROCOR" class="mw-redirect" title="ROCOR">ROCOR</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115">[111]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Vision_(spirituality)" title="Vision (spirituality)">Apparition</a> of Saint Michael in <a href="/wiki/492" title="492">492</a> on <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Monte_Sant%27Angelo" title="Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo">Mount Gargano</a> is <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">commemorated</a> on 8 May<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Michaelmas" title="Michaelmas">Dedication of Saint Michael the Archangel</a> is <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">commemorated</a> on 29 September (<a href="/wiki/Antiochian_Western_Rite_Vicariate" title="Antiochian Western Rite Vicariate">Antiochian Western Rite Vicariate</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Dedication_of_churches" title="Dedication of churches">Dedication</a> of Saint Michael <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary" title="Sanctuary">sanctuary</a> <a href="/wiki/Mont-Saint-Michel_Abbey" title="Mont-Saint-Michel Abbey">Mont-Saint-Michel</a> by <a href="/wiki/Aubert_of_Avranches" title="Aubert of Avranches">Saint Aubert of Avranches</a> is commemorated on 16 October.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118">[114]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 7 April Oriental Orthodox Church commemorates deliverance <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">prophet Jeremiah</a> from prison by Michael.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-119">[115]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Patronages_and_orders">Patronages and orders</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Patronages and orders">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>In late <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Christianity">medieval Christianity</a>, Michael, together with <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a>, became the <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">chivalry</a> and is now also considered the patron saint of police officers, paramedics and the military.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-39">[38]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBall586_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBall586-120">[116]</a></sup>
</p><p>Since the victorious <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lechfeld" title="Battle of Lechfeld">Battle of Lechfeld</a> against the Hungarians in 955, Michael was the patron saint of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> and still is the patron saint of modern Germany and other German-speaking regions formerly covered by the realm.
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<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael4.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Michael4.jpg/220px-Michael4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="368" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Michael4.jpg/330px-Michael4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Michael4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="600" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael4.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Statue of St Michael at the former seat of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wittelsbach" title="House of Wittelsbach">Bavarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Michael_(Bavaria)" title="Order of Saint Michael (Bavaria)">Military Order of Saint Michael</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Palace,_Bonn" title="Electoral Palace, Bonn">Electoral Palace, Bonn</a>, Germany.</div></div></div>
<p>In mid to late 15th century, France was one of only four courts in <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christendom</a> without an order of knighthood.<sup id="cite_ref-Dacre_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dacre-121">[117]</a></sup> Later in the 15th century, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Molinet" title="Jean Molinet">Jean Molinet</a> glorified the primordial feat of arms of the archangel as "the first deed of knighthood and chivalrous prowess that was ever achieved."<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122">[118]</a></sup> Thus Michael was the natural patron of the first <a href="/wiki/Chivalric_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Chivalric order">chivalric order</a> of France, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Michael" title="Order of Saint Michael">Order of Saint Michael</a> of 1469.<sup id="cite_ref-Dacre_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dacre-121">[117]</a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/British_honours_system" class="mw-redirect" title="British honours system">British honours system</a>, a chivalric order founded in 1818 is also named for these two saints, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" title="Order of St Michael and St George">Order of St Michael and St George</a> (<i>see also</i>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Michael_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Order of Saint Michael (disambiguation)">Order of Saint Michael</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a></sup>
</p><p>Prior to 1878, the <a href="/wiki/Scapular_of_Saint_Michael_the_Archangel" title="Scapular of Saint Michael the Archangel">Scapular of St. Michael the Archangel</a> could be worn as part of a Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Archconfraternity" title="Archconfraternity">Archconfraternity</a>. Presently, enrollment is authorized as this <a href="/wiki/Scapular_of_Our_Lady_of_Mount_Carmel" title="Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel">holy scapular</a> remains as one of the 18 approved by the Church.
</p><p>Apart from his being a patron of warriors, the sick and the suffering also consider Archangel Michael their patron saint.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124">[120]</a></sup> Based on the legend of his 8th-century <a href="/wiki/Vision_(spirituality)" title="Vision (spirituality)">apparition</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mont-Saint-Michel" title="Mont-Saint-Michel">Mont-Saint-Michel</a>, France, the Archangel is the patron of <a href="/wiki/Sailors" class="mw-redirect" title="Sailors">mariners</a> in this famous sanctuary.<sup id="cite_ref-Cathenc_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cathenc-28">[27]</a></sup> After the evangelisation of Germany, where mountains were often dedicated to pagan gods, Christians placed many mountains under the patronage of the Archangel, and numerous mountain chapels of St. Michael appeared all over Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-Cathenc_28-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cathenc-28">[27]</a></sup>
</p><p>
Similarly, the Sanctuary of St. Michel (San Migel Aralarkoa), the oldest Christian building in Navarre (Spain), lies at the top of a hill on the <a href="/wiki/Aralar_Range" title="Aralar Range">Aralar Range</a>, and harbours Carolingian remains. St. Michel is an ancient devotion of <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Gipuzkoa" title="Gipuzkoa">Gipuzkoa</a>, revered by the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Basques#Christianization" title="History of the Basques">Basques</a>, shrouded in legend, and held as a champion against paganism and heresy. It came to symbolize the defense of Catholicism, as well as Basque tradition and values during the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a></sup></p><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_City_of_Brussels.svg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_City_of_Brussels.svg/170px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_City_of_Brussels.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="183" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_City_of_Brussels.svg/255px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_City_of_Brussels.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_City_of_Brussels.svg/340px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_City_of_Brussels.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="742" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_City_of_Brussels.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Brussels" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Brussels">Coat of arms of Brussels</a></div></div></div><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:COA_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/COA_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg/170px-COA_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/COA_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg/255px-COA_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/COA_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg/340px-COA_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="683" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:COA_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Kyiv" title="Coat of arms of Kyiv">Coat of arms of Kyiv</a></div></div></div><p>He has been the patron saint of <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> since the Middle Ages.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a></sup> The city of <a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a> in Russia is named for the Archangel. Ukraine and its capital <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> also consider Michael their patron saint and protector.<sup id="cite_ref-Fairbairn_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fairbairn-127">[123]</a></sup>
</p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Linlithgow" title="Linlithgow">Linlithgow</a>, Scotland, St. Michael has been the patron saint of the town since the 13th century, with <a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Michael%27s_Parish_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St. Michael's Parish Church (page does not exist)">St. Michael's Parish Church</a> being originally constructed in 1134.
Since the 14th century, Saint Michael has been the patron saint of <a href="/wiki/Dumfries" title="Dumfries">Dumfries</a> in Scotland, where a church dedicated to him was built at the southern end of the town, on a mound overlooking the <a href="/wiki/River_Nith" title="River Nith">River Nith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a></sup>
</p><p>An <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> sisterhood dedicated to Saint Michael under the title of the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_St_Michael_and_All_Angels" title="Community of St Michael and All Angels">Community of St Michael and All Angels</a> was founded in 1851.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Saint_Michael_the_Archangel" title="Congregation of Saint Michael the Archangel">Congregation of Saint Michael the Archangel</a> (CSMA), also known as the <i>Michaelite Fathers</i>, is a religious order of the Roman Catholic Church founded in 1897. The Canons Regular of the Order of St Michael the Archangel (OSM) are an Order of <a href="/wiki/Profession_(religious)" class="mw-redirect" title="Profession (religious)">professed</a> religious within the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_in_North_America" title="Anglican Church in North America">Anglican Church in North America</a>, the North American component of the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_realignment" title="Anglican realignment">Anglican realignment</a> movement.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a></sup>
</p><p>The city of <a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, and the federal subject <a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk_Oblast" title="Arkhangelsk Oblast">Arkhangelsk Oblast</a> are named after Michael, the Archangel
</p><p>In the United States military Saint Michael is considered to be a patron of paratroopers and, in particular, the <a href="/wiki/82nd_Airborne_Division" title="82nd Airborne Division">82nd Airborne Division</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a></sup> One of the first battles where the unit first was combat christened is the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Mihiel" title="Battle of Saint-Mihiel">Battle of Saint-Mihiel</a> during World War I.
</p><p>The beret insignia of the French paratroopers is a winged arm grasping a dagger, representing Saint Michael.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a></sup>
Saint Michael is the patronus of italian special forces 9° Reggimento "Col Moschin" and the italian state police. Saint Michael (<a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>: <i lang="hr">Sveti Mihovil</i>) is patron of <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian Police">Croatian Police</a> and <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Army" title="Croatian Army">Croatian Army</a>, his feast day being also celebrated as the Police day in Croatia.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Legends">Legends</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Legends">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Judaism">Judaism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Judaism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>There is a legend which seems to be of Jewish origin, and which was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Copt" class="mw-redirect" title="Copt">Copts</a>, to the effect that Michael was first sent by God to bring <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebuchadnezzar">Nebuchadnezzar</a> (c. 600 BC) against Jerusalem, and that Michael was afterward very active in freeing his nation from Babylonian captivity.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a></sup>
According to midrash <a href="/wiki/Genesis_Rabbah" title="Genesis Rabbah">Genesis Rabbah</a>, Michael saved <a href="/wiki/Shadrach,_Meshach,_and_Abednego" title="Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego">Hananiah</a> and his companions from the <a href="/wiki/Shadrach,_Meshach,_and_Abednego" title="Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego">fiery furnace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a></sup> Michael was active in the time of <a href="/wiki/Esther" title="Esther">Esther</a>: "The more <a href="/wiki/Haman_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haman (Bible)">Haman</a> accused Israel on earth, the more Michael defended Israel in heaven".<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a></sup> It was Michael who reminded <a href="/wiki/Ahasuerus" title="Ahasuerus">Ahasuerus</a> that he was <a href="/wiki/Mordecai" title="Mordecai">Mordecai</a>'s debtor;<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a></sup> and there is a legend that Michael appeared to the high priest <a href="/wiki/John_Hyrcanus" title="John Hyrcanus">Hyrcanus</a>, promising him assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to <i><a href="/wiki/Legends_of_the_Jews" title="Legends of the Jews">Legends of the Jews</a></i>, archangel Michael was the chief of a band of angels who questioned God's decision to create man on Earth. The entire band of angels, except for Michael, was then consumed by fire.<sup id="cite_ref-ginzberg_michael_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ginzberg_michael-139">[135]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Christianity_2">Christianity</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Christianity">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Miracle_Icon_Sinai_12th_century.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Michael_Miracle_Icon_Sinai_12th_century.jpg/170px-Michael_Miracle_Icon_Sinai_12th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Michael_Miracle_Icon_Sinai_12th_century.jpg/255px-Michael_Miracle_Icon_Sinai_12th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Michael_Miracle_Icon_Sinai_12th_century.jpg/340px-Michael_Miracle_Icon_Sinai_12th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1060" data-file-height="1296" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Miracle_Icon_Sinai_12th_century.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icon</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Miracle_of_the_Archangel_Michael_at_Chonae" class="mw-redirect" title="Miracle of the Archangel Michael at Chonae">Miracle at Chonae</a></i>, from <a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a>.</div></div></div><p>The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> celebrates the <a href="/wiki/Miracle_of_the_Archangel_Michael_at_Chonae" class="mw-redirect" title="Miracle of the Archangel Michael at Chonae">Miracle at Chonae</a> on September 6.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140">[136]</a></sup> The pious legend surrounding the event states that <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John the Apostle</a>, when preaching nearby, foretold the appearance of Michael at Cheretopa near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Salda" title="Lake Salda">Lake Salda</a>, where a healing spring appeared soon after the Apostle left; in gratitude for the healing of his daughter, one pilgrim built a church on the site.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a></sup> Local pagans, who are described as jealous of the healing power of the spring and the church, attempt to drown the church by redirecting the river, but the Archangel, "in the likeness of a column of fire", split the bedrock to open up a new bed for the stream, directing the flow away from the church.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a></sup> The legend is supposed to have predated the actual events, but the 5th – 7th-century texts that refer to the miracle at Chonae formed the basis of specific paradigms for "properly approaching" angelic intermediaries for more effective prayers within the Christian culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Peers_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peers-143">[139]</a></sup>
</p><p><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1023754711">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="There_is_a_late-5th-century_legend"></span><span class="vanchor-text">There is a late-5th-century legend</span></span> in <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, UK that the Archangel appeared to fishermen on <a href="/wiki/St_Michael%27s_Mount" title="St Michael's Mount">St Michael's Mount</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cornwall_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornwall-144">[140]</a></sup> According to author Richard Freeman Johnson, this legend is likely a nationalistic twist to a myth.<sup id="cite_ref-Cornwall_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornwall-144">[140]</a></sup> Cornish legends also hold that the mount itself was constructed by giants<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a></sup> and that <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a> battled a giant there.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a></sup>
</p><p>The legend of the apparition of the Archangel at around 490 AD at a secluded hilltop cave on <a href="/wiki/Monte_Gargano" class="mw-redirect" title="Monte Gargano">Monte Gargano</a> in Italy gained a following among the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> in the immediate period thereafter, and by the 8th century, pilgrims arrived from as far away as England.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tridentine Calendar">Tridentine Calendar</a> included a feast of the apparition on 8 May, the date of the 663 victory over the <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neapolitans</a> that the Lombards of <a href="/wiki/Manfredonia" title="Manfredonia">Manfredonia</a> attributed to Saint Michael.<sup id="cite_ref-Cathenc_28-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cathenc-28">[27]</a></sup> The feast <a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar_of_1954" title="General Roman Calendar of 1954">remained</a> in the Roman liturgical calendar until removed in the <a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar_of_1960" title="General Roman Calendar of 1960">revision</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Monte_Sant%27Angelo" title="Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo">Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo</a> at Gargano is a major Catholic pilgrimage site.
</p><p>According to Roman legends, Archangel Michael appeared with a sword over the <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausoleum</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> while a devastating plague persisted in Rome, in apparent answer to the prayers of Pope <a href="/wiki/Gregory_I_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory I the Great">Gregory I the Great</a> (c. 590–604) that the plague should cease. After the plague ended, in honor of the occasion, the pope called the mausoleum <i>"<a href="/wiki/Castel_Sant%27Angelo" title="Castel Sant'Angelo">Castel Sant'Angelo</a>"</i> (Castle of the Holy Angel), the name by which it is still known.<sup id="cite_ref-Butler320_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler320-32">[31]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Norman</a> legend, Michael is said to have appeared to <a href="/wiki/St_Aubert" class="mw-redirect" title="St Aubert">St Aubert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Avranches" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Avranches">Bishop of Avranches</a>, in 708, giving instruction to build a church on the rocky islet now known as <a href="/wiki/Mont_Saint-Michel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mont Saint-Michel">Mont Saint-Michel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MonkM_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MonkM-148">[144]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CathMont_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CathMont-149">[145]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pilgrim_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pilgrim-150">[146]</a></sup> In 960 the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Normandy" title="Duke of Normandy">Duke of Normandy</a> commissioned a <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Benedict" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Benedict">Benedictine</a> abbey on the mount, and it remains a major pilgrimage site.<sup id="cite_ref-pilgrim_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pilgrim-150">[146]</a></sup>
</p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> <a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelite</a> nun, <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nia_d%27Ast%C3%B3naco" class="mw-redirect" title="Antónia d'Astónaco">Antónia d'Astónaco</a>, reported an apparition and <a href="/wiki/Private_revelation" title="Private revelation">private revelation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael_(Roman_Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Michael (Roman Catholic)">Archangel Michael</a> who had told to this devoted <a href="/wiki/Servant_of_God#Roman_Catholicism" title="Servant of God">Servant of God</a>, in 1751, that he would like to be honored, and God glorified, by the praying of nine special invocations. These nine invocations correspond to invocations to the nine choirs of angels and origins the famous <a href="/wiki/Chaplet_of_Saint_Michael" title="Chaplet of Saint Michael">Chaplet of Saint Michael</a>. This private revelation and prayers were approved by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> in 1851.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBall123_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBall123-151">[147]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a></sup>
</p><p>From 1961 to 1965, four young schoolgirls had reported several apparitions of the Archangel Michael in the small village of <a href="/wiki/San_Sebastian_de_Garabandal" class="mw-redirect" title="San Sebastian de Garabandal">Garabandal</a>, Spain. At Garabandal, the apparitions of the Archangel Michael were mainly reported as announcing the arrivals of the <a href="/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> has neither approved nor condemned the <a href="/wiki/Garabandal_apparitions" title="Garabandal apparitions">Garabandal apparitions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Art_and_literature">Art and literature</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Art and literature">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="In_literature">In literature</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: In literature">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In the 1667 English <a href="/wiki/Epic_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic poem">epic poem</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>, Michael commands the army of angels loyal to God against the rebel forces of <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>. Armed with a sword from God's armory, he bests Satan in personal combat, wounding his side.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a></sup>
</p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a>'s translation of the mid-13th century <i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Legend" class="mw-redirect" title="The Golden Legend">The Golden Legend</a></i>, Michael is one of the angels of the seven planets. He is the angel of Mercury.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a></sup>
</p><p>In Japanese <a href="/wiki/Light_novel" title="Light novel">light novel</a> series <i>Date a Live</i>, Michael is the name of a spiritual weapon (referred to as Angels within the series), belonging to Mukuro Hoshimiya. Michael is a sword-sized key capable of locking away abilities or properties of objects (Michael Segva), as well as opening portals (Michael Lataib) and molecular deconstruction.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Music">Music</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><a href="/wiki/Marc-Antoine_Charpentier" title="Marc-Antoine Charpentier">Marc-Antoine Charpentier</a>, <i>Praelium Michaelis Archangeli factum in coelo cum dracone,</i> H.410, oratorio for soloists, double chorus, strings and continuo. (1683)
</p><p>«Archangel Michael» — a song performed by <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Karachentsov" title="Nikolai Karachentsov">Nikolai Karachentsov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Film">Film</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Film">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The 1996 film <i><a href="/wiki/Michael_(1996_film)" title="Michael (1996 film)">Michael</a></i> portrays the archangel as being sent to Earth to perform various tasks.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Peter_Mensah" title="Peter Mensah">Peter Mensah</a> portrays Michael in the 2023 movie <a href="/wiki/The_Devil_Conspiracy" title="The Devil Conspiracy">The Devil Conspiracy</a>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Artistic_depictions">Artistic depictions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Artistic depictions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Archangel_Michael_in_Christian_art" title="Archangel Michael in Christian art">Archangel Michael in Christian art</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Meister_der_Ikone_des_Erzengels_Michael_001_adjusted.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Meister_der_Ikone_des_Erzengels_Michael_001_adjusted.jpg/220px-Meister_der_Ikone_des_Erzengels_Michael_001_adjusted.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Meister_der_Ikone_des_Erzengels_Michael_001_adjusted.jpg/330px-Meister_der_Ikone_des_Erzengels_Michael_001_adjusted.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Meister_der_Ikone_des_Erzengels_Michael_001_adjusted.jpg/440px-Meister_der_Ikone_des_Erzengels_Michael_001_adjusted.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2358" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Meister_der_Ikone_des_Erzengels_Michael_001_adjusted.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>10th-century gold and enamel Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icon</a> of <a href="/wiki/St_Michael" class="mw-redirect" title="St Michael">St Michael</a>, in the treasury of the St Mark's Basilica</div></div></div>
<p>In <a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian art</a>, Archangel Michael may be depicted alone or with other angels such as <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a>. Some depictions with Gabriel date back to the 8th century, e.g. the stone casket at <a href="/wiki/Mortain" title="Mortain">Notre Dame de Mortain</a> church in France.<sup id="cite_ref-rich141_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rich141-157">[153]</a></sup>
</p><p>The widely reproduced image of <i><a href="/wiki/Our_Mother_of_Perpetual_Help" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Mother of Perpetual Help">Our Mother of Perpetual Help</a></i>, an icon of the <a href="/wiki/Cretan_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan school">Cretan school</a>, depicts Michael on the left carrying the lance and sponge of the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucifixion of Jesus</a>, with Gabriel on the right side of <a href="/wiki/Madonna_and_Child" class="mw-redirect" title="Madonna and Child">Mary and Jesus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a></sup>
</p><p>In many depictions, Michael is represented as an angelic warrior, fully armed with helmet, sword, and shield.<sup id="cite_ref-Cathenc_28-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cathenc-28">[27]</a></sup> The shield may bear the Latin inscription <i><a href="/wiki/Quis_ut_Deus" class="mw-redirect" title="Quis ut Deus">Quis ut Deus</a></i> or the Greek inscription <i>Christos Dikaios Krites</i> or its initials.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a></sup> He may be standing over a serpent, a dragon, or the defeated figure of Satan, whom he sometimes pierces with a lance.<sup id="cite_ref-Cathenc_28-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cathenc-28">[27]</a></sup> The iconography of Michael slaying a serpent goes back to the early 4th century, when <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Constantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Constantine">Emperor Constantine</a> defeated <a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianople_(324)" title="Battle of Adrianople (324)">Battle of Adrianople</a> in 324 AD, not far from the <i><a href="/wiki/Michaelion" title="Michaelion">Michaelion</a></i>, a church dedicated to Archangel Michael.<sup id="cite_ref-Richard_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richard-29">[28]</a></sup>
</p><p>Constantine felt that Licinius was an agent of Satan and associated him with the serpent described in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Revelation#12:9" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Revelation">12:9</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a></sup> After the victory, Constantine commissioned a depiction of himself and his sons slaying Licinius represented as a serpent – a symbolism borrowed from the Christian teachings on the Archangel to whom he attributed the victory. A similar painting, this time with the Archangel Michael himself slaying a serpent, then became a major art piece at the Michaelion and eventually lead to the standard <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a> of the Archangel Michael as a <a href="/wiki/Warrior_saint" class="mw-redirect" title="Warrior saint">warrior saint</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Richard_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richard-29">[28]</a></sup>
</p><p>In less common depiction, Michael holds a pair of scales, weighs the souls of the departed and holds the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of life">book of life</a> (as in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>) to show he partakes in the judgment.<sup id="cite_ref-rich141_157-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rich141-157">[153]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a> depicted this scene on the altar wall of the <a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a></sup>
</p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine art</a>, Michael was often shown as a princely court dignitary rather than a warrior who battled Satan or with scales for weighing souls on the <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Judgement">Day of Judgement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a></sup>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Faras_-_Archangel_Michael_with_a_horn_trumpet_and_an_orb_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="image" title="Archangel Michael on a 9th-century Makurian mural"><img alt="Archangel Michael on a 9th-century Makurian mural" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Faras_-_Archangel_Michael_with_a_horn_trumpet_and_an_orb_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/75px-Faras_-_Archangel_Michael_with_a_horn_trumpet_and_an_orb_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Faras_-_Archangel_Michael_with_a_horn_trumpet_and_an_orb_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/112px-Faras_-_Archangel_Michael_with_a_horn_trumpet_and_an_orb_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Faras_-_Archangel_Michael_with_a_horn_trumpet_and_an_orb_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/150px-Faras_-_Archangel_Michael_with_a_horn_trumpet_and_an_orb_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2598" data-file-height="4150" /></a></div></div>
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<p>Archangel Michael on a 9th-century <a href="/wiki/Makuria" title="Makuria">Makurian</a> mural
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rublev_Arhangel_Mikhail.jpg" class="image" title="Andrei Rublev's standalone depiction c. 1408"><img alt="Andrei Rublev's standalone depiction c. 1408" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Rublev_Arhangel_Mikhail.jpg/79px-Rublev_Arhangel_Mikhail.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Rublev_Arhangel_Mikhail.jpg/119px-Rublev_Arhangel_Mikhail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Rublev_Arhangel_Mikhail.jpg/159px-Rublev_Arhangel_Mikhail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1963" /></a></div></div>
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<p><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Rublev" title="Andrei Rublev">Andrei Rublev</a>'s standalone depiction c. 1408
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:23px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Francesco_Botticini_-_I_tre_Arcangeli_e_Tobias.jpg" class="image" title="Michael (left) with archangels Raphael and Gabriel, by Botticini, 1470"><img alt="Michael (left) with archangels Raphael and Gabriel, by Botticini, 1470" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Francesco_Botticini_-_I_tre_Arcangeli_e_Tobias.jpg/120px-Francesco_Botticini_-_I_tre_Arcangeli_e_Tobias.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Francesco_Botticini_-_I_tre_Arcangeli_e_Tobias.jpg/180px-Francesco_Botticini_-_I_tre_Arcangeli_e_Tobias.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Francesco_Botticini_-_I_tre_Arcangeli_e_Tobias.jpg/240px-Francesco_Botticini_-_I_tre_Arcangeli_e_Tobias.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1741" /></a></div></div>
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<p>Michael (left) with archangels <a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Botticini" title="Francesco Botticini">Botticini</a>, 1470
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:MemlingJudgmentCenter-crop.jpg" class="image" title="Weighing souls on Judgement Day by Hans Memling, 15th century"><img alt="Weighing souls on Judgement Day by Hans Memling, 15th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/MemlingJudgmentCenter-crop.jpg/95px-MemlingJudgmentCenter-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/MemlingJudgmentCenter-crop.jpg/143px-MemlingJudgmentCenter-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/MemlingJudgmentCenter-crop.jpg/191px-MemlingJudgmentCenter-crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="579" /></a></div></div>
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<p><i>Weighing souls</i> on <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Judgement Day</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Memling" title="Hans Memling">Hans Memling</a>, 15th century
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:GIORDANO,_Luca_fallen_angels.jpg" class="image" title="Michael defeating the fallen angels, by Luca Giordano c. 1660–1665"><img alt="Michael defeating the fallen angels, by Luca Giordano c. 1660–1665" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/GIORDANO%2C_Luca_fallen_angels.jpg/79px-GIORDANO%2C_Luca_fallen_angels.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/GIORDANO%2C_Luca_fallen_angels.jpg/119px-GIORDANO%2C_Luca_fallen_angels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/GIORDANO%2C_Luca_fallen_angels.jpg/159px-GIORDANO%2C_Luca_fallen_angels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2825" data-file-height="4259" /></a></div></div>
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<p>Michael defeating the <a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">fallen angels</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Luca_Giordano" title="Luca Giordano">Luca Giordano</a> c. 1660–1665
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Angel_Van_Verschaffelt_SantAngelo.jpg" class="image" title="Bronze statue of the Archangel Michael, standing on top of the Castel Sant'Angelo, modelled in 1753 by Peter Anton von Verschaffelt."><img alt="Bronze statue of the Archangel Michael, standing on top of the Castel Sant'Angelo, modelled in 1753 by Peter Anton von Verschaffelt." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Angel_Van_Verschaffelt_SantAngelo.jpg/90px-Angel_Van_Verschaffelt_SantAngelo.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Angel_Van_Verschaffelt_SantAngelo.jpg/135px-Angel_Van_Verschaffelt_SantAngelo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Angel_Van_Verschaffelt_SantAngelo.jpg/181px-Angel_Van_Verschaffelt_SantAngelo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="884" /></a></div></div>
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<p>Bronze statue of the Archangel Michael, standing on top of the <a href="/wiki/Castel_Sant%27Angelo" title="Castel Sant'Angelo">Castel Sant'Angelo</a>, modelled in 1753 by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Anton_von_Verschaffelt" title="Peter Anton von Verschaffelt">Peter Anton von Verschaffelt</a>.
