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Variables generated for this change
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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Duke of Burgundy from 1467 to 1477}}
{{Distinguish|Charles the Bald}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
| image = Charles the Bold 1460.jpg
| caption = Charles the Bold in about 1460, wearing the collar of the [[Order of the Golden Fleece]], painted by [[Rogier van der Weyden]]
| succession = [[Duke of Burgundy]]<!-- Only the most important title should be given in the infobox. Other titles are listed in the succession boxes at the bottom of the page. -->
| reign = 15 June 1467 – 5 January 1477
| predecessor = [[Philip the Good]]
| successor = [[Mary of Burgundy|Mary the Rich]]
| birth_date = 10 November 1433
| birth_place = [[Dijon]], [[Duchy of Burgundy|Burgundy]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1477|1|5|1433|11|21|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Nancy, France|Nancy]], [[Duchy of Lorraine|Lorraine]]
| burial_place = [[Church of Our Lady, Bruges]]
| spouses = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Catherine of Valois, Countess of Charolais|Catherine of France]]|19 May 1440|13 July 1446|end=
{{abbr|d.|died}}}}
* {{marriage|[[Isabella of Bourbon]]|30 October 1454|25 September 1465|end={{abbr|d.|died}}}}
* {{marriage|[[Margaret of York]]|3 July 1468}}}}
| issue = [[Mary of Burgundy|Mary the Rich]]
| full name = Charles Martin
| house = [[House of Valois-Burgundy|Valois-Burgundy]]
| father = [[Philip the Good]]
| mother = [[Isabella of Portugal (1397–1471)|Isabella of Portugal]]
| signature = Signatur Karl der Kühne.PNG
| religion = [[Roman Catholicism]]
}}
'''Charles Martin''' (10 November 1433 – 5 January 1477) called '''The Bold''',{{Efn|Contemporaneous historians and chroniclers gave Charles his epithet, {{transl|Fr|le Téméraire}}, after his death. The English translation, Charles the Bold, suggests that he was named after the progenitor of his family, [[Philip the Bold]]. Whereas Philip's epithet, {{transl|Fr|le Hardi}} can be translated to "bold", Charles' title in French means "foolhardy" and "reckless".{{sfn|Van Loo|2021|page=287}}}} was the last [[Duke of Burgundy]] from the [[House of Valois-Burgundy|Burgundian]] [[cadet branch]] of [[House of Valois]] from 1467 to 1477. He was the only legitimate son of [[Philip the Good]] and his third wife, [[Isabella of Portugal, Duchess of Burgundy|Isabella of Portugal]]. Appointed as the Count of [[Charolais, France|Charolais]] upon his birth, Charles vied for power and influence even before succeeding his father. He had a deep rooted rivalry with [[Louis XI]], the [[List of French monarchs|King of France]], which was the cause to many disputes and events during his life, starting with the [[War of the Public Weal]], a revolt of French vassals under the leadership of Charles.
After ascension to the [[Duchy of Burgundy]] in 1467, Charles began pursuing his ambitions: independence from France and forging a kingdom from the [[North Sea]] in the north to the borders of [[Savoy]] in the south. To this end, he took many actions and through his risky and aggressive foreign policy, became an enemy to all of his neighbouring nations. He added [[Duchy of Guelders|Guelders]] and [[Upper Alsace]] into his realm, and strengthened his rule over [[Liège|Liége]] by brutally crushing their rebellion. Charles forged many alliances, marrying [[Edward IV of England|Edward IV]]'s sister, [[Margaret of York]] for an English alliance and arranging the betrothal between his sole child, [[Mary of Burgundy|Mary]], with [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian]], the son of the [[Holy Roman Emperor]], [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick III]].
As a patron of arts, he supported the production of [[illuminated manuscript]]s and music, himself being a composer and valid musician. His court was famously seen as a centre of arts, chivalry and etiquette and would keep this reputation even after his death. He was obsessed with order and regulation and wrote many ordinances throughout his rule, dictating military matters, legislations, and diplomacy to the smallest of detail. A religious person, his patron saint was Saint George and he was asked constantly by the [[Pope]] and the [[Republic of Venice|Venetians]] to undertake a crusade against the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turks]].
Towards the end of his life, Charles became engaged in a multinational conflict called the [[Burgundian Wars|Burgundian War]] (1474–1477), during which, he tried to protect his rights over Upper Alsace and also annex lands belonging to the [[Old Swiss Confederacy|Swiss Confederacy]]. After his [[Siege of Neuss|unsuccessful siege upon Neuss]], he confronted the Swiss in the battles of [[Battle of Grandson|Grandson]] and [[Battle of Morat|Morat]], all of which ended with his defeat. At last, he was killed at the [[Battle of Nancy]] on 5 January 1477, fighting against [[René II, Duke of Lorraine|René II of Lorraine]] and his Swiss army. His death brought an end to the prestigious [[Burgundian State|Burgundian state]], and his dynasty would end a generation later when his daughter, Mary of Burgundy died and was succeeded by her son, [[Philip I of Castile|Philip of Austria]].
== Background ==
[[House of Valois-Burgundy]] was begun with [[Philip the Bold]], the fourth son of [[John II of France|John II]], [[List of French monarchs|King of France]]. Philip became the [[Duke of Burgundy]] in 1363.{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=1}} In 1369, Philip married [[Margaret III, Countess of Flanders|Margaret of Male]], the heiress of [[Louis II, Count of Flanders]], who brought with her [[dowry]] the wealthy lands of [[Flanders]], [[Rethel]], [[Antwerp]], and [[Mechelen]], along with the territories bordering on Flanders and Burgundy: the counties of [[Artois]], [[Franche-Comté]], and the county of [[Nevers]].{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=1}} Philip expanded his influence in the [[Low Countries]] further by contracting marriage alliances; he was also heavily involved in the royal court of France, especially after the death of his brother, [[Charles V of France|Charles V]], and during the troublesome reign of his successor, [[Charles VI of France|Charles VI]].{{Sfn|Brown|Small|2007|p=3}} When Philip died in 27 April 1404, his lands were divided between his three sons, [[John the Fearless|John]], [[Anthony, Duke of Brabant|Anthony]], and [[Philip II, Count of Nevers|Philip]]. John the Fearless, Philip the Bold's eldest son, inherited the Duchy of Burgundy, and less than a year later, in 1405, with the death of his mother, the major part of his maternal inheritance. Anthony became the [[Duke of Brabant]] through [[Jure uxoris|his marriage to the Duchess]], [[Jeanne of Saint-Pol]] and the youngest son, also Philip, inherited Nevers and Rethel from his mother.{{Sfn|Schnerb|2008|p=431}} The division of his father's lands reduced John's income by 14.3 percent with his [[Conscription#Medieval levies|levies]]' payment falling to one-third of their former levels. Between 1404 and 1407, his treasury virtually emptied.{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=38}} As a result, John was forced to borrow money, requesting loans from government employees, his richest subjects, his towns and from Italian bankers, such as Dino Rapondi from [[Lucca]], who backed him.{{Sfn|Schnerb|2008|p=433}}
John was probably attracted by the possibility of strengthening his position in the French court, as his father had. To restore his influence, John began a rivalry with the king's brother, [[Louis I, Duke of Orléans|Louis of Orleans]], who controlled the treasury.{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|pp=38–39}} The rivalry between the two eventually led to the [[Assassination of Louis I, Duke of Orléans|assassination of Louis]] on the order of John on 23 November 1407,{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=40}} which started the twenty-eight-year-long [[Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War]]. At first, John had the upper hand, however, by 1410 opposition—centred around [[Charles, Duke of Orléans|Charles]], the son of the dead Louis—became increasingly powerful. [[Assassination of John the Fearless|John was murdered]] by his opponents on 10 September 1419, during a meeting with the [[dauphin of France]], the future [[Charles VII of France|Charles VII]].{{Sfn|Schnerb|2008|p=438}}
John was succeeded by his only son, [[Philip the Good]], who had ruled over his father's domains in Burgundy while John was preoccupied with French politics.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Small|2010|p=2}} Unlike his father and grandfather, Philip chose to distance himself from French politics. Instead, he chose to forge alliances elsewhere, hence marrying [[Isabella of Portugal, Duchess of Burgundy|Isabella of Portugal]] in 7 January 1430. Isabella was Philip's third wife, after [[Michelle of Valois]] and [[Bonne of Artois]], who both predeceased their husband without birthing any children.{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=73}} The third marriage of Philip the Good denoted his desire to create a strong, centralised duchy ruled by a prestigious dynasty who owned a new cultural heritage, different from that of the French.{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=73}}
Philip then began his territorial expansion, bringing many new lordships, among them being [[Arras]], [[Péronne, Somme|Péronne]], [[Roye, Somme|Roye]], and [[Picardy]], into his realm. In 1420, He was able to purchase the county of [[Namur]], a town located in the [[Holy Roman Empire]], from [[John III, Marquis of Namur|Jean III]] in exchange of 132,000 ''[[écu]]s''. In 1425, he declared war on his cousin, [[Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut]],{{Efn|Jacqueline was the daughter of [[Margaret of Burgundy, Duchess of Bavaria|Margaret of Burgundy]], a daughter of Philip the Bold.{{sfn|Stein|2017|p=42}}}} in order to take her inheritance, the counties of [[County of Hainaut|Hainaut]], [[County of Holland|Holland]], [[Friesland]], and [[Zeeland]], form her. He successfully took the lands in April 1433, after she abandoned her rights to them.{{Sfn|Schnerb|2008|pp=439–440}} In 1430, Philip inherited the Duchy of Brabant when [[Philip I, Duke of Brabant|Philip of Saint Pol]], the son of Anthony, died suddenly and unexpectedly in the same year. The inheritance brought Philip three [[Principality|principalities]]: Brabant; [[Duchy of Limburg|Limburg]], which had long been attached to the former; and [[Lotharingia]], a theoretical title reminiscent of [[Carolingian Empire|Carolingian]] era.{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|pp=91–92}} This expansions distressed the Holy Roman Emperor, [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund]], who declared war on Philip in 1434, hoping that Charles VII would also come to his aid, only to be disappointed with the French and Burgundian [[Congress of Arras|reconciliation]] in 1435. His failure to gain help from [[Prince of the Holy Roman Empire|Imperial princes]] also discouraged his efforts and his eventual death in 1437 put an end to the Empire's hostility with the growing power of Burgundy.{{Sfn|Schnerb|2008|p=440}}
== Early life ==
=== Childhood ===
[[File:La Duchesse de Bourgogne arrêtée aux portes de Bruges - Sophie Rude - MBA Lyon 2014.JPG|thumb|''La Duchesse de Bourgogne arrêtée aux portes de Bruges'' by [[Sophie Frémiet]]. This painting depicts the moment Isabella of Portugal, her son, Charles, and her entourage were arrested at the gates of Bruges]]
Charles Martin{{Sfn|Putnam|1908|p=6}} was born on 10 November 1433 in the city of [[Dijon]]. He was the third child of Philip the Good with Isabella of Portugal and the only one to survive past infancy. His mother, in fear that she would lose another child, consecrated the infant to the [[Eucharist|Blessed Sacrament]] within days from his birth. Philip the Good arrived in Dijon on late November to celebrate the birth and made his son a [[Order of the Golden Fleece|knight of the Golden Fleece]], a [[Order of chivalry|knightly order]] created by him in 1430.{{Sfn|Taylor|2002|p=68}} The infant also became the count of [[Charolais, France|Charolais]], a title given to the heirs of the dukes of Burgundy.{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=114}} He was baptised in 20 November, with [[Charles I, Count of Nevers|Charles, Count of Nevers]] and [[Antoine I de Croÿ]] as his sponsors; he was named after the count of Nevers, who was Philip the Good's adopted son from his second wife, Bonne of Artois.<ref>{{harvnb|Putnam|1908|p=7}}; {{harvnb|Taylor|2002||p=68}}.</ref> In early spring 1434, Isabella and the young Charles moved to the mountain fortress of [[Talant]], in fear of the plague outbreak in Burgundy in the May and September of the same year.{{Sfn|Taylor|2002|p=69}} The Duchess and her son descended the mountains in April 1435, when the danger of plague had finally waned. Afterwards, they travelled to Paris to join Philip the Good.{{Sfn|Taylor|2002|p=68}} En route, they sojourned in [[Bruges]], where a rebellion against Philip the Good was brewing. In 1436, when Isabella and her entourage were to leave the city, rebels forcefully stopped and arrested them near the city's gate. They searched through her carriage and rudely insulted her.{{Sfn|Brown|2010|p=230}} The rebellion was suppressed in 1438, when Philip the Good set an economical blockade on the city, which weakened Bruges and forced the rebels to surrender.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=304}}
Even during infancy, Charles was described as a robust child.<ref>{{harvnb|Putnam|1908|p=8}}; {{harvnb|Taylor|2002||p=69|year=}}.</ref> He showed his interest in martial matters and military operations early in his life; by the age of two, he was instructed on [[Equestrianism|horsemanship]] while training on a wooden steed.{{Efn|Which was especially made for him by a saddler from [[Brussels]] called Jean Rampart.{{sfn|Putnam|1908|p=9}}}}{{Sfn|Putnam|1908|p=9}} Philip the Good assigned many tutors for the young Charles, the most important among them being Antoine Haneron, professor of rhetoric in the [[Old University of Leuven|University of Louvain]] who familiarized Charles with the works of [[Cicero]], [[Quintilian]], [[John of Salisbury]], [[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]], [[Vegetius]], and [[Bartolus de Saxoferrato]].{{Sfn|Knechtges|2012|p=333}} Like his father, Charles developed a fondness for reading histories, chronicles and historical romances.{{Sfn|Knechtges|2012|p=333}} He especially enjoyed reading about the deeds of [[Julius Caesar|Caesar]], [[Pompey]], [[Hannibal]], and [[Alexander the Great]]. He held the last one in high regards, building ambition in his early years to become a conqueror like him. The fact that both he and Alexander had fathers named [[Philip II of Macedon|Philip]] stimulated his imagination and further enhanced his ambition.<ref>{{harvnb|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=163}}; {{harvnb|Putnam|1908|p=10|year=}}.</ref>
In 1435, with the [[Congress of Arras#Treaty of Arras|Treaty of Arras]], Philip the Good reconciled with Charles VII, marking the end of the civil war that had ensured between his house and the royal family.{{Sfn|Schnerb|2008|p=439}} As a sign of good faith in his new ally, Charles VII also agreed to arrange a marriage between one of his daughters with Philip's heir. He sent his daughters to Burgundy and allowed Philip to choose one of them. [[Catherine of France, Countess of Charolais|Catherine]], the king's ten-years-old daughter, was chosen to marry the six-year-old Charles.{{Sfn|Taylor|2002|p=86}} The two were married in 11 June 1439, during a ceremony accompanied by concerts, jousts and banquets in the city of [[Saint-Omer]].{{Sfn|Vaughan|Small|2010|p=114}} The wedded children were put under the care of a [[governess]], according to the wedding accounts, and were often separated from each other to spend their time with hobbies in tune with their age.<ref>{{harvnb|Vaughan|Small|2010|p=114}}; {{harvnb|Taylor|2002|p=87|year=}}.</ref>
Until the age of six, Charles was brought up by his cousins, [[John I, Duke of Cleves|John]] and [[Agnes of Cleves]], who both were the children of [[Mary of Burgundy, Duchess of Cleves|Mary of Burgundy]], the daughter of John the Fearless, with [[Adolph I, Duke of Cleves]]. From the two, the presence of Agnes was more prominent in Charles' early education. She was always in the company of Isabella of Portugal, thus reassuring that Charles was not far from his mother.{{Sfn|Sommé|1982|p=734}} In 1441, Philip the Good appointed Jean d'Auxy, {{Transl|Fr|[[Seigneur|seigneur]]}} of [[Auxi-le-Château]], as the eight-year-old Charles' guardian. He would go on to serve as Charles' [[Chamberlain (office)|chamberlain]] from 1456 to 1468.{{Sfn|Gunn|Janse|2006|p=121}} Charles was around this age when he began partaking in public affairs of his father's duchy. In 1445, he accompanied his father in a state visit to Holland and Zealand, a rare event as the Duke rarely journeyed to the Flemish part of his lands. According to [[Olivier de la Marche]], the inhabitants were delighted to see their count—the young Charles—in his lands after eight years of absence.{{Sfn|Putnam|1908|pp=24, 25}}
=== Youth ===
[[File:Jacques de Guise, Chroniques de Hainaut, frontispiece, KBR 9242 (c).jpg|alt=Philip the Good, dressed in black, wearing chaperon, and beside him is Charles, bareheaded and wearing the collar of the Order of the Golden Fleece|thumb|Charles, aged 12 or 13, standing beside his father, Philip, Duke of Burgundy; ''[[Jean Wauquelin presenting his 'Chroniques de Hainaut' to Philip the Good]]'', 1447]]Charles became fast friends with his wife, Catherine.{{Sfn|Taylor|2002|p=104}} It is recorded that they gave gifts to each other, for instance, the countess bought a harp for Charles in 1440, as music was one of his interests.{{Sfn|Putnam|1908|p=27}} In February 1446, Catherine became bedridden with cold, high fever and persistent coughing. By March, she was too pale, lethargic and had no appetite.{{Sfn|Taylor|2002|p=104}} From the start of her illness, Charles (and also his mother) remained as close to Catherine's side as possible. Charles urged the physicians sent by the King to do everything they could for his young wife. He visited her regularly and played the harp for her, the same harp she gifted to him six years ago.{{Sfn|Taylor|2002|p=106}} In April, however, the three of them were forced to journey to Arras, when Philip the Good ordered them to join him in watching a [[Tournament|tourney]] in that city. Wanting to please his father, Charles began anticipating the tourney instead of worrying over his wife.{{Sfn|Taylor|2002|p=105}} During the tourney, Catherine's general state deteriorated, to the point when she was overwhelmed by coughing and had to return to bed soon after the tourney had started. When she was well enough to travel, Catherine and her mother-in-law, Isabella journeyed to [[Palace of Coudenberg|Coudenberg]], the princess' favourite place. She eventually died in 30 July 1446, and her death was deeply mourned by the court of Burgundy.{{Sfn|Taylor|2002|p=106}}
When Charles was seventeen-year-old, he led his first joust in a practice tourney in Brussels. He jousted against [[Jacques de Lalaing]], the renowned knight of Burgundy. In the first round, Charles was able to struck Jacques on the shield and with it, shatter his own lance into many pieces.{{Sfn|Putnam|1908|p=28}} Philip the Good accused the knight holding back his real strength to let Charles win. He threatened to leave the tourney if the knight did not put up a real fight. During the second tilt, both lances were broken, which made the duke to cheer in excitement and the duchess, Isabella of Portugal, to worry over his son's safety.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Small|2010|p=341}} During the actual journey, Charles managed to break sixteen or eighteen lances and receive prize from two princess. In his honour, heralds cried the well-known French battle cry, "''[[Montjoie Saint Denis!]]''" (which was also the motto of the Kingdom of France.)<ref>{{harvnb|Vaughan|Small|2010|p=341}}; {{harvnb|Putnam|1908|p=29|year=}}.</ref>
In 1449, [[Revolt of Ghent (1449–1453)|a rebellion]] broke out in Ghent as a result of Philip the Good's deteriorated relation with the {{Transl|de|[[Burgher (social class)|burghers]]}} of Ghent over imposing new taxes on salt.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Small|2010|p=306}} The revolt cost Philip one of his illegitimate sons, [[Cornille of Burgundy]], and his famous knight, Jacques de Lalaing.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|pages=129, 131}} Charles partook in the fighting too, however, in fear that he would die in the battlefield, Philip the Good had him removed from the battle by spuriously telling him that his mother was seriously ill in [[Lille]]. Charles left shortly before the decisive [[Battle of Gavere]] in 1453.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Small|2010|p=341}} In Lille, his mother honoured him with a feast, and to everyone's surprise, encouraged him to return to the battlefield and fight for his inheritance, albeit by that time Philip the Good had won the battle and defeated the rebellious {{Transl|De|burghers}}.{{Sfn|Putnam|1908|p=39}}
Charles remained a widow for eight years until he was married to [[Isabella of Bourbon]] in 1454.{{Sfn|Kiening|1994|p=17}} Isabella was the daughter of [[Agnes of Burgundy, Duchess of Bourbon|Agnes of Burgundy]], and Philip the Good's niece. Her father, [[Charles I, Duke of Bourbon]], sent her as a child to the Burgundian court as a ward of Isabella of Portugal. A shy and pliant young woman, Isabella was adored by Philip the Good, who saw an opportunity to renew the treaty of Arras (which had been broken by the death of Catherine of France) by marrying his niece to his son.{{Sfn|Taylor|2002|pp=125, 139}} Charles was not even aware of his father's aspiration until the night before his marriage in 31 October, however, he did not resist against the match.{{Sfn|Taylor|2002|pp=138–139}} With his marriage, the town of [[Chinon]] was incorporated into Philip the Good's realm, as part of Isabella's dowry.{{Sfn|Taylor|2002|p=139}}
== Struggle for power ==
=== Disputes with Philip the Good ===
[[File:Recueil d'Arras fol 061.jpg|thumb|Portraits of Philip the Good and Charles the Bold, folio from the [[Recueil d'Arras]], {{Circa|1535-1573}}.]]