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Archangel_Michael_Hajdudorog.JPG" class="image" title="Michael's icon on the northern deacons' door on the iconostasis of Hajdúdorog. The archangel is often depicted on iconostases' doors as a defender of the sanctuary."><img alt="Michael's icon on the northern deacons' door on the iconostasis of Hajdúdorog. The archangel is often depicted on iconostases' doors as a defender of the sanctuary." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Archangel_Michael_Hajdudorog.JPG/90px-Archangel_Michael_Hajdudorog.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Archangel_Michael_Hajdudorog.JPG/135px-Archangel_Michael_Hajdudorog.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Archangel_Michael_Hajdudorog.JPG/180px-Archangel_Michael_Hajdudorog.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div></div>
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<p>Michael's icon on the northern <i>deacons' door</i> on the <a href="/wiki/Iconostasis_of_Hajd%C3%BAdorog" class="mw-redirect" title="Iconostasis of Hajdúdorog">iconostasis of Hajdúdorog</a>. The archangel is often depicted on iconostases' doors as a defender of the sanctuary.
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:30px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Archangel_Michael,_St_Pancras_New_Church,_London.JPG" class="image" title="Archangel Michael by Emily Young in the grounds of St Pancras New Church. Plaque inscription: "In memory of the victims of the 7th July 2005 bombings and all victims of violence. 'I will lift up my eyes unto the hills'""><img alt="Archangel Michael by Emily Young in the grounds of St Pancras New Church. Plaque inscription: "In memory of the victims of the 7th July 2005 bombings and all victims of violence. 'I will lift up my eyes unto the hills'"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Archangel_Michael%2C_St_Pancras_New_Church%2C_London.JPG/120px-Archangel_Michael%2C_St_Pancras_New_Church%2C_London.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Archangel_Michael%2C_St_Pancras_New_Church%2C_London.JPG/180px-Archangel_Michael%2C_St_Pancras_New_Church%2C_London.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Archangel_Michael%2C_St_Pancras_New_Church%2C_London.JPG/240px-Archangel_Michael%2C_St_Pancras_New_Church%2C_London.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div></div>
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<p><i>Archangel Michael</i> by <a href="/wiki/Emily_Young" title="Emily Young">Emily Young</a> in the grounds of <a href="/wiki/St_Pancras_New_Church" title="St Pancras New Church">St Pancras New Church</a>. Plaque inscription: "In memory of the victims of the <a href="/wiki/7_July_2005_London_bombings" title="7 July 2005 London bombings">7th July 2005 bombings</a> and all victims of violence. 'I will lift up my eyes unto the hills'"
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Michael_the_Archangel.jpg" class="image" title="St. Michael the Archangel and the Dragon. Queen of Archangels Roman Catholic Parish, Clarence, PA"><img alt="St. Michael the Archangel and the Dragon. Queen of Archangels Roman Catholic Parish, Clarence, PA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/St._Michael_the_Archangel.jpg/120px-St._Michael_the_Archangel.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/St._Michael_the_Archangel.jpg/180px-St._Michael_the_Archangel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/St._Michael_the_Archangel.jpg/240px-St._Michael_the_Archangel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3421" data-file-height="3421" /></a></div></div>
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<p><i>St. Michael the Archangel and the Dragon</i>. Queen of Archangels Roman Catholic Parish, Clarence, PA
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Michael%27s_victory_over_the_Devil_by_Sir_Jacob_Epstein,_Coventry_Cathedral.jpg" class="image" title="St Michael's Victory over the Devil, a 1958 sculpture by Jacob Epstein on the wall of the new Coventry Cathedral, England"><img alt="St Michael's Victory over the Devil, a 1958 sculpture by Jacob Epstein on the wall of the new Coventry Cathedral, England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/St_Michael%27s_victory_over_the_Devil_by_Sir_Jacob_Epstein%2C_Coventry_Cathedral.jpg/68px-St_Michael%27s_victory_over_the_Devil_by_Sir_Jacob_Epstein%2C_Coventry_Cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="68" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/St_Michael%27s_victory_over_the_Devil_by_Sir_Jacob_Epstein%2C_Coventry_Cathedral.jpg/102px-St_Michael%27s_victory_over_the_Devil_by_Sir_Jacob_Epstein%2C_Coventry_Cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/St_Michael%27s_victory_over_the_Devil_by_Sir_Jacob_Epstein%2C_Coventry_Cathedral.jpg/137px-St_Michael%27s_victory_over_the_Devil_by_Sir_Jacob_Epstein%2C_Coventry_Cathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2349" data-file-height="4120" /></a></div></div>
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<p><i><a href="/wiki/St_Michael%27s_Victory_over_the_Devil" title="St Michael's Victory over the Devil">St Michael's Victory over the Devil</a></i>, a 1958 sculpture by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Epstein" title="Jacob Epstein">Jacob Epstein</a> on the wall of the new <a href="/wiki/Coventry_Cathedral" title="Coventry Cathedral">Coventry Cathedral</a>, England
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Churches_named_after_Michael">Churches named after Michael</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Churches named after Michael">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Church_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="St. Michael's Church (disambiguation)">St. Michael's Church (disambiguation)</a></li></ul>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Structured_gallery_of_churches_dedicated_to_Archangel_Michael" class="extiw" title="commons:Structured gallery of churches dedicated to Archangel Michael"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Structured gallery of churches dedicated to Archangel Michael</span></a>.</div></div>
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<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mont_Saint-Michel_France.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Mont_Saint-Michel_France.jpg/220px-Mont_Saint-Michel_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Mont_Saint-Michel_France.jpg/330px-Mont_Saint-Michel_France.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Mont_Saint-Michel_France.jpg/440px-Mont_Saint-Michel_France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Mont_Saint-Michel_France.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The <a href="/wiki/Mont-Saint-Michel" title="Mont-Saint-Michel">Mont-Saint-Michel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, France</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:20060416-Michaelskirche_Muenchen.jpg" class="image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/20060416-Michaelskirche_Muenchen.jpg/220px-20060416-Michaelskirche_Muenchen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/20060416-Michaelskirche_Muenchen.jpg/330px-20060416-Michaelskirche_Muenchen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/20060416-Michaelskirche_Muenchen.jpg/440px-20060416-Michaelskirche_Muenchen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:20060416-Michaelskirche_Muenchen.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Church,_Munich" title="St. Michael's Church, Munich">St. Michael's</a> <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> church, <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, Germany</div></div></div>
<ul><li>Parroquia de San Miguel Arcángel (<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parroquia_de_San_Miguel_Arc%C3%A1ngel_(San_Miguel_el_Alto)" class="extiw" title="es:Parroquia de San Miguel Arcángel (San Miguel el Alto)">es</a>), <a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_de_Allende" title="San Miguel de Allende">San Miguel de Allende</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guanajuato" title="Guanajuato">Guanajuato</a> Mexico <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a></li>
<li>Parroquia de San Miguel Arcángel Cocula Jalisco Mexico</li>
<li>St Michael's Church, <a href="/wiki/Frenaros" title="Frenaros">Frenaros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li>
<li>St Michael's Church, <a href="/wiki/Pedoulas" title="Pedoulas">Pedoulas</a>, Cyprus</li>
<li>Parroquia de San Miguel Arcángel, <a href="/wiki/Utuado,_Puerto_Rico" title="Utuado, Puerto Rico">Utuado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sacra_di_San_Michele" title="Sacra di San Michele">Sacra di San Michele</a> (Saint Michael's Abbey), near <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, Italy</li>
<li>Pfarrei Brixen St. Michael with the <a href="/wiki/White_Tower_(Brixen)" title="White Tower (Brixen)">White Tower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brixen" title="Brixen">Brixen</a>, Italy</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._Michael_and_St._Gudula" title="Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula">Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, Belgium</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mont-Saint-Michel" title="Mont-Saint-Michel">Mont-Saint-Michel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, France – a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Cathedral_Basilica_(Toronto)" title="St. Michael's Cathedral Basilica (Toronto)">St. Michael's Cathedral Basilica (Toronto)</a>, Canada</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Cathedral_(Izhevsk)" title="St. Michael's Cathedral (Izhevsk)">St. Michael's Cathedral (Izhevsk)</a>, Russia</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Cathedral,_Qingdao" title="St. Michael's Cathedral, Qingdao">St. Michael's Cathedral, Qingdao</a>, China</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chudov_Monastery" title="Chudov Monastery">Chudov Monastery</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Kremlin">Moscow Kremlin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Archangel" title="Cathedral of the Archangel">Cathedral of the Archangel</a> in the Moscow Kremlin – a World Heritage Site</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Monte_Sant%27Angelo" title="Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo">Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gargano" title="Gargano">Gargano</a>, Italy – a World Heritage Site</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/St_Michael%27s_Mount" title="St Michael's Mount">St Michael's Mount</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, UK</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/St._Michael_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Michael Catholic Church">St. Michael Catholic Church</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/St._Michael" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Michael">St. Michael</a>, MN</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Basilica,_Miramichi" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Michael's Basilica, Miramichi">St. Michael's Basilica, Miramichi</a>, Canada</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Skellig_Michael" title="Skellig Michael">Skellig Michael</a>, off the <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Irish</a> west coast – a World Heritage Site</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Coventry_Cathedral" title="Coventry Cathedral">St Michael's Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a>, UK</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Golden-Domed_Monastery" title="St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery">St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, Ukraine</li>
<li>Basilica of St Michael the Archangel, <a href="/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida" title="Pensacola, Florida">Pensacola, Florida</a>, United States</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Church,_Vienna" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Michael's Church, Vienna">St. Michael's Church, Vienna</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Austria</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tayabas_Basilica" title="Tayabas Basilica">Tayabas Basilica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tayabas,_Quezon" class="mw-redirect" title="Tayabas, Quezon">Tayabas, Quezon</a>, Philippines</li>
<li>St. Michael the Archangel Parish Church, <a href="/wiki/Pontevedra,_Negros_Occidental" title="Pontevedra, Negros Occidental">Pontevedra, Negros Occidental</a>, Philippines</li>
<li>Archdiocesan Shrine and Parish of St. Michael the Archangel, <a href="/wiki/Argao,_Cebu" class="mw-redirect" title="Argao, Cebu">Argao, Cebu</a>, Philippines (<a href="/wiki/Argao_Church" title="Argao Church">Argao Church</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Church,_Berlin" title="St. Michael's Church, Berlin">St. Michael's Church, Berlin</a>, Germany</li>
<li>St. Michael's Cathedral, <a href="/wiki/Iligan_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Iligan City">Iligan City</a>, Philippines</li>
<li>St. Michael Cathedral, <a href="/wiki/Ilagan" title="Ilagan">Ilagan</a>, Philippines</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_Church_(Manila)" title="San Miguel Church (Manila)">San Miguel Church (Manila)</a>, Philippines</li>
<li>Cathedral of Saint Michael, <a href="/wiki/Kalibo" title="Kalibo">Kalibo, Aklan</a>, Philippines</li>
<li>Iglesia Filipina Independiente - Cathedral of St. Michael the Archangel, <a href="/wiki/Bacoor" title="Bacoor">Bacoor, Cavite</a>, Philippines</li>
<li>St. Michael the Archangel Parish, <a href="/wiki/Taguig" title="Taguig">Taguig</a>, Philippines</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Church,_Munich" title="St. Michael's Church, Munich">St. Michael's</a> <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> church, <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, Germany</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Cathedral,_Belgrade" title="St. Michael's Cathedral, Belgrade">St. Michael's Cathedral, Belgrade</a> in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gamu_Cathedral" title="Gamu Cathedral">Cathedral of St. Michael the Archangel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gamu" title="Gamu">Gamu, Isabela</a>, Philippines</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mission_San_Miguel_Arc%C3%A1ngel" title="Mission San Miguel Arcángel">Mission San Miguel Arcángel</a>, San Miguel, California, United States, one of the California Missions</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/St_Michael_at_the_North_Gate" title="St Michael at the North Gate">St Michael at the North Gate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, UK</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Church,_Mumbai" title="St. Michael's Church, Mumbai">St. Michael's Church, Mumbai</a>, India</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Michael,_%C5%A0tip" title="Church of St. Michael, Štip">Church of St. Michael, Štip</a>, Republic of Macedonia</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/St_Michael_and_All_Angels_Church,_Polwatte" title="St Michael and All Angels Church, Polwatte">St Michael and All Angels Church, Polwatte</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/St_Michael%27s_Church,_Churchill" title="St Michael's Church, Churchill">St Michael's Church, Churchill</a>, UK</li>
<li>St Michael's Catholic Church, <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax</a>, Canada</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/St_Michael_the_Archangel,_Llanyblodwel" title="St Michael the Archangel, Llanyblodwel">St Michael the Archangel, Llanyblodwel</a>, England</li>
<li>St Michael's Parish Church, Linlithgow, West Lothian, Scotland</li>
<li>St Michael's Parish Church, Blackrock, Cork, Ireland</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abatur" title="Abatur">Abatur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Angelus" title="Angelus">Angelus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_cosmology" title="Biblical cosmology">Biblical cosmology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_angelic_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelic hierarchy">Christian angelic hierarchy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_Angel_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardian Angel of Portugal">Guardian Angel of Portugal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_angels" title="Hierarchy of angels">Hierarchy of angels</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_angels_in_theology" title="List of angels in theology">List of angels in theology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Metatron" title="Metatron">Metatron</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism/Patron_Archive/September_29" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism/Patron Archive/September 29">Saint Michael, patron saint archive</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Psychopomp" title="Psychopomp">Psychopomp</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Quis_ut_Deus%3F" title="Quis ut Deus?">Quis ut Deus?</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Saint Michael in the Catholic Church">Saint Michael in the Catholic Church</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saureil" title="Saureil">Saureil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seraph" title="Seraph">Seraph</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theophory_in_the_Bible" title="Theophory in the Bible">Theophory in the Bible</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uriel" title="Uriel">Uriel</a></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
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<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<small>Hebrew: </small><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="he-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[mixaˈʔel]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">מִיכָאֵל</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Mīḵāʾēl</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Who is like El [God]?'; <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Μιχαήλ</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">Mikhaḗl</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Michahel</i>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ميخائيل ، مِيكَالَ ، ميكائيل</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Mīkāʾīl, Mīkāl, Mīkhāʾīl</i></span>)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">found in Mustadrak al Sahihayn.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a></sup> The complete narration from <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_al-Nishapuri" title="Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri">Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri</a> were:... <i>Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Yaqoub has reported from Ibrahim bin Abdullah Al-Saadi, who told us Muhammad bin Khalid bin Uthma, told us Musa bin Yaqoub, told me Abu Al-Huwairith, that Muhammad bin Jubayr bin Mut’im told him, that he heard Ali - may God be pleased with him - addresses the people, and he said: While I was leaving from the well of Badr, a strong wind came, the like of which I had never seen, then it left, then came a strong wind, the like of which I have never seen except for the one before it, then it went, then came a strong wind that I did not see before. I have never seen anything like it except for the one before it, and the first wind was Gabriel descended among a thousand angels with the Messenger of God - may God bless him and grant him peace - and the second wind was Michael who descended among a thousand angels to the right of the Messenger of God - may God bless him and his family and grant them peace - and Abu Bakr was On his right, and the third wind was Israfil. He descended with a thousand angels on the side of the Messenger of God - may God’s prayers and peace be upon him and his family - and I was on the right side. When God Almighty defeated his enemies, the Messenger of God - may God’s prayers and peace be upon him and his family - carried me on his horse, I blew up, and I fell On my heels, I prayed to God Almighty</i>... <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_al_Mulqin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn al Mulqin (page does not exist)">Ibn al Mulqin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Al-Mulaqqin" class="extiw" title="id:Ibnu Al-Mulaqqin">id</a>]</span>, Hadith scholar from Cordoba of 13-14 AD century, evaluate this hadith tha he found weaknesses in Musa ibn Yaqoub and Abu al Huwairith chain, so he deemed there is weakness about this hadith.<sup id="cite_ref-Al_Mulqin_Mukhtaras_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al_Mulqin_Mukhtaras-89">[88]</a></sup> More recent scholarship from Ali Hasan al-Halabi notes another hadith which supports the participation of Raphael in Badr<sup id="cite_ref-Israfil_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Israfil-87">[86]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Islamic belief in weak chain of Hadith, Israfil were acknowledged as angel who were tasked to blower of <a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a> trumpet.<sup id="cite_ref-Israfil2_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Israfil2-91">[89]</a></sup> Suyuti mentioned Israfil as <a href="/wiki/Muezzin" title="Muezzin">Muezzin</a> among angels, possessed four wings, while Suyuti also mentioned another narrator Israfil possessed twelve wings instead.<sup id="cite_ref-Suyuti_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suyuti-92">[90]</a></sup> Israfil also mentioned by Suyuti as <a href="/wiki/Muezzin" title="Muezzin">Muezzin</a> among angels and a member of a group of biggest archangels who bear the <a href="/wiki/Throne_of_God" title="Throne of God">Throne of God</a> on their back.<sup id="cite_ref-Suyuti_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suyuti-92">[90]</a></sup> Abu Bakar al-Hudhali opined the angel who blowing horn were different from Israfil, while <a href="/wiki/Abu_Said_Al-Khudri" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Said Al-Khudri">Abu Said Al-Khudri</a> mentioned the blower of horn were in fact consisted of two angels, while he supported the opinion that Israfil were also one of the blower.<sup id="cite_ref-Suyuti_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suyuti-92">[90]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Nasiruddin_al-Albani" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani">Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani</a> thought the hadith were <a href="/wiki/Hadith_terminology#Munkar" title="Hadith terminology">Munkar</a> and should not be trusted.<sup id="cite_ref-Collector_of_Hadiths_and_Traces_:_Which_was_brought_out_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collector_of_Hadiths_and_Traces_:_Which_was_brought_out-93">[91]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to one Hadith, Muhammad were told that the angels that appeared in the battle of Badr were highest in status and the "best of angels" according to Gabriel.<sup id="cite_ref-Lives_Of_The_Sahaba_39_–_Az-Zubayr_Ibn_Al-Awwam_–_PT_01_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lives_Of_The_Sahaba_39_–_Az-Zubayr_Ibn_Al-Awwam_–_PT_01-95">[92]</a></sup></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Citations">Citations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1011085734"><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Bible_gateway,_Daniel_12:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bible_gateway,_Daniel_12:1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133582631">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=daniel%2012;&version=31">"Bible gateway, Daniel 12:1"</a>. Biblegateway.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bible+gateway%2C+Daniel+12%3A1&rft.pub=Biblegateway.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3Ddaniel%252012%3B%26version%3D31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Alban-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alban_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alban_Butler" title="Alban Butler">Alban Butler</a>, <i>The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and Other Principal Saints</i>. 12 vols. B. Dornin, 1821; p. 117</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170709154017/http://www.news.va/en/news/benedict-xvi-joins-pope-francis-in-consecrating-va">"Benedict XVI joins Pope Francis in consecrating Vatican to St Michael Archangel"</a>. news.va. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.va/en/news/benedict-xvi-joins-pope-francis-in-consecrating-va">the original</a> on 2017-07-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Benedict+XVI+joins+Pope+Francis+in+consecrating+Vatican+to+St+Michael+Archangel&rft.pub=news.va&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.va%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fbenedict-xvi-joins-pope-francis-in-consecrating-va&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=308">"St. Michael, the Archangel – Saints & Angels"</a>. Catholic.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+Michael%2C+the+Archangel+%E2%80%93+Saints+%26+Angels&rft.pub=Catholic.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic.org%2Fsaints%2Fsaint.php%3Fsaint_id%3D308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.donaukurier.de/archiv/erzengel-teufelsbezwinger-und-beliebter-schutzpatron-3625816">"Erzengel, Teufelsbezwinger und beliebter Schutzpatron"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Erzengel%2C+Teufelsbezwinger+und+beliebter+Schutzpatron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.donaukurier.de%2Farchiv%2Ferzengel-teufelsbezwinger-und-beliebter-schutzpatron-3625816&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22St.%20Michael%20the%20Taxiarch%22&sin=TXT/">It is so called in the Orthodox Church.</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsale202055-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsale202055_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsale202055_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsale2020">Asale 2020</a>, p. 55.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannah201133-54-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannah201133-54_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannah201133-54_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHannah2011">Hannah 2011</a>, p. 33-54.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannah201133-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannah201133_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannah201133_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannah201133_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHannah2011">Hannah 2011</a>, p. 33.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes199354-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes199354_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes199354_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarnes1993">Barnes 1993</a>, p. 54.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannah201154-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannah201154_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHannah2011">Hannah 2011</a>, p. 54.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Revelation%2012:7–12&version=nrsv">Revelation 12:7–12</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromiley1971156-157-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromiley1971156-157_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromiley1971156-157_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBromiley1971">Bromiley 1971</a>, p. 156-157.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannah201146-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannah201146_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHannah2011">Hannah 2011</a>, p. 46.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1999339-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1999339_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1999">Collins 1999</a>, p. 339.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198434–36-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198434–36_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1984">Collins 1984</a>, pp. 34–36.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2008176-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2008176_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHill2008">Hill 2008</a>, p. 176.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahlbusch1999674-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFahlbusch1999674_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFahlbusch1999">Fahlbusch 1999</a>, p. 674.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker2006123-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarker2006123_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarker2006">Barker 2006</a>, p. 123.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromiley1971157-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromiley1971157_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBromiley1971">Bromiley 1971</a>, p. 157.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBromiley1971156-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBromiley1971156_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBromiley1971">Bromiley 1971</a>, p. 156.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen200818-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen200818_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreen2008">Green 2008</a>, p. 18.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen200879-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen200879_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreen2008">Green 2008</a>, p. 79.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes1885348-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes1885348_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughes1885">Hughes 1885</a>, p. 348.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENoegelWheeler2002218-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoegelWheeler2002218_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNoegelWheeler2002">Noegel & Wheeler 2002</a>, p. 218.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECapmak20171042-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapmak20171042_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECapmak20171042_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCapmak2017">Capmak 2017</a>, p. 1042.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Cathenc-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cathenc_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cathenc_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cathenc_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cathenc_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cathenc_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cathenc_28-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cathenc_28-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cathenc_28-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cathenc_28-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cathenc_28-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10275b.htm">"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: St. Michael the Archangel"</a>. <i>www.newadvent.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=CATHOLIC+ENCYCLOPEDIA%3A+St.+Michael+the+Archangel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F10275b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Richard-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richard_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richard_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richard_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richard_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Freeman Johnson (2005), <i>Saint Michael the Archangel in Medieval English Legend</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84383-128-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-84383-128-7">1-84383-128-7</a>; pp. 33–34</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monferrer-Sala, J. P. (2014). "One More Time on the Arabized Nominal Form Iblīs", <i>Studia Orientalia Electronica,</i> 112, 55-70. Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://journal.fi/store/article/view/9526">https://journal.fi/store/article/view/9526</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190803172624/https://journal.fi/store/article/view/9526">Archived</a> 2019-08-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Jameson" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna Jameson">Anna Jameson</a> (2004), <i>Sacred and Legendary Art</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7661-8144-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7661-8144-8">0-7661-8144-8</a>; p. 92</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Butler320-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Butler320_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Butler320_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alban Butler, <i>The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and other Principal Saints</i>. 12 vols. Dublin: James Duffy, 1866; p. 320</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFOnline" class="citation web cs1">Online, Catholic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholic.org/prayers/prayer.php?p=12">"Holy Michael, the Archangel, Defend Us in Battle - Prayers"</a>. <i>Catholic Online</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Online&rft.atitle=Holy+Michael%2C+the+Archangel%2C+Defend+Us+in+Battle+-+Prayers&rft.aulast=Online&rft.aufirst=Catholic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic.org%2Fprayers%2Fprayer.php%3Fp%3D12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCadwalladerMichael_Trainor2011" class="citation book cs1">Cadwallader, Alan H.; Michael Trainor (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Cadwallader+Michael+Chonai"><i>Colossae in Space and Time</i></a>. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 323. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-525-53397-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-525-53397-0"><bdi>978-3-525-53397-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colossae+in+Space+and+Time&rft.pages=323&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-525-53397-0&rft.aulast=Cadwallader&rft.aufirst=Alan+H.&rft.au=Michael+Trainor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DCadwallader%2BMichael%2BChonai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Donna60-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Donna60_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donna-Marie O'Boyle, <i>Catholic Saints Prayer Book</i> OSV Publishing, 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59276-285-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-59276-285-9">1-59276-285-9</a> p. 60</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarr20072-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarr20072_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStarr2007">Starr 2007</a>, p. 2.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarr200739-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarr200739_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStarr2007">Starr 2007</a>, p. 39.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler1821117-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler1821117_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFButler1821">Butler 1821</a>, p. 117.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael McGrath, <i>Patrons and Protectors</i>. Liturgy Training, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56854-109-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-56854-109-0">1-56854-109-0</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190710020229/http://ewtn.com/Devotionals/prayers/michael.htm">"Prayer to St Michael"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/EWTN" title="EWTN">EWTN</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/devotionals/prayers/michael.htm">the original</a> on 2019-07-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EWTN&rft.atitle=Prayer+to+St+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Fdevotionals%2Fprayers%2Fmichael.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew Bunson, <i>The Catholic Almanac's Guide to the Church</i>, OSV Publishing, 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87973-914-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87973-914-2">0-87973-914-2</a> p. 315</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amy Welborn, <i>The Words We Pray</i>. Loyola Press, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8294-1956-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8294-1956-X">0-8294-1956-X</a>, p. 101.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Ann_Ball_p._123-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ann_Ball_p._123_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ann Ball, <i>2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87973-910-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87973-910-X">0-87973-910-X</a> p. 123</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/EWTN" title="EWTN">EWTN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/devotionals/prayers/chaplet-of-st-michael.htm">"The Chaplet of St. Michael the Archangel</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101029165706/http://www.ewtn.com/Devotionals/prayers/chaplet-of-st-michael.htm">Archived</a> 2010-10-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>"</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-bollettino-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bollettino_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2018/09/29/180929d.html">"Holy See Press Office Communiqué"</a>. <i>press.vatican.va</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=press.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Holy+See+Press+Office+Communiqu%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fsalastampa%2Fen%2Fbollettino%2Fpubblico%2F2018%2F09%2F29%2F180929d.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFJoyce2008" class="citation book cs1">Joyce, James (17 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RFXCBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA80"><i>Ulysses</i></a>. OUP Oxford. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-162349-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-162349-3"><bdi>978-0-19-162349-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ulysses&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2008-04-17&rft.isbn=978-0-19-162349-3&rft.aulast=Joyce&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRFXCBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBaun2007" class="citation book cs1">Baun, Jane (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Baun+%22Michael+Archistrategos%22"><i>Tales from Another Byzantium</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 391 et passim. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82395-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82395-1"><bdi>978-0-521-82395-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tales+from+Another+Byzantium&rft.pages=391+et+passim&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-82395-1&rft.aulast=Baun&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DBaun%2B%2522Michael%2BArchistrategos%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Eastern Orthodox Theology: A Contemporary Reader</i> by Daniel B. Clendenin (2003) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801026512" title="Special:BookSources/0801026512">0801026512</a>, p. 75</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-EOEnc-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EOEnc_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EOEnc_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Encyclopedia of Eastern Orthodox Christianity</i>, by John Anthony McGuckin (2011) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1405185392" title="Special:BookSources/1405185392">1405185392</a> p. 30</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-B16-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-B16_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-B16_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Eastern Orthodox Church: Its Thought and Life</i>, by Ernst Benz (2008) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0202362981" title="Special:BookSources/0202362981">0202362981</a>, p. 16</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Geography of Russia and Its Neighbors</i>, by Mikhail S. Blinnikov (2010) ISBN, p. 203</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Architectures of Russian Identity, 1500 to the Present</i>, by James Cracraft (2003) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801488281" title="Special:BookSources/0801488281">0801488281</a>, p. 42</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Two Thousand Years of Coptic Christianity</i>, by Otto Friedrich August Meinardus (2010) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/977-424-757-4" title="Special:BookSources/977-424-757-4">977-424-757-4</a> pp. 27, 117, 147</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Money, Land and Trade: An Economic History of the Muslim Mediterranean</i>, by Nelly Hanna (2002) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-699-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-86064-699-9">1-86064-699-9</a>, p. 226</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Armentrout2000-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Armentrout2000_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFArmentrout2000" class="citation book cs1">Armentrout, Don S. (1 January 2000). <i>An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church</i>. Church Publishing, Inc. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780898697018" title="Special:BookSources/9780898697018"><bdi>9780898697018</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Episcopal+Dictionary+of+the+Church&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Church+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft.isbn=9780898697018&rft.aulast=Armentrout&rft.aufirst=Don+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7Q8EAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA493"><i>The Methodist New Connexion Magazine and Evangelical Repository, Volume XXXV, Third Series</i></a>. London: William Cooke. 1867. p. 493.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Methodist+New+Connexion+Magazine+and+Evangelical+Repository%2C+Volume+XXXV%2C+Third+Series&rft.place=London&rft.pages=493&rft.pub=William+Cooke&rft.date=1867&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7Q8EAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFClayton1751" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-jul-greg-uncertainty">Clayton, Robert (February 13, 1751). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/anessayonspirit00clagoog">"An essay on spirit"</a>. London, printed: [etc.] – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+essay+on+spirit&rft.pub=London%2C+printed%3A+%5Betc.%5D&rft.date=1751-02-13&rft.aulast=Clayton&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanessayonspirit00clagoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Clayton,_Robert_(1695%E2%80%931758)_(DNB00)" class="extiw" title="s:Clayton, Robert (1695–1758) (DNB00)"><i>Dictionary of National Biography</i>: Clayton, Robert</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Walsh, Colin Haydon & Stephen Taylor, eds. (1993) <i>The Church of England c. 1689 – c. 1833: from Toleration to Tractarianism</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-41732-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-41732-5">0-521-41732-5</a>; p. 47</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sdanet.org/atissue/books/qod/index.htm">Seventh-day Adventists Answer Questions on Doctrine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513084729/http://www.sdanet.org/atissue/books/qod/index.htm">Archived</a> 2021-05-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Review and Herald Publishing Association, Washington, D.C., 1957. Chapter 8 "Christ, and Michael the Archangel".</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Seventh Day Adventists: What do they believe?</i> by Val Waldeck Pilgrim Publications (April 5, 2005) p. 16</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120724141630/http://www.adventistworld.org/article.php?id=787&search=law">"The Remnant"</a>. Adventist World. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adventistworld.org/article.php?id=787&search=law">the original</a> on 2012-07-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Remnant&rft.pub=Adventist+World&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adventistworld.org%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D787%26search%3Dlaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-autogenerated218-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated218_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reasoning from the Scriptures, 1985, Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, p. 218</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Jude+1:9">Jude 9</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/1+Thessalonians+4:16">1 Thessalonians 4:16</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200003035"><i>Insight on the Scriptures</i></a>. Vol. 2. Watch Tower Society. pp. 393–394<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insight+on+the+Scriptures&rft.pages=393-394&rft.pub=Watch+Tower+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwol.jw.org%2Fen%2Fwol%2Fd%2Fr1%2Flp-e%2F1200003035&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1102005160"><i>What Does the Bible </i>Really<i> Teach?</i></a>. Watch Tower Society. pp. 218–219<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Does+the+Bible+Really+Teach%3F&rft.pages=218-219&rft.pub=Watch+Tower+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwol.jw.org%2Fen%2Fwol%2Fd%2Fr1%2Flp-e%2F1102005160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/2007206">"Angels—How They Affect Mankind"</a>. <i>The Watchtower</i>. Watch Tower Society: 21–25. March 15, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Watchtower&rft.atitle=Angels%E2%80%94How+They+Affect+Mankind&rft.pages=21-25&rft.date=2007-03-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwol.jw.org%2Fen%2Fwol%2Fd%2Fr1%2Flp-e%2F2007206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Daniel+12:1">Daniel 12:1</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Revelation+12:7">Revelation 12:7</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Revelation+19:14">Revelation 19:14</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Revelation+16:1">Revelation 16</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>What Does The Bible </i>Really<i> Teach?</i>. Watch Tower Society. p. 87.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Does+The+Bible+Really+Teach%3F&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Watch+Tower+Society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Your Leader Is One, the Christ". <i>The Watchtower</i>: 21. September 15, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Watchtower&rft.atitle=Your+Leader+Is+One%2C+the+Christ&rft.pages=21&rft.date=2010-09-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/WatchtowerLibrary/magazines/w/w1879_E.pdf">"THE NAME OF JESUS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Watchtower</i>. Vol. 1, no. 4. November 1879. p. 48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Watchtower&rft.atitle=THE+NAME+OF+JESUS&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=48&rft.date=1879-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2FWatchtowerLibrary%2Fmagazines%2Fw%2Fw1879_E.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine" title="Template:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMillet1998" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Millet" title="Robert L. Millet">Millet, Robert L.</a> (February 1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/liahona/1998/02/the-man-adam?lang=eng">"The Man Adam"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Liahona_(magazine)" title="Liahona (magazine)">Liahona</a></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Liahona&rft.atitle=The+Man+Adam&rft.date=1998-02&rft.aulast=Millet&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fliahona%2F1998%2F02%2Fthe-man-adam%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Doctrine_and_Covenants/Section_27#11" class="extiw" title="s:The Doctrine and Covenants/Section 27">Doctrine and Covenants 27:11</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Doctrine_and_Covenants/Section_107#53" class="extiw" title="s:The Doctrine and Covenants/Section 107">Doctrine and Covenants 107:53–56</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Doctrine_and_Covenants/Section_128#21" class="extiw" title="s:The Doctrine and Covenants/Section 128">Doctrine and Covenants 128:21</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-King-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-King_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/share/research/centres/clarc/jlarc/contents/King%2520A%2520Christian%2520Qur%2527an.pdf">"King, Daniel "A Christian Qur'an? A Study in the Syriac Background of the Qur'an as Presented in the Work of Christoph Luxenberg," JLARC 3, 44–71 (2009)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>School of History, Archaeology and Religion</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=School+of+History%2C+Archaeology+and+Religion&rft.atitle=King%2C+Daniel+%22A+Christian+Qur%27an%3F+A+Study+in+the+Syriac+Background+of+the+Qur%27an+as+Presented+in+the+Work+of+Christoph+Luxenberg%2C%22+JLARC+3%2C+44%E2%80%9371+%282009%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cardiff.ac.uk%2Fshare%2Fresearch%2Fcentres%2Fclarc%2Fjlarc%2Fcontents%2FKing%252520A%252520Christian%252520Qur%252527an.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-britannica-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mikal">"Mikal - Angel, Meaning, & Islam"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Mikal+-+Angel%2C+Meaning%2C+%26+Islam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FMikal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150202024354/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/002-qmt.php#002.098">"Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement"</a>. Usc.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/002-qmt.php#002.098">the original</a> on 2015-02-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Center+for+Muslim-Jewish+Engagement&rft.pub=Usc.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usc.edu%2Forg%2Fcmje%2Freligious-texts%2Fquran%2Fverses%2F002-qmt.php%23002.098&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John L. Esposito <i>Oxford Dictionary of Islam</i> Oxford University Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-195-12559-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-195-12559-7">978-0-195-12559-7</a> p. 200</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald1964" class="citation journal cs1">MacDonald, John (1964). "The Creation of Man and Angels in the Eschatological Literature: [Translated Excerpts from an Unpublished Collection of Traditions]". <i>Islamic Studies</i>. <b>3</b> (3): 285–308. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20832755">20832755</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Creation+of+Man+and+Angels+in+the+Eschatological+Literature%3A+%26%2391%3BTranslated+Excerpts+from+an+Unpublished+Collection+of+Traditions%26%2393%3B&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=285-308&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20832755%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Quran_4_U-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Quran_4_U_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Kathir_(d.1373)" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir (d.1373)</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quran4u.com/Tafsir%20Ibn%20Kathir/003%20Imran.htm">"Tafsir Ibn Kathir (English): Surah Ale Imran"</a>. <i>Quran 4 U</i>. <a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quran+4+U&rft.atitle=Tafsir+Ibn+Kathir+%28English%29%3A+Surah+Ale+Imran&rft.au=Ibn+Kathir+%28d.1373%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quran4u.com%2FTafsir%2520Ibn%2520Kathir%2F003%2520Imran.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Misri;_Sirah_Sahabah:_Zubair_bin_Awwam-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Misri;_Sirah_Sahabah:_Zubair_bin_Awwam_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFal-Misri2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">al-Misri, Mahmud (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onesearch.id/Record/IOS3644.slims-9450"><i>Sahabat-Sahabat Rasulullah vol 1: Zubair bin Awwam</i></a> [<i>Companion of the Prophet vol 1: Zubair bin Awwam</i>] (in Indonesian and Arabic). Pustaka Ibnu Katsir. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kalemtayeb.com/safahat/item/36531">Shaja'ah Zubayr ibn al-Awwam Radhiyallahu anh (bravery of Zubayr ibn al-Awwam</a>; by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahmud_al-Misri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahmud al-Misri (page does not exist)">Mahmud al-Misri</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A" class="extiw" title="ar:محمود المصري">ar</a>]</span>; official Book review by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pS1qvPSxq34">Basalamah</a>; quoting various supplementary sources such as Sahih Bukhari, <a href="/wiki/Sahih_Muslim" title="Sahih Muslim">Sahih Muslim</a>, Siyar A'lam Nubala, <a href="/wiki/Al-Tirmidhi" title="Al-Tirmidhi">Al-Tirmidhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" title="Prophetic biography">Prophetic biography</a> of Ibn Hisham, etc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789791294386" title="Special:BookSources/9789791294386"><bdi>9789791294386</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sahabat-Sahabat+Rasulullah+vol+1%3A+Zubair+bin+Awwam&rft.pages=Shaja%27ah+Zubayr+ibn+al-Awwam+Radhiyallahu+anh+%28bravery+of+Zubayr+ibn+al-Awwam%3B+by+Mahmud+al-Misri%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint%22+style%3D%22font-size%3A85%25%3B+font-style%3A+normal%3B+%22%3E-%26%2391%3B%3Aar%3A%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%7Car%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E%3B+official+Book+review+by+Basalamah%3B+quoting+various+supplementary+sources+such+as+Sahih+Bukhari%2C+Sahih+Muslim%2C+Siyar+A%27lam+Nubala%2C+Al-Tirmidhi%2C+Prophetic+biography+of+Ibn+Hisham%2C+etc.&rft.pub=Pustaka+Ibnu+Katsir&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9789791294386&rft.aulast=al-Misri&rft.aufirst=Mahmud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonesearch.id%2FRecord%2FIOS3644.slims-9450&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Israfil-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Israfil_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Israfil_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHakim2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hakim, Saifuddin (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muslim.or.id/24549-apakah-malaikat-israfil-bertugas-meniup-sangkakala-pada-hari-kiamat-1.html">"Apakah Malaikat Israfil Bertugas Meniup Sangkakala pada Hari Kiamat? (1)"</a>. <i>Muslim.or.id</i> (in Indonesian). Muslim.or.id<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2021</span>. <q>[ يا آدم بر حجك ] " ما يروى عن آدم -عليه السلام- أنه لما حج قالت له الملائكة: «يا آدم بر حجك»: غير ثابت. " [من فوائد جلسة مع طلبة العلم /16/ذو الحجة/1432 ] __________________ " ... فهل يحسن بنا وقد أنضينا قرائحنا في تعلم هذه السنة المطهرة، وبذلنا في العمل بها جهد المستطيع، وركبنا المخاطر في الدعوة إليها؛ هل يحسن بنا بعد هذا كله أن نسكت لهؤلاء عن هذه الدعوى الباطلة، ونوليهم منا ما تولوا ونبلعهم ريقهم، وهل يحسن بنا أن لا يكون لنا في الدفاع عنها ما كان منا في الدعوة إليها؟ إنا إذن لمقصرون!..."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Muslim.or.id&rft.atitle=Apakah+Malaikat+Israfil+Bertugas+Meniup+Sangkakala+pada+Hari+Kiamat%3F+%281%29&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Hakim&rft.aufirst=Saifuddin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuslim.or.id%2F24549-apakah-malaikat-israfil-bertugas-meniup-sangkakala-pada-hari-kiamat-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFal-Nishapuri" class="citation book cs1">al-Nishapuri, al-Hakim. "Kitabu Ma'rifat Shahabatu Radhiyallahu Anhum: Gabriel, Michael and Israfil descend in the Battle of Badr.". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&idfrom=4305&idto=4307&bk_no=74&ID=1899"><i>al Mustadrak ala Sahihayn</i></a>. Islamweb: Islamweb<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2021</span>. <q>4488 - Narrated Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Ya'kub, through Ibrahim bin Abdullah Al Saadi, on the authority of Muhammad bin Khalid bin Athmah, on the authority of Musa bin Yaqub, who reported Abu Huwayrith, that Muhammad bin Jabir bin Mut'im, told him</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kitabu+Ma%27rifat+Shahabatu+Radhiyallahu+Anhum%3A+Gabriel%2C+Michael+and+Israfil+descend+in+the+Battle+of+Badr.&rft.btitle=al+Mustadrak+ala+Sahihayn&rft.place=Islamweb&rft.pub=Islamweb&rft.aulast=al-Nishapuri&rft.aufirst=al-Hakim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fislamweb.net%2Far%2Flibrary%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3Dbookcontents%26idfrom%3D4305%26idto%3D4307%26bk_no%3D74%26ID%3D1899&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Al_Mulqin_Mukhtaras-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Al_Mulqin_Mukhtaras_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAbu_Hafs_Umar_bin_Ali_bin_Ahmad_bin_Muhammad_bin_Abdullah_Al-Anshari_Al-Wadi_Asyi_Al-Andalusi_At-Tukuruwi_Al-Mishri_Asy-Syafi`i" class="citation web cs1">Abu Hafs Umar bin Ali bin Ahmad bin Muhammad bin Abdullah Al-Anshari Al-Wadi Asyi Al-Andalusi At-Tukuruwi Al-Mishri Asy-Syafi`i, Sirajuddin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://al-maktaba.org/book/33911/1160">"كتاب مختصر تلخيص الذهبي"</a> [kitab mukhtasar talkhis aldhahabii]. <i>Islamweb</i>. Islamweb<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Islamweb&rft.atitle=%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%B1+%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%B5+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%8A&rft.aulast=Abu+Hafs+Umar+bin+Ali+bin+Ahmad+bin+Muhammad+bin+Abdullah+Al-Anshari+Al-Wadi+Asyi+Al-Andalusi+At-Tukuruwi+Al-Mishri+Asy-Syafi%60i&rft.aufirst=Sirajuddin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fal-maktaba.org%2Fbook%2F33911%2F1160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Israfil2-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Israfil2_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHakim2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hakim, Saifuddin (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muslim.or.id/24567-apakah-malaikat-israfil-bertugas-meniup-sangkakala-pada-hari-kiamat-2.html">"Apakah Malaikat Israfil Bertugas Meniup Sangkakala pada Hari Kiamat? (2)"</a> [Does angel Raphael tasked to blow the trumpet of Armageddon in the day of judgment? (2)]. <i>Muslim.or.id</i> (in Indonesian). Muslim.or.id<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2021</span>. <q>Tafsir Al-Qurthubi, 7/20 (Maktabah Syamilah); At-Tadzkirah bi Ahwaalil Mauta wa Umuuril Akhirah, 1/488 (Maktabah Syamilah).; Fathul Baari 11/368 (Maktabah Syamilah); see Al-Imaan bimaa Ba'dal Maut, p. 112. ; Syarh Al-Ibanah: Al-Imaan bin Nafkhi Ash-Shuur, 5/33.; Syarh Al-'Aqidah Al-Washithiyyah, 1/59-60 (Maktabah Asy-Syamilah). while in another book: وذلك أن الله سبحانه وتعالى يأمر اسرافيل وهو أحد الملائكة الموكلين بحمل العرش أن ينفخ في الصور (Syarh Al-'Aqidah As-Safariyaniyyah, 1/467).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Muslim.or.id&rft.atitle=Apakah+Malaikat+Israfil+Bertugas+Meniup+Sangkakala+pada+Hari+Kiamat%3F+%282%29&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Hakim&rft.aufirst=Saifuddin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuslim.or.id%2F24567-apakah-malaikat-israfil-bertugas-meniup-sangkakala-pada-hari-kiamat-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Suyuti-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Suyuti_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suyuti_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suyuti_92-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suyuti_92-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Suyuti2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Al-Suyuti" title="Al-Suyuti">Al-Suyuti</a> (2021). Muhammad as Said Basyuni, Abu Hajir; Yasir, Muhammad (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iDxQEAAAQBAJ"><i>Misteri Alam Malaikat</i></a> (Religion / Islam / General) (in Indonesian). Translated by Mishabul Munir. Pustaka al-Kautsar. pp. 29–33, 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789795929512" title="Special:BookSources/9789795929512"><bdi>9789795929512</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2022</span>. <q>Quoting Ibnul Mubarak from a book of <i>az-Zuhd</i>; ad Durr al-Manshur, chain narration from Ibnul Mubarak to Ibn SHihab (1/92)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Misteri+Alam+Malaikat&rft.pages=29-33%2C+172&rft.pub=Pustaka+al-Kautsar&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9789795929512&rft.au=Al-Suyuti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiDxQEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Collector_of_Hadiths_and_Traces_:_Which_was_brought_out-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Collector_of_Hadiths_and_Traces_:_Which_was_brought_out_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMuhammad_Nasiruddin_al-Albani2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Nasiruddin_al-Albani" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani">Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2vDXAAAAMAAJ"><i>جامع الأحاديث والآثار التي خرجها وحكم عليها فضيلة الشيخ محمد ناصر الدين الألباني، رحمه الله، في جميع كتبه</i></a> [<i>Collector of Hadiths and Traces : Which was brought out and judged by His Eminence Sheikh Muhammad Nasir al-Din al-Albani, may God have mercy on him, in all his books</i>] (Hadith -- Texts -- Authorities -- Criticism, Textual -- Hermeneutics) (in Arabic). Maktaba al Islam. p. 12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A2%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%8A+%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7+%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87%D8%A7+%D9%81%D8%B6%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%8C+%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%87+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87%D8%8C+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B9+%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%87&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Maktaba+al+Islam&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Muhammad+Nasiruddin+al-Albani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2vDXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Lives_Of_The_Sahaba_39_–_Az-Zubayr_Ibn_Al-Awwam_–_PT_01-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lives_Of_The_Sahaba_39_–_Az-Zubayr_Ibn_Al-Awwam_–_PT_01_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFQadhi2016" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ammaar_Yasir_Qadhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ammaar Yasir Qadhi">Qadhi, Yasir</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muslimcentral.com/yasir-qadhi-lives-sahaba-az-zubayr-ibn-al-awwam/">"Lives Of The Sahaba 39 – Az-Zubayr Ibn Al-Awwam – PT 01"</a>. <i>Muslim Central</i>. Muslim Central Audio<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Muslim+Central&rft.atitle=Lives+Of+The+Sahaba+39+%E2%80%93+Az-Zubayr+Ibn+Al-Awwam+%E2%80%93+PT+01&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Qadhi&rft.aufirst=Yasir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuslimcentral.com%2Fyasir-qadhi-lives-sahaba-az-zubayr-ibn-al-awwam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Tarikh_Dimashq_2-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tarikh_Dimashq_2_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBin_Al-HassanAl-Dimashqi2012">Bin Al-Hassan & Al-Dimashqi (2012</a>, p. 622, Al-Zubayr told us, he said: And Abu Al-Makarram Uqbah bin Makram Al-Dhabi told me, Musab bin Salam Al-Tamimi told me, on the authority of Saad bin Tarif, on the authority of Abu Jaafar Muhammad bin Ali, he said: On the day of Badr, Al-Zubayr bin Al-Awwam had a yellow turban)<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFBin_Al-HassanAl-Dimashqi2012 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAt-Tabrizi" class="citation book cs1">At-Tabrizi, Khatib. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sunnah.com/mishkat:2215"><i>Mishkat al-Masabih 2215 - The Excellent Qualities of the Qur'an - كتاب فضائل القرآن, Hadith 2215 - Sunnah.com</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mishkat+al-Masabih+2215+-+The+Excellent+Qualities+of+the+Qur%27an+-+%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86%2C+Hadith+2215+-+Sunnah.com&rft.aulast=At-Tabrizi&rft.aufirst=Khatib&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsunnah.com%2Fmishkat%3A2215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sahih Muslim, Book of Virtues (#43), Hadith 63 (reference: Sahih Muslim 2306a)</span>
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<li id="cite_note-eve_of_battle_of_Uhud_&_Ahzab-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eve_of_battle_of_Uhud_&_Ahzab_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSafiur_Rahman_Mubarakpuri2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri (2021). Nayra, Abu (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BWhgEAAAQBAJ"><i>Periode Madinah; Aktivitas Militer Menjelang Perang Uhud dan Perang Ahzab</i></a> [<i>Medina period: military activity on the eve of battle of Uhud & Ahzab</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(ebook)</span> (Religion / General, Religion / Islam / General, Religion / Islam / History, Religion / Reference) (in Indonesian). Translated by Abu Ahsan. Hikam Pustaka. pp. 78–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786233114158" title="Special:BookSources/9786233114158"><bdi>9786233114158</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Periode+Madinah%3B+Aktivitas+Militer+Menjelang+Perang+Uhud+dan+Perang+Ahzab&rft.pages=78-79&rft.pub=Hikam+Pustaka&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9786233114158&rft.au=Safiur+Rahman+Mubarakpuri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBWhgEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.duas.org/ummedawood.htm">"Aamal e Umme Dawood"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aamal+e+Umme+Dawood&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.duas.org%2Fummedawood.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilayatmission.org/Duas/UmmDawood.pdf">"Dua of Umm Dawood"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. www.wilayatmission.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dua+of+Umm+Dawood&rft.pub=www.wilayatmission.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilayatmission.org%2FDuas%2FUmmDawood.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Birth of the Prophet Muḥammad: Devotional Piety in Sunni Islam – p. 21, Marion Holmes Katz – 2007</span>
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<li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Logic of The Revelation of St. John|Stephen Beebe|Baha'i Publishing Trust|2001|pgs. 103-104</span>
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<li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel 10:7-13</span>
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<li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Apocalypse Unsealed|Robert F. Riggs|Philosophical Library, Inc.|1982|pgs. 160,164</span>