Throughout the decade 1454–1464, Charles was excluded from power, the ducal council, and the Burgundian court by his father's bidding.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Small|2010|p=346}} He came close to seizing a low portion of authority in 1454, when his father appointed him as "governor and lieutenant-general in absence" because he was to leave Burgundy for [[Regensburg]] to participate in the [[Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)|imperial diet]].{{Sfn|Paravicini|2003|p=310}} Philip the Good was hoping to meet [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick III]] and attach the emperor to [[Feast of the Pheasant|his aspiring crusade]] in order to retake [[Constantinople]] from the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]]. However, the emperor did not show up.{{Sfn|Housley|2004|p=74}} Even as the regent, Charles held little to no power compared to his mother, the duchess, and his father, who arranged his marriage to Isabella of Bourbon during this time unbeknownst to Charles himself.{{Sfn|Paravicini|2003|p=310}} Nevertheless, Charles still was able to issue documents in his name. His regency, however, was short-lived, for Philip the Good returned to Burgundy in 7 or 9 August of the same year and, accordingly, Charles returned to his former powerless position.{{Sfn|Paravicini|2003|p=310}} The bitter relations between Charles and his father climaxed in 1457, when Charles wanted to appoint Antoin Rolin, the {{Transl|Fr|seigneur}} of [[Aulnoye-Aymeries|Aymeries]], as his chamberlain. Antoin was the son of [[Nicolas Rolin]], Philip the Good's chancellor. The Duke, wary of the power his chancellor might get with this appointment, refused his son's request and instead proposed [[Philip I de Croÿ|Philip de Croÿ]], from [[House of Croÿ]], as his chamberlain.{{Sfn|Paravicini|2003|pp=311–312}} Charles resented de Croÿs, whom he considered at fault for his father's humiliation by the king of France, as Charles VIII had reportedly bribed de Croÿs numerous times.{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|pp=113, 114}}
Charles thus refused his father's proposal. Philip was furious and his anger was such threat to Charles' life that his mother had him removed from the court. Charles thereafter fled to [[Dendermonde]] while Philip got lost in the forests of [[Soignies]] trying to find his son. With the mediation of Isabella of Bourbon, who at the time was pregnant with Charles' child, Philip and his son reached a truce.{{Sfn|Paravicini|2003|p=312}} When Charles' daughter, [[Mary of Burgundy|Mary]], was born on 13 February 1457, neither Charles nor his father attended her baptisation, for both wanted to avoid each other.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=353}} Nicolas Rolin was removed from chancellery, and with him, his close ally, [[Jean Chevrot]], the president of the ducal council, as well. While de Croÿs emerged more powerful.{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=114}} Charles left the court for his personal estate at [[Le Quesnoy]] in Hainaut. There, he was entrusted with minor tasks regarding the Flemish subjects of his father. He attempted to formalise his status as the heir to the [[Burgundian State|Burgundian state]], which in turn prompted his father to cut off his allowance.{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=114}} Charles was deprived of any money to pay his staff or even keep his estate afloat, so in 1463, according to [[Georges Chastellain]], he turned to his employees and asked those who could pay for themselves to stay with him, and those who cannot to leave him, so that they may return to his service in a better time. His staff, however, replied that they will live and die with him. Afterwards, they offered him a share of their money so that the state could function normally. Charles, accordingly, had tears in his eyes and expressed his gratitude to his staff.{{Sfn|Paravicini|2003|pp=307-308}} Although this account is quite dramatic, there is no reason not to believe it, as such acts of [[altruism]] were typical of that time.{{Sfn|Paravicini|2003|p=308}}
In 1462, Charles survived an attempt to his life made by Jehan Coustain, {{Transl|Fr|[[Valet de chambre|premier valet de chambre]]}}, who wanted to poison him. Shortly after, Coustain was executed in [[Rupelmonde]]. Charles blamed de Croÿs for this attempt while de Croÿs came to believe that Charles staged this attempt to fuel their feud.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Small|2010|p=344}} By the end of 1463, the disputes between Charles and his father had become a mask for the bitter rivalry between de Croÿs and Charles. With a major crisis rising in the horizon, the [[States General of the Netherlands|States General of the Burgundian Netherlands]] decided to intervene. In 5 February 1464, Charles made a speech to the deputies assembled in Ghent, which illuminates his emotional attitude with the text of the speech being more about de Croÿ family than his father.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Small|2010|p=345}} At the end, Charles and Philip the Good reconciled in June 1464, after they met in Lille, although de Croÿs were able to hold their power yet.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Small|2010|p=346}} Later in that year, Charles assumed full power, arguing that Philip the Good was becoming too senile, and instantly put pressure on de Croÿs. As a last act of power, Philip threatened Charles with a stick and ordered him to leave de Croÿs alone.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=369}} Ten days after this incident, the States General gave Charles full power by appointing him {{Transl|Fr|lieutenant général}}.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=369}} His first act was to confiscate de Croÿs estates; they were banished to France, where to their surprise, their French patron, Louis XI, showed them no support.{{Sfn|Paravicini|2003|p=378}}
=== Rivalry with Louis XI ===
[[File:The Duke of Burgundy providing a sumptuous feast for Louis, Dauphin of France.jpg|alt=Miniature painting, a feast with Louis and Philip sitting next to each other|left|thumb|''The Duke of Burgundy providing a sumptuous feast for Louis, Dauphin of France'', by [[Job (illustrator)|Job]], 1905]]
In 1457, [[Louis XI]] — then Dauphin of France — the heir of Charles VII, suddenly arrived in Philip the Good's court at Brussels.{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=115}} The dauphin had fled from his personal estate in [[Dauphiné]] to Burgundy in fear of his father's army nearing his territory to arrest him.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=346}} Louis and his father did not have a good relationship, as the dauphin had married [[Charlotte of Savoy]] in 1451 without his father's permit and had partook in a small rebellion against his father's regime in 1440 known as the [[Praguerie]].{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|pp=345, 344}} On his way to Burgundy, he wrote a letter to his father saying he was going to participate in Philip the Good's crusade, which was overly insulting to Charles VII.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=346}} Philip the Good saw his guest as an opportunity to mend his relations with the crown and thus took the dauphin in, indulging him with kindness, showing humility and refused all the king's request to send the dauphin back. At Philip's expense, Louis lived in [[Genappe]], where he led a comfortable life.{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=115}} Charles VII attempted to regain his son but all his attempts failed. He, mindful of his son's cunning nature, reportedly said: "My cousin Burgundy is feeding a fox who will eat up all his chickens".{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=347}} Dauphin Louis would go on to become Philip the Good's [[favourite]] after the fallout between him and his son, Charles.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=352}}
Louis' relationship with Philip the Good's heir was completely different than that of him and the duke. Charles did not like Louis and vice versa.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=140}} However, surprisingly, he asked the dauphin to be the godfather of his daughter, Mary.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=353}} Charles' hatred for Louis festered when he ascended the French throne after the death of his father in 22 July 1461.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=140}} Louis was crowned king in 31 August in [[Reims]] under the [[regnal name]] Louis XI. Philip the Good personally put the crown on his head.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=359}} While the duke thought that the hostilities between France and Burgundy were at last ended, the new king on his coronation ceremony showed coldness towards Philip with refusing to participate in the feast sponsored by Philip in his honour. The duke thus returned to his realm disappointed.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|pp=359–360}} Charles feared Louis' intentions to demolish Burgundian defensive system in Picardy, and he was furious when a crisis occurred in Autumn 1463 regarding his father's lands in [[Somme (department)|Somme]].<ref>{{harvnb|Schnerb|2008|p=450}}; {{harvnb|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=115|year=}}.</ref> With de Croÿs' persuasion, Philip the Good ratified to an alteration in the Treaty of Arras (1435) — which had given him cities such as [[Saint-Quentin, Aisne|Saint-Quentin]], [[Abbeville]], [[Amiens]], [[Péronne, Somme|Péronne]] and [[Montdidier, Somme|Montdidier]]; he agreed to accept 400,000 gold ''[[Écu|ecus]]'' from Louis to return those cities to [[Crown lands of France|the crown domains]].<ref>{{harvnb|Van Loo|2021|p=364}}; {{harvnb|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=115|year=}}.</ref> When Charles was chosen as {{Transl|Fr|lieutenant général}} in 1464, he chose to actively rise arms against Louis XI by forming the [[War of the Public Weal|League of the Public Weal]].{{Sfn|Schnerb|2008|p=450}}
League of the Public Weal was a confederation of prominent French Princes — [[Charles of Valois, Duke of Berry|Charles of Berry]], the king's brother, [[Francis II, Duke of Brittany]], [[John II, Duke of Bourbon]] and [[Jacques d'Armagnac|Jacques]] and [[John V, Count of Armagnac|John d'Armagnac]] — formed to act against Louis' authority.{{Sfn|Schnerb|2008|p=450}} They declared Charles of Berry the regent of France and appointed Francis II as the captain general of the army.{{Sfn|Potter|2012|p=185}} With the threat of the open rebellion looming, Louis XI offered pardon to all the dukes and lords. Minor lords accepted the pardon but the dukes persisted over their demands.{{Sfn|Potter|2012|p=185}} The members of the league chose Charles of Charolais as their leader and began amassing their army.{{Sfn|Potter|2012|p=185}} League of the Public Weal thus became the most dangerous of a series of princely revolts against the French crown; as one chronicle records the number of the participants, seven dukes, twelve counts, two lords, one marshal and 51,000 men-at-arms joined in hand against Louis XI.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Small|2010|p=379}}
To counteract the rebels, Louis XI amassed an army and sent it southwards to central France to defeat John II of Bourbon. Charles of Charolais soon mustered an army of twenty-five thousand men and marched towards Paris.{{Sfn|Potter|2012|p=185}} With utmost haste, Louis and his army returned to Paris to defend the city against Charles' army.{{Sfn|Baboukis|2010a}} On 15 July, Charles reached the village of [[Montlhéry]]; he sent patrols in hope to find his allies' armies, but instead discovered that the royal army was camped in [[Arpajon]], a few miles south of Montlhéry.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Small|2010|p=385}} When Louis was informed of Charles' position, he decided to fight him.{{Sfn|Baboukis|2010a}}[[File:Bataille de Montlhéry.jpg|alt=Two armies, one with the banners of Louis XI and one with the banners of the Duchy of Burgundy, fighting a pitched battle against each other|thumb|[[Battle of Montlhéry]], an early 16th century miniature by [[Philippe de Commines]]|245x245px]]On 16 July, the two armies met in the outskirts of Montlhéry.{{Sfn|Baboukis|2010a}} The Burgundian vanguard, led by [[Louis, Count of Saint-Pol|Louis of Saint-Pol]], was positioned defensively, with his men-at-arms and archers dismounted and their rear and sides protected by wagons.{{Sfn|Baboukis|2010a}} Charles positioned himself at the right of Saint-Pol's formation. He attacked into the French left flank led by [[Charles IV, Count of Maine]]. The count, seeing the approaching army, turned to flee, but Charles pursueded him.{{Sfn|Baboukis|2010a}} As a result, the French vanguard, led by [[Pierre de Brézé]], launched an attack, during which, he himself was killed.{{Sfn|Baboukis|2010a}} As Charles circled back from pursuing the fleeing army, he was thrown in the fight with French army and took a wound in his throat. He returned to his lines before getting captured.{{Sfn|Baboukis|2010a}} After his return, Charles ordered his gunners to shoot at the king's army, from which, 1,200 or 1,400 men and a large number of horses were killed, according to Charles himself.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=145}} By late eve, Louis XI had yield the fight, retreating eastwards to Paris.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Small|2010|p=385}}
At the end of the [[Battle of Montlhéry]], neither side emerged victorious.{{Sfn|Baboukis|2010a}} Charles could not capture the king in the battlefield but Louis could not prevent him from joining his allies either. However, each side claimed victory.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Small|2010|p=385}} Moreover, in spite of his ability to form his battle troops in a coherent battle order, Charles was yet to become an able tactician.{{Sfn|Baboukis|2010b}} The rebel army joined in the town of [[Étampes]] and began marching towards Paris in 31 July.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=145}} The rebels laid siege on Paris in 1465, during which Charles directed his gunfire at the city's walls.<ref>{{harvnb|Ditcham|2010|p=}}; {{harvnb|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=146|year=}}.</ref> They then successfully entered the city when a nobleman named Charles de Melun opened [[Porte Saint-Antoine|Saint-Antoine gate]] for them.{{Sfn|Cuttler|1981|p=36}} Louis XI was eventually forced to negotiate.{{Sfn|Baboukis|2010a}} The result of the negotiations was the [[Treaty of Conflans]], which ceded the rule of [[Duchy of Normandy|Normandy]] to Charles, Duke of Berry and returned the Somme lands to Burgundy.<ref>{{harvnb|Saenger|1977|p=8}}; {{harvnb|Van Loo|2021|p=383|year=}}.</ref>
=== Rebellion in Liége and Sack of Dinant ===
{{Main|Wars of Liège}}
Shortly before succeeding his father, Charles led a campaign against the city of [[Liège]], whose mayor, Raes van Heers, had been provoked by Louis XI to actively work against the Burgundians.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=384}} In 20 October 1465, he faced the Liégeois rebels in [[Battle of Montenaken|Montenaken]] with an army of 1800 men, mostly cavalry against the 2000 rebels led by Raes van Heers. The rebels' goal was to attack Brabant and the Burgundian army surprised them by catching up with them.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=150}} The Liégeois retreated into the village of Montenaken, near [[Sint-Truiden]] and barricaded the walls of the town. The Burgundians decided to lure them out by ravaging the town's countryside.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=150}}
As a result, the rebel army came out and lined up between two hills, where they were attacked by cavalry charges. They defeated the Burgundian cavalry and then began their own charge while shouting, '{{Transliteration|Fr|Saint Denis et Saint Lambert}}', in order to show their allegiance to the crown and Liége.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=151}} The Burgundian cavalry meanwhile regrouped and attacked again, causing panic among Liégeois ranks and making them flee the battlefield. Pursuing those in their reach, the cavalry killed 1200 rebel.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=151}} The battle was at its end with a total victory for the Burgundians, after which they entered Montenaken, whose walls and fortified church were destroyed as a repercussion for partaking in the rebellion.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=151}}
In August 1466, Charles led a campaign against the city of [[Dinant]], whose people had burned his effigy, called him a bastard and accused his mother of adultery.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=384}} Charles brought with himself his senile father, who sat in a chair facing the city, whilst Charles ransacked Dinant. He drowned 800 of inhabitants, hanged countless others, and sat the city ablaze. Afterwards, Dinant reportedly likened a city dilapidated for thousands of years.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=384}}
=== Ascension ===
[[File:Charles le Téméraire Dijon.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Charles the Bold depicted as Caesar during his Joyous Entry]]
On 12 June 1467, Philip the Good suddenly fell ill, despite his earlier healthy state.{{Sfn|Taylor|2002|p=188}} In the next few days, his condition would only decrease, he hardly could breath and constantly vomited. Thus, Charles was summoned from Ghent to immediately come to his father.{{Sfn|Taylor|2002|p=189}} But he did not have a chance to speak with his father, because when he arrived, Philip the Good had fallen unconscious and struggled with hard breathing, which eventually led to his death on 15 June.{{Sfn|Taylor|2002|p=189}} Charles arranged the funeral for his father in the [[St. Donatian's Cathedral]], attended by 1200 persons from both Charles' and Philips's household and courtiers, and lit by 1400 candles which heated up the inside of the church so much that holes had to be made in the windows to refresh the air.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|pp=1–2}} Charles showed extreme emotions for his father's death: he shook; trembled; pulled his hair, and kept shouting and crying. The Court Chronicler, Georges Chastellain, doubted the sincerity of Charles' acts, noting his astonishment that he could show such emotions.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=386}}