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<li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMarvin_MeyerWillis_Barnstone2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Meyer" title="Marvin Meyer">Marvin Meyer</a>; <a href="/wiki/Willis_Barnstone" title="Willis Barnstone">Willis Barnstone</a> (June 30, 2009). "The Secret Book of John". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gnosis.org/naghamm/apocjn-meyer.html"><i>The Gnostic Bible</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Shambhala_Publications" title="Shambhala Publications">Shambhala</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Secret+Book+of+John&rft.btitle=The+Gnostic+Bible&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=2009-06-30&rft.au=Marvin+Meyer&rft.au=Willis+Barnstone&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgnosis.org%2Fnaghamm%2Fapocjn-meyer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFOrigen248" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> (248). "Origen Against Celsus, chapter XXX". <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume IV/Origen/Origen Against Celsus/Book VI/Chapter XXX"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers/Volume_IV/Origen/Origen_Against_Celsus/Book_VI/Chapter_XXX"><i>Ante-Nicene Fathers</i> </a></span>. Vol. IV. Translated by Frederick Crombie – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Origen+Against+Celsus%2C+chapter+XXX&rft.btitle=Ante-Nicene+Fathers&rft.date=248&rft.au=Origen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Saint Michael the Archangel in Medieval English Legend</i> by Richard Freeman Johnson 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84383-128-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-84383-128-7">1-84383-128-7</a> p. 105</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Icons and saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church</i> by Alfredo Tradigo 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89236-845-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-89236-845-4">0-89236-845-4</a> p. 46</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity</i> 2010 by Ken Parry <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4443-3361-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-4443-3361-5">1-4443-3361-5</a> p. 242</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/cornwall/uncovered/stories/st_piran_background.shtml">"BBC - Cornwall Uncovered - Story The Legend of St Piran"</a>. <i>www.bbc.co.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=BBC+-+Cornwall+Uncovered+-+Story+The+Legend+of+St+Piran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fcornwall%2Funcovered%2Fstories%2Fst_piran_background.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The English Missal for the laity</i>; 3rd ed. London: W. Knott, 1958; pp. 625–627</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cross & Livingstone (eds.) <i>ODCC</i>; p. 613</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rocor-wr.org/">"ROCOR Western Rite (Home)"</a>. <i>rocorwr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rocorwr&rft.atitle=ROCOR+Western+Rite+%28Home%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rocor-wr.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://drevo-info.ru/articles/7863.html">"МИХАИЛ, АРХАНГЕЛ - Древо"</a>. <i>drevo-info.ru</i> (in Russian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=drevo-info.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D0%98%D0%A5%D0%90%D0%98%D0%9B%2C+%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%A5%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%93%D0%95%D0%9B+-+%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdrevo-info.ru%2Farticles%2F7863.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stgregoryoc.org/calendar/">"Calendar"</a>. <i>St. Gregory the Great Orthodox Church</i>. 2012-01-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St.+Gregory+the+Great+Orthodox+Church&rft.atitle=Calendar&rft.date=2012-01-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stgregoryoc.org%2Fcalendar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFFarmer2011" class="citation book cs1">Farmer, David (2011). <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Saints</i> (Fifth Edition Revised ed.). Great Britain: OUP Oxford. p. 309. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-959660-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-959660-7"><bdi>978-0-19-959660-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Saints&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pages=309&rft.edition=Fifth+Edition+Revised&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-959660-7&rft.aulast=Farmer&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:0-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tewahedo.dk/litt/cached/The_Ethiopian_Synaxarium.pdf">"Ethiopian synaxarium"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethiopian+synaxarium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tewahedo.dk%2Flitt%2Fcached%2FThe_Ethiopian_Synaxarium.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBall586-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBall586_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBall">Ball</a>, p. 586.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFBall (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Dacre-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dacre_121-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dacre_121-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Knights of the Crown: The Monarchical Orders of Knighthood in Later Medieval Europe 1325–1520</i> by D'Arcy Jonathan Dacre Boulton 2000 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85115-795-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-85115-795-5">0-85115-795-5</a> pp. 427–428</span>
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<li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Noted by <a href="/wiki/Johan_Huizinga" title="Johan Huizinga">Johan Huizinga</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Autumn_of_the_Middle_Ages" title="The Autumn of the Middle Ages">The Waning of the Middle Ages</a></i> (1919, 1924:56.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Angels in the early modern world By Alexandra Walsham, Cambridge University Press, 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-84332-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-84332-4">0-521-84332-4</a> p. 2008</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Patron Saints</i> by Michael Freze 1992 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87973-464-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87973-464-7">0-87973-464-7</a> p. 170</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDronda2013" class="citation book cs1">Dronda, Javier (2013). <i>Con Cristo o contra Cristo: Religión y movilización antirrepublicana en Navarra (1931–1936)</i>. Tafalla: Txalaparta. pp. 54–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-15313-31-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-15313-31-1"><bdi>978-84-15313-31-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Con+Cristo+o+contra+Cristo%3A+Religi%C3%B3n+y+movilizaci%C3%B3n+antirrepublicana+en+Navarra+%281931%E2%80%931936%29&rft.place=Tafalla&rft.pages=54-55&rft.pub=Txalaparta&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-84-15313-31-1&rft.aulast=Dronda&rft.aufirst=Javier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Netherlandish sculpture 1450–1550</i> by Paul Williamson 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8109-6602-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8109-6602-6">0-8109-6602-6</a> p. 42</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Fairbairn-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fairbairn_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Eastern Orthodoxy through Western eyes</i> by Donald Fairbairn 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-22497-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-22497-0">0-664-22497-0</a> p. 148</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161018223118/http://www.loreburne.co.uk/history_of_dumfries.html">"History of Dumfries"</a>. loreburne.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loreburne.co.uk/history_of_dumfries.html">the original</a> on 18 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Dumfries&rft.pub=loreburne.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.loreburne.co.uk%2Fhistory_of_dumfries.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>All Saints Sisters of the Poor: An Anglican Sisterhood in the Nineteenth Century (Church of England Record Society)</i> by Susan Mumm 200 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85115-728-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85115-728-9">0-85115-728-9</a> p. 48</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191229062948/http://www.orderofstmichaelanglican.com/">"甘肃快3_官方彩购买"</a>. <i>www.orderofstmichaelanglican.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orderofstmichaelanglican.com/">the original</a> on 2019-12-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.orderofstmichaelanglican.com&rft.atitle=%E7%94%98%E8%82%83%E5%BF%AB3_%E5%AE%98%E6%96%B9%E5%BD%A9%E8%B4%AD%E4%B9%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orderofstmichaelanglican.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jber.jb.mil/News/Commentaries/Display/Article/772200/chaplains-corner-saint-michael-patron-saint-of-the-airborne-military/">Chaplain's Corner: Saint Michael, patron saint of the airborne, military</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211121161625/https://www.jber.jb.mil/News/Commentaries/Display/Article/772200/chaplains-corner-saint-michael-patron-saint-of-the-airborne-military/">Archived</a> 2021-11-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson Alaska.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://foreignlegion.info/history/2rep/">"History: 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment | French Foreign Legion Information"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History%3A+2nd+Foreign+Parachute+Regiment+%26%23124%3B+French+Foreign+Legion+Information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforeignlegion.info%2Fhistory%2F2rep%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mup.gov.hr/vijesti/svecano-obiljezen-dan-policije-i-blagdan-svetog-mihovila/288935">Svečano obilježen Dan policije i blagdan svetog Mihovila</a> <i>mup.gov.hr</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Croatia)" title="Ministry of the Interior (Croatia)">Ministry of Interior</a>. Published 29 September 2022. </span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Am%C3%A9lineau" title="Émile Amélineau">Amélineau</a>, "Contes et Romans de l'Egypte Chrétienne", ii. 142 et seq</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Midrash Genesis Rabbah xliv. 16</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Midrash Esther Rabbah iii. 8</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Targum to Esther, vi. 1</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">comp. Josephus, "Ant." xiii. 10, § 3</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ginzberg_michael-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ginzberg_michael_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ginzberg, Louis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philologos.org/__eb-lotj/vol1/two.htm#2">The Legends of the Jews, Vol. I: The Angels and The Creation of Man</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201063745/https://philologos.org/__eb-lotj/vol1/two.htm#2">Archived</a> 2017-12-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, (Translated by Henrietta Szold), Johns Hopkins University Press: 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-5890-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-5890-9">0-8018-5890-9</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Makarios of Simonos Petra, <i>The Synaxarion: the Lives of the Saints of the Orthodox Church</i>, trans. Christopher Hookway (Holy Convent of the Annunciation of Our Lady 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/960-85603-7-3" title="Special:BookSources/960-85603-7-3">960-85603-7-3</a>), p. 47.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Synaxarion, p. 47.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Synaxarion, p. 48.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Peers-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peers_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPeers2001" class="citation book cs1">Peers, Glenn (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kaonEi_dCJIC&q=Chonae+michael+miracle+university+california&pg=PA143"><i>Subtle bodies: representing angels in Byzantium</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-22405-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-22405-1"><bdi>0-520-22405-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Subtle+bodies%3A+representing+angels+in+Byzantium&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-520-22405-1&rft.aulast=Peers&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkaonEi_dCJIC%26q%3DChonae%2Bmichael%2Bmiracle%2Buniversity%2Bcalifornia%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Cornwall-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cornwall_144-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cornwall_144-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Saint Michael the Archangel in medieval English legend</i> by Richard Freeman Johnson 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84383-128-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-84383-128-7">1-84383-128-7</a> p. 68</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Popular Romances of the West of England</i> by Robert Hunt 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-559-12999-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-559-12999-8">0-559-12999-8</a> p. 238</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Myths and Legends of Britain and Ireland</i> by Richard Jones 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84537-594-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-84537-594-7">1-84537-594-7</a> p. 17</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Medieval state: essays presented to James Campbell</i> by John Robert Maddicott, David Michael Palliser, James Campbell 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85285-195-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85285-195-3">1-85285-195-3</a> pp. 10–11</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-MonkM-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MonkM_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mont-Saint-Michel: a monk talks about his abbey</i> by Jean-Pierre Mouton, Olivier Mignon 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7082-3351-3" title="Special:BookSources/2-7082-3351-3">2-7082-3351-3</a> pp. 55–56</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-CathMont-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CathMont_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10551a.htm">"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Mont-St-Michel"</a>. <i>www.newadvent.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=CATHOLIC+ENCYCLOPEDIA%3A+Mont-St-Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F10551a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-pilgrim-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pilgrim_150-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pilgrim_150-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Pilgrimage: from the Ganges to Graceland : an encyclopedia, Volume 1</i> by Linda Kay Davidson, David Martin Gitlitz 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-004-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-004-2">1-57607-004-2</a> p. 398</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBall123-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBall123_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBall">Ball</a>, p. 123.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFBall (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/EWTN" title="EWTN">EWTN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/devotionals/prayers/chaplet-of-st-michael.htm">The Chaplet of Saint Michael the Archangel</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101029165706/http://www.ewtn.com/Devotionals/prayers/chaplet-of-st-michael.htm">Archived</a> 2010-10-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Freze, 1993, <i>Voices, Visions, and Apparitions</i>, OSV Publishing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87973-454-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87973-454-X">0-87973-454-X</a> p. 267</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Milton, <i>Paradise Lost</i> 1674 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dartmouth.edu/~milton/reading_room/pl/book_6/index.shtml">Book VI line 320</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100219155635/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~milton/reading_room/pl/book_6/index.shtml">Archived</a> 2010-02-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLongfellow1851" class="citation book cs1">Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth (1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/10490/10490-h/10490-h.htm"><i>The Golden Legend</i></a>. Boston: Ticknor, Reed and Fields.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Legend&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Ticknor%2C+Reed+and+Fields&rft.date=1851&rft.aulast=Longfellow&rft.aufirst=Henry+Wadsworth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F10490%2F10490-h%2F10490-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eDgv-bOlGOY"><span class="plainlinks">Nikolai Karachentsov «Archangel Michael». Music by Rustam Nevredinov, lyrics by Olesya Borisova.</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-rich141-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rich141_157-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rich141_157-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Saint Michael the Archangel in medieval English legend</i> by Richard Freeman Johnson 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84383-128-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-84383-128-7">1-84383-128-7</a> pp. 141–147</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Icons and saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church</i> by Alfredo Tradigo 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89236-845-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-89236-845-4">0-89236-845-4</a> p. 188</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ann Ball, 2003 <i>Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87973-910-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87973-910-X">0-87973-910-X</a> p. 520</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Constantine and the Christian empire</i> by Charles Matson Odahl 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-17485-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-17485-6">0-415-17485-6</a> p. 315</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100526031746/http://www.vaticanstate.va/EN/Monuments/The_Vatican_Museums/Sistine_Chapel--p--5.htm">"Vatican website: Sistine Chapel"</a>. Vaticanstate.va. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vaticanstate.va/EN/Monuments/The_Vatican_Museums/Sistine_Chapel--p--5.htm">the original</a> on 2010-05-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vatican+website%3A+Sistine+Chapel&rft.pub=Vaticanstate.va&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vaticanstate.va%2FEN%2FMonuments%2FThe_Vatican_Museums%2FSistine_Chapel--p--5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Saints in art</i> by Rosa Giorgi, Stefano Zuffi 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89236-717-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-89236-717-2">0-89236-717-2</a> pp. 274–276</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sources">Sources</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1054258005">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAsale2020" class="citation book cs1">Asale, Bruk Ayele (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fQLtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA55"><i>1 Enoch as Christian Scripture</i></a>. Pickwick. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781532691157" title="Special:BookSources/9781532691157"><bdi>9781532691157</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1+Enoch+as+Christian+Scripture&rft.pub=Pickwick&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781532691157&rft.aulast=Asale&rft.aufirst=Bruk+Ayele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfQLtDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBarker2006" class="citation book cs1">Barker, Margaret (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nwjUAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA123">"The Angel Raphael in the Book of Tobit"</a>. In Bredin, Mark (ed.). <i>Studies in the Book of Tobit</i>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567082299" title="Special:BookSources/9780567082299"><bdi>9780567082299</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Angel+Raphael+in+the+Book+of+Tobit&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+Book+of+Tobit&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780567082299&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnwjUAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes1993" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, William H. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2KGVuym5OUC&pg=PA54">"Archangels"</a>. In Coogan, Michael David; Metzger, Bruce M. (eds.). <i>The Oxford Companion to the Bible</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199743919" title="Special:BookSources/9780199743919"><bdi>9780199743919</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Archangels&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+the+Bible&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780199743919&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY2KGVuym5OUC%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBromiley1971" class="citation book cs1">Bromiley, Geoffrey William · (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CGyOpNrzHj0C">"Satan"</a>. <i>Theological Dictionary of the New Testament</i>. Vol. 7. Alban Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802822499" title="Special:BookSources/9780802822499"><bdi>9780802822499</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Satan&rft.btitle=Theological+Dictionary+of+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=Alban+Books&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=9780802822499&rft.aulast=Bromiley&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+William+%C2%B7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCGyOpNrzHj0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCapmak2017" class="citation book cs1">Capmak, Cenap (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JSHFDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1042">"Michael"</a>. In Capmak, Cenap (ed.). <i>Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia</i>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610692175" title="Special:BookSources/9781610692175"><bdi>9781610692175</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Michael&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+A+Worldwide+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781610692175&rft.aulast=Capmak&rft.aufirst=Cenap&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJSHFDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1042&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1984" class="citation book cs1">Collins, John J. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9r_Zs7T1nCMC&q=Daniel:+with+an+introduction+to+apocalyptic+literature"><i>Daniel: With an Introduction to Apocalyptic Literature</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802800206" title="Special:BookSources/9780802800206"><bdi>9780802800206</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daniel%3A+With+an+Introduction+to+Apocalyptic+Literature&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780802800206&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9r_Zs7T1nCMC%26q%3DDaniel%3A%2Bwith%2Ban%2Bintroduction%2Bto%2Bapocalyptic%2Bliterature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1999" class="citation book cs1">Collins, John J.. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&pg=PA339">"Gabriel"</a>. In Van der Toorn, Karel; Becking, Bob; Van der Horst, Pieter Willem (eds.). <i>Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible</i>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802824912" title="Special:BookSources/9780802824912"><bdi>9780802824912</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gabriel&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Deities+and+Demons+in+the+Bible&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780802824912&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=John+J..&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyCkRz5pfxz0C%26pg%3DPA339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFEsler2017" class="citation book cs1">Esler, Philip Francis (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jIU_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3"><i>God's Court and Courtiers in the Book of the Watchers</i></a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781625649089" title="Special:BookSources/9781625649089"><bdi>9781625649089</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+Court+and+Courtiers+in+the+Book+of+the+Watchers&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781625649089&rft.aulast=Esler&rft.aufirst=Philip+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjIU_DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFFahlbusch1999" class="citation book cs1">Fahlbusch, Erwin (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yaecVMhMWaEC&pg=PA99">"Incarnation"</a>. In Bromiley, Geoffrey William (ed.). <i>The Encyclopedia of Christianity</i>. Vol. 2. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004116955" title="Special:BookSources/9789004116955"><bdi>9789004116955</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Incarnation&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Christianity&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9789004116955&rft.aulast=Fahlbusch&rft.aufirst=Erwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyaecVMhMWaEC%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGrabbe2003" class="citation book cs1">Grabbe, Lester (2003). "Tobit". In Dunn, James D. G. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC"><i>Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802837110" title="Special:BookSources/9780802837110"><bdi>9780802837110</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tobit&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Commentary+on+the+Bible&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780802837110&rft.aulast=Grabbe&rft.aufirst=Lester&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Vo-11umIZQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2008" class="citation book cs1">Green, Gene (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_quXRpxOxEEC"><i>Jude and 2 Peter</i></a>. Baker. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801026720" title="Special:BookSources/9780801026720"><bdi>9780801026720</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jude+and+2+Peter&rft.pub=Baker&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780801026720&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Gene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_quXRpxOxEEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGrossman2011" class="citation book cs1">Grossman, Maxine L. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hKAaJXvUaUoC&pg=PA51">"Angels"</a>. In Grossman, Maxine L. (ed.). <i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199730049" title="Special:BookSources/9780199730049"><bdi>9780199730049</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Angels&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Jewish+Religion&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780199730049&rft.aulast=Grossman&rft.aufirst=Maxine+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhKAaJXvUaUoC%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHannah2011" class="citation book cs1">Hannah, Darrell D. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=whIeEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15"><i>Michael and Christ: Michael Tradition and Angel Christology</i></a>. Wipf and Stock. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610971539" title="Special:BookSources/9781610971539"><bdi>9781610971539</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Michael+and+Christ%3A+Michael+Tradition+and+Angel+Christology&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781610971539&rft.aulast=Hannah&rft.aufirst=Darrell+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwhIeEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHill2008" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Andrew E. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bCPBrAfBSdgC&pg=PA170">"Daniel-Malachi"</a>. In Longman, Tremper; Garland, David E. (eds.). <i>The Expositor's Bible Commentary</i>. Vol. 8. <a href="/wiki/Zondervan" title="Zondervan">Zondervan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780310268932" title="Special:BookSources/9780310268932"><bdi>9780310268932</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Daniel-Malachi&rft.btitle=The+Expositor%27s+Bible+Commentary&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780310268932&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Andrew+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbCPBrAfBSdgC%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHughes1885" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Thomas Patrick (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O84eYLVHvB0C&dq=Archangel+Michael+Islam&pg=PA348"><i>A Dictionary of Islam</i></a>. W.H. Allen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120606722" title="Special:BookSources/9788120606722"><bdi>9788120606722</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Islam&rft.pub=W.H.+Allen&rft.date=1885&rft.isbn=9788120606722&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO84eYLVHvB0C%26dq%3DArchangel%2BMichael%2BIslam%26pg%3DPA348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMach1999" class="citation book cs1">Mach, M. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&pg=PA688">"Raphael"</a>. In Van der Toorn, Karel; Becking, Bob; Van der Horst, Pieter Willem (eds.). <i>Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible</i>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802824912" title="Special:BookSources/9780802824912"><bdi>9780802824912</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Raphael&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Deities+and+Demons+in+the+Bible&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780802824912&rft.aulast=Mach&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyCkRz5pfxz0C%26pg%3DPA688&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMeier1999" class="citation book cs1">Meier, S.A. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&pg=PA46">"Angel I"</a>. In Van der Toorn, Karel; Becking, Bob; Van der Horst, Pieter Willem (eds.). <i>Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible</i>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802824912" title="Special:BookSources/9780802824912"><bdi>9780802824912</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Angel+I&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Deities+and+Demons+in+the+Bible&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780802824912&rft.aulast=Meier&rft.aufirst=S.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyCkRz5pfxz0C%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFNoegelWheeler2002" class="citation book cs1">Noegel, Scott B.; Wheeler, Brannon M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W-QBAwAAQBAJ"><i>Historical Dictionary of Prophets in Islam and Judaism</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810866102" title="Special:BookSources/9780810866102"><bdi>9780810866102</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Prophets+in+Islam+and+Judaism&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780810866102&rft.aulast=Noegel&rft.aufirst=Scott+B.&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+Brannon+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW-QBAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