Fourteen days later, Charles officially became the Duke of Burgundy. In celebrations, he paraded into the city of Ghent on 28 June 1467, emulating Caesar.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=387}} This [[Joyous Entry]] caused an uproar in the city.{{Sfn|Haemers|2011|p=449}} The mob demanded an end to the humiliating retributions imposed on them after the revolt in 1449.{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=130}} Charles left the city with his daughter, the ten-year-old Mary, and the treasure kept by Philip the Good in the [[Prinsenhof (Ghent)|Prinsenhof]] of Ghent.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=391}} In the following January, he coerced the mayors of Ghent to ask for his pardon. Then, he abolished their governmental rights and announced that only he could appoint the government in the town, contrary to [[Philip IV of France|Philip IV]]'s constitution in 1301{{Sfn|Nicholas|2014|p=392}}
== Duke of Burgundy ==
=== The third marriage ===
In 26 September 1465, Charles' wife, Isabella of Bourbon, died of [[tuberculosis]] at the age of 31. Court Chronicles of this era did not deem this event important, as they only recorded laconically the long months of her illness.{{Sfn|Kiening|1994|p=17}} The most important part of her life for these chronicles was her marriage to Charles—of which she had only brought him one daughter and no male heirs—and the fact that she and Charles fell in love after the initially political marriage.{{Sfn|Kiening|1994|p=17}} However, this love seems to be a creation of the court chronicles, especially since Charles, busy with the political negotiations after the War of the Public Weal, did not attend his wife's funeral.{{Sfn|Kiening|1994|p=17}}
Within weeks after her death, Duchess Isabella of Portugal sought an English marriage for her son. She sent Guillaume de Clugny, one of Charles' close advisors, to [[London]] to negotiate with [[Edward IV of England|Edward IV]] over a probable marriage between his sister, [[Margaret of York]], and Charles.{{Sfn|Taylor|2002|p=184}} Louis XI, in order to prevent an English-Burgundian alliance, proposed the hand of his daughter, the four-year-old [[Anne of France|Anne]] to Charles in marriage. This proposal, however, was refused.{{Sfn|Taylor|2002|p=184}} In Spring of 1466, an embassy led by [[Edward Woodville, Lord Scales|Edward Woodville]], Edward IV's brother-in-law, arrived in Burgundy to propose two marriages between the English royal family and the Burgundians: one between Margaret of York and Charles, and the other between Mary, Charles' daughter, and [[George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence]], Edward IV's younger brother.{{Sfn|Taylor|2002|p=184}} The latter did not bear fruit, as Charles was not interested with marrying his young daughter to the Duke of Clarence.{{Sfn|Hicks|1992|p=42}}
In October 1467, Edward IV publicly ratified the marriage between Charles and his sister, and Margaret of York appeared before the ''[[Magnum Concilium]]'' of [[Kingston upon Thames]] and formally gave her consent to the marriage.{{Sfn|Weightman|2009|pp=40–41}} Charles welcomed the British delegation—led by Edward and [[Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers|Anthony Woodville]]— to Burgundy, and then had her mother accompany him to negotiate the final marriage treaty.{{Sfn|Taylor|2002|p=194}} Although the marriage treaty and the alliance was signed and ratified in February 1468, it would still take eight months for the marriage ceremony to take place due to the difficulties that caused delays.{{Sfn|Weightman|2009|p=41}} Since Charles and Margaret were fourth degree cousins, they needed a [[Dispensation (Catholic canon law)|Papal dispensation]] to legitimise their marriage.{{Sfn|Weightman|2009|p=42}} It was the groom's duty to obtain the dispensation, hence, Charles sent a delegation to Rome, who did not succeed to take the dispensation until May 1469.{{Sfn|Weightman|2009|p=42}} Once the dispensation was obtained, Edward IV announced the marriage of his sister to Charles and dubbed him as 'a mighty Prince who bears no crown'.{{Sfn|Weightman|2009|p=42}}[[File:Aachen Germany Domschatz Crown-Margaret-of-York-01.jpg|thumb|Crown of Margaret of York, worn in her wedding. Mow in [[Aachen Cathedral Treasury]]]]
Charles and Margaret were married in 3 July at [[Damme]], a town three miles from Bruges.{{Sfn|Brown|Small|2007|p=54}} For their wedding ceremony, Charles prepared nine receptions each ending with a joust match. He wished to outdo his father's famous Feast of the Pheasant.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=397}} The marriage successfully displayed the ducal power, and demonstrated the bounty of the ducal treasury.{{Sfn|Brown|Small|2007|p=55}} At the end of the wedding, Charles left his wife alone to catch up to sleep, thus they did not spend their wedding night together.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=398}}
Although Charles had commented on the fertility of his wife to his subjects, the pair never produced a child.{{Sfn|Weightman|2009|p=65}} They spent little time together: only three weeks during the six months after their marriage; one-quarter of the time during the years 1469 and 1470, and only three weeks throughout 1473.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=159}} According to contemporary jurist, [[Filips Wielant]], Charles always made sure to house Margaret far away from him, because he didn't want women to hamper his court.{{Sfn|Roelens|2024|p=267}}
=== Territorial expansions ===
Like his father, Charles pursued expansionism, however, whereas Philip the Good realised this policy by peaceful means, Charles was charactrised by war and conflict.<ref>{{harvnb|Stein|2017|p=46}}; {{harvnb|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=182|year=}}.</ref> In Netherlands, he sought to expand his realm to the north-east: the [[Duchy of Guelders]].{{Sfn|Stein|2017|p=46}} This duchy, although never a part of the Burgundian lands, was dependent on the Burgundy trade routes to keep its cities afloat. Thus the relations between the two duchies were interlinked;{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=170}} for example, when in 1463, [[Adolf, Duke of Guelders|Adolf of Egmond]] rebelled against his father, the ruling duke, [[Arnold, Duke of Guelders|Arnold]], Philip the Good supported the former, and with his support, in 1465, Adolf was able to imprison his father and usurp the duchy.{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=182}} Adolf's treatment of his father caused a scandal that resonated as far as [[Rome]], where the Pope sought a mediator to end the conflict in Guelders. In 1471, Charles was appointed as the mediator; he marched into Guelders, released Arnold and put Adolf to house arrest.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=405}} After a failed attempt to escape, Charles had him actually imprisoned.{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=183}} In order to attract Burgundian assistance, Arnold made Charles the Regent of Guelders, and when he died in February 1473, having left no heirs but his imprisoned son, he bequeathed the duchy to Charles.<ref>{{harvnb|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=117}}; {{harvnb|Van Loo|2021|p=406|year=}}.</ref>
[[File:Burgundian lands.jpg|thumb|Territories of France (green) and Burgundy (vanilla) in 1477, Cambridge Modern History Atlas, 1912]]
However, Charles' inheritance caused opposition, with the Estates of Guelders, and the towns of [[Nijmegen]], [[Arnhem]], and [[Zutphen]] rejecting Arnold's will, and Louis XI pursuing [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick III]], the Holy Roman Empire, to confiscate the duchy.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=118}} Louis' attempt was futile, because the emperor had close diplomatic contact with Charles and did not oppose his rule over the duchy, but for the rebelling cities and the nobles of Guelders, Charles had to use his army to subdue them.<ref>{{harvnb|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=118}}; {{harvnb|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=170}}.</ref> On 9 June 1473, with a sizeable army, he entered the city of [[Maastricht]] without resistance. Many towns followed suit; [[Roermond]], one of the four principal towns, surrendered, [[Venlo]] only briefly resisted, and [[Moers]], whose count, Vincent von Moers, was the leader of the resistance, yielded against Charles' artillery.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=119}} The only real challenge during this campaign was the Siege of Nijmegen, which caused sever damages to the Burgundian army. After the successful conquest of Guelders, Charles imposed heavy taxes, and changed the aldermen in the region. New regulations were instigated to the ducal judicial officers to obtain a firm control over the rebellious cities, and to bring about a central administration.{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=183}}
The [[Burgundian State]] under Charles was divided into two blocks, the [[Duchy of Burgundy]] in the south and [[Flanders]] in the north.{{Sfn|Watson|Schellinger|Ring|2013|p=511}} To unify these two blocks, Charles needed the [[Duchy of Lorraine]] and [[Alsace]].{{Sfn|Knecht|2007|p=98}} On 21 March 1469, he received [[Sigismund, Archduke of Austria]] to his court to negotiate over purchase of his lands in [[Upper Alsace]].{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=86}} Sigismund eagerly agreed to sell those lands, for he was in desperate financial problem.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=404}} With this purchase, Charles acquired a claim on the city of [[Ferrette]], a town close to Swiss borders which attracted a negative attention from the [[Old Swiss Confederacy|Swiss Confederation]].{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=182}} Moreover, Charles' rights and income from his new territories were severely limited,{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=88}} because most of the rights to the lands in Upper Alsace, including Ferrette, were mortgaged to local nobles,{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=88}} and the people themselves had demanded their liberties to be reserved and respected, so they were not to be treated like [[Serfdom|serfs]].{{Sfn|Simpson|Heller|2013|p=27}} However, Charles' deputy in the area, [[Peter von Hagenbach]], violated this guarantee and imposed harsh taxes on the people.{{Sfn|Simpson|Heller|2013|p=27}} Soon, ostracized by their governor, several towns of Alsace formed a league to unite against Hagenbach.{{Sfn|Knecht|2007|p=98}} Charles himself was not concerned with the administration of Alsace, and paid no mind to the events taking place in the region.{{Sfn|Simpson|Heller|2013|p=29}}
=== Meeting the Emperor in Trier ===
[[File:166Friedrich III und Karl von Burgund.jpg|alt=Engraving of two horsemen, one the Emperor and the other the Duke of Burgundy, with their respective entourage|thumb|Meeting of Charles the Bold and Frederick III in Trier, 1473]]
Charles greatly desired a crown, a Burgundian kingdom from the borders of [[Savoy]] in the south up to the shores of the [[North Sea]].{{Sfn|Brady|2009|p=104}} He wished to prise free from the limitations of vassalage to the French crown, in order to pursue personal glory.{{Sfn|Lecuppre-Desjardin|2022|p=157}}{{Efn|Charles owned a tapestry of [[Gundobad]], the ancient [[Kingdom of the Burgundians|King of the Burgundians]], a kingdom he wished to restore.{{sfn|Van Loo|2021|page=406}}}} Only the Holy Roman Emperor could grant him this wish.{{Sfn|Brady|2009|p=104}} Thus, by Charles' request, Sigismund of Austria proposed the Duke of Burgundy as the next [[King of the Romans]], with the marriage between the Emperor's son and the Duke's daughter as an inducement.{{Sfn|Boehm|1979|p=159}} With this premise, [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick III]], the Holy Roman Emperor, agreed to have an audience with Charles in [[Trier]].{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=406}}
In October 1473, both parties reached Trier; the Emperor with his son, [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian]], and 2500 horsemen, whereas the Burgundy entourage consisted of 13000 men at arms (including artillery), Burgundian nobility, bishops, and treasures and relics.{{Sfn|Brady|2009|p=104}}{{Efn|This encounter showcased the economical and cultural differences between [[Christendom]]'s richer west and poorer east, with the Germans amazed by the wealth of the Burgundy and the Burgundians shocked by their poor equipment.{{sfn|Brady|2009|p=104}}}} However, despite all the grandeur, Frederick III was disappointed that Charles had not bring his daughter, Mary, with himself,{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=410}} because there were plenty of rumours about Mary's physical defects, mainly spread by [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]] adversaries.{{Sfn|Boehm|1979|p=160}} Charles wished to become the King of the Romans to succeed Frederick as Emperor. In return, Maximilian would inherit the Burgundian state, and later on become Emperor.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=408}} In addition, Charles wanted to become a [[prince-elector]], taking the [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemian]] seat in the [[Electoral College (Holy Roman Empire)|Electoral College]], and also demanded to be recognised as the Duke of Guelders.<ref>{{harvnb|Lecuppre-Desjardin|2022|pages=159}}; {{harvnb|Boehm|1979|page=160}}</ref>
Although Charles received legitimate recognition for the Duchy of Guelders, he still was not recognised as the King of Romans, partially because Frederick III had realised that he could not convince the prince-electors to vote for him in the future election.<ref>{{harvnb|Lecuppre-Desjardin|2022|pages=159}}; {{harvnb|Van Loo|2021|page=411}}</ref> The prince-electors were all irritated by Charles.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=411}} From the moment of entry, he disregarded most of them, exception being [[Frederick I, Elector Palatine]], whom Charles unsuccessfully tried to reconcile with his enemy, Frederick III.{{Sfn|Lecuppre-Desjardin|2022|p=160}} Then when he realised how much he needed their support, he tried to impress them by displaying his wealth, but contrary to his expectations, the Germans were not swayed by glamour as were the French in his homeland.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|pp=413, 411}} Thus Charles decided to only interact with the Emperor, a fatal mistake that showcased his ignorance of German political norms (i.e., elective practices).{{Sfn|Lecuppre-Desjardin|2022|p=160}}
At last, it was made clear that Charles would not become the King of Romans, but as an alternative, a Kingdom of Burgundy was suggested, which appealed to Charles.<ref>{{harvnb|Lecuppre-Desjardin|2022|pages=159}}; {{harvnb|Van Loo|2021|page=411}}</ref> A coronation was set in 25 November, during which, Frederick III would crown Charles in the [[Trier Cathedral]].{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=151}} However, in the next day, the Emperor secretly departed from Trier, embarking on the [[Moselle]] at dawn.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=412}} Charles sent men to find Frederick, but they returned empty-handed.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=412}} He became enraged, locking himself in his room and smashing the furniture to small pieces. Yet, he did not break the betrothal between Maximilian and Mary, hoping that in the future he would use their marriage as a means to get his kingdom.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=413}}
== Policies ==
=== Legislation ===
[[File:Plechtige openingszitting van het Parlement van Mechelen.jpg|alt=Assembly of forty four gentlemen dressed in scarlet red in the Parliament of Mechelen, with Charles the Bold sitting in the centre, presiding the event|thumb|476x476px|''Solemn opening session of the Parliament of Mechelen under Charles the Bold'', Jan Coessaet, 1587, {{Interlanguage link|Museum Hof van Busleyden|nl|Museum Hof van Busleyden}}]]
Upon ascension as duke in 1468, Charles sought to dismantle the jurisdiction of the [[Parliament of Paris]] as the highest juridical power within his country. The cities and institutions in Burgundy relied on the Parliament of Paris for challenging legal decisions, a fact that irritated the Dukes of Burgundy, enough for Philip the Good to establish an itinerant court of justice that travelled all across the country (which was still not as powerful as the Paris Parliament).<ref>{{harvnb|Schnerb|2008|p=451}}; {{harvnb|Van Loo|2021|page=416}}</ref> In his ambition to become King, Charles needed the leadership of a judicial structure within his realm.{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=186}} Therefore, he introduced major legal reforms in his 1473 ordinance of [[Thionville]], namely, the establishment of a [[Great Council of Mechelen|central sovereign court]] in [[Mechelen]]. The city would house the new [[Court of Auditors (France)|Court of Auditors]], who previously resided in Lille and Brussels. The language of this parliament was French, with two-thirds of its personnel being Burgundian.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|pp=186–187}} The Mechelen parliament only held authority in Low Countries. In Burgundian mainlands, Charles established another parliament whose headquarters moved from [[Beaune]] and [[Dole, Jura|Dole]].{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=417}}
In Charles' own words, the proper administration of justice was "the soul and the spirit of the public entity."{{Sfn|Schepper|2007|p=187}} He was recognised as the first sovereign to make serious effort to impose peace and justice upon the [[Low Countries]], being regarded as "a prince of Justice" by historians such as Andreas van Haul a century later after his death.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=418}} However, one of Charles' shortcomings criticised by Georges Chastellaine was his lack of mercy while imposing justice.{{Sfn|Golubeva|2013|p=42}} He tarnished his relations with his people by inspecting and regulating every aspect of their life, thus committing unnecessary harshness.{{Sfn|Kontler|Somos|2017|p=403}} Charles wanted to reduce the influence of the local aldermen all over his country who were viewed by the commoners as the local court, and thus, undermined the Mechelen parliament.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=418}} To both increase his grip on the seats of justice and to fill up his treasury, Charles seized the titles from those aldermen, and sold them to the highest bidders, which meant only the wealthiest subjects came to hold those positions.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=418}} Many institutions protested against these practices, but Charles did not change his ways, because he was in constant need of money to provide for his continuous wars.{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=193}}
=== Religion ===
[[File:Lieven van Lathem (Flemish - Charles the Bold Presented by Saint George - Google Art Project.jpg|alt=Charles wears a cloth of gold and Saint George stands behind him, wearing an armour|thumb|''Charles the Bold presented by Saint George'', [[Lieven van Lathem]], the opening [[diptych]] of the Prayer Book of Charles the Bold, {{Circa|1471}}]]Charles the Bold was religious, and considered himself more devout and pious than any ruler of his day.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=161}} He considered his sovereignty bestowed upon him by God and thus owed his power to him alone.{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=185}} From a young age, Charles chose [[Saint George]] as his [[patron saint]].{{Sfn|Schryver|2008|p=16}} He kept an alleged sword of Saint George in his treasury and showed reverence to other [[Military saint|warrior saints]] like [[Saint Michael in the Catholic Church|Saint Michael]] as well.{{Sfn|Schnitker|2004|p=107}} He commissioned a [[prayer book]] to [[Lieven van Lathem]] which was completed in 1469.{{Sfn|Schryver|2008|p=11}} The opening [[diptych]] of the manuscript as well as two other pieces each demonstrate Charles' devotion to Saint George.{{Sfn|Schryver|2008|p=16}} In Margaret of York's copy of ''La Vie de [[Colette of Corbie|Sainte Colette]]'', she and Charles are shown as devotees to [[Saint Anne]]. Many have drawn a connection between the saint and the duke for the fact that both were married three times. The portrayal of Charles and Saint Anne may also have been a means to legitimise his marriage to Margaret by reassuring those who were dubious about an alliance with England.{{Sfn|Woodacre|McGlynn|2014|p=115}}
Throughout his reign, Charles faced constant request for pledging his men to a crusade against the [[Ottoman Empire]].{{Sfn|Walsh|1977|p=53}} [[Pope Sixtus IV]] sent three instructions to the [[papal legate]] in the Burgundian court, Lucas de Tollentis, directing him to encourage Charles to undertake a crusade against the Ottomans.{{Sfn|Jenks|2018|p=215}} Tollentis, reported to the Pope on 23 June 1472 that Charles was 'resolved in our favour,' and the welfare of [[Christendom]] was never far from his mind.<ref>{{harvnb|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=161}}; {{harvnb|Walsh|1977|p=68}}</ref> Charles may have considered an expedition to the east as the climax of his life's work, however, during his lifetime, he never undertook a crusade nor did he make preparations for it like his father did.{{Sfn|Walsh|1977|p=68}} Only for a short time between late 1475 and early 1476 did he seriously consider a crusade and that was only after a meeting with the deposed [[Despotate of the Morea|Despot of the Morea]] (one of the sons of [[Thomas Palaiologos]]) who agreed to cede his claim as the [[Empire of Trebizond|Emperor of Trebizond]] to Charles.{{Sfn|Walsh|1977|p=73}} However, his indolence in transforming promises into action denoted a change in the tradition of crusading.{{Sfn|Tyerman|2018|p=424}} Charles made sure to appear as one who would lend his sword to the church so that he could curry favours with the [[Pope|Papacy]].{{Sfn|Walsh|1977|p=76}} Yet, he only followed a dynastic and ritualized expectation set by his forefathers.{{Sfn|Tyerman|2018|p=424}} By incriminating his enemies as the cause of his inaction, he cautiously maintained the dynastic expectation while never fully committing to a full-scaled crusade.<ref>{{harvnb|Tyerman|2018|p=424}}; {{harvnb|Walsh|1977|page=68}}</ref>
=== Diplomacy ===
[[File:1468 - Louis XI - Traité de Péronne.jpg|thumb|294x294px|Charles the Bold ordering Louis IX to sign the Treaty of Péronne; 1913; ''Histoire de France et notions d'Histoire Générale'' by [[Gustave Hervé]], illustrated by Valéry Müller]]
Charles the Bold pursued a risky and aggressive foreign policy.{{Sfn|Graves|2014|p=65}} Therefore, he always strove to have as much as allies as possible. In fact, he thought of everyone, aside Louis XI, as his ally.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=180}} In 1471, he made a list of his nineteen allies. He increased the number to twenty-four by the next year and had twenty-six allies in 1473, in contrast to Louis XI's fifteen allies. Among Charles' allies were nine kings, six dukes and three archbishops.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=180}} Some of these relations, like with [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]], were nothing more than a formality. Kings of Scotland and [[Denmark]] would even sign treaties with Louis XI and appear on his list of allies.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|pp=73, 180}} Charles himself harboured doubts that an alliance with [[Matthias Corvinus]], [[Kingdom of Hungary|King of Hungary]], would work.{{Sfn|Barany|2016|p=88}} However, the mutual friendship with the [[Kingdom of Naples]] pushed Burgundy and Hungary to each other, and in his pursuit to ally with Frederick III's opponents, Charles made contacts with Matthias.{{Sfn|Barany|2016|p=73}} Charles hoped that by supporting Matthias' claim to the [[Kingdom of Bohemia]], Matthias would back him in the electoral college.{{Sfn|Barany|2016|p=74}} The two successfully concluded a treaty in November 1474, in which they agreed to partition the Holy Roman Empire between themselves, with Charles becoming the King of Romans and having the lands along the Rhine under his authority whilst Matthias was to get [[Wrocław|Breslau]] and Bohemia.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=341}} In the [[Iberian Peninsula|Spanish peninsula]], beside his Portuguese heritage, Charles also had a long-standing alliance with the [[Kingdom of Aragon]].{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=75}} He received the [[Order of the Jar]] from [[John II of Aragon]] on 1 November 1471 in the [[Abbey of Saint Bertin]] at St. Omer.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=76}} During the same ceremony, Charles announced a Burgundian-Neapolitan-Aragonese triple alliance with John II and John's nephew, King [[Ferdinand I of Naples]] against Louis XI.{{Sfn|Lander|1980|p=279}} In 1473, through negotiations with the new Duke of Lorraine, [[René II, Duke of Lorraine|Rene II]], he obtained the right to pass his armies through his lands, and assign Burgundian captains to important fortifications in Lorraine, essentially turning the duchy into a Burgundian [[protectorate]].{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=409}} Among Charles' other allies were [[Amadeus IX, Duke of Savoy|Amadeus IX]], [[Duchy of Savoy|Duke of Savoy]], whose wife, [[Yolande of Valois]], Louis XI's sister, drove the duchy into an alliance with Burgundy on the basis of their shared dismay for Louis.{{Sfn|Waugh|2016|p=256}}
The intense rivalry between Louis XI and Charles the Bold kept both rulers always prepared for an eventual war.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=165}} The suspicious death of Charles of Valois, Duke of Berry, the King's brother, in 1472, prompted Charles to raise arms to avenge his former ally's death, stating he has been poisoned by Louis.{{Sfn|Kendall|1971|p=248}} After a small conflict, the two ceased their fighting in the winter 1473 without any talks of peace, neither would ever declare war on the other for the rest of their respective reigns.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=170}} The hatred between Charles the Bold and Louis XI has been used as an example of condemnation in moralistic dialogues by figures such as [[François Fénelon]] in [[France in the early modern period|17th century France]], in ''Dialogues of the dead'', Fénelon portrays Charles and Louis reconciling by drinking from the [[Styx|River Styx]].{{Sfn|Bakos|2013|p=50}} During their lifetimes, Charles and Louis had attempted to conclude a treaty of lasting peace in 1468, which caused astonishment throughout France.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=55}} Their talks of peace soon turned into hostility once Charles learned that Louis had his hands in a recent rebellion in Liége.{{Sfn|Kendall|1971|p=214}} Afterwards, Charles imprisoned Louis in the city of [[Péronne, Somme|Péronne]] and coerced him to sign a treaty favourable to Burgundy with conditions such as forfeiting the Duke of Burgundy from paying homage, guarantying Charles' sovereignty of Picardy, and abolishing French jurisdiction on Burgundian subjects.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|pp=400–401}} Louis reluctantly agreed to all the demands and signed the [[Treaty of Péronne (1641)|Treaty of Péronne]].{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=56}} However, this treaty did not change the Franco-Burgundian relations, as the crown would not abide to the terms of the treaty, and Charles was not content with the fact that the French jurisdiction still reigned over his realm.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=58}}
[[File:SOAOTO - Folio 074R.jpg|alt=King Ferdinand is wearing a long red robe and chaperon|thumb|King Ferdinand I of Naples depicted as a knight of the Oder of the Golden Fleece in ''Statuts, Ordonnances et Armorial'' by Gilles Gobet, the [[Toison d'or King of Arms]], 1473. Although enlisted in 1473, Ferdinand received his [[insignia]] in 1475 by the hands of [[Anthony, bastard of Burgundy|Anthony, the Grand Bastard of Burgundy]], son of Philip the Good.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=236}}|left]]
Charles maintained close relations with the many states of [[Italy in the Middle Ages|Italy]], closer than any of his predecessors.{{Sfn|Walsh|2005|p=xxx}} Through his childhood friendship with Francesco D'Este (illegitimate son of [[Leonello d'Este, Marquis of Ferrara|Leonello d'Este]]), he developed a love for all things Italian and thus could speak Italian and fashioned his clothing similar to Italian style.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=165}} At the start of his reign, Italy's triple alliance between [[Duchy of Milan]], [[Republic of Florence]] and Kingdom of Naples, allowed the influence of France grow in the peninsula, for MIlan and Florence were long-standing allies of Louis XI.{{Sfn|Walsh|2005|p=4}} To remedy this, Charles enlarged Burgundy's [[sphere of influence]] in Italy to dwarf that of France.{{Sfn|Walsh|2005|p=5}} The first Burgundian alliance with an Italian ruler was with King Ferdinand I of Naples, a ruler admired by both Charles and Louis XI.{{Sfn|Walsh|2005|p=195}}
As the legitimised bastard of [[Alfonso V of Aragon|Alfonso I]], Ferdinand's ascension to the throne was not recognised by the Pope.{{Sfn|D'Arcy|Dacre|2000|p=403}} Meanwhile, [[René of Anjou]], the deposed King of Naples, persistently claimed kingship to Naples, and in the constant fear of an invasion from René or his heirs with the support of Louis XI, Ferdinand allied himself with Charles, who made him a member of the Order of the Golden Fleece in 1473, enhancing their affinity.{{Sfn|Walsh|2005|p=xx}} Throughout the years of their partnership, Charles toyed with the idea of marrying his daughter, Mary, to Ferdinand's second son, [[Frederick of Naples|Frederick of Aragon]], who visited the Burgundian court in 1469 and 1470.<ref>{{harvnb|Walsh|2005|p=303}}; {{harvnb|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=165}}</ref> In 1474, when a war with Louis XI was astutely on the horizon, Ferdinand's participation was dependent on his son's marriage with Mary. Charles hinted at his willingness to give his daughter's hand to Frederick, and with this premise, Ferdinand dispatched his son to Burgundy on 24 October 1474.{{Sfn|Walsh|2005|p=304}} Although Frederick became a lieutenant and close military advisor to Charles, he failed in his ultimate mission in marrying Mary.{{Sfn|Walsh|2005|p=311}}
Duchy of Milan was France's most important ally in the [[Italian Peninsula|Italian peninsula]]. In 1465, [[Francesco I Sforza]] had dispatched an army to France to support Louis XI in the War of the Public Wheel and his successor, [[Galeazzo Maria Sforza]] was attached to the King of France through his marriage with Louis' niece, [[Bona of Savoy]].{{Sfn|Walsh|2005|p=7}} Galeazzo also considered himself one of Charles' two greatest adversaries, with other being Louis XI.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=74}} Still, Charles did not stop from attempting to form an alliance with Milan. In 1470, he offered Galeazzo membership in the Order of the Golden Fleece, on the premise of an alliance, but was rejected.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=75}} One time he even included Milan in one of his lists of allies, which caused Galeazzo to protest.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=180}} To bring about Galeazzo to his circle of allies, Charles started a rumour that he wished to conquer Milan.{{Sfn|Walsh|2005|p=35}} Galeazzo's insecurity about a probable war along with Charles' diplomatic pressure by isolating Milan from France eventually defeated Galeazzo and in the climax of a Burgundian 'masterpiece' in diplomacy, he conceded to a treaty signed in 30 January 1475 at [[Moncalieri]] in the form of an alliance between Savoy, Burgundy and Milan.<ref>{{harvnb|Walsh|2005|p=8}}; {{harvnb|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=304}}</ref> As a result of this treaty, diplomatic relations between the two duchies were established with Galeazzo sending Giovanni Pietro Panigarola as his envoy to Burgundy.{{Sfn|Walsh|2005|p=205}} Throughout 1475, Charles enthusiastically asked for Galeazzo's brother, [[Ludovico Sforza]] to visit the Burgundian court, though that never came to happen.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=165}}
Charles' relation with the [[Republic of Venice]] was based on his willingness to launch a crusade against the Turks.{{Sfn|Walsh|1977|p=57}} With Ferdinand of Naples' insistence, the [[Venetian Senate|senate of Venice]] agreed to a treaty against the King of France on 20 March 1472.{{Sfn|Walsh|2005|p=10}} From then on, Venice constantly urged Charles to uphold his part of the bargain and support them in [[Ottoman–Venetian War (1463–1479)|their war with the Ottomans]].{{Sfn|Walsh|1977|p=58}} Charles' inaction caused gradual estrangement from Venice.{{Sfn|Walsh|2005|p=202}} For instance, when he wanted to recruit the Venetian ''[[condottiero]]'', [[Bartolomeo Colleoni]] to his ranks, (who would have brought with himself 10,000 men at arms) the Venetian government did not allow him to go. Charles spent two years negotiating with the Venetian ambassadors, but at the end, was unsuccessful in convincing them.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=216}} By 1475, the alliance between Venice and Burgundy did not liken a genuine union anymore.{{Sfn|Walsh|2005|p=16}}
The Italian peninsula saw a shift in its sphere of influence after the Treaty of Moncalieri in 1475. Charles the Bold triumphantly replaced Louis XI as the dominant influence on the Italian politics, with three of four major secular powers in the region — Milan, Naples and Venice — all aligning towards him.{{Sfn|Walsh|2005|p=13}} Only Florence remained a French ally, though they offered a stance of neutrality to Charles on the bases of their mutual alliance with Venice.<ref>{{harvnb|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=75}}; {{harvnb|Walsh|2005|p=13}}</ref> Charles successfully eliminated any possible support from Italy for France, and now could count on the support of his Italian allies if a war with France ensued,{{Sfn|Walsh|2005|p=13}} However, from 1472, relations with France became a constant truce, and remained as such during rest of Charles' reign.{{Sfn|Walsh|2005|p=14}}
=== Arts ===
[[File:Master of the Jardin de vertueuse consolation and assistant (Flemish - Vasco da Lucena Giving his Work to Charles the Bold - Google Art Project.jpg|alt=A kneeling man presents his book to Charles who is seated on his throne|thumb|Vasco de Lucena presenting his translation of [[Quintus Curtius Rufus]]' ''[[Histories of Alexander the Great]]'' to Charles the Bold. Folio from ''Le Jardin de vertueuse consolation'' by an [[Master of the Jardin de vertueuse consolation|anonymous master]], between 1470 and 1475]]