</div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1054258005"><div class="refbegin" style="">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBall2003" class="citation book cs1">Ball, Ann (2003). <i>Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87973-910-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87973-910-X"><bdi>0-87973-910-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Catholic+Devotions+and+Practices&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-87973-910-X&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFButler1821" class="citation book cs1">Butler, Alban (1821). <i>The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and other Principal Saints</i>. in twelve volumes. B. Dornin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lives+of+the+Fathers%2C+Martyrs%2C+and+other+Principal+Saints&rft.series=in+twelve+volumes&rft.pub=B.+Dornin&rft.date=1821&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Alban&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFStarr2007" class="citation book cs1">Starr, Mirabai (2007). <i>Saint Michael: The Archangel</i>. Sounds True. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59179-627-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59179-627-5"><bdi>978-1-59179-627-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saint+Michael%3A+The+Archangel&rft.pub=Sounds+True&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59179-627-5&rft.aulast=Starr&rft.aufirst=Mirabai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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</div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=560&letter=M">Michael</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i></li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Angels_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="Template:Angels in Abrahamic religions"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Angels_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="Template talk:Angels in Abrahamic religions"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Angels_in_Abrahamic_religions&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Angels_in_Abrahamic_religions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a> in <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Judaism" title="Angels in Judaism">Angels in<br />Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Michael</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uriel" title="Uriel">Uriel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Angel_of_the_Lord" title="Angel of the Lord">Angel of the Lord</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Angel_of_the_Presence" title="Angel of the Presence">Angel of the Presence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Destroying_angel_(Bible)" title="Destroying angel (Bible)">Destroying Angel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Azrael" title="Azrael">Azrael</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_(angel)" title="Ariel (angel)">Ariel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arariel" title="Arariel">Arariel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Azazel" title="Azazel">Azazel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Camael" title="Camael">Camael</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cassiel" title="Cassiel">Cassiel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dobiel" title="Dobiel">Dobiel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dumah_(angel)" title="Dumah (angel)">Dumah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eisheth" title="Eisheth">Eisheth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hadraniel" title="Hadraniel">Hadraniel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Haniel" title="Haniel">Haniel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jerahmeel_(archangel)" title="Jerahmeel (archangel)">Jerahmeel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jophiel" title="Jophiel">Jophiel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kushiel" title="Kushiel">Kushiel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lailah_(angel)" title="Lailah (angel)">Lailah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mastema" title="Mastema">Mastema</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Metatron" title="Metatron">Metatron</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nuriel" title="Nuriel">Nuriel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pravuil" title="Pravuil">Pravuil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Raziel" title="Raziel">Raziel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sachiel" title="Sachiel">Sachiel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Samael" title="Samael">Samael</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Samyaza" title="Samyaza">Samyaza</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sandalphon" title="Sandalphon">Sandalphon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zaphkiel" title="Zaphkiel">Tzaphqiel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yahoel" title="Yahoel">Yahoel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zadkiel" title="Zadkiel">Zadkiel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zerachiel" title="Zerachiel">Zerachiel</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seraph" title="Seraph">Seraphim</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Living_creatures_(Bible)" title="Living creatures (Bible)">Chayot</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ophanim" title="Ophanim">Ophanim</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cherub" title="Cherub">Cherubim</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hashmal" title="Hashmal">Hashmallim</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ishim_(angel)" title="Ishim (angel)">Ishim</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_God" title="Sons of God">Sons of God</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Recording_angel" title="Recording angel">Recording angels</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angels in<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Michael</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abaddon" title="Abaddon">Abaddon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uriel" title="Uriel">Uriel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_(angel)" title="Ariel (angel)">Ariel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Azazel" title="Azazel">Azazel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sariel" title="Sariel">Sariel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sandalphon" title="Sandalphon">Sandalphon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Raguel_(angel)" title="Raguel (angel)">Raguel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ramiel" title="Ramiel">Ramiel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Selaphiel" title="Selaphiel">Selaphiel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Barachiel" title="Barachiel">Barachiel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jegudiel" title="Jegudiel">Jegudiel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Camael" title="Camael">Camael</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Angel_of_Portugal" title="Angel of Portugal">Guardian Angel of Portugal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jerahmeel_(archangel)" title="Jerahmeel (archangel)">Jerahmeel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jophiel" title="Jophiel">Jophiel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Metatron" title="Metatron">Metatron</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Samyaza" title="Samyaza">Samyaza</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pravuil" title="Pravuil">Pravuil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sachiel" title="Sachiel">Sachiel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zadkiel" title="Zadkiel">Zadkiel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sarathiel" title="Sarathiel">Sarathiel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zerachiel" title="Zerachiel">Zerachiel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phanuel_(angel)" title="Phanuel (angel)">Phanuel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aker_(angel)" title="Aker (angel)">Aker</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gabuthelon" title="Gabuthelon">Gabuthelon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arphugitonos" title="Arphugitonos">Arphugitonos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Beburos" title="Beburos">Beburos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zebuleon" title="Zebuleon">Zebuleon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_(angel)" title="Daniel (angel)">Daniel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kerubiel" title="Kerubiel">Kerubiel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kokabiel" title="Kokabiel">Kokabiel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kushiel" title="Kushiel">Kushiel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lailah_(angel)" title="Lailah (angel)">Leliel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_(angel)" title="Muriel (angel)">Muriel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pahaliah" title="Pahaliah">Pahaliah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seraphiel" title="Seraphiel">Seraphiel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shamsiel" title="Shamsiel">Shamsiel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chazaqiel" title="Chazaqiel">Chazaqiel</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seraph" title="Seraph">Seraphim</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ophanim" title="Ophanim">Ophanim</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cherub" title="Cherub">Cherubim</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Throne_(angel)" title="Throne (angel)">Thrones</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_(angel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominion (angel)">Dominions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Virtues</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Powers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">Principalities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Recording_angel" title="Recording angel">Recording angels</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_angel" title="Guardian angel">Guardian angels</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels in <br />Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mikha'il</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Jibra'il</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Israfil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Azrael#In_Islam" title="Azrael">Azra'il</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Spirit (Islam)">ar-Rūḥ</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Azazil" title="Azazil">ʿAzāzīl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ibl%C4%ABs" class="mw-redirect" title="Iblīs">Iblīs</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Harut_and_Marut" title="Harut and Marut">Harut and Marut</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maalik" title="Maalik">Mālik</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ri%E1%B8%8Dwan" title="Riḍwan">Riḍwan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Munkar_and_Nakir" title="Munkar and Nakir">Munkar and Nakir</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Artiya%27il" title="Artiya'il">Artiya'il</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Darda%27il" title="Darda'il">Darda'il</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dumah_(angel)" title="Dumah (angel)">Dumah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kalqa%27il" title="Kalqa'il">Kalqa'il</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bearers_of_the_Throne" title="Bearers of the Throne">Mu'qarrabun</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Cherub" title="Cherub">Cherubim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seraph" title="Seraph">Seraphim</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zabaniyah" title="Zabaniyah">Angels of Hell</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mu%27aqqibat" title="Mu'aqqibat">Hafaza</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Guardian_angel" title="Guardian angel">Guardian angel</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kiraman_Katibin" title="Kiraman Katibin">Recording angels</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81zi%27%C4%81t_and_N%C4%81shi%E1%B9%AD%C4%81t" title="Nāzi'āt and Nāshiṭāt">Nāzi'āt and Nāshiṭāt</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uthra" title="Uthra">Uthras (angels) in <br />Mandaeism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yushamin" title="Yushamin">Yushamin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abatur" title="Abatur">Abatur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ptahil" title="Ptahil">Ptahil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hibil" title="Hibil">Hibil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shitil" title="Shitil">Shitil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anush_(Mandaeism)" title="Anush (Mandaeism)">Anush</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Ziwa" title="Sam Ziwa">Sam Ziwa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Manda_d-Hayyi" title="Manda d-Hayyi">Manda d-Hayyi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shilmai" title="Shilmai">Shilmai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nidbai" title="Nidbai">Nidbai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Adathan_and_Yadathan" title="Adathan and Yadathan">Adathan and Yadathan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yufin-Yufafin" title="Yufin-Yufafin">Yufin-Yufafin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urfeil_and_Marfeil" title="Urfeil and Marfeil">Urfeil and Marfeil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tarwan" title="Tarwan">Tar and Tarwan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bihram" title="Bihram">Bihram</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zihrun" title="Zihrun">Zihrun</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Etinsib_Ziwa" title="Etinsib Ziwa">Etinsib Ziwa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nbat" title="Nbat">Nbat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nsab" title="Nsab">Nsab</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gubran" title="Gubran">Gubran</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shihlun" title="Shihlun">Shihlun</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yurba" title="Yurba">Yurba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yukabar" title="Yukabar">Yukabar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yukashar" title="Yukashar">Yukashar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yawar_Ziwa" title="Yawar Ziwa">Yawar Ziwa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Simat_Hayyi" title="Simat Hayyi">Simat Hayyi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saureil" title="Saureil">Saureil</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uthra" title="Uthra">Niṭufta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gupna" class="mw-redirect" title="Gupna">Gupna</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziwa_(Aramaic)" title="Ziwa (Aramaic)">Ziwa</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Moroni" title="Angel Moroni">Angel Moroni</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_angels" title="Hierarchy of angels">Hierarchy of angels</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_host" title="Heavenly host">Heavenly host</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Archangels" title="Seven Archangels">Seven Archangels</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Three_Angels%27_Messages" title="Three Angels' Messages">Three Angels' Messages</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Watcher_(angel)" title="Watcher (angel)">Watcher</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">Fallen angels</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_angels_in_theology" title="List of angels in theology">List of angels in theology</a></li>
<li>Ambiguous
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalkydri" title="Chalkydri">Chalkydri</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Elioud" title="Elioud">Elioud</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nephilim" title="Nephilim">Nephilim</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Teraphim" title="Teraphim">Teraphim</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_art" title="Angels in art">Art</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_angels_in_fiction" title="List of angels in fiction">List of angels in fiction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_angels" title="List of films about angels">List of films about angels</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Saints_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_saints" title="Template:Catholic saints"><abbr title="View this template" style="background-color: gold;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_saints" title="Template talk:Catholic saints"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="background-color: gold;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Catholic_saints&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="background-color: gold;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Saints_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints of the Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div><a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Causes_of_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Causes of Saints">Congregation for the Causes of Saints</a><br />Stages of <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonization</a>: <a href="/wiki/Servant_of_God#Catholic_Church" title="Servant of God">Servant of God</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/The_Venerable#Christianity" title="The Venerable">Venerable</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">Blessed</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Virgin Mary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God (Theotokos)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Marian apparition</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" title="Titles of Mary">Titles of Mary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph (husband)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James of Alphaeus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James the Great</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Jude</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Matthias" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Matthias">Matthias</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Michael</a>  <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Saint Michael in the Catholic Church">in the Catholic Church</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Kiev" title="Anthony of Kiev">Anthony of Kiev</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius the Confessor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chariton_the_Confessor" title="Chariton the Confessor">Chariton the Confessor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Borgia,_4th_Duke_of_Gand%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Borgia, 4th Duke of Gandía">Francis Borgia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Homobonus" title="Saint Homobonus">Homobonus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Zographos" title="Lazarus Zographos">Lazarus Zographos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bertrand_(saint)" title="Louis Bertrand (saint)">Louis Bertrand</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Synnada" title="Michael of Synnada">Michael of Synnada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paphnutius_of_Thebes" title="Paphnutius of Thebes">Paphnutius the Confessor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Constantinople" title="Paul I of Constantinople">Paul I of Constantinople</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Claver" title="Peter Claver">Peter Claver</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Salonius" title="Salonius">Salonius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sergius_of_Radonezh" title="Sergius of Radonezh">Sergius of Radonezh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes the Confessor</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary of Bethany</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla and Aquila</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silvanus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede the Venerable</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo the Great</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church<br />Fathers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Alexander I of Alexandria">Alexander of Alexandria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Jerusalem" title="Alexander of Jerusalem">Alexander of Jerusalem</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose of Milan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Caesarius_of_Arles" title="Caesarius of Arles">Caesarius of Arles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Caius_(presbyter)" title="Caius (presbyter)">Caius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian of Carthage</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Fathers" title="Desert Fathers">Desert Fathers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Mothers" title="Desert Mothers">Desert Mothers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dionysius of Alexandria">Dionysius of Alexandria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Corinth" title="Dionysius of Corinth">Dionysius of Corinth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fulgentius_of_Ruspe" title="Fulgentius of Ruspe">Fulgentius of Ruspe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus of Lyons</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome of Stridonium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Melito_of_Sardis" title="Melito of Sardis">Melito of Sardis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Quadratus_of_Athens" title="Quadratus of Athens">Quadratus of Athens</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Papias_of_Hierapolis" title="Papias of Hierapolis">Papias of Hierapolis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp of Smyrna</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_of_Antioch" title="Theophilus of Antioch">Theophilus of Antioch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Victorinus_of_Pettau" title="Victorinus of Pettau">Victorinus of Pettau</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_of_L%C3%A9rins" title="Vincent of Lérins">Vincent of Lérins</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abda_and_Abdjesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Abda and Abdjesus">Abda and Abdjesus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Foucauld" title="Charles de Foucauld">Charles de Foucauld</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Martyrs" title="Canadian Martyrs">Canadian Martyrs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carthusian_Martyrs" title="Carthusian Martyrs">Carthusian Martyrs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Child_Martyrs_of_Tlaxcala" title="Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala">Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christina_of_Persia" title="Christina of Persia">Christina of Persia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Devasahayam_Pillai" title="Devasahayam Pillai">Devasahayam Pillai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Penitent_thief" title="Penitent thief">Dismas the Good Thief</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Martyrs_of_England_and_Wales" title="Forty Martyrs of England and Wales">Forty Martyrs of England and Wales</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Four_Crowned_Martyrs" title="Four Crowned Martyrs">Four Crowned Martyrs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_of_Csan%C3%A1d" title="Gerard of Csanád">Gerard of Csanád</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Great_martyr" title="Great martyr">Great Martyr</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">The Holy Innocents</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholic_Martyrs" title="Irish Catholic Martyrs">Irish Martyrs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Martyrs" title="Korean Martyrs">Korean Martyrs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ruiz" title="Lorenzo Ruiz">Lorenzo Ruiz</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck_martyrs" title="Lübeck martyrs">Martyrs of Lübeck</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Versiglia" title="Luigi Versiglia">Luigi Versiglia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martyrology" title="Martyrology">Martyrology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Albania" title="Martyrs of Albania">Martyrs of Albania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Algeria" title="Martyrs of Algeria">Martyrs of Algeria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Cajonos" title="Martyrs of Cajonos">Martyrs of Cajonos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Blessed_Martyrs_of_Drina" title="Blessed Martyrs of Drina">Martyrs of Drina</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_Saints_of_China" title="Martyr Saints of China">Martyrs of China</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Gorkum" title="Martyrs of Gorkum">Martyrs of Gorkum</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Japan" title="Martyrs of Japan">Martyrs of Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_La_Rioja" title="Martyrs of La Rioja">Martyrs of La Rioja</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Laos" title="Martyrs of Laos">Martyrs of Laos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Natal" title="Martyrs of Natal">Martyrs of Natal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Otranto" title="Martyrs of Otranto">Martyrs of Otranto</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Prague" title="Martyrs of Prague">Martyrs of Prague</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sadok_and_48_Dominican_martyrs_from_Sandomierz" title="Sadok and 48 Dominican martyrs from Sandomierz">Martyrs of Sandomierz</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War">Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Zenta" title="Martyrs of Zenta">Martyrs of Zenta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Kolbe" title="Maximilian Kolbe">Maximilian Kolbe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Romero" title="Óscar Romero">Óscar Romero</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Calungsod" title="Pedro Calungsod">Pedro Calungsod</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Perpetua_and_Felicity" title="Perpetua and Felicity">Perpetua and Felicity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chanel" title="Peter Chanel">Peter Chanel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Parenzo" title="Pietro Parenzo">Pietro Parenzo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philomena" title="Philomena">Philomena</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saints_of_the_Cristero_War" title="Saints of the Cristero War">Saints of the Cristero War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Teresa Benedicta of the Cross</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Brandsma" title="Titus Brandsma">Titus Brandsma</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Three_Martyrs_of_Chimbote" title="Three Martyrs of Chimbote">Three Martyrs of Chimbote</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Martyrs" title="Uganda Martyrs">Uganda Martyrs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Martyrs" title="Vietnamese Martyrs">Vietnamese Martyrs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Valentine" title="Saint Valentine">Valentine of Rome</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Victor_and_Corona" title="Victor and Corona">Victor and Corona</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zanitas_and_Lazarus_of_Persia" title="Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia">Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_missions" title="Catholic missions">Missionaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Boniface</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Father_Damien" title="Father Damien">Damien of Molokai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Evermode_of_Ratzeburg" title="Evermode of Ratzeburg">Evermode of Ratzeburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Laval" title="François de Laval">François de Laval</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Illuminator" title="Gregory the Illuminator">Gregory the Illuminator</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Junípero Serra</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nino" title="Saint Nino">Nico of Georgia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Patrick of Ireland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Remigius" title="Saint Remigius">Remigius</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">Abel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph (father of Jesus)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Matriarchs_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriarchs (Bible)">Matriarchs</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_I" title="Pope Adeodatus I">Adeodatus I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_II" title="Pope Adeodatus II">Adeodatus II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_III" title="Pope Adrian III">Adrian III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_I" title="Pope Agapetus I">Agapetus I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agatho" title="Pope Agatho">Agatho</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I" title="Pope Alexander I">Alexander I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anacletus" title="Pope Anacletus">Anacletus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_I" title="Pope Anastasius I">Anastasius I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anicetus" title="Pope Anicetus">Anicetus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anterus" title="Pope Anterus">Anterus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_II" title="Pope Benedict II">Benedict II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_I" title="Pope Boniface I">Boniface I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IV" title="Pope Boniface IV">Boniface IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Caius" title="Pope Caius">Caius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_I" title="Pope Callixtus I">Callixtus I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_I" title="Pope Celestine I">Celestine I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V" title="Pope Celestine V">Celestine V</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cornelius" title="Pope Cornelius">Cornelius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eleutherius" title="Pope Eleutherius">Eleuterus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_I" title="Pope Eugene I">Eugene I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eusebius" title="Pope Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eutychian" title="Pope Eutychian">Eutychian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Evaristus" title="Pope Evaristus">Evaristus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Fabian" title="Pope Fabian">Fabian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_I" title="Pope Felix I">Felix I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_III" title="Pope Felix III">Felix III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_IV" title="Pope Felix IV">Felix IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_II" title="Pope Gregory II">Gregory II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Gregory III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory VII</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hilarius" title="Pope Hilarius">Hilarius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hormisdas" title="Pope Hormisdas">Hormisdas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hyginus" title="Pope Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I" title="Pope Innocent I">Innocent I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_I" title="Pope John I">John I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">John XXIII</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_I" title="Pope Julius I">Julius I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_II" title="Pope Leo II">Leo II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Leo III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV" title="Pope Leo IV">Leo IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX" title="Pope Leo IX">Leo IX</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_I" title="Pope Lucius I">Lucius I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellinus" title="Pope Marcellinus">Marcellinus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_I" title="Pope Marcellus I">Marcellus I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark" title="Pope Mark">Mark</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_I" title="Pope Martin I">Martin I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Miltiades" title="Pope Miltiades">Miltiades</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Nicholas I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_I" title="Pope Paschal I">Paschal I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_I" title="Pope Paul I">Paul I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_I" title="Pope Pius I">Pius I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pius V</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pontian" title="Pope Pontian">Pontian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Sergius I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Silverius" title="Pope Silverius">Silverius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simplicius" title="Pope Simplicius">Simplicius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Siricius" title="Pope Siricius">Siricius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_I" title="Pope Sixtus I">Sixtus I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_II" title="Pope Sixtus II">Sixtus II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_III" title="Pope Sixtus III">Sixtus III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Soter" title="Pope Soter">Soter</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_I" title="Pope Stephen I">Stephen I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IV" title="Pope Stephen IV">Stephen IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Sylvester I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Symmachus" title="Pope Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Telesphorus" title="Pope Telesphorus">Telesphorus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_I" title="Pope Urban I">Urban I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Victor I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vitalian" title="Pope Vitalian">Vitalian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zachary" title="Pope Zachary">Zachary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zosimus" title="Pope Zosimus">Zosimus</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agabus" title="Agabus">Agabus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Amos_(prophet)" title="Amos (prophet)">Amos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anna_the_Prophetess" title="Anna the Prophetess">Anna</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_ben_Neriah" title="Baruch ben Neriah">Baruch ben Neriah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Habakkuk" title="Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Haggai" title="Haggai">Haggai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hosea" title="Hosea">Hosea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joel_(prophet)" title="Joel (prophet)">Joel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Barsabbas" title="Judas Barsabbas">Judas