The Burgundian court under Charles the Bold was reputable and magnificent.{{Sfn|Schnerb|2008|p=444}} It was seen as a place to learn arts and etiquette and where the chivalry and courtly life was more intact than the rest of the Europe. For this reason, the Burgundian court was the host to many young noblemen and princes from all across the continent.{{Sfn|Walsh|2005|p=280}} Even future generations admired Charles' court. [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]], for instance, on the urging of his father, [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]], introduced the "ceremonial of the court of Burgundy" into Spain using Olivier de la Marche's account of Charles the Bold's court.{{Sfn|Gunn|Janse|2006|p=156}} Charles' Burgundian court thus became the idealized courtly life that sparked inspirations throughout the [[Spain in the 17th century|17th century Spain]].{{Sfn|Gunn|Janse|2006|p=157}} However, Charles' court did not differ much from his contemporaries, but his court possessed certain special features that made them appealing to all. The number of knights of nobles, the sacred image of the ruler who was distant from other courtiers, and the splendour of the court were among these features.{{Sfn|Gunn|Janse|2006|p=158}} The dukes of Burgundy especially displayed their glamour through their extravagant [[patronage]] of arts, and like his forefathers, Charles was a patron as well.{{Sfn|Kren|McKendrick|2003|p=2}}
During Charles' reign, the production of [[illuminated manuscript]]s flourished and thrived.{{Sfn|Kren|McKendrick|2003|p=223}} After his ascension in 1467, Charles provided considerable budget for projects left incomplete after his father's death and commissioned new projects as well.{{Sfn|Kren|McKendrick|2003|p=3}} As a patron of [[Renaissance humanism]], he commissioned the translation of [[Quintus Curtius Rufus]]' ''[[Histories of Alexander the Great]]'' into French to replace the inadequate ''[[Roman d'Alexandre en prose]]''. And also commissioned the Portuguese Vasco de Lucena and Jehan de Chesne to respectively translate [[Xenophon]]'s ''[[Cyropaedia]]'' and [[Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s ''[[Commentarii de Bello Gallico|De bello Gallico]]'' into French.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=163}} In 1468, he also commissioned [[Guillaume Fillastre (died 1473)|Guillaume Fillastre]] to compose a "didactic chronicle" called ''Histoire de Toison d'Or'' containing moral and didactic stories of [[Jason]], [[Jacob]], [[Gideon]], [[Mesha]], [[Job (biblical figure)|Job]] and [[David]], the [[Golden Fleece]]s.{{Sfn|Hemelryck|2016}} He employed the finest calligraphers and illuminators to document his ordinances, for example the Ordinance of 1469 was illuminated by [[Nicolas Spierinc]] and was distributed among Charles' courtiers.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=164}} His prayer book illuminated by Lieven van Lathem is considered a masterpiece of Flemish illumination that influenced great illuminators such as [[Master of Mary of Burgundy]].{{Sfn|Schryver|2008|p=12}} Charles and his wife, Margaret were patrons of [[Simon Marmion]], who illuminated a [[breviary]] and a [[panel painting]] for them.{{Sfn|Ainsworth|1998|p=25}} As a bibliophile, Margaret also supported [[William Caxton]], who wrote the first printed work in the English language, ''[[Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye]]''.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=164}}
No patron or ruler of the [[15th century|15th century Europe]] could rival Charles in musicianship and love for music, as ample sources and reports have attested to it.{{Sfn|Fallows|2019|p=3}} In his 1469 ordinance, Charles gave a clear view of what his musical entourage should be: a [[concert band]], ceremonial trumpeters, [[chamber music]]ians, an organist and the [[Chapel (music)|chapel musicians]], who had more variety than Philip the Good's chapel.{{Sfn|Brown|1999|p=54}} He brought his chapel with himself on his campaigns and had them sing a new song to him every night in his chambers.{{Sfn|Alden|2010|p=135}} Charles was a patron of [[Antoine Busnois]], who became his choirmaster.{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=228}} His favourite song was ''[[L'homme armé]]'', a song that may have been written for him.{{Sfn|Taruskin|2009|p=485}} As a musician, Charles composed a [[motet]] that was sung in the [[Cambrai Cathedral]], presumably in the presence of [[Guillaume Du Fay]], one of the most well-known composers of his era.{{Sfn|Fallows|2019|p=4}} Among his other works were [[chanson]]s and [[Secular music|secular songs]].{{Sfn|Fallows|2019|p=12}} Although no pieces from his motet or chansons remain, two songs are attributed to him: {{Transl|it|Del ducha di borghogna}} (''of the Duke of Burgundy'') and {{Transl|la|Dux Carlus}} (''Duke Charles''), both are from Italian [[Song book|songbooks]] wherein no name of the composers is mentioned, nevertheless, the songs have uncanny similarities to each other: in [[Vocal range|voice ranges]]; in their use of pitch [[C (musical note)|C]]; their [[musical form]], {{Transl|fr|[[Rondeau (forme fixe)|rondeau]]}}; and both songs start with the phrase ''Ma dame''. According to the [[Musicology|musicologist]] [[David Fallows]], with such similar traits, the songs are most likely both composed by Charles in 1460s.{{Sfn|Fallows|2019|pp=12–18}} Charles also liked to sing, however he did not have a good singing voice.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=162}}
=== Military ===
[[File:Heeresordnung1473 fol 5r.jpg|thumb|''Military Ordinance of Charles the Bold'' by an unknown artist labeled Master of Fitzwilliam 268, circa 1475]]When Charles became the Duke of Burgundy, his army functioned under a feudalistic system, with most of its men either recruited through summons or hired by contracts. The majority of his army ranks were occupied by French nobles and [[English longbow|English archers]] and the army suffered from the inefficient distribution of resources and thus moved slowly.{{Sfn|Lecuppre-Desjardin|2022|pp=203–204}} Having lived through a period of peace under Philip the Good, the army scarcely trained and was unprepared. Furthermore, in comparison to other armies of Europe, their structure was old and dated.{{Sfn|Allmand|2001|p=142}} To remedy these problems, Charles issued a series of military ordinances between 1468 and 1473, that not only would revolutionise the Burgundian army, but also would influence every European army in the 16th century.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=205}} The first of these ordinances, addressed to the Marshal of Burgundy, contains instructions on who could be recruited to the army and describes the personnel of the artillery, namely, masons, assistants, [[cannoneer]]s, and carpenters.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=171}} The second ordinance, issued at [[Abbeville]] in 1471, proclaimed the formation of a [[standing army]] called {{Transl|Fr|[[Compagnie d'ordonnance]]}}, made up of 1250 [[lances fournies]], who were accompanied by 1200 crossbows, 1250 handgunners and 1250 pikemen, under the ratio of 1:1:1.{{Sfn|Querengässer|2021|p=102}} A squad of these troops contained a man-at-arms, a mounted page, a mounted swordsman, three [[Mounted archery|horse archers]], a crossbowmen and a pikeman. Charles designed a uniform for each of the companies ([[Cross of Burgundy]] inscribed on the ducal colours).{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=172}} He also designed an overlapping military hierarchy, that sought to cease the infighting between captains and their subordinates that would arose in a pyramidal hierarchy.{{Sfn|Drake|2013|p=224}}[[File:Armure de Charles le Téméraire.jpg|alt=A knight mounting a horse, who has an adorned armour|thumb|Armour of Charles the Bold in The Vinkhuijzen collection of military uniforms, 1910, kept at [[New York Public Library]]|left]]The last of these ordinances, issued at Thionville, marked the culmination of Charles' martial administration. The organisation of a squad was categorised to the merest detail, specific battle marches were created to keep order between the men, a soldier's equipment were explained in detail and discipline among the ranks was regarded with utmost importance.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=209}} Charles forbade individual soldier to have a [[camp follower]], instead, he permitted each company of 900 to have 30 women in their ranks who would attend to them.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=172}} He set brutal rules against defaulters and deserters. In 1476, he appointed Jehan de Dadizele to arrest deserters. Those guilty of encouraging soldiers to desert were to be executed and the deserters were to return to the army.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=225}} However, unrealistic rules were set forth too, such as a ban on cursing and playing with dice.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=419}} Charles explained in detail that the soldiers were to be introduced to these new conditions in a private setting via other soldiers, so each can be tutors on these subjects without a disciplinarian presiding over them.{{Sfn|Drake|2013|p=224}} The biggest obstacle in Charles' path for implementing these changes was the ineptitude of his soldiers. Charles combined [[macromanagement]] with [[micromanagement]], therefore, his erratic pace to write new detailed reforms every few year was too much for his captains and men-at-arms to sufficiently implement.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=420}}
Among his sources of influence, Charles' ordinances were mostly inspired by Xenophon's ''Cyropaedia''.{{Sfn|Allmand|2001|p=137}} After observing how [[Cyrus the Great]] achieved the willing obedience of his subjects, Charles became obsessed with discipline and order among his men-at-arms.{{Sfn|Drake|2013|p=223}} He applied Xenophon's comments in the Abbeville ordinance, thus ensuring that through a complex [[Command hierarchy|chain of command]], his soldiers would both command and obey.{{Sfn|Drake|2013|p=224}} The influence of [[Vegetius]]' ''[[De re militari]]'' is also quite apparent in Charles' writings. Per Vegetius' suggestions, soldiers were to be recruited from men offering themselves to a martial life, afterwards, they would swear an oath to stay loyal to the duke, Charles adapted both ideas in his 1471 ordinance.{{Sfn|Allmand|2001|pp=138, 140}} Moreover, Vegetius wrote exercises for soldiers to keep them prepared and disciplined, exercises that were reflected in the 1473 ordinance.{{Sfn|Allmand|2001|p=138}}
The creation of the Burgundian standing army raised the problem of recruitment.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=214}} Although the numbers of men-at-arms, pikemen and mounted archers met their guidelines, the Burgundian army lacked [[culverin]]s and foot archers.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=173}} To solve this problem, Charles diversified his army, recruiting men not only from his own subjects, but from other nationalities.{{Sfn|Baboukis|2010b|p=367}} In this regard, Italian mercenaries were his favourite and by 1476, filled up most of his ranks.{{Sfn|Walsh|2005|p=341}} Despite the constant warning from military authors of the past forbidding the recruitment of mercenaries, contemporary chronicler [[Jean Molinet]] praised Charles for his brilliant solution, stating that he is favoured by both heaven and earth and thus above the 'commandments of philosophers'.{{Sfn|Golubeva|2013|p=32}}
== Burgundian Wars ==
=== League of Constance ===
[[File:Deutsche Geschichte5-310.jpg|thumb|Trial of Peter von Hagenbach, 1474]]
Over the span of five years, Peter von Hagenbach had made an enemy out of the neighbouring Swiss confederacy, who felt threatened by his rule; alienated the Alsatians; and showed aggressive intentions towards the city of [[Mulhouse]]. As a result, the Swiss sought alliances with German towns and Louis XI.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=173}} By February 1473, it was agreed upon by a handful of free cities that the Burgundian rule in Alsace must come to an end.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=273}}
Thus, the cities [[Strasbourg]], [[Colmar]], [[Basel]] and [[Sélestat]] pursued Sigismund of Austria to buy back Alsace by giving him enough money. But Charles strongly refused to sell his lands.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=429}} Determined to keep Alsace in his grasp, Charles toured the province at Christmas 1473, reportedly with an army.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=276}} He also tried to make peace with the Swiss, although his sincerity was questioned.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=174}} The threats from Burgundy prompted the Swiss to ally themselves with their former enemy, Sigismund, whom they deemed better than the Burgundian duke.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=429}}
All of this led to the establishment of the [[Lower League|League of Constance]] in April 1474, formed to specifically eliminate Charles the Bold and Peter von Hagenbach from Alsace.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=174}} Subsequently, rebellion broke out in Alsace done by a group of Alsatian towns who had joined the League.{{Sfn|Knecht|2007|p=98}} By May 1474, Hagenbach was overthrown, and after a trial, executed in 9 May.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=429}} Upon hearing this news, Charles threw a tantrum filled with rage, and In August, sent an army led by Peter's brother, Stefan von Hagenbach, into Alsace for retaliation.{{Sfn|Simpson|Heller|2013|p=37}} After another refusal by Charles to give away Alsace, the League of Constance officially declared war on him.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=430}} In this way, the death of Hagenbach might be considered the catalyst to a cosmopolitan conflict now dubbed as the "[[Burgundian Wars]]".{{Sfn|Simpson|Heller|2013|p=37}}
=== Siege of Neuss ===
When Alsace rose up against Burgundian authority, Charles was already preoccupied with another campaign.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=430}} The disputes between the [[Archbishop of Cologne]], [[Ruprecht of the Palatinate (archbishop of Cologne)|Ruprecht]], and his subjects had tempted Charles to intervene in the situation to turn the [[Electorate of Cologne|electorate]] into a Burgundian protectorate.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=428}} To make peace, he held a conference in Maastricht on 14 May 1474, which failed. Therefore, from 22 June, he planned to siege Colognian cities and force Ruprecht's conditions on his subjects.{{Sfn|Williams|2014|p=22}} The first of his targets was the city of [[Neuss]]. Placed between Duchy of Guelders and Cologne, possession of Neuss was necessary to guarantee Burgundian supply lines for an attack on Cologne. Neuss was expected to fall within a few days, and many contemporary historians feared its fall would open up Germany to the Burgundians.{{Sfn|Williams|2014|p=22}}[[File:The Siege of Neuss by Charles the Bold in 1475. Museum Hof van Busleyden, Mechelen, Belgium.jpg|alt=Painting of the encampment of Charles the Bold's army outside of the walls of Neuss|thumb|321x321px|''Siege of Neuss by Charles the Bold in 1475'', Adriaen Van den Houte]]On 28 July 1474, Charles' army reached the southern gate of Neuss.{{Sfn|Williams|2014|p=23}} To isolate the city from outside world, Charles assigned men to every gate, blockaded the river across Neuss with fifty boats, and secured the two isles neighbouring the city.{{Sfn|Williams|2014|pp=23–24}} Despite all attempts, communications between Neuss and the outside world continued. The residents delivered letters to relieving forces from Cologne (who raided Burgundian lines) by shooting them through cannons,{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=48}} and in September, the Burgundian night watch caught a man swimming through the river with a letter detailing Emperor Frederick's intention to attack the Burgundian besiegers.{{Sfn|Williams|2014|p=24}} From the moment of arrival, the Burgundian artillery had bombarded Neuss' walls, hoping to breach them.{{Sfn|Villalon|Kagay|2005|p=445}} Upon the revelation of Frederick's plan, Charles intensified the barrage, and attempted dry out the city's [[moat]] by diverting the [[Erft|River Erft]] and sinking overloaded barges into the Rhine.{{Sfn|Williams|2014|p=24}}
Residents of Neuss endured the constant bombardments, and refused to surrender even though their food had reduced from cows to snails and weeds.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=431}} Their resistance brought admiration from all the contemporary chronicles.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=180}} Emperor Frederick was slow to amass an army. When he had gathered 20000 German forces in Spring 1475, he took seventeen days to march from Cologne to [[Zons]], their encampment.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=182}} Charles was constantly pursued by his brother-in-law, Edward IV to leave the siege and join him in fighting the French. But finding himself close to a confrontation with the Emperor's forces, Charles did not want to lose his pride and withdraw.{{Sfn|Williams|2014|p=25}} The Emperor had no desire to fight the Burgundians and except for a few skirmishes, did not put his army to any other use.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|De Vries|2005|pages=182}}; {{harvnb|Van Loo|2021|page=431}}</ref> The conflicts came to a rapid end when an emissary from the Pope successfully concluded a peace treaty on 29 May 1475 after threatening both sides of [[excommunication]].{{Sfn|Williams|2014|p=26}}
Eventually, Charles left Neuss on 27 June.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=183}} Upon his departure, the city had been so badly damaged that it was on the verge of surrender.{{Sfn|Williams|2014|p=26}} His propagandists presented him as the Caesar of their age who had brought a humiliating defeat on the German forces, which seems to have worked on his adversaries, because after signing the peace treaty, hundreds of German soldiers lined up to see him. According to one chronicle, many of them threw themselves at Charles and worshipped him.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=432}} However, the [[Siege of Neuss]] still was a catastrophic defeat for Charles and Burgundy.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=183}} Besides the number of men and equipment lost, this siege also cost Charles a chance to destroy Louis XI and France. Edward IV, after seeing no support from his ally, agreed to sign the [[Treaty of Picquigny]] with Louis XI, causing a seven-year truce and a marriage alliance between the two kingdoms.{{Sfn|Williams|2014|p=26}} Charles had to sign a treaty with Louis as well, so that he would be free to march south and deal with the League of Constance, whose members besides the Swiss, now also included René II of Lorraine.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=184}}