Barsabbas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Malachi" title="Malachi">Malachi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Melchizedek" title="Melchizedek">Melchizedek</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Micah_(prophet)" title="Micah (prophet)">Micah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nahum" title="Nahum">Nahum</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah" title="Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Woman_with_seven_sons" title="Woman with seven sons">Seven Maccabees and their mother</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(Hebrew_prophet)" title="Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)">Zechariah (prophet)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah (NT)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zephaniah" title="Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agatha_of_Sicily" title="Agatha of Sicily">Agatha of Sicily</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Rome" title="Agnes of Rome">Agnes of Rome</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Angela_of_the_Cross" title="Angela of the Cross">Angela of the Cross</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelthryth" title="Æthelthryth">Æthelthryth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Soubirous" title="Bernadette Soubirous">Bernadette Soubirous</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Bologna" title="Catherine of Bologna">Catherine of Bologna</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Brigid_of_Kildare" title="Brigid of Kildare">Brigid of Kildare</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Labour%C3%A9" title="Catherine Labouré">Catherine Labouré</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Cecilia" title="Saint Cecilia">Cecilia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Clare_of_Assisi" title="Clare of Assisi">Clare of Assisi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eulalia_of_M%C3%A9rida" title="Eulalia of Mérida">Eulalia of Mérida</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Euphemia" title="Euphemia">Euphemia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_Kowalska" title="Faustina Kowalska">Faustina Kowalska</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Faustina_and_Saint_Liberata_of_Como" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Faustina and Saint Liberata of Como">Faustina and Liberata of Como</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Genevieve" title="Genevieve">Genevieve</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hiltrude_of_Liessies" title="Hiltrude of Liessies">Hiltrude of Liessies</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kateri_Tekakwitha" title="Kateri Tekakwitha">Kateri Tekakwitha</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucy" title="Saint Lucy">Lucy of Syracuse</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goretti" title="Maria Goretti">Maria Goretti</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_de_las_Maravillas_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="María de las Maravillas de Jesús">María de las Maravillas de Jesús</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Narcisa_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Narcisa de Jesús">Narcisa de Jesús</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_of_Naples" title="Patricia of Naples">Patricia of Naples</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Rosalia" title="Saint Rosalia">Rosalia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Lima" title="Rose of Lima">Rose of Lima</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_the_Andes" class="mw-redirect" title="Teresa of the Andes">Teresa of the Andes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Teresa of Calcutta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trasilla_and_Emiliana" title="Trasilla and Emiliana">Trasilla and Emiliana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Ubaldesca_Taccini" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Ubaldesca Taccini">Ubaldesca Taccini</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Causes_of_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Causes of Saints">Congregation for the Causes of Saints</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Marshals" title="Four Holy Marshals">Four Holy Marshals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Holy_Helpers" title="Fourteen Holy Helpers">Fourteen Holy Helpers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Military_saint" title="Military saint">Military saints</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athleta_Christi" title="Athleta Christi">Athleta Christi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Christianus" title="Miles Christianus">Miles Christianus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Church Militant</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Champions_of_Christendom" title="Seven Champions of Christendom">Seven Champions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Virtuous_pagan" title="Virtuous pagan">Virtuous pagan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="image"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="noviewer thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/16px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/24px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints portal</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="People_and_things_in_the_Quran" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist wraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Template:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Template talk:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="People_and_things_in_the_Quran" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People and things in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Characters" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_characters_and_names_mentioned_in_the_Quran" title="List of characters and names mentioned in the Quran">Characters</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Non-humans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Non-humans</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Allāh</a> ('The <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>')
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam#List_of_names_and_attributes_of_God_as_found_in_the_Quran" title="Names of God in Islam">Names</a> of <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> found in the Quran, such as <i>Karīm</i> (Generous)</li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Baqarah#Overview" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baqarah">baqarah</a></i> (cow) of Israelites</li>
<li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam#The_plot_against_Joseph" title="Joseph in Islam">dhiʾb</a></i> (wolf) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph</li>
<li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Fil" title="Al-Fil">fīl</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">elephant</a>) of the Abyssinians</li>
<li><i>Ḥimār</i> (<a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">Domesticated donkey</a>)</li>
<li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam#Reign" title="Solomon in Islam">hud-hud</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hoopoe" title="Hoopoe">hoopoe</a>) of Solomon</li>
<li>The <i>kalb</i> (dog) of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Islam" title="Seven Sleepers">sleepers of the cave</a></li>
<li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam#Reign" title="Solomon in Islam">namlah</a></i> (female ant) of Solomon</li>
<li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Jonah#The_fish" title="Jonah">nūn</a></i> (fish or whale) of Jonah</li>
<li>The <i><a href="/wiki/She-Camel_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="She-Camel of God">nāqat</a></i> (she-camel) of Ṣāliḥ</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i>ʿAnkabūt</i> (Female <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spider</a>)</li>
<li><i>Dābbat al-Arḍ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a>)</li>
<li><i>Ḥimār</i> (<a href="/wiki/Onager" title="Onager">Wild ass</a>)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Honey#Ancient_times" title="Honey">Naḥl</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">Honey bee</a>)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Qaswarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaswarah">Qaswarah</a></i> ('<a href="/wiki/Asiatic_lion" title="Asiatic lion">Lion</a>', 'beast of prey' or 'hunter')</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Malāʾikah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Angels of Hell
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maalik" title="Maalik">Mālik</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Zabaniyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Zabaniyya">Zabāniyah</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bearers_of_the_Throne" title="Bearers of the Throne">Bearers of the Throne</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Harut_and_Marut" title="Harut and Marut">Harut and Marut</a></li>
<li><i>Kirāman Kātibīn</i> (Honourable Scribes)
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raqib" class="mw-redirect" title="Raqib">Raqib</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atid" title="Atid">Atid</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Munkar_and_Nakir" title="Munkar and Nakir">Munkar and Nakir</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Muqarrabun" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archangel#Islam" title="Archangel"><i>Muqarrabun</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel#Islam" title="Gabriel">Jibrīl</a> (Gabriel, chief)
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_(Islam)#The_Spirit,_al-Ruh,_in_the_Quran" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Spirit (Islam)">Ar-Rūḥ</a></i> ('The Spirit')
<ul><li><i>Ar-Rūḥ al-Amīn</i> ('The Trustworthy Spirit')</li>
<li><i>Ar-Rūḥ al-Qudus</i> ('The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>')</li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li>Angel of the Trumpet (<a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Isrāfīl</a> or <a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a>)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Azrael#In_Islam" title="Azrael">Malakul-Mawt</a></i> (Angel of Death, Azrael)</li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Islam">Mīkāil</a> (Michael)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></i> (Genies)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jann_(legendary_creature)" title="Jann (legendary creature)">Jann</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ifrit#Islamic_scripture" title="Ifrit">ʿIfrīt</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Asmodeus" title="Asmodeus">Sakhr</a></i> (Asmodeus)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Qareen" title="Qareen">Qarīn</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Shaitan" title="Shaitan">Shayāṭīn</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demons</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblīs</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Satan#Islam" title="Satan">ash-Shayṭān</a></i> (the (chief) <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devil</a>)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Marid" title="Marid">Mārid</a></i> ('Rebellious one')</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilmān</a></i> or <i>Wildān</i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Houri" title="Houri">Ḥūr</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Prophets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_in_Islam" title="Adam in Islam">Ādam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Al-Yasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Yasa">Al-Yasa</a>ʿ (<a href="/wiki/Elisha" title="Elisha">Elisha</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Job_in_Islam" title="Job in Islam">Ayyūb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_in_Islam" title="David in Islam">Dāwūd</a> (<a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Kifl" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhul-Kifl">Dhūl-Kifl</a> (Ezekiel?)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_in_Islam" title="Aaron in Islam">Hārūn</a> (Aaron)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)" title="Hud (prophet)">Hūd</a> (Eber?)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Idris_(prophet)" title="Idris (prophet)">Idrīs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enoch" title="Enoch">Enoch</a>?)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Elijah#Elijah_in_Islam" title="Elijah">Ilyās</a> (Elijah)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joachim#In_Islam" title="Joachim">ʿImrān</a> (Joachim the father of Maryam)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_in_Islam" title="Isaac in Islam">Isḥāq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ishmael_in_Islam" title="Ishmael in Islam">Ismāʿīl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a>)
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binding_of_Isaac#Muslim_views" title="Binding of Isaac">Dhabih Ullah</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lot_in_Islam" title="Lot in Islam">Lūṭ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lot_(biblical_person)" title="Lot (biblical person)">Lot</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Salih" class="mw-redirect" title="Salih">Ṣāliḥ</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shuaib" title="Shuaib">Shuʿayb</a> (Jethro, Reuel or <a href="/wiki/Hobab_(biblical_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobab (biblical figure)">Hobab</a>?)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam" title="Solomon in Islam">Sulaymān</a> ibn Dāwūd (<a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> son of David)</li>
<li>ʿ<a href="/wiki/Uzair" title="Uzair">Uzair</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a>?)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist#Islam" title="John the Baptist">Yaḥyā</a> ibn Zakariyyā (<a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> the son of Zechariah)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_in_Islam" title="Jacob in Islam">Yaʿqūb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>)
<ul><li>Isrāʾīl (Israel)</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jonah#Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah">Yūnus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a>)
<ul><li><i>Dhūn-Nūn</i> ('He of the <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">Fish</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">Whale</a>)' or 'Owner of the Fish (or Whale)')</li>
<li><i>Ṣāḥib al-Ḥūt</i> ('Companion of the Whale')</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam" title="Joseph in Islam">Yūsuf</a> ibn Ya‘qūb (<a href="/wiki/Joseph" title="Joseph">Joseph</a> son of Jacob)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)#In_Islam" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zakariyyā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah</a>)</li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ulu-l-%E2%80%98Azm" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulu-l-‘Azm">Ulul-ʿAzm</a></i><br />('Those of the<br /> Perseverance<br /> and Strong Will')</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muḥammad</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_the_Quran" title="Muhammad in the Quran">Aḥmad</a></li>
<li>Other <a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Muhammad" title="Names and titles of Muhammad">names and titles of Muhammad</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">ʿĪsā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>)
<ul><li><i>Al-Masīḥ</i> (The <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>)</li>
<li><i>Ibn Maryam</i> (Son of Mary)</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam" title="Moses in Islam">Mūsā Kalīmullāh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> He who spoke to God)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> Friend of God)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">Nūḥ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Debatable ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhūl-Qarnain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luqman" title="Luqman">Luqmān</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Maryam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Talut" title="Talut">Ṭālūt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gideon" title="Gideon">Gideon</a>?)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah#Islamic_views" title="Jeremiah">Irmiyā</a> (Jeremiah)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Samuel#Islam" title="Samuel">Ṣamūʾīl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joshua#In_Islam" title="Joshua">Yūshaʿ ibn Nūn</a> (Joshua, companion and successor of Moses)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People_of_Prophets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People of Prophets</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Good ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Adam's immediate relatives
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel_in_Islam" title="Cain and Abel in Islam">Martyred son</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eve#Islamic_view" title="Eve">Wife</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Habib_the_Carpenter" title="Habib the Carpenter">Believer of Ya-Sin</a></li>
<li>Family of Noah
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamech_(father_of_Noah)" title="Lamech (father of Noah)">Father Lamech</a></li>
<li>Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos</li></ul></li>
<li>Luqman's son</li>
<li>People of Abraham
<ul><li>Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hagar_in_Islam" title="Hagar in Islam">Ishmael's mother</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sarah#In_Islam" title="Sarah">Isaac's mother</a></li></ul></li>
<li>People of Jesus
<ul><li>Disciples (including <a href="/wiki/Peter_in_Islam" title="Peter in Islam">Peter</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne#In_Islam" title="Saint Anne">Mary's mother</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)#In_Islam" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Zechariah's wife</a></li></ul></li>
<li>People of Solomon
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathsheba#Islam" title="Bathsheba">Mother</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba#Islamic" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Asif_ibn_Barkhiya" title="Asif ibn Barkhiya">Vizier</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Harithah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zayd ibn Harithah">Zayd</a> (Muhammad's adopted son)</li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People of<br /> Joseph</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Brothers (including <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin in Islam">Binyāmin</a> (Benjamin) and <a href="/wiki/Simeon_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Simeon (son of Jacob)">Simeon</a>)</li>
<li>Egyptians
<ul><li><i>ʿAzīz</i> (<a href="/wiki/Potiphar" title="Potiphar">Potiphar</a>, Qatafir or Qittin)</li>
<li><i>Malik</i> (King Ar-Rayyān ibn Al-Walīd))</li>
<li>Wife of <i>ʿAzīz</i> (<a href="/wiki/Zuleikha_(tradition)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuleikha (tradition)">Zulaykhah</a>)</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rachel#In_Islam" title="Rachel">Mother</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People of <br />Aaron and Moses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Egyptians
<ul><li>Believer (Hizbil or Hizqil ibn Sabura)</li>
<li><i>Imraʾat Firʿawn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Asiya" title="Asiya">Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim</a> the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh%27s_daughter_(Exodus)#In_Muslim_tradition" title="Pharaoh's daughter (Exodus)">Wife of Pharaoh</a>, who adopted Moses)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam#Confrontation_with_sorcerers" title="Moses in Islam">Magicians of the Pharaoh</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Khidr" title="Khidr">Wise, pious man</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zipporah" title="Zipporah">Moses' wife</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leah" title="Leah">Moses' sister-in-law</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jochebed#The_Islamic_view_of_Jochebed" title="Jochebed">Mother</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Miriam#Quranic_account" title="Miriam">Sister</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Evil ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam#Family" title="Abraham in Islam">Āzar</a> (possibly <a href="/wiki/Terah#Islamic_tradition" title="Terah">Terah</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pharaohs_in_the_Bible" title="Pharaohs in the Bible">Firʿawn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> of Moses' time)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Haman_(Islam)" title="Haman (Islam)">Hāmān</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Goliath#Islam" title="Goliath">Jālūt</a> (Goliath)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Korah#Quranic_reference" title="Korah">Qārūn</a> (Korah, cousin of Moses)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Samiri_(Islamic_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samiri (Islamic figure)">As-Sāmirī</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Lahab" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Lahab">Abū Lahab</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slayers_of_%E1%B9%A2%C4%81li%E1%B8%A5%27s_she-camel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel (page does not exist)">Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel</a> (Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda' ibn Dahr)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied or<br />not specified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraha" title="Abraha">Abraha</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Balaam#Balaam_in_the_Quran" title="Balaam">Bal'am/Balaam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bar%E1%B9%A3%C4%AB%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Barṣīṣā">Barṣīṣā</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Caleb#Quranic_account" title="Caleb">Caleb or Kaleb</a> the companion of Joshua</li>
<li>Luqman's son</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod">Nimrod</a></li>
<li>Rahmah the wife of Ayyub</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shaddad" title="Shaddad">Shaddad</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Groups</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Jannah</i>
<ul><li>People of Paradise</li>
<li>People of the Burnt Garden</li></ul></li>
<li><i>Aṣḥāb as-Sabt</i> (Companions of the <a href="/wiki/Sabbath" title="Sabbath">Sabbath</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Jesus' apostles</a>
<ul><li><i>Ḥawāriyyūn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Disciples of Jesus</a>)</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Companions of Noah's Ark</a></li>
<li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Kahf war-Raqīm</i> (<a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Islam" title="Seven Sleepers">Companions of the Cave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sahab,_Jordan#Famous_places_in_Sahab" title="Sahab, Jordan">Al-Raqaim?</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fil" title="Al-Fil">Companions of the Elephant</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia#Al-Ukhd.C5.ABd_Archeological_Area" title="Ancient towns in Saudi Arabia">People of al-Ukhdūd</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Ya-Sin" title="People of Ya-Sin">People of a township in Surah Ya-Sin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Medina#Pre-Islamic_times" title="Medina">People of Yathrib</a> or <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a></li>
<li><i>Qawm Lūṭ</i> (People of Sodom and Gomorrah)</li>
<li>Nation of Noah</li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tribes,_ethnicitiesor_families" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribes,<br /> ethnicities<br />or families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>‘<a href="/wiki/Ajam" title="Ajam">Ajam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rum_(endonym)" title="Rum (endonym)"><i>Ar-Rūm</i></a> (literally 'The Romans')</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Banī Isrāʾīl</a></i> (Children of Israel)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah#Islamic" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Muʾtafikāt</a></i> (Sodom and Gomorrah)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">People of Ibrahim</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Elijah#Elijah_in_Islam" title="Elijah">People of Ilyas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">People of Nuh</a></li>
<li>People of Shuaib
<ul><li><i>Ahl Madyan</i> <a href="/wiki/Midian#In_the_Qur'an" title="Midian">People of Madyan</a>)</li>
<li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Aykah</i> ('Companions of the Wood')</li></ul></li>
<li><i>Qawm <a href="/wiki/Jonah#Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah">Yūnus</a></i> (People of Jonah)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#Qur'an" title="Gog and Magog">Ya'juj and Ma'juj/Gog and Magog</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">People of Fir'aun</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad)</a>
<ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb Muḥammad</i> (<a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Companions of Muhammad</a>)
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Islam)" title="Ansar (Islam)">Anṣār</a> (literally 'Helpers')</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Muhajirun" title="Muhajirun">Muhajirun</a> (Emigrants from Mecca to Medina)</li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li>People of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Jamil" title="Umm Jamil">Wife of Abu Lahab</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Job_in_Islam" title="Job in Islam">Children of Ayyub</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel_in_Islam" title="Cain and Abel in Islam">Sons of Adam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wives_aboard_Noah%27s_Ark" title="Wives aboard Noah's Ark">Wife of Nuh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lot%27s_wife" title="Lot's wife">Wife of Lut</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#Qur'an" title="Gog and Magog"><i>Yaʾjūj wa Maʾjūj</i></a> (Gog and Magog)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Noah#Extrabiblical_sons_of_Noah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sons of Noah">Son of Nuh</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Aʿrāb</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Arabia" title="Tribes of Arabia">Arabs</a><br /> or <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouins</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BF%C4%80d" title="ʿĀd">ʿĀd</a> (people of Hud)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Rass" title="Companions of the Rass">Companions of the Rass</a></li>
<li><i>Qawm Tubbaʿ</i> (People of <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Saba_and_Himyar" title="List of rulers of Saba and Himyar">Tubba</a>)
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">People of Sabaʾ or Sheba</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thamud" title="Thamud">Thamūd</a> (people of Ṣāliḥ)
<ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Ḥijr</i> ('Companions of the <a href="/wiki/Mada%27in_Saleh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mada'in Saleh">Stoneland</a>')</li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Ahl al-Bayt</i><br /> ('People of the<br /> Household')</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Household of Abraham
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob#Children_of_Jacob" title="Jacob">Brothers of Yūsuf</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lot%27s_daughters" title="Lot's daughters">Lot's daughters</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joachim#In_Islam" title="Joachim">Progeny of Imran</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Household of Moses</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Household of Muhammad</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Hashim" title="Banu Hashim">ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Khadijah%27s_daughters" class="mw-redirect" title="Genealogy of Khadijah's daughters">Daughters of Muhammad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_wives" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad's wives">Muhammad's wives</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Household of Salih</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implicitly<br />mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amalek" title="Amalek">Amalek</a></li>
<li><i>Ahl as-Suffa</i> (People of the Verandah)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Nadir" title="Banu Nadir">Banu Nadir</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Qaynuqa" title="Banu Qaynuqa">Banu Qaynuqa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Qurayza" title="Banu Qurayza">Banu Qurayza</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian people</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Dynasty</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Aws" title="Banu Aws">Aus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Khazraj" title="Banu Khazraj">Khazraj</a></li>
<li>People of <a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Quba</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br /> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Ahl al-Dhimmah</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kāfirūn</a></i>
<ul><li>disbelievers</li></ul></li>
<li><i>Majūs</i> <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrians</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Munafiq" title="Munafiq">Munāfiqūn</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hypocrisy" title="Hypocrisy">Hypocrites</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>
<ul><li>Believers</li></ul></li>
<li><i>Ahl al-Kitāb</i> (<a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Book" title="People of the Book">People of the Book</a>)
<ul><li><i>Naṣārā</i> (<a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>(s) or People of the Injil)
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Ruhban (Christian monks)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Priest#Christianity" title="Priest">Qissis (Christian priest)</a></li></ul></li>
<li><i>Yahūd</i> (<a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>)
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakham" title="Hakham">Ahbār (Jewish scholars)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbani/Rabbi</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sabians#Islamic_reference" title="Sabians">Sabians</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheists</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia#Mecca" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Meccan polytheists</a> at the time of Muhammad</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian polytheists</a> at the time of Abraham and Lot</li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Locations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Locations</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Al-Arḍ Al-Muqaddasah</a></i> ('The Holy Land')
<ul><li>'Blessed' Land'</li></ul></li>
<li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Jannah" title="Jannah">Jannah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">Paradise</a>, literally 'The Garden')</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Jahannam" title="Jahannam">Jahannam</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Huta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bab Huta">Door of Hittah</a></li>
<li><i>Madyan</i> (<a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midian</a>)</li>
<li><i>Majmaʿ al-Baḥrayn</i></li>
<li><i>Miṣr</i> (Mainland <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</li>
<li>Salsabīl (A river in Paradise)</li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the<br /> <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> <br />(excluding Madyan)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)#Historical_context" title="Hud (prophet)">Al-Aḥqāf</a></i> ('The Sandy Plains,' or 'the Wind-curved Sand-hills')
<ul><li><i>Iram dhāt al-ʿImād</i> (<a href="/wiki/Iram_of_the_Pillars" title="Iram of the Pillars">Iram of the Pillars</a>)</li></ul></li>
<li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Madīnah</a></i> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Medina#Pre-Islamic_times" title="Medina">Yathrib</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Arafat" title="Mount Arafat">ʿArafāt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muzdalifah#The_Sacred_Monument" title="Muzdalifah">Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mada%27in_Saleh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mada'in Saleh">Al-Ḥijr</a></i> (Hegra)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Badr,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Badr, Saudi Arabia">Badr</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hunayn,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Hunayn, Saudi Arabia">Ḥunayn</a></li>
<li><i>Makkah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>)
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakkah" title="Bakkah">Bakkah</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Haram_(site)" title="Haram (site)">Ḥaraman</a> Āminan</i> ('Sanctuary (which is) Secure')</li>
<li><i>Kaʿbah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a>)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Maqam_Ibrahim" title="Maqam Ibrahim">Maqām Ibrāhīm</a></i> (Station of Abraham)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Safa_and_Marwa" title="Safa and Marwa">Safa and Marwa</a></li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">Sabaʾ</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sheba" title="Sheba">Sheba</a>)