=== Battle of Grandson ===
[[File:Luzerner Schilling Battle of Grandson.jpg|alt=The scene of a battle, scratched over two pages|thumb|320x320px|[[Battle of Grandson]], illuminated in 1515 by [[Diebold Schilling the Younger]] in the [[Luzerner Schilling|Lucerne chronicle]].]]Charles commenced his full-fledged invasion on the Swiss and their allies immediately after signing the peace treaty with Louis XI; splitting his army into two parts, he advanced through Lorraine with no resistance and even captured the capital city [[Nancy, France|Nancy]].{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=185}} At the beginning of 1475, Charles besieged the recently captured castle of [[Grandson, Switzerland|Grandson]] which was fortified by a garrison from [[Bern]].{{Sfn|Baboukis|2010c}} Despite the many relief forces sent to defeat the Burgundians, the Swiss were unable to relieve the city from the siege and thus Charles successfully recaptured Grandson, executing all of the Bernese garrison as retaliation for Swiss brutality in Burgundian towns.{{Sfn|Beazley|2014|p=28}} On 1 March, Charles, expecting the Swiss army to march towards him for a battle, decided to leave Grandson northwards for a mountain pass north of the town of [[Concise, Switzerland|Concise]]. As he had foreseen, the Swiss army marched from [[Neuchâtel]], with their vanguard made up of eight thousand men several hours ahead of the rest. The vanguard reached the mountain pass first and surprised the Burgundian army.<ref>{{harvnb|Beazley|2014|page=28}}; {{harvnb|Baboukis|2010c}}</ref>
Despite the unexpected situation, Charles quickly rallied his troops, ordered his artillery to fire at the enemy lines and then launched an attack.{{Sfn|Baboukis|2010c}} Meanwhile, the Swiss had knelt down to pray, which the Burgundians may have mistaken for submission, motivating them more for the attack.{{Sfn|Beazley|2014|p=29}} The initial charge, commanded by {{Ill|Louis de Châlon-Arlay|fr|Louis de Châlon-Arlay (1448-1476)}}, Lord of Grandson, failed to penetrate the Swiss defensive line, with Louis himself killed in the process.{{Sfn|Beazley|2014|p=29}} Charles then made a second attack. In order to lure the enemy further down the valley to give his artillery a better target, Charles soon retreated.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=437}}
However, the rest of his army mistook his tactical retreat for a complete withdrawal. Around this time, the rest of the Swiss army had reached the valley, announcing their arrival by bellowing their horns. The Burgundians suddenly panicked and abandoned their positions, ignoring Charles' pleas to stay in line.<ref>{{harvnb|Beazley|2014|page=29}}; {{harvnb|Baboukis|2010c}}</ref> The panicking army even forsook their camp at Grandson, leaving it open for the Swiss to capture.{{Sfn|Baboukis|2010c}} Subsequently, the Swiss reached Charles' camp and looted the treasures inside it.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=438}} The [[Battle of Grandson]] became a humiliating defeat for Charles the Bold, his army's cowardice had caused him the lose of many valuable treasures and all of his artillery and supplies.{{Sfn|Beazley|2014|p=33}} For two or three days after the battle, Charles had been so shaken by the lost that he refused any food or drinks and by 4 March had began to reorganize his army in hopes of entering the battlefield two weeks later.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=378}}
=== Battle of Morat ===
[[File:La Fuite de Charles le Téméraire.jpg|alt=Charles the Bold and his men fleeting on horses|thumb|320x320px|The flight of Charles the Bold after the [[Battle of Morat]] by [[Eugène Burnand]], 1894, currently kept at the Eugène Burnand Museum in [[Moudon]]]]
Charles retreated to [[Lausanne]], where he began to reorganize the whole of his army with utmost fury and resolve. Demanding more artillery and men-at-arms his lands, for example, in Dijon, where anything made of metals were melted to make canons and in the occupied Nancy and Lorraine, where all their artilleries were confiscated.{{Sfn|Winkler|2010|p=20}}{{Efn|[[Philippe de Commines]], the Burgundian chronicler, reported that in his official decree to all of his realm, Charles ordered "{{Transliteration|de|Der Meyer zu Lockie an den Grafen zu Aarburg|}}" (''all the world to come to him with all (its) cannon and all (its) manpower'').{{sfn|Winkler|2010|p=20}}}} He received funds from all his allies and men from Italy, Germany, England and [[History of Poland during the Jagiellonian dynasty|Poland]] came to join his army.{{Sfn|Winkler|2010|p=21}} At the end of May, he had amassed 20,000 men in Lausanne, outnumbering the local population.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=439}} He trained these men from 14 to 26 May while he himself grew sicker by day, resulting in stagnation among his troops. With the supply lines delaying to deliver, and the payment long overdue, many things had to be cut from Charles' army. The number of horses reduced, with many of horse archers now functioning on foot. At last, the army, though luxurious in display, was questionably incoherent and destabilised.{{Sfn|Brunner|2011|p=47}}
On 27 May, Charles and his army began their slow march towards the fortress of [[Murten|Morat]]. His main objective was the city of Bern, and to eliminate all supports to the city, he first needed to conquer Morat.{{Sfn|Winkler|2010|p=21}} He arrived at Morat at 9 June and immediately began besieging the fortress. By 19 June, after several assaults on the fortress and with several of its walls destroyed, Morat sent a message to Bern, asking for help.{{Sfn|Winkler|2010|pp=24–25}} On 20 June, the {{Transliteration|de|[[Eidgenossenschaft|Eidgenossen]]}} (''oath companion''{{Efn|The word {{Transliteration|de|Eidgenossen}} is literary translated as 'oath companion', and was a synonym for Swiss, referring to the members of the Old Swiss Confederacy.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=435}} Until the Siege on Morat, most of the confederacy had not declared war on Burgundy, because Charles had yet to invade a territory officially part of one of its members. But during the siege, Charles attacked a bridge which was a part of Bernese territory, thus obligating the confederacy to join Bern in their campaign against Burgundy.{{Sfn|Brunner|2011|p=48}}}}) arrived at Morat.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=443}} Their numbers was larger than the army at Grandson; the Swiss commanders estimated themselves to be 30,000 men, while recent historians offer the number 24,000.{{Sfn|Winkler|2010|p=26}} Charles expected a decisive battle at the wake of 21 June, yet, the next day, he was met with inaction from the Swiss.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=443}} The Swiss instead attacked on 22 June, a holy day attributed to the [[Ten thousand martyrs]], catching the slumbering Burgundians unexpected.{{Sfn|Winkler|2010|p=27}} Charles was too slow in organizing his troops for a counterattack; he himself tarried in putting up his armour and while his men were taking their positions, the Swiss army had already reached them.{{Sfn|Winkler|2010|p=29}} Accordingly, the Burgundian army soon abandoned their posts and began fleeting for their lives.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=444}}
The resulting affair was a mass slaughter of the fleeing Burgundian army. Many retreated into the [[Lake Morat]], and either drowned or died swimming in the process. Some climbed the walnut trees, and were shot dead by the [[arquebus]]es and [[hand cannon]]s. The Swiss showed no mercy to the yielding men. They killed knights, soldiers, and high officials alike.{{Sfn|Winkler|2010|pp=30–31}} Charles himself fled with his men and rode for days until he reached [[Gex, Ain|Gex]].{{Sfn|Winkler|2010|p=33}} The Milanese ambassador, Panigarola, reported that Charles would laugh and make jokes after the defeat at Morat. Charles refused to believe he was defeated and continued to think God was on his side.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=197}}
== Death ==
=== Battle of Nancy ===
[[File:The-Finding-of-the-body-of-Charles-the-Bold-after-the-Battle-of-Nancy-1865-Found-in-the-collection.jpg|alt=The naked corpse of Charles the Bold found after the Battle of Nancy|thumb|263x263px|Charles the Bold found after the [[Battle of Nancy]], by [[Auguste Feyen-Perrin]], 1865. Held at [[Museum of Fine Arts of Nancy|Musée des Beaux-Arts]] at [[Nancy, France|Nancy]]]]While Charles may have wanted to continue the war against the Swiss, his plans changed drastically when Nancy was reconquered by René II on 6 October.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|p=197|2005}} In need of money, Charles took a large loan from the [[Medici Bank|Medici bank]] with which he assembled 10,000 hastily gathered men.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=445}} The rest of his army consisted of the Italian mercenaries under the command of {{Ill|Count of Campobasso|fr|Comte de Campobasso}}; Burgundian garrison in Nancy, and 8,000 reinforcement from the [[Burgundian Netherlands|Netherlands]].{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=419}} He arrived in Nancy at 11 October and by 22 October began bombarding the city walls. The siege continued throughout the harsh winter.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=198}} Charles was hoping that he could enter the city before any of Rene's allies arrive at Nancy.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=420}}
Meanwhile, René spent November and December on negotiating with the Swiss for granting him an army of mercenaries and with Louis XI to pay the Swiss, eventually, he was successful with both and marched towards Nancy from Basel on 26 December with 9000 Swiss mercenaries.{{Sfn|Dean|2014|p=40}} On 31 December, Count of Campobasso, who may have communicated secretly with René, deserted the Burgundian army with 180 of his men.{{Sfn|Dean|2014|p=39}} And on 3 January 1477, his sons deserted with the rest 120 of his men.{{Sfn|Walsh|2005|p=367}} Afterwards, he joined René and fought the Burgundians on the forthcoming battle.{{Sfn|Walsh|2005|p=367}}{{Efn|It is not clear what was Campobasso's position during the battle. One Neapolitan account reports that Charles once found himself engaged in a duel with Campobasso.{{sfn|Walsh|2005|p=368}} According to Angelo de Tummmulilis, Charles had Campobasso in his mercy but spared him and told him to flee.{{sfn|Walsh|2005|p=399}}}}
On 5 January, under heavy snow, René and his army marched towards the Burgundian position.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=199}} The snow was helpful in obscuring their movements, as they [[Flanking maneuver|outflanked]] the Burgundian army by marching around towards the front of the Burgundians, where Charles had not placed pickets.{{Sfn|Dean|2014|p=41}} Around noon they attacked the Burgundians, whose artillery was too slow to engage with the quickly-approaching army.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=200}} Charles tried to rally his men, but to no avail, for the Burgundians where already fleeting from the battlefield.{{Sfn|Dean|2014|p=43}} Meanwhile, the Alsatian and Swiss infantry encircled Charles and his horsemen. In the [[Meurthe (river)|River Meurthe]] he fell from his horse, and was struck on his head with a [[halberd]], which pierced his helmet and went into his skull.{{Sfn|Dean|2014|p=43}} Half of the Burgundian army died during the battle or while retreating.{{Sfn|Dean|2014|p=43}} Only those who escaped fifty kilometers to [[Metz]] survived.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=200}}
=== Burial ===
[[File:René-II-Charles-téméraire.jpg|alt=Rene II standing before the body of Charles the Bold, who wears a golden crown|thumb|Duke René II of Lorraine holding the hands of the corpse of Charles the Bold, ''Chronique scandaleuse'' by Jean de Roye]]
The corpse of Charles the Bold remained concealed until three days after the battle, when it was found lying on the river, with half of his head frozen.{{Sfn|Dean|2014|p=43}} It took a group consisting of Charles' Roman [[valet]], his Portuguese personal physician, his chaplain, [[Olivier de la Marche]], and two of his bastard brothers to identify the corpse through a missing tooth, ingrown toenail, and long fingernails.{{Sfn|Monter|2007|p=23}} His body was moved to Nancy with full honours, where it was displayed for 5 days.{{Sfn|Dean|2014|p=43}} Then, René buried him in the Saint-George [[collegiate church]] of Nancy.{{Sfn|Salet|1982|p=343}} In Artois, people refused to believe he was dead, instead believing he had escaped to Germany, to undergo seven years of penance but would reappear again.{{Sfn|Monter|2007|p=23}}
Margaret of York, Charles' wife, requested the return of his body, but was refused by René.{{Sfn|Salet|1982|p=343}} On 22 September 1550, [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]], as a sign to strengthen his legitimacy over Burgundy, exhumed the body and brought it to [[Luxembourg City|Luxembourg]]. And three years later, Charles' bones were again exhumed to their final resting place, the [[Church of Our Lady, Bruges]], beside his daughter, Mary of Burgundy.{{Sfn|Salet|1982|p=343}} On 1559, [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]] ordered the construction of a monument over the tomb of Charles, which was completed in 1563.{{Sfn|Salet|1982|p=343}} Philip would hold [[Mass (liturgy)|masses]] for the repose of the soul of Charles and [[Death anniversary|death anniversaries]] on the date of his death, 5 January.{{Sfn|Salet|1982|p=344}}
=== Aftermath ===
{{Main|War of the Burgundian Succession}}Louis XI knew of Charles' death even before the news had reached Burgundy, and thus taking advantage of a defenseless country, he invaded Burgundy through Picardy, Artois and [[Mâcon]] only three weeks after the Battle of Nancy.{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=195}} Meanwhile, Ghent rose in rebellion, executing two of Charles' closest collaborators, [[William Hugonet]] and [[Guy of Brimeu]], lord of [[Humbercourt]].{{Sfn|Schnerb|2008|p=455}} Charles' former conquests, Liége and Guelders, rapidly sought their independence, and in Luxembourg, a struggle broke out over consenting to the inheritance of Mary of Burgundy, or supporting another claimant.{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=195}} Sigismund of Austria and the Swiss were vying for [[Franche-Comté]] and Holland, Zeeland, Frisia and Hainault were claimed by the Count Palatine and the Duke of Bavaria.{{Sfn|Knecht|2007|p=104}}
Mary, the sole child of Charles, and Margaret of York, his widow, considered their only way out of this crisis through an alliance with the Habsburgs, therefore, Mary married Maximilian in August 1477.{{Sfn|Schnerb|2008|p=455}} Afterwards, Maximilian successfully resisted Louis' aggression in Artois and forced Louis into an advantageous temporary truce.{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=195}} The States General legitimized and accepted Mary succession on 11 February, after Mary signed the [[Great Privilege]], a series of constitutional reforms.{{Sfn|Koenigsberger|2001|p=42}} Mary died on 27 March 1482, and passed the Duchy of Burgundy onto her son and heir, [[Philip I of Castile|Philip]].{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=199}}
== Historiography and legacy ==
Charles the Bold's failure and untimely death directly caused the sudden collapse of the [[Burgundian State|Burgundian state]].{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=399}} He had no legitimate male heir to succeed him and did not provide a capable husband for his daughter that he could train and prepare for succession.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=399}} He was obsessed over uniting the "lands over there" (Low Countries) and the "lands over here" ([[Burgundy]] proper) through Lorraine,{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=193}} and sought to forge a national identity independent from that of the French.{{Sfn|Lecuppre-Desjardin|2022|p=337}} He spent his short years as the Duke of Burgundy for securing a crown and forging a new kingdom, which would have united his subjects under one symbol (Though Charles sought it more for his own glory).{{Sfn|Lecuppre-Desjardin|2022|p=157}} However, Charles was more successful in helping his German enemies to unite under the banner of a "German nation" opposing the duke of Burgundy, whom they called "The Grand Turk of the West".{{Sfn|Lecuppre-Desjardin|2022|p=217}}
His death was also the most pivotal moment in the modern history of Lorraine.{{Sfn|Monter|2007|p=15}} In Nancy, the victory of René II is still remembered fondly.{{Sfn|Monter|2007|p=22}} The Swiss victory at Morat was a confirmation to their national identity, a sign of pride and a preservation of their independence. While on the larger scales, the Battle of Morat also contributed to the decline of feudalism and may have been a major death blow to the concepts of chivalry.{{Sfn|Winkler|2010|p=34}} The German-language historiography treats him ambivalently, because he is seen both as a tragic representation of the fall of the Middle Ages, and as an immoral prince. The latter image being more present in the Swiss literature up until recently.{{Sfn|Sieber-Lehmann|1997|p=13}}
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== Bibliography ==
=== Books ===
{{refbegin|50em}}