<ul><li><i>ʿArim Sabaʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Marib_Dam" title="Marib Dam">Dam of Sheba</a>)</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ar_Rass" title="Ar Rass">Rass</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai Peninsula in Islam">Sinai Region</a><br /> or Tīh Desert</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">Wād</a> Al-Muqaddas Ṭuwan</i> (The Holy <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Tuwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley of Tuwa">Valley of Tuwa</a>)
<ul><li><i>Al-Wādil-Ayman</i> (The valley on the 'righthand' side of the Valley of Tuwa and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a>)
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Buq%E2%80%98ah_Al-Mub%C4%81rakah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Buq‘ah Al-Mubārakah">Al-Buqʿah Al-Mubārakah</a></i> ('The Blessed Place')</li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tabor" title="Mount Tabor">Mount Tabor</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Judi" title="Mount Judi">Al-Jūdiyy</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Munzal_Al-Mub%C4%81rak" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Munzal Al-Mubārak">Munzalanm-Mubārakan</a></i> ('Place-of-Landing Blessed')</li></ul></li>
<li><i>Bābil</i> (<a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>)</li>
<li><i>Qaryat Yūnus</i> ('Township of <a href="/wiki/Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah in Islam">Jonah</a>,' that is <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br /> locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Bayʿa</a></i> (Church)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Miḥrāb</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">Monastery</a></li>
<li><i>Masjid</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a>, literally 'Place of <a href="/wiki/Sujud" title="Sujud">Prostration</a>')
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Mash%27ar_Al-Haram" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mash'ar Al-Haram">Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām</a></i> ('The Sacred Grove')</li>
<li><i>Al-Masjid Al-Aqṣā</i> (<a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Al-Aqsa Mosque</a>, literally 'The Farthest Place-of-Prostration')</li>
<li><i>Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām</i> (The <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Mecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mosque of Mecca">Sacred Mosque</a> of Mecca)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_Masjid_al-Dirar" title="Demolition of Masjid al-Dirar">Masjid al-Dirar</a></li>
<li>A Mosque in the area of Medina, possibly:
<ul><li><i>Masjid Qubāʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Quba Mosque</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">The Prophet's Mosque</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Salat (Synagogue)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Arabia
<ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Ḥijāz</a></i> (literally 'The Barrier')
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Stone" title="Black Stone"><i>Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad</i></a> (Black Stone) & <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Hijr_of_Ishmael" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hijr of Ishmael">Al-Hijr of Isma'il</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Hira" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave of Hira">Cave of Hira</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Thawr#Cave" title="Jabal Thawr"><i>Ghār ath-Thawr</i></a> (Cave of the Bull)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Hudaybiyyah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27if" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'if">Ta'if</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ayla_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayla (city)">Ayla</a></li>
<li>Barrier of Dhul-Qarnayn</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-Muqaddas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayt al-Muqaddas">Bayt al-Muqaddas</a> & <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">'Ariha</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_in_the_Quran" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamia in the Quran">Bilād ar-Rāfidayn</a></i> (Mesopotamia)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Location_of_the_cave_and_duration_of_stay" title="Seven Sleepers">Cave of Seven Sleepers</a></li>
<li><i>Dār an-Nadwa</i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> River</li>
<li>Palestine River</li>
<li>Paradise of <a href="/wiki/Shaddad" title="Shaddad">Shaddad</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Events,_incidents,_occasions_or_times" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Events, incidents, occasions or times</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Incident of Ifk</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Qadr" class="mw-redirect" title="Laylat al-Qadr">Laylat al-Qadr</a></i> (Night of Decree)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Event_of_Mubahala" class="mw-redirect" title="Event of Mubahala">Event of Mubahala</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Sayl_al-%27Arim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayl al-'Arim">Sayl al-ʿArim</a></i> (Flood of the Great Dam of <a href="/wiki/Ma%27rib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'rib">Ma'rib</a> in Sheba)</li>
<li>The <a href="/wiki/Farewell_Pilgrimage" title="Farewell Pilgrimage">Farewell Pilgrimage</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Treaty of Hudaybiyyah</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles or<br />military expeditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench" title="Battle of the Trench">Battle of <i>al-Aḥzāb</i></a> ('the Confederates')</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badr" title="Battle of Badr">Battle of Badr</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hunayn" title="Battle of Hunayn">Battle of Hunayn</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">Battle of Khaybar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud" title="Battle of Uhud">Battle of Uhud</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Tabuk" title="Expedition of Tabuk">Expedition of Tabuk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Mecca" title="Conquest of Mecca">Conquest of Mecca</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Jumu%27ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumu'ah">Jumuʿah</a></i> (The Friday)</li>
<li><i>As-<a href="/wiki/Sabbath#Islam" title="Sabbath">Sabt</a></i> (The Sabbath or Saturday)</li>
<li>Days of battles</li>
<li>Days of Hajj</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Doomsday</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Months of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>12 months: Four holy months
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Hijjah" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhu al-Hijjah">Ash-Shahr Al-Ḥarām</a> (The Sacred or Forbidden Month)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramaḍān</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pilgrimages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Ḥajj</a></i> (literally 'The Pilgrimage', the Greater Pilgrimage)</li>
<li><i>Al-ʿ<a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">Umrah</a></i> (The Lesser Pilgrimage)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Times for prayer<br />or remembrance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Times for <i><a href="/wiki/Dua" title="Dua">Duʿāʾ</a></i> ('<a href="/wiki/Invocation" title="Invocation">Invocation</a>'), <i><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Ṣalāh</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a></i> ('Remembrance', including <i><a href="/wiki/Alhamdulillah" title="Alhamdulillah">Taḥmīd</a></i> ('Praising'), <i><a href="/wiki/Takbir" title="Takbir">Takbīr</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tasbih" title="Tasbih">Tasbīḥ</a></i>):
<ul><li><i>Al-ʿAshiyy</i> (The Afternoon or the Night)</li>
<li><i>Al-Ghuduww</i> ('The Mornings')
<ul><li><i>Al-Bukrah</i> ('The Morning')</li>
<li><i>Aṣ-Ṣabāḥ</i> ('The Morning')</li></ul></li>
<li><i>Al-Layl</i> ('The Night')
<ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Isha_prayer" title="Isha prayer">ʿIshāʾ</a></i> ('The Late-Night')</li></ul></li>
<li><i>Aẓ-<a href="/wiki/Zuhr_prayer" title="Zuhr prayer">Ẓuhr</a></i> ('The Noon')</li>
<li><i>Dulūk ash-Shams</i> ('Decline of the Sun')
<ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Maghrib_prayer" title="Maghrib prayer">Masāʾ</a></i> ('The Evening')</li>
<li><i>Qabl al-<a href="/wiki/Maghrib_prayer" title="Maghrib prayer">Ghurūb</a></i> ('Before the Setting (of the Sun)')
<ul><li><i>Al-Aṣīl</i> ('The Afternoon')</li>
<li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Asr_prayer" title="Asr prayer">ʿAṣr</a></i> ('The Afternoon')</li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><i>Qabl ṭulūʿ ash-Shams</i> ('Before the rising of the Sun')
<ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Fajr_prayer" title="Fajr prayer">Fajr</a></i> ('The Dawn')</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<li><a href="/wiki/Ghadir_Khumm" title="Ghadir Khumm">Ghadir Khumm</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Mabit" class="mw-redirect" title="Laylat al-Mabit">Laylat al-Mabit</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_first_pilgrimage" title="The first pilgrimage">The first pilgrimage</a></li>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Gospel_in_Islam" title="Gospel in Islam">Injīl</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> of Jesus)</li>
<li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qurʾān</a></i> (The Book of Muhammad)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Scrolls_of_Abraham" title="Scrolls of Abraham">Ṣuḥuf-i Ibrāhīm</a></i> (Scroll(s) of Abraham)</li>
<li><i>At-<a href="/wiki/Torah_in_Islam" title="Torah in Islam">Tawrāt</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>)
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Scrolls_of_Moses" title="Scrolls of Moses">Ṣuḥuf-i-Mūsā</a></i> (Scroll(s) of Moses)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tablets_of_Stone" title="Tablets of Stone">Tablets of Stone</a></li></ul></li>
<li><i>Az-<a href="/wiki/Zabur" title="Zabur">Zabūr</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> of David)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Quran" title="Heavenly Quran">Umm al-Kitāb</a></i> ('Mother of the Book(s)')</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects <br />of people<br />or beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Heavenly food of Jesus' apostles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Staff_of_Moses" title="Staff of Moses">Staff of Musa</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant#Quran" title="Ark of the Covenant">Tābūt as-Sakīnah</a></i> (Casket of Shekhinah)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba#Qur'anic_account" title="Queen of Sheba">Throne of Bilqis</a></li>
<li>Trumpet of Israfil</li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mentioned_idols(cult_images)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned idols<br />(cult images)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>'Ansāb</li>
<li><i>Jibt</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Taghut" title="Taghut">Ṭāghūt</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/False_god" title="False god">False god</a>)</li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Israelites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baal#In_Islam" title="Baal">Baʿal</a></li>
<li>The <i>ʿijl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Golden_calf" title="Golden calf">golden calf</a> statue) of Israelites</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Noah's people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasr_(deity)" title="Nasr (deity)">Nasr</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Suwa%27" title="Suwa'">Suwāʿ</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wadd" title="Wadd">Wadd</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yagh%C5%ABth" title="Yaghūth">Yaghūth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27uq" title="Ya'uq">Yaʿūq</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Quraysh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Lat" title="Al-Lat">Al-Lāt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uzza" title="Al-Uzza">Al-ʿUzzā</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Manat_(goddess)" title="Manat (goddess)">Manāt</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celestial<br /> bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Maṣābīḥ</i> (literally 'lamps'):
<ul><li><i>Al-Qamar</i> (The Moon)</li>
<li><i>Kawākib</i> (Planets)
<ul><li><i>Al-Arḍ</i> (The Earth)</li></ul></li>
<li><i>Nujūm</i> (Stars)
<ul><li><i>Ash-Shams</i> (The Sun)</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plant matter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<li><i>Baṣal</i> (Onion)</li>
<li><i>Fūm</i> (Garlic or wheat)</li>
<li><i>Shaṭʾ</i> (Shoot)</li>
<li><i>Sūq</i> (Plant stem)</li>
<li><i>Zarʿ</i> (Seed)</li>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fruits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i>ʿAdas</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">Lentil</a>)</li>
<li><i>Baql</i> (Herb)</li>
<li><i>Qith-thāʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cucumber" title="Cucumber">Cucumber</a>)</li>
<li><i>Rummān</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">Pomegranate</a>)</li>
<li><i>Tīn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Fig" title="Fig">Fig</a>)</li>
<li><i>Zaytūn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">Olive</a>)</li>
<li>In Paradise
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit#Islamic_tradition" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden fruit of Adam</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bushes, trees<br />or plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Plants of Sheba
<ul><li><i>Athl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tamarix" title="Tamarix">Tamarisk</a>)</li>
<li><i>Sidr</i> (<a href="/wiki/Celtis_australis" title="Celtis australis">Lote-tree</a>)</li></ul></li>
<li><i>Līnah</i> (Tender <a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">Palm tree</a>)</li>
<li><i>Nakhl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">Date palm</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sidrat_al-Muntaha" title="Sidrat al-Muntaha">Sidrat al-Muntahā</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zaqqum" title="Zaqqum">Zaqqūm</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Liquids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i>Māʾ</i> (Water or fluid)
<ul><li><i>Nahr</i> (River)</li>
<li><i>Yamm</i> (River or sea)</li></ul></li>
<li><i>Sharāb</i> (Drink)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Note:</b> Names are sorted alphabetically. Standard form: Islamic name / Biblical name (title or relationship)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Book_of_Daniel" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Book_of_Daniel" title="Template:Book of Daniel"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Book_of_Daniel" title="Template talk:Book of Daniel"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Book_of_Daniel&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Book_of_Daniel" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">chapters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_1" title="Daniel 1">Daniel 1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_2" title="Daniel 2">2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 3">3</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_4" title="Daniel 4">4</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 5">5</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 6">6</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_7" title="Daniel 7">7</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_8" title="Daniel 8">8</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_9" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 9">9</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 10">10</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_11" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 11">11</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_12" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 12">12</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Azariah_and_Song_of_the_Three_Holy_Children" title="Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children">Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_(Book_of_Daniel)" title="Susanna (Book of Daniel)">Susanna and the Elders</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bel_and_the_Dragon" title="Bel and the Dragon">Bel and the Dragon</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belshazzar" title="Belshazzar">Belshazzar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)" title="Daniel (biblical figure)">Daniel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Mede" title="Darius the Mede">Darius the Mede</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jehoiakim" title="Jehoiakim">Jehoiakim</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Michael</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shadrach,_Meshach,_and_Abednego" title="Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego">Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abomination_of_desolation" title="Abomination of desolation">Abomination of desolation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_of_Days" title="Ancient of Days">Ancient of Days</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Belshazzar%27s_feast" title="Belshazzar's feast">Belshazzar's feast</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Four_kingdoms_of_Daniel" title="Four kingdoms of Daniel">Four kingdoms</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_in_the_lions%27_den" title="Daniel in the lions' den">Lion's den</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy_of_Seventy_Weeks" title="Prophecy of Seventy Weeks">Prophecy of Seventy Weeks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_spirit" title="Territorial spirit">Territorial spirit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Watcher_(angel)" title="Watcher (angel)">Watcher (angel)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Christian interpretations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Historicist_interpretations_of_the_Book_of_Daniel" title="Historicist interpretations of the Book of Daniel">Historicist interpretations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)">Idealism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_967" title="Papyrus 967">Papyrus 967</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_62" title="Papyrus 62">Papyrus 62</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Chisianus_45" title="Codex Chisianus 45">Codex Chisianus 45</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/he:%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93" class="extiw" title="wikisource:he:דניאל ניקוד">Hebrew Bible</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%94%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%AE%CE%BB" class="extiw" title="wikisource:el:Δανιήλ">Septuagint</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Biblia_Sacra_Vulgata_(Stuttgartensia)/Daniel" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Biblia Sacra Vulgata (Stuttgartensia)/Daniel">Latin Vulgate</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/Daniel" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (Wycliffe)/Daniel">Wycliffe Version</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Daniel" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/Daniel">King James Version</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Daniel" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Daniel">American Standard Version</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/Daniel" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (World English)/Daniel">World English Version</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><table style="width:100%; margin:1px; display:inline-table;"><tbody><tr>
<td style="text-align:left; vertical-align:middle; padding:0 0.5em 0 0;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Book of Ezekiel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ezekiel_48" title="Ezekiel 48">chapter 48</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Christian_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Bible">Christian Bibles</a><br />    <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a> (<a href="/wiki/Esther_10" title="Esther 10">chapter 10</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a></td>
<td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 1px;" class=""><div class="hlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/32px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/48px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/64px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible portal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="image"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/24px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/36px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/48px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></li></ul></div></td>
<td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 0 0 0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Book of Hosea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hosea_1" title="Hosea 1">chapter 1</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Christian_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Bible">Christian Bibles</a>     <br /><a href="/wiki/Ezra%E2%80%93Nehemiah" title="Ezra–Nehemiah">Ezra–Nehemiah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ezra_1" title="Ezra 1">chapter 1</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> →</td>
</tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Book_of_Revelation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Book_of_Revelation" title="Template:Book of Revelation"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Book_of_Revelation" title="Template talk:Book of Revelation"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Book_of_Revelation&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Book_of_Revelation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">chapters</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_1" title="Revelation 1">Revelation 1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_2" title="Revelation 2">2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_3" title="Revelation 3">3</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_4" title="Revelation 4">4</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_5" title="Revelation 5">5</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_6" title="Revelation 6">6</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_7" title="Revelation 7">7</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_8" title="Revelation 8">8</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_9" title="Revelation 9">9</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_10" title="Revelation 10">10</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_11" title="Revelation 11">11</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_12" title="Revelation 12">12</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_13" title="Revelation 13">13</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_14" title="Revelation 14">14</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_15" title="Revelation 15">15</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_16" title="Revelation 16">16</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_17" title="Revelation 17">17</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_18" title="Revelation 18">18</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_19" title="Revelation 19">19</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_20" title="Revelation 20">20</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_21" title="Revelation 21">21</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_22" title="Revelation 22">22</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Laodicea_on_the_Lycus" title="Laodicea on the Lycus">Laodicea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Patmos" title="Patmos">Patmos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamum</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ala%C5%9Fehir" title="Alaşehir">Philadelphia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodom</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thyatira" title="Thyatira">Thyatira</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asher" title="Asher">Asher</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Balak" title="Balak">Balak</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Balaam" title="Balaam">Balaam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin" title="Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gad_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Gad (son of Jacob)">Gad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Issachar" title="Issachar">Issachar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jezebel" title="Jezebel">Jezebel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Judah_(biblical_person)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judah (biblical person)">Judah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Levi" title="Levi">Levi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Manasseh_(tribal_patriarch)" title="Manasseh (tribal patriarch)">Manasseh</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Michael</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Naphtali" title="Naphtali">Naphtali</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reuben_(biblical_person)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuben (biblical person)">Reuben</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Hebrew_Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Simeon (Hebrew Bible)">Simeon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zebulun" title="Zebulun">Zebulun</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Events_of_Revelation" title="Events of Revelation">Events</a>/<br />Terms/ Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaddon" title="Abaddon">Abaddon/Apollyon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_and_Omega" title="Alpha and Omega">Alpha and Omega</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">Beast</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Life" title="Book of Life">Book of Life</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tetramorph" title="Tetramorph">Four Living Creatures</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lake_of_Fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake of Fire">Lake of Fire</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">Number of the Beast</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seven_bowls" title="Seven bowls">Seven bowls</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seven_churches_of_Asia" title="Seven churches of Asia">Seven churches of Asia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seven_seals" title="Seven seals">Seven seals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seven_trumpets" title="Seven trumpets">Seven trumpets</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John%27s_vision_of_the_Son_of_Man" title="John's vision of the Son of Man">Son of Man</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Three_Angels%27_Messages" title="Three Angels' Messages">Three Angels' Messages</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Woman_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Woman of the Apocalypse">Woman of the Apocalypse</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wormwood_(Bible)" title="Wormwood (Bible)">Wormwood</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Johannine_works" title="Authorship of the Johannine works">Authorship</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Patmos" title="John of Patmos">John of Patmos</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Book_of_Revelation" title="Textual variants in the Book of Revelation">Textual variants</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%88%CE%B9%CF%82_%CE%99%CF%89%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85" class="extiw" title="wikisource:el:Αποκάλυψις Ιωάννου">Greek Text</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Biblia_Sacra_Vulgata_(Stuttgartensia)/Apocalypsis" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Biblia Sacra Vulgata (Stuttgartensia)/Apocalypsis">Latin Vulgate</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/Apocalips" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (Wycliffe)/Apocalips">Wycliffe Version</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Revelation" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/Revelation">King James Version</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Revelation" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Revelation">American Standard Version</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/Revelation" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (World English)/Revelation">World English Version</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><table style="width:100%; margin:1px; display:inline-table;"><tbody><tr>
<td style="text-align:left; vertical-align:middle; padding:0 0.5em 0 0;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Epistle of Jude</a></td>
<td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 1px;" class=""><div class="hlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/32px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/48px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/64px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible portal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="image"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul></div></td>