* {{cite book|last=Alden|first=Jane|title=Songs, Scribes, and Society: The History and Reception of the Loire Valley Chansonniers|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=9780199700738|oclc=953459041|location=New York|series=The New Cultural History of Music}}
* {{cite book|last1=Ainsworth|first1=Maryan W.|authorlink1=Maryan Ainsworth|title=From Van Eyck to Bruegel: Early Netherlandish Painting in The Metropolitan Museum of Art|date=1998|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|via=H.N. Abrams|isbn=9780870998706|location=New York|oclc=39131019|chapter=The Business of Art : Patrons, Clients, and Art Markets |pages=23–39}}
* {{cite book|last=Bakos|first=Adrianna E.|title=Images of Kingship in Early Modern France: Louis XI in Political Thought, 1560-1789|publisher=Routledge| location=London|year=2013|isbn=9781136191909}}
* {{cite book|last1=Blockmans|first1=Wim|authorlink1=Wim Blockmans|last2=Pervenier|first2=Walter|title=The Promised Lands: The Low Countries Under Burgundian Rule, 1369-1530|date=1999|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=9780812231304|location=Philadelphia|oclc=40143018}}
* {{cite book|last=Brown |first=Howard Mayer| authorlink=Howard Mayer Brown |year=1999 |title=Antoine Busnoys: Method, Meaning, and Context in Late Medieval Music|publisher=Oxford University Press| editor-last=Higgins|editor-first= Paula Marie |location=Oxford |pages=53–68 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Antoine_Busnoys/n3nwn0h6k3oC?hl=en&gbpv=0 |isbn=9780198164067 |chapter=Music and Ritual at Charles the Bold's Court |oclc=883875759}}
* {{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Anthony|last2=Small|first2=Graeme|title=Court and Civic Society in the Burgundian Low Countries, C. 1420-1520|date=2007|publisher=Manchester University Press NBN International|isbn=9780719056208|location=Manchester|oclc=898037451}}
* {{cite book|last=Brown|first=Andrew|title=Civic Ceremony and Religion in Medieval Bruges C.1300–1520|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2010|isbn=9781139494748|location=Cambridge}}
* {{cite book|last1=Brady|first1=Thomas A.|title=German Histories in the Age of Reformations, 1400–1650|date=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139481151|location=Cambridge}}
* {{cite book|last=Cuttler|first=S.H.|title=The Law of Treason and Treason Trials in Later Medieval France|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1981|isbn=9780521239684|oclc=7462091|location=Cambridge}}
* {{cite book|last=Drake|first=Michael S.|title=Problematics of Military Power: Government, Discipline and the Subject of Violence|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|orig-date=First published 2002|isbn=9780415865296|location=Portland}}
* {{cite book|last1=D'Arcy|first1=Jonathan|last2=Dacre|first2=Boulton|title=The Knights of the Crown: The Monarchical Orders of Knighthood in Later Medieval Europe, 1325-1520|date=2000|publisher=Boydell Press|isbn=9780851157955|oclc=491598816|location=Woodbridge}}
* {{cite book|last=Graves|first=Michael A.R|title=The Parliaments of Early Modern Europe, 1400-1700|publisher=Taylor & Francis| location= London|year=2014|isbn=9781317884330}}
* {{cite book|last1=Gunn|first1=S.J.|last2=Janse|first2=A.|title=The Court as a Stage: England and the Low Countries in the Later Middle Ages|date=2006|publisher=Boydell|isbn=9781843831914|location=Woodbridge|oclc=62344765}}
* {{cite book|last=Golubeva|first=Maria|title=Models of Political Competence: The Evolution of Political Norms in the Works of Burgundian and Habsburg Court Historians, C. 1470-1700|publisher=Brill|year=2013|isbn=9789004250741| location= Leiden}}
* {{cite book|last1=Housley|first1=N.|title=Crusading in the Fifteenth Century: Message and Impact|date=2004|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9781403902832|location=Basingstoke, Hampshire|oclc=55518414}}
* {{cite book|last1=Hicks|first1=Michael A.|title=False, Fleeting, Perjur'd Clarence: George, Duke of Clarence 1449-78|date=1992|publisher=Headstart History|isbn=9781873041086|location=Bangor|oclc=463748217}}
* {{cite book|last=Jenks|first=Stuart|title=Documents on the Papal Plenary Indulgences 1300-1517 Preached in the Regnum Teutonicum|publisher=Brill| location= Leiden|year=2018|isbn=978-90-04-36063-1}}
*{{cite book |last=Kendall |first=Paul Murray |title=Louis XI: The Universal Spider |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company Inc. |location= New York|isbn=978-1842124116|year=1971}}
* {{cite book|last1=Koenigsberger|first1=H. G.|title=Monarchies, States Generals, and Parliaments: The Netherlands in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries|date=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521803304|location=Cambridge|oclc=46448960}}
* {{cite book|last1=Kontler|first1=Laszlo|last2=Somos|first2=Mark|title=Trust and Happiness in the History of European Political Thought| location=Leiden|date=2017|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004353664|oclc=1005741749}}
* {{cite book|last1=Kren|first1=Thomas|last2=McKendrick|first2=Scot|title=Illuminating the Renaissance: The Triumph of Flemish Manuscript Painting in Europe|publisher=The J. Paul Getty Museum|year=2003|isbn=9780892367030|oclc=51553612|location=Los Angeles}} {{free access}}
* {{cite book|last1=Knechtges|first1=David R.|title=Rhetoric and the Discourses of Power in Court Culture: China, Europe, and Japan|date=2012|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=9780295802367|location=Washington}}
* {{cite book|last1=Knecht|first1=Robert|authorlink=Robert Knecht|title=The Valois: Kings of France 1328-1589| location=London|date=2007|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9781852855222}}
* {{cite book|last1=Lecuppre-Desjardin|first1=Élodie|title=The illusion of the Burgundian state|date=2022|publisher=Manchester University Press|series=Manchester Medieval Studies|volume=30|isbn=9781526174550|location=Manchester}}
* {{cite book|last1=Lander|first1=Jack Robert|title=Government and Community: England, 1450-1509|date=1980|publisher=Harvard University Press|location= Cambridge, Massachusetts|isbn=9780674357945}}
* {{cite book|last1=Nicholas|first1=David|title=Medieval Flanders|date=2014|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781317901556|location=London|oclc=869093661}}
* {{cite book|last1=Monter|first1=E. William|title=A Bewitched Duchy: Lorraine and Its Dukes, 1477-1736|date=2007|publisher=Librairie Droz S.A|isbn=9782600011655|location=Genève|oclc=182762213}}
* {{cite book|last=Paravicini|first=Werner|editor-last1=Kupper|editor-first1=Jean-Louis|editor-last2=Marchandisse|editor-first2=Alain|title=À l'ombre du Pouvoir: Les entourages princiers au Moyen Âge|series=Bibliothèque de la faculté de philosophie et lettres de l'université de Liège|publisher=Presses universitaires de Liège|year=2003|isbn=9791036520631|doi=10.4000/books.pulg.5562|location=Liège|chapter=Acquérir sa grâce pour le temps advenir. Les hommes de Charles le Téméraire, prince héritier (1433-1467)|pages=307–328|language=fr}}
* {{cite book|last=Putnam|first=Ruth|author-link=Ruth Putnam (author)|title=Charles the Bold, last duke of Burgundy, 1433-1477|url=https://archive.org/details/charlesboldlastd00putnuoft/page/6/mode/2up?view=theater|location=New York|publisher=[[G. P. Putnam's Sons]]|year=1908|oclc=458219774}} {{free access}}
* {{cite book|last=Potter|first=Philip J.|title=Monarchs of the Renaissance The Lives and Reigns of 42 European Kings and Queens|publisher=McFarland & Company|year=2012|isbn=9780786468065|oclc=757461974|location=Jefferson, North Carolina}}
* {{cite book|last=Querengässer|first=Alexander|title=Before the Military Revolution: European Warfare and the Rise of the Early Modern State 1300–1490|date=2021|publisher=Oxbow Books|isbn=9781789256703|oclc=1259593478|location=Havertown|doi=10.2307/j.ctv1rxdqnf}}
* {{cite book|last=Roelens|first=Jonas|title=Citizens and Sodomites: Persecution and Perception of Sodomy in the Southern Low Countries (1400–1700)|date=2024|publisher=Brill| location=Leiden|isbn=9789004686175}}
* {{cite book|last1=Simpson|first1=Gerry|last2=Heller|first2=Kevin|authorlink1=Gerry Simpson|authorlink2=Kevin Jon Heller|title=The Hidden Histories of War Crimes Trials|date=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199671144|location=Oxford}}
* {{cite book|last=Sieber-Lehmann|first=C. |year=1997 |title=Europa und die osmanische Expansion im ausgehenden Mittelalter|publisher=Duncker & Humblot| editor-last=Erkens|editor-first= F.R |location=Berlin|pages=13–39 |isbn=978-3-428-09180-5|chapter=Der türkische Sultan Mehmet II und Karl der Kühne, der "Türk im Occident"}}
* {{cite book|last=Schnitker|first=Harry|title=Reputation and Representation in Fifteenth-Century Europe|date=2004|publisher=Brill| location=Leiden|isbn=9789004136137|editor-last1=Biggs|editor-first1=Doughlas|editor-last2=Michalove|editor-first2=Sharon|editor-last3=Reeves|editor-first3=Compton|pages=81–123|chapter=Margaret of York on Pilgrimage: The Exercise of Devotion and the Religious Traditions of the House of York}}
* {{cite book|last=Schepper|first=Hugo de|title=Between the Middle Ages and modernity: individual and community in the early modern world|date=2007|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9780742553095|editor-last1=Parker|editor-first1=Charles H.|editor-last2=Bentley|editor-first2=Jerry H.|location=Lanham|pages=187–211|chapter=The individual on trial in the sixteenth-century Netherlands : between tradition and modernity}}
* {{cite book|last=Schnerb|first=Bertrand|editor-last=Allmand|editor-first=Christopher|title=The New Cambridge Medieval Historlocation=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2008|isbn=9781139055758|doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521382960|oclc=697957877|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/new-cambridge-medieval-history/burgundy/B90D9A2293DC78A9F908A378EF77F35B|publication-place=England|chapter=Burgundy|pages=431–456}}
* {{cite book|last1=Schryver|first1=Antoine de|authorlink=Antoine de Schryver|title=The Prayer Book of Charles the Bold: A Study of a Flemish Masterpiece from the Burgundian Court|date=2008|publisher=Getty Publications|isbn=9780892369430|location=Los Angles}}
* {{cite book|last1=Stein|first1=Robert|title=Magnanimous Dukes and Rising States: The Unification of the Burgundian Netherlands, 1380-1480|date=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780191078309|location=Oxford|oclc=973882565}}
* {{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Robert Douglas|last2=De Vries|first2=Kelly|title=The Artillery of the Dukes of Burgundy, 1363-1477|date=2005|publisher=Boydell Press|isbn=9781843831624|location=Rochester, New York|oclc=60322326}}
* {{cite book|last=Taruskin|first=Richard|authorlink=Richard Taruskin|title=[[Oxford History of Western Music]]|volume=1|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=9780199813698|location=Oxford|chapter=Music for an intellectual and political elite}}
* {{cite book|last1=Taylor|first1=Aline|title=Isabel of Burgundy : the Duchess who played politics in the age of Joan of Arc|date=2002|publisher=Tempus|isbn=9780752423159|location=Stroud|oclc=49044225}}
* {{cite book|last1=Tyerman|first1=Christopher|authorlink=Christopher Tyerman|title=The World of the Crusades: An Illustrated History|location= New Haven|date=2018|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=9780300217391}}
* {{cite book|last1=Weightman|first1=Christine|title=Margaret of York: The Diabolical Duchess|date=2009|publisher=Amberley Publishing| location=Stroud|isbn=9781445609683}}
* {{cite book|last1=Waugh|first1=W.T.|title=A History of Europe From 1378 to 1494|date=2016|publisher=Taylor and Francis|isbn=9781138658974|oclc=102066843|location=[[Abingdon-on-Thames|Abingdon]]}}
* {{cite book|last1=Watson|first1=Noelle|last2=Schellinger|first2=Paul|last3=Ring|first3=Trudy|title=Northern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places| location=London|date=2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781136639449|oclc=7385588780}}
* {{cite book|last1=Walsh|first1=Richard J.|title=Charles the Bold and Italy (1467-1477): Politics and Personnel|date=2005|publisher=Liverpool University Press|series=Liverpool Historical Studies|volume=19|isbn=9781846312809|location=Liverpool|oclc=269009493}}
* {{cite book|last1=Woodacre|first1=Elena|last2=McGlynn|first2=Sean|title=The Image and Perception of Monarchy in Medieval and Early Modern Europe|date=2014|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|location=Cambridge|isbn=9781443868525}}
* {{cite book|last=Van Loo|first=Bart|title=The Burgundians: A Vanished Empire|publisher=Head of Zeus|year=2021|isbn=9781789543438|oclc=1264400332|location=London}}
* {{cite book|last1=Vaughan|first1=Richard|last2=Small|first2=Graem|title=Philip the Good: The Apogee of Burgundy|date=2010|publisher=The Boydell Press|isbn=9780851159171|location=Woodbridge|oclc=1015575845}}
* {{cite book|last1=Vaughan|first1=Richard|last2=Paravicini|first2=Wener|title=Charles the Bold: The Last Valois Duke of Burgundy|date=2002|publisher=The Boydell Press|isbn=9780851159188|location=Woodbridge}}
* {{cite book|last1=Villalon|first1=L. J. Andrew|last2=Kagay|first2=Donald J.|title=The Hundred Years War: A Wider Focus|date=2005|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=978-90-47-40586-3}}
{{refend}}
=== Articles ===
{{refbegin|50em|indent=yes}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Allmand|first1=Christopher|authorlink1=Christopher Allmand|title=Did the De re militari of Vegetius influence the military ordinances of Charles the Bold?|journal=Publications du Centre Européen d'Etudes Bourguignonnes|publisher=[[Brepols]]|year=2001|volume=41|pages=135–143|url=https://www.brepolsonline.net/doi/abs/10.1484/J.PCEEB.2.302198?role=tab&journalCode=pceeb|doi=10.1484/J.PCEEB.2.302198|issn=2034-6786}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Beazley|first1=Matthew|title=Burgundian blunder at Concise: The Battle of Grandson|journal=Medieval Warfare|year=2014|volume=4|number=4|pages=27–33|jstor=48578372|issn=2211-5129|eissn=25893548|publisher=Karwansaray BV}}
*{{cite journal |title=Matthias Corvinus and Charles the Bold|first=Attila|last=Barany|journal=Chronica. Annual of the Institute of History, University of Szeged|publisher=[[University of Szeged]]|volume=12|pages=69–88|date=2016|issn=1588-2039|oclc=50489577|url=https://www.iskolakultura.hu/index.php/chronica/article/view/10799}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Brunner|first1=Jean-Claude|title=Misery at Morat: Charles the Bold's English Archers at the Battle of Murten|journal=Medieval Warfare|year=2011|volume=1|number=4|pages=43–48|jstor=48577888|issn=2211-5129|eissn=25893548|publisher=Karwansaray BV}}
*{{cite journal |title=Burgundy and the Empire in the Reign of Charles the Bold|first=Laetitia |last=Boehm|journal=The International History Review|volume=1|pages=153–162|number=2 |date=1979|jstor=40105726|doi=10.1080/07075332.1979.9640180|publisher=Taylor & Francis, Ltd}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Dean|first1=Sidney|title=Battle of Nancy: End game for Charles the Bold|journal=Medieval Warfare|year=2014|volume=4|number=4|pages=39–43|jstor=48578375|issn=2211-5129|eissn=25893548|publisher=Karwansaray BV}}
*{{cite journal |title=Charles the Bold as a Patron, Singer and Composer|first=David|last=Fallows|authorlink1=David Fallows|journal=[[Tijdschrift van de Koninklijke Vereniging voor Nederlandse Muziekgeschiedenis]]|publisher=Koninklijke Vereniging voor Nederlandse Muziekgeschiedenis (KVNM)|volume=69|pages=3–18|date=2019|issn=1383-7079|oclc=865210651|jstor=45284494|url=https://resolver.scholarsportal.info/resolve/13837079/v69inone/3_ctbapsac.xml}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Haemers|first1=Jelle|title=Social memory and rebellion in fifteenth-century Ghent|journal=Social History|year=2011|volume=36|issue=4|pages=443–463|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23072657|doi=10.1080/03071022.2011.610631|publisher=Taylor & Francis}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Kiening|first1=Christian|title=Rhétorique de la perte. L'exemple de la mort d'Isabelle de Bourbon (1465)|publisher=Presses Universitaires de Vincennes|journal= Médiévales |year=1994|number=27|pages=15–24|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/medi_0751-2708_1994_num_13_27_1307|oclc=5792687718|issn=0751-2708|jstor=43026850|language=fr}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Salet|first1=Francis|title=Le tombeau de Charles le Téméraire|journal= Bulletin Monumental|year=1982|pages=343–344|volume= 140|issue= 4|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/bulmo_0007-473x_1982_num_140_4_6128?q=Charles+le+T%C3%A9m%C3%A9rair4|language=fr|oclc=866803890|issn=0007-473X}}
*{{cite journal |title=Burgundy and the Inalienability of Appanages in the Reign of Louis XI |first=Paul |last=Saenger |journal=French Historical Studies |volume=10 |pages=1–26 |number=1 |date=Spring 1977 |doi=10.2307/286114 |jstor=286114}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Sommé|first1=Monique|title=La jeunesse de Charles le Téméraire d'après les comptes de la cour de Bourgogne|journal= [[Revue du Nord]]|year=1982|volume=64|issue=245–255|pages=731–750|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/rnord_0035-2624_1982_num_64_254_3891|oclc=492984851|issn=0035-2624|language=fr}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Walsh|first1=Richard J.|title=Charles the Bold and the crusade: politics and propaganda|journal=Journal of Medieval History |year=1977|volume=1|issue=3|pages=53–86|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0304418177900409|doi=10.1016/0304-4181(77)90040-9|issn=0304-4181|publisher=Taylor & Francis}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Williams|first1=Gareth|title=Fools Rush In: Charles the Bold and the Siege of Neuss|journal=Medieval Warfare|year=2014|volume=4|number=4|pages=22–26|jstor=48578371|issn=2211-5129|eissn=25893548|publisher=Karwansaray BV}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Winkler|first1=Albert|title=The Battle of Murten: The Invasion of Charles the Bold and the Survival of the Swiss States|journal=Swiss American Historical Society Review|year=2010|volume=46|number=1|pages=8–34|url=https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/facpub/1804/|publisher=Birmingham University Press| oclc=806785252}}