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<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Private_revelation_in_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Private_revelation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:Private revelation in the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template" style="background-color:gold;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Private_revelation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:Private revelation in the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="background-color:gold;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Private_revelation_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="background-color:gold;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Private_revelation_in_the_Catholic_Church" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Private_revelation" title="Private revelation">Private revelation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_revelation" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrine of revelation">Revelations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apparitional_experience" title="Apparitional experience">Apparitional experience</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Locution_(paranormal)" title="Locution (paranormal)">Locution</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interior_locution" title="Interior locution">interior</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Marian apparition</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_ecstasy" title="Religious ecstasy">Religious ecstasy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vision_(spirituality)" title="Vision (spirituality)">Vision (spirituality)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Visions_of_Jesus_and_Mary" title="Visions of Jesus and Mary">Visions of Jesus and Mary</a></li></ul>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilocation" title="Bilocation">Bilocation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_gift" title="Spiritual gift">Charism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gift_of_miracles" title="Gift of miracles">Gift of miracles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gifts_of_healing" title="Gifts of healing">Gifts of healing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Glossolalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossolalia">Glossolalia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Interpretation_of_tongues" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpretation of tongues">Interpretation of tongues</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Word_of_Knowledge" title="Word of Knowledge">Word of Knowledge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Word_of_wisdom" title="Word of wisdom">Word of wisdom</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_miracle" title="Eucharistic miracle">Eucharistic miracle</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miracle_of_Lanciano" title="Miracle of Lanciano">Miracle of Lanciano</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Levitation_(paranormal)#Christianity" title="Levitation (paranormal)">Levitation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lourdes_water" title="Lourdes water">Lourdes water</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Miracle_of_the_Sun" title="Miracle of the Sun">Miracle of the Sun</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Odour_of_sanctity" title="Odour of sanctity">Odour of sanctity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stigmata" title="Stigmata">Stigmata</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tabor_Light" title="Tabor Light">Tabor Light</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thaumaturgy" title="Thaumaturgy">Thaumaturgy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Weeping_statue" title="Weeping statue">Weeping statue</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Discernment_(Christianity)" title="Discernment (Christianity)">Discernment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decree_(canon_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Decree (canon law)">Documents</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Code of canon law</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Haurietis_aquas" title="Haurietis aquas">Haurietis aquas</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Normae_Congregationis" title="Normae Congregationis">Normae Congregationis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Tribus_circiter" title="Tribus circiter">Tribus circiter</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Magisterium" title="Magisterium">Magisterium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_Faith" title="Rule of Faith">Rule of Faith</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Sensus_fidelium" title="Sensus fidelium">Sensus fidei</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bridal_theology" title="Bridal theology">Bridal theology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mystical_theology" title="Mystical theology">Mystical theology</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_reparation" title="Acts of reparation">Acts of reparation</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Thursdays_Devotion" title="First Thursdays Devotion">First Thursdays Devotion</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Immaculate Heart of Mary">Immaculate Heart of Mary</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consecration_and_entrustment_to_Mary" title="Consecration and entrustment to Mary">Consecration</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/First_Saturdays_Devotion" title="First Saturdays Devotion">First Saturdays Devotion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Miraculous_Medal" title="Miraculous Medal">Miraculous Medal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Sorrows" title="Our Lady of Sorrows">Seven Dolors</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">Rosary</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Martha_Chambon" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Martha Chambon">Rosary of the Holy Wounds</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart" title="Sacred Heart">Sacred Heart</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Fridays_Devotion" title="First Fridays Devotion">First Fridays Devotion</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Mercy_(Faustina_Kowalska)" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Mercy (Faustina Kowalska)">Divine Mercy</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaplet_of_the_Divine_Mercy" title="Chaplet of the Divine Mercy">Chaplet of the Divine Mercy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Mercy_novena" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Mercy novena">Divine Mercy novena</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_adoration" title="Eucharistic adoration">Eucharistic adoration</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Hour" title="Holy Hour">Holy Hour</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saint Michael</a> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Saint Michael in the Catholic Church"> in the Catholic Church</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaplet_of_Saint_Michael" title="Chaplet of Saint Michael">Chaplet of Saint Michael</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_to_Saint_Michael" title="Prayer to Saint Michael">Prayer to Saint Michael</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Devotional_scapular" class="mw-redirect" title="Devotional scapular">Scapular</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_shrines" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian shrines">Shrines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_church_buildings" title="Catholic Marian church buildings">Marian shrines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe">Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral-Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Pillar" title="Cathedral-Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar">Cathedral-Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Miraculous_Medal" title="Chapel of Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal">Chapel of Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Knock_Shrine" title="Knock Shrine">Knock Shrine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Sanctuary of Fátima">Sanctuary of Our Lady of Fátima</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes">Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_Good_Help" title="National Shrine of Our Lady of Good Help">Shrine of Our Lady of Good Help</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Our_Lady_of_Graces_of_Onuva" title="Sanctuary of Our Lady of Graces of Onuva">Sanctuary of Our Lady of Graces of Onuva</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Hens" title="Shrine of Our Lady of the Hens">Shrine of Our Lady of the Hens</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_the_Virgin_of_the_Rosary_of_Pompei" title="Shrine of the Virgin of the Rosary of Pompei">Shrine of the Virgin of the Rosary of Pompei</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary_of_San_Nicol%C3%A1s" title="Our Lady of the Rosary of San Nicolás">Sanctuary of Our Lady of the Rosary of San Nicolás</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Mercy_Sanctuary,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Divine Mercy Sanctuary, Kraków">Sanctuary of the Divine Mercy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christ_the_King_(Almada)" title="Christ the King (Almada)">Sanctuary of Christ the King</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus_(Ermesinde)" title="Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus (Ermesinde)">Shrine of the Sacred Heart of Jesus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Monte_Sant%27Angelo" title="Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo">Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="image"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="noviewer thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul>
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<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Coptic_saints" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Coptic_saints" title="Template:Coptic saints"><abbr title="View this template" style="background-color: gold;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Coptic_saints" title="Template talk:Coptic saints"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="background-color: gold;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Coptic_saints&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="background-color: gold;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Coptic_saints" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Coptic_saints" title="List of Coptic saints">Coptic saints</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Coptic_cross.svg" class="image" title="Coptic cross"><img alt="Coptic cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Coptic_cross.svg/100px-Coptic_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Coptic_cross.svg/150px-Coptic_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Coptic_cross.svg/200px-Coptic_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="606" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hosea" title="Hosea">Hosea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Amos_(prophet)" title="Amos (prophet)">Amos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Micah_(prophet)" title="Micah (prophet)">Micah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joel_(prophet)" title="Joel (prophet)">Joel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah" title="Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nahum" title="Nahum">Nahum</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Habakkuk" title="Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zephaniah" title="Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Haggai" title="Haggai">Haggai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(Hebrew_prophet)" title="Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)">Zechariah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Malachi" title="Malachi">Malachi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_ben_Neriah" title="Baruch ben Neriah">Baruch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)" title="Daniel (biblical figure)">Daniel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, Our Lady of</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Assiut" title="Our Lady of Assiut">Assiut</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Warraq" title="Our Lady of Warraq">Warraq</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Zeitoun" title="Our Lady of Zeitoun">Zeitoun</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Seven_Archangels" title="Seven Archangels">Seven Archangels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Michael</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sariel" title="Sariel">Suriel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zadkiel" title="Zadkiel">Zedekiel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sarathiel" title="Sarathiel">Sarathiel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ananiel" title="Ananiel">Ananiel</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James, son of Alphaeus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James, son of Zebedee</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Jude</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Matthias" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Matthias">Matthias</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(biblical_figure)" title="Phoebe (biblical figure)">Phoebe the Deaconess</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philemon_(biblical_figure)" title="Philemon (biblical figure)">Philemon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla and Aquila</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silvanus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyrs" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian martyrs">Martyrs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_kidnapping_and_beheading_of_Copts_in_Libya" title="2015 kidnapping and beheading of Copts in Libya">21 Coptic Martyrs of Libya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C4%81m%C5%ABn_of_Tarn%C5%ABt" title="Abāmūn of Tarnūt">Abāmūn</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C4%81m%C5%ABn_of_Tukh" title="Abāmūn of Tukh">Abāmūn</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abanoub" title="Abanoub">Abanoub</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abaskhiron_the_Soldier" title="Abaskhiron the Soldier">Abaskhiron</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2011_Alexandria_bombing" title="2011 Alexandria bombing">Alexandrian Martyrs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Arianus" title="Saint Arianus">Arianus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Apollonia" title="Saint Apollonia">Apollonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barbara" title="Saint Barbara">Barbara</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bashnouna" title="Bashnouna">Bashnouna</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Basilides_and_Potamiana" title="Basilides and Potamiana">Basilides and Potamiana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Alexandria" title="Catherine of Alexandria">Catherine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chrysanthus_and_Daria" title="Chrysanthus and Daria">Chrysanthus and Daria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chiaffredo" title="Chiaffredo">Chiaffredo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Colluthus" title="Saint Colluthus">Colluthus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cosmas_and_Damian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmas and Damian">Cosmas and Damian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian_and_Justina" title="Cyprian and Justina">Cyprian and Justina</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_and_John" title="Cyrus and John">Cyrus and John</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dasya" title="Dasya">Dasya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Demiana" title="Demiana">Demiana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_of_Alexandria" title="Dorothea of Alexandria">Dorothea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Elias_and_companions" title="Elias and companions">Elias and companions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Epimachus_of_Pelusium" title="Epimachus of Pelusium">Epimachus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Faustus,_Abibus_and_Dionysius_of_Alexandria" title="Faustus, Abibus and Dionysius of Alexandria">Faustus, Abibus and Dionysius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Felix_and_Regula" title="Felix and Regula">Felix and Regula</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Abdel_El-Metgaly" title="Gabriel Abdel El-Metgaly">Gabriel Abdel El-Metgaly</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Gallicanus" title="Saint Gallicanus">Gallicanus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">George</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anba_George" title="Anba George">George Bishop of Assiut</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_El_Mozahem" title="George El Mozahem">George El Mozahem</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gereon" title="Gereon">Gereon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hor,_Besoy,_and_Daydara" title="Hor, Besoy, and Daydara">Hor, Besoy, and Daydara</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2011_Imbaba_church_attacks" title="2011 Imbaba church attacks">Imbaba Martyrs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_of_Dafra" title="Isaac of Dafra">Isaac of Dafra</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Senhout" title="John of Senhout">John of Senhout</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kosheh_massacres" title="Kosheh massacres">Kosheh martyrs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Master_Malati" title="Master Malati">Malati</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_the_Virgin" title="Margaret the Virgin">Marina the Martyr</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maspero_demonstrations" title="Maspero demonstrations">Maspero Martyrs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Maurice" title="Saint Maurice">Maurice</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Memnon" title="Saint Memnon">Memnon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Menas" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Menas">Menas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mohrael" title="Mohrael">Mohrael</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Moura" title="Saint Moura">Moura</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_massacre" title="Nag Hammadi massacre">Nag Hammadi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Otimus" title="Otimus">Otimus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philomena" title="Philomena">Philomena</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Philotheos" title="Saint Philotheos">Philotheos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Rais" title="Saint Rais">Rais</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_the_Martyr" title="Sarah the Martyr">Sarah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sidhom_Bishay" title="Sidhom Bishay">Sidhom Bishay</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theban_Legion" title="Theban Legion">Theban Legion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thecla" title="Thecla">Thecla</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Theoclia" title="Saint Theoclia">Theoclia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_and_Didymus" title="Theodora and Didymus">Theodora and Didymus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Stratelates" title="Theodore Stratelates">Theodore Stratelates</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Varus" title="Saint Varus">Varus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Febronia_of_Syria" title="Febronia of Syria">Veronica</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wadamoun" title="Wadamoun">Wadamoun</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wanas" title="Wanas">Wanas</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pope_of_the_Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Popes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anianus_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Anianus of Alexandria">Anianus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Avilius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Avilius of Alexandria">Avilius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Kedron_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Kedron of Alexandria">Kedron</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Justus_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Justus of Alexandria">Justus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eumenes_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Eumenes of Alexandria">Eumenes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Markianos_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Markianos of Alexandria">Markianos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celadion_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Celadion of Alexandria">Celadion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agrippinus_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Agrippinus of Alexandria">Agrippinus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julian_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Julian of Alexandria">Julian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Demetrius_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Demetrius I of Alexandria">Demetrius I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Heraclas_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Heraclas of Alexandria">Heraclas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dionysius of Alexandria">Dionysius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theonas_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Theonas of Alexandria">Theonas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_I" title="Pope Felix I">Felix of Rome</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Peter_I_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Peter I of Alexandria">Peter I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Alexander I of Alexandria">Alexander I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Peter_II_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Peter II of Alexandria">Peter II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Timothy_I_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Timothy I of Alexandria">Timothy I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_I_of_Alexandria" title="Theophilus I of Alexandria">Theophilus I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dioscorus_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dioscorus I of Alexandria">Dioscorus I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Timothy_II_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Timothy II of Alexandria">Timothy II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Peter_III_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Peter III of Alexandria">Peter III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dioscorus_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dioscorus II of Alexandria">Dioscorus II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_IV_of_Alexandria" title="Timothy IV of Alexandria">Timothy III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodosius_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Theodosius I of Alexandria">Theodosius I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Peter_IV_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Peter IV of Alexandria">Peter IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damian_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Damian of Alexandria">Damian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Anastasius of Alexandria">Anastasius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Andronicus_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Andronicus of Alexandria">Andronicus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benjamin_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Benjamin I of Alexandria">Benjamin I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agatho_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Agatho of Alexandria">Agathon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simeon_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Simeon I of Alexandria">Simeon I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Alexander II of Alexandria">Alexander II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodoros_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Theodoros I of Alexandria">Theodore I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Michael_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Michael I of Alexandria">Michael I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_IV_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John IV of Alexandria">John IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Mark II of Alexandria">Mark II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Jacob_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Jacob of Alexandria">James</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simeon_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Simeon II of Alexandria">Simeon II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Joseph_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Joseph I of Alexandria">Joseph I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Michael_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Michael II of Alexandria">Michael II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cosmas_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cosmas II of Alexandria">Cosmas II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Michael_III_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Michael III of Alexandria">Michael III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gabriel_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Gabriel I of Alexandria">Gabriel I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cosmas_III_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cosmas III of Alexandria">Cosmas III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Abraham_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Abraham of Alexandria">Abraham</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zacharias_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Zacharias of Alexandria">Zacharias</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cyril_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cyril II of Alexandria">Cyril II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Macarius_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Macarius II of Alexandria">Macarius II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Matthew_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Matthew I of Alexandria">Matthew I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gabriel_VII_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Gabriel VII of Alexandria">Gabriel VII</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIV_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John XIV of Alexandria">John XIV</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cyril_V_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cyril V of Alexandria">Cyril V</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Macarius_III_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Macarius III of Alexandria">Macarius III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cyril_VI_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria">Cyril VI</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">Bishops</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abadiu_of_Antinoe" title="Abadiu of Antinoe">Abadiu of Antinoe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abraam,_Bishop_of_Faiyum" title="Abraam, Bishop of Faiyum">Abraam of Faiyum</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Jerusalem" title="Alexander of Jerusalem">Alexander of Jerusalem</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Amun" title="Saint Amun">Amun of Scetes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius of Caesarea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Thaumaturgus" title="Gregory Thaumaturgus">Gregory of Neocaesarea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_of_Nisibis" title="Jacob of Nisibis">Jacob of Nisibis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James of Jerusalem</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Niki%C3%BB" title="John of Nikiû">John of Nikiû</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_II,_Bishop_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="John II, Bishop of Jerusalem"> John of Jerusalem</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_Karas" title="Bishop Karas">Karas of California</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Mikhail_of_Asyut" title="Metropolitan Mikhail of Asyut">Mikhaeil of Asyut</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Narcissus_of_Jerusalem" title="Narcissus of Jerusalem">Narcissus of Jerusalem</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Nicholas of Myra</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paphnutius_the_Bishop" title="Paphnutius the Bishop">Paphnutius of Scetes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paphnutius_of_Thebes" title="Paphnutius of Thebes">Paphnutius of Thebes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp of Smyrna</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_of_Gaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Porphyry of Gaza">Porphyry of Gaza</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Psote" title="Psote">Psote of Ebsay</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sacramentary_of_Serapion_of_Thmuis" title="Sacramentary of Serapion of Thmuis">Serapion of Thmuis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Severian_of_Gabala" title="Severian of Gabala">Severian of Gabala</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yousab_El_Abah" title="Yousab El Abah">Yousab el-Abah of Girga</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">nuns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdel_Messih_El-Makari" title="Abdel Messih El-Makari">Abdel Messih El-Makari</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abib_and_Apollo" title="Abib and Apollo">Abib and Apollo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_of_Farshut" title="Abraham of Farshut">Abraham of Farshut</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_of_Scetes" title="Abraham of Scetes">Abraham of Scetes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Amun" title="Saint Amun">Amun</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_the_Great" title="Anthony the Great">Anthony the Great</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Awgin" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Awgin">Awgin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bashnouna" title="Bashnouna">Bashnouna</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hilarion" title="Hilarion">Hilarion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hospitius" title="Hospitius">Hospitius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Irini" title="Mother Irini">Mother Irini</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_of_Nineveh" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaac of Nineveh">Isaac of Nineveh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Pelusium" title="Isidore of Pelusium">Isidore of Pelusium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">John Climacus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Dwarf" title="John the Dwarf">John the Dwarf</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Macarius_of_Alexandria" title="Macarius of Alexandria">Macarius of Alexandria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Macarius_of_Egypt" title="Macarius of Egypt">Macarius of Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marina_the_Monk" title="Marina the Monk">Marina the Monk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moses_the_Black" title="Moses the Black">Moses the Black</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nilus_of_Sinai" title="Nilus of Sinai">Nilus of Sinai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pachomius_the_Great" title="Pachomius the Great">Pachomius the Great</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pambo" title="Pambo">Pambo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Parsoma" title="Parsoma">Parsoma</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Patapios_of_Thebes" class="mw-redirect" title="Patapios of Thebes">Patapios</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Thebes" title="Paul of Thebes">Paul of Thebes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tammah" title="Paul of Tammah">Paul of Tammah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Simple" title="Paul the Simple">Paul the Simple</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pishoy" title="Pishoy">Pishoy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Poemen" title="Poemen">Poemen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_the_Confessor" title="Samuel the Confessor">Samuel the Confessor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sisoes_the_Great" title="Sisoes the Great">Sisoes the Great</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tekle_Haymanot" title="Tekle Haymanot">Tekle Haymanot</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theodorus_of_Tabennese" title="Theodorus of Tabennese">Theodorus of Tabennese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_of_Alexandria" title="Theodora of Alexandria">Theodora of Alexandria</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anchorite" title="Anchorite">Anchorites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Karas" title="Saint Karas">Karas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Egypt" title="Mary of Egypt">Mary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Misael_the_Anchorite" title="Misael the Anchorite">Misael</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Onuphrius" title="Onuphrius">Onuphrius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paphnutius_the_Ascetic" title="Paphnutius the Ascetic">Paphnutius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Thebes" title="Paul of Thebes">Paul</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pijimi" title="Pijimi">Pijimi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shenoute" title="Shenoute">Shenouda</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Hermit" title="Thomas the Hermit">Thomas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zosimas_of_Palestine" title="Zosimas of Palestine">Zosimas</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Other saints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_of_Alexandria" title="Ambrose of Alexandria">Ambrose</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Didymus_the_Blind" title="Didymus the Blind">Didymus the Blind</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Euphrosyne_of_Alexandria" title="Euphrosyne of Alexandria">Euphrosyne</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Habib_Girgis" title="Habib Girgis">Habib Girgis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Candidus" title="Saint Candidus">Candidus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Tanner" title="Simon the Tanner">Simon the Tanner</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Prayer_of_Azariah_and_Song_of_the_Three_Holy_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children">Three Holy Children</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saints_Maximus_and_Domatius" title="Saints Maximus and Domatius">Maximus and Domatius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Verena" class="mw-redirect" title="Verena">Verena</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color: gold"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="image"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/21px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/42px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints</a></li></ul></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45581#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45581#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45581#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" class="noprint" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/458379/">FAST</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000079950674">ISNI</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/49524228">VIAF</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n2001096929/">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15124791g">France</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15124791g">BnF data</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118733591">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007433816805171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2001096929">United States</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Michael (archanděl)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph553841&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p160767962">Netherlands</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mak.bn.org.pl/cgi-bin/KHW/makwww.exe?BM=1&NU=1&IM=4&WI=9810614445105606">Poland</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/85947">Vatican</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118733591.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/165119047">IdRef</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027435431">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1688558185' |