{{Refend}}
=== Encyclopedias ===
{{refbegin|50em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |title=France, Narrative (1328-1483) |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology |date=2010 |last=Ditcham |first=Brian G.H. |editor-last=Rogers| editor-first=Cliford J. |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn= 9780195334036 |oclc=645185716 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195334036.001.0001 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195334036.001.0001/acref-9780195334036-e-0365?rskey=1uol4L&result=361 |access-date=14 April 2023 |url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Hemelryck|first=Tania van |editor1-last=Dunphy|editor1-first=Graeme|editor1-link=Graeme Dunphy|editor2-last=Bratu |editor2-first=Cristian |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle |title=Fillastre, Guillaume |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-the-medieval-chronicle/fillastre-guillaume-SIM_01007?lang=en|url-access=subscription|date=2016|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-18464-0|issn=2666-5611|oclc=864906597 |doi=10.1524/hzhz.2013.0033}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|editor-last=Rogers|editor-first=Clifford J.|editor-link=Clifford J. Rogers|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2010|isbn=9780195334036|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195334036.001.0001|oclc=645185716|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195334036.001.0001/acref-9780195334036|location=New York|url-access=subscription}}
** {{harvc |last=Baboukis|first=Johanna M.|in1=Rogers|year=2010|anchor-year=2010a|chapter=Montlhéry, Battle of}}
** {{harvc |last=Baboukis|first=Johanna M.|in1=Rogers|year=2010|anchor-year=2010b|chapter=Charles the Bold}}
** {{harvc |last=Baboukis|first=Johanna M.|in1=Rogers|year=2010|anchor-year=2010c|chapter=Grandson, Battle of}}
{{Refend}}
== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Charles the Bold}}
{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[House of Valois-Burgundy]]|10 November|1433|5 January|1477|[[House of Valois]]}}
{{s-reg}}
{{S-bef
| rows = 2
| before = [[Philip the Good]]
}}
{{S-ttl
| title = [[Duke of Burgundy]], [[Duke of Brabant|Brabant]],<br />[[List of rulers of Limburg|Limburg]], [[Duke of Lothier|Lothier]] and [[List of monarchs of Luxembourg|Luxemburg]];<br />[[County of Namur|Margrave of Namur]];<br />[[Count of Artois]], [[Count of Flanders|Flanders]],<br />[[Count of Hainaut|Hainaut]], [[Count of Holland|Holland]] and [[Count of Zeeland|Zeeland]];<br />[[Count Palatine of Burgundy]]
| years = 15 July 1467 – 5 January 1477
}}
{{S-aft
| rows = 3
| after = [[Mary of Burgundy|Mary]]
}}
{{s-break}}
{{S-ttl
| title = [[Count of Charolais]]
| years = August 1433 – 5 January 1477
}}
{{s-break}}
{{S-bef
| before = [[Arnold, Duke of Guelders|Arnold]]
}}
{{S-ttl
| title = [[Duke of Guelders]]<br />[[Count of Zutphen]]
| years = 23 February 1473 – 5 January 1477
}}
{{S-end}}{{Valois Burgundy}}{{Monarchs of Luxembourg}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bold, Charles the}}
[[Category:Dukes of Burgundy|Charles]]
[[Category:Nobility of the Burgundian Netherlands]]
[[Category:House of Valois-Burgundy|Charles]]
[[Category:1433 births]]
[[Category:1477 deaths]]
[[Category:Philip the Good (Duke of Burgundy)|Charles]]
[[Category:People from Dijon]]
[[Category:Dukes of Brabant|Charles]]
[[Category:Dukes of Guelders|Charles]]
[[Category:Dukes of Limburg|Charles]]
[[Category:Dukes of Luxembourg|Charles]]
[[Category:Counts of Flanders|Charles]]
[[Category:Counts of Artois|Charles]]
[[Category:Counts of Burgundy|Charles]]
[[Category:Counts of Hainaut|Charles]]
[[Category:Counts of Holland|Charles]]
[[Category:Counts of Charolais|Charles]]
[[Category:Margraves of Namur|Charles]]
[[Category:Knights of the Garter|Charles]]
[[Category:Grand Masters of the Order of the Golden Fleece|Charles]]
[[Category:Knights of the Golden Fleece|Charles]]
[[Category:Military personnel killed in action]]
[[Category:15th-century peers of France]]
[[Category:15th-century dukes in Europe]]
[[Category:Royal reburials]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Duke of Burgundy from 1467 to 1477}}
{{Distinguish|Charles the Bald}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
| image = Charles the Bold 1460.jpg
| caption = Charles the Bold in about 1460, wearing the collar of the [[Order of the Golden Fleece]], painted by [[Rogier van der Weyden]]
| succession = [[Duke of Burgundy]]<!-- Only the most important title should be given in the infobox. Other titles are listed in the succession boxes at the bottom of the page. -->
| reign = 15 June 1467 – 5 January 1477
| predecessor = [[Philip the Good]]
| successor = [[Mary of Burgundy|Mary the Rich]]
| birth_date = 10 November 1433
| birth_place = [[Dijon]], [[Duchy of Burgundy|Burgundy]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1477|1|5|1433|11|21|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Nancy, France|Nancy]], [[Duchy of Lorraine|Lorraine]]
| burial_place = [[Church of Our Lady, Bruges]]
| spouses = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Catherine of Valois, Countess of Charolais|Catherine of France]]|19 May 1440|13 July 1446|end=
{{abbr|d.|died}}}}
* {{marriage|[[Isabella of Bourbon]]|30 October 1454|25 September 1465|end={{abbr|d.|died}}}}
* {{marriage|[[Margaret of York]]|3 July 1468}}}}
| issue = [[Mary of Burgundy|Mary the Rich]]
| full name = Charles Martin
| house = [[House of Valois-Burgundy|Valois-Burgundy]]
| father = [[Philip the Good]]
| mother = [[Isabella of Portugal (1397–1471)|Isabella of Portugal]]
| signature = Signatur Karl der Kühne.PNG
| religion = [[Roman Catholicism]]
}}
'''Charles Martin''' (10 November 1433 – 5 January 1477) called '''The Bold''',{{Efn|Contemporaneous historians and chroniclers gave Charles his epithet, {{transl|Fr|le Téméraire}}, after his death. The English translation, Charles the Bold, suggests that he was named after the progenitor of his family, [[Philip the Bold]]. Whereas Philip's epithet, {{transl|Fr|le Hardi}} can be translated to "bold", Charles' title in French means "foolhardy" and "reckless".{{sfn|Van Loo|2021|page=287}}}} was the last [[Duke of Burgundy]] from the [[House of Valois-Burgundy|Burgundian]] [[cadet branch]] of [[House of Valois]] from 1467 to 1477. He was the only legitimate son of [[Philip the Good]] and his third wife, [[Isabella of Portugal, Duchess of Burgundy|Isabella of Portugal]]. Appointed as the Count of [[Charolais, France|Charolais]] upon his birth, Charles vied for power and influence even before succeeding his father. He had a deep rooted rivalry with [[Louis XI]], the [[List of French monarchs|King of France]], which was the cause to many disputes and events during his life, starting with the [[War of the Public Weal]], a revolt of French vassals under the leadership of Charles.
After ascension to the [[Duchy of Burgundy]] in 1467, Charles began pursuing his ambitions: independence from France and forging a kingdom from the [[North Sea]] in the north to the borders of [[Savoy]] in the south. To this end, he took many actions and through his risky and aggressive foreign policy, became an enemy to all of his neighbouring nations. He added [[Duchy of Guelders|Guelders]] and [[Upper Alsace]] into his realm, and strengthened his rule over [[Liège|Liége]] by brutally crushing their rebellion. Charles forged many alliances, marrying [[Edward IV of England|Edward IV]]'s sister, [[Margaret of York]] for an English alliance and arranging the betrothal between his sole child, [[Mary of Burgundy|Mary]], with [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian]], the son of the [[Holy Roman Emperor]], [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick III]].
As a patron of arts, he supported the production of [[illuminated manuscript]]s and music, himself being a composer and valid musician. His court was famously seen as a centre of arts, chivalry and etiquette and would keep this reputation even after his death. He was obsessed with order and regulation and wrote many ordinances throughout his rule, dictating military matters, legislations, and diplomacy to the smallest of detail. A religious person, his patron saint was Saint George and he was asked constantly by the [[Pope]] and the [[Republic of Venice|Venetians]] to undertake a crusade against the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turks]].
Towards the end of his life, Charles became engaged in a multinational conflict called the [[Burgundian Wars|Burgundian War]] (1474–1477), during which, he tried to protect his rights over Upper Alsace and also annex lands belonging to the [[Old Swiss Confederacy|Swiss Confederacy]]. After his [[Siege of Neuss|unsuccessful siege upon Neuss]], he confronted the Swiss in the battles of [[Battle of Grandson|Grandson]] and [[Battle of Morat|Morat]], all of which ended with his defeat. At last, he was killed at the [[Battle of Nancy]] on 5 January 1477, fighting against [[René II, Duke of Lorraine|René II of Lorraine]] and his Swiss army. His death brought an end to the prestigious [[Burgundian State|Burgundian state]], and his dynasty would end a generation later when his daughter, Mary of Burgundy died and was succeeded by her son, [[Philip I of Castile|Philip of Austria]].
== Background ==
[[House of Valois-Burgundy]] was begun with [[Philip the Bold]], the fourth son of [[John II of France|John II]], [[List of French monarchs|King of France]]. Philip became the [[Duke of Burgundy]] in 1363.{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=1}} In 1369, Philip married [[Margaret III, Countess of Flanders|Margaret of Male]], the heiress of [[Louis II, Count of Flanders]], who brought with her [[dowry]] the wealthy lands of [[Flanders]], [[Rethel]], [[Antwerp]], and [[Mechelen]], along with the territories bordering on Flanders and Burgundy: the counties of [[Artois]], [[Franche-Comté]], and the county of [[Nevers]].{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=1}} Philip expanded his influence in the [[Low Countries]] further by contracting marriage alliances; he was also heavily involved in the royal court of France, especially after the death of his brother, [[Charles V of France|Charles V]], and during the troublesome reign of his successor, [[Charles VI of France|Charles VI]].{{Sfn|Brown|Small|2007|p=3}} When Philip died in 27 April 1404, his lands were divided between his three sons, [[John the Fearless|John]], [[Anthony, Duke of Brabant|Anthony]], and [[Philip II, Count of Nevers|Philip]]. John the Fearless, Philip the Bold's eldest son, inherited the Duchy of Burgundy, and less than a year later, in 1405, with the death of his mother, the major part of his maternal inheritance. Anthony became the [[Duke of Brabant]] through [[Jure uxoris|his marriage to the Duchess]], [[Jeanne of Saint-Pol]] and the youngest son, also Philip, inherited Nevers and Rethel from his mother.{{Sfn|Schnerb|2008|p=431}} The division of his father's lands reduced John's income by 14.3 percent with his [[Conscription#Medieval levies|levies]]' payment falling to one-third of their former levels. Between 1404 and 1407, his treasury virtually emptied.{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=38}} As a result, John was forced to borrow money, requesting loans from government employees, his richest subjects, his towns and from Italian bankers, such as Dino Rapondi from [[Lucca]], who backed him.{{Sfn|Schnerb|2008|p=433}}
John was probably attracted by the possibility of strengthening his position in the French court, as his father had. To restore his influence, John began a rivalry with the king's brother, [[Louis I, Duke of Orléans|Louis of Orleans]], who controlled the treasury.{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|pp=38–39}} The rivalry between the two eventually led to the [[Assassination of Louis I, Duke of Orléans|assassination of Louis]] on the order of John on 23 November 1407,{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=40}} which started the twenty-eight-year-long [[Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War]]. At first, John had the upper hand, however, by 1410 opposition—centred around [[Charles, Duke of Orléans|Charles]], the son of the dead Louis—became increasingly powerful. [[Assassination of John the Fearless|John was murdered]] by his opponents on 10 September 1419, during a meeting with the [[dauphin of France]], the future [[Charles VII of France|Charles VII]].{{Sfn|Schnerb|2008|p=438}}
John was succeeded by his only son, [[Philip the Good]], who had ruled over his father's domains in Burgundy while John was preoccupied with French politics.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Small|2010|p=2}} Unlike his father and grandfather, Philip chose to distance himself from French politics. Instead, he chose to forge alliances elsewhere, hence marrying [[Isabella of Portugal, Duchess of Burgundy|Isabella of Portugal]] in 7 January 1430. Isabella was Philip's third wife, after [[Michelle of Valois]] and [[Bonne of Artois]], who both predeceased their husband without birthing any children.{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=73}} The third marriage of Philip the Good denoted his desire to create a strong, centralised duchy ruled by a prestigious dynasty who owned a new cultural heritage, different from that of the French.{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=73}}
Philip then began his territorial expansion, bringing many new lordships, among them being [[Arras]], [[Péronne, Somme|Péronne]], [[Roye, Somme|Roye]], and [[Picardy]], into his realm. In 1420, He was able to purchase the county of [[Namur]], a town located in the [[Holy Roman Empire]], from [[John III, Marquis of Namur|Jean III]] in exchange of 132,000 ''[[écu]]s''. In 1425, he declared war on his cousin, [[Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut]],{{Efn|Jacqueline was the daughter of [[Margaret of Burgundy, Duchess of Bavaria|Margaret of Burgundy]], a daughter of Philip the Bold.{{sfn|Stein|2017|p=42}}}} in order to take her inheritance, the counties of [[County of Hainaut|Hainaut]], [[County of Holland|Holland]], [[Friesland]], and [[Zeeland]], form her. He successfully took the lands in April 1433, after she abandoned her rights to them.{{Sfn|Schnerb|2008|pp=439–440}} In 1430, Philip inherited the Duchy of Brabant when [[Philip I, Duke of Brabant|Philip of Saint Pol]], the son of Anthony, died suddenly and unexpectedly in the same year. The inheritance brought Philip three [[Principality|principalities]]: Brabant; [[Duchy of Limburg|Limburg]], which had long been attached to the former; and [[Lotharingia]], a theoretical title reminiscent of [[Carolingian Empire|Carolingian]] era.{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|pp=91–92}} This expansions distressed the Holy Roman Emperor, [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund]], who declared war on Philip in 1434, hoping that Charles VII would also come to his aid, only to be disappointed with the French and Burgundian [[Congress of Arras|reconciliation]] in 1435. His failure to gain help from [[Prince of the Holy Roman Empire|Imperial princes]] also discouraged his efforts and his eventual death in 1437 put an end to the Empire's hostility with the growing power of Burgundy.{{Sfn|Schnerb|2008|p=440}}
== Early life ==
=== Childhood ===
[[File:La Duchesse de Bourgogne arrêtée aux portes de Bruges - Sophie Rude - MBA Lyon 2014.JPG|thumb|''La Duchesse de Bourgogne arrêtée aux portes de Bruges'' by [[Sophie Frémiet]]. This painting depicts the moment Isabella of Portugal, her son, Charles, and her entourage were arrested at the gates of Bruges]]
Charles Martin{{Sfn|Putnam|1908|p=6}} was born on 10 November 1433 in the city of [[Dijon]]. He was the third child of Philip the Good with Isabella of Portugal and the only one to survive past infancy. His mother, in fear that she would lose another child, consecrated the infant to the [[Eucharist|Blessed Sacrament]] within days from his birth. Philip the Good arrived in Dijon on late November to celebrate the birth and made his son a [[Order of the Golden Fleece|knight of the Golden Fleece]], a [[Order of chivalry|knightly order]] created by him in 1430.{{Sfn|Taylor|2002|p=68}} The infant also became the count of [[Charolais, France|Charolais]], a title given to the heirs of the dukes of Burgundy.{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=114}} He was baptised in 20 November, with [[Charles I, Count of Nevers|Charles, Count of Nevers]] and [[Antoine I de Croÿ]] as his sponsors; he was named after the count of Nevers, who was Philip the Good's adopted son from his second wife, Bonne of Artois.<ref>{{harvnb|Putnam|1908|p=7}}; {{harvnb|Taylor|2002||p=68}}.</ref> In early spring 1434, Isabella and the young Charles moved to the mountain fortress of [[Talant]], in fear of the plague outbreak in Burgundy in the May and September of the same year.{{Sfn|Taylor|2002|p=69}} The Duchess and her son descended the mountains in April 1435, when the danger of plague had finally waned. Afterwards, they travelled to Paris to join Philip the Good.{{Sfn|Taylor|2002|p=68}} En route, they sojourned in [[Bruges]], where a rebellion against Philip the Good was brewing. In 1436, when Isabella and her entourage were to leave the city, rebels forcefully stopped and arrested them near the city's gate. They searched through her carriage and rudely insulted her.{{Sfn|Brown|2010|p=230}} The rebellion was suppressed in 1438, when Philip the Good set an economical blockade on the city, which weakened Bruges and forced the rebels to surrender.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=304}}
Even during infancy, Charles was described as a robust child.<ref>{{harvnb|Putnam|1908|p=8}}; {{harvnb|Taylor|2002||p=69|year=}}.</ref> He showed his interest in martial matters and military operations early in his life; by the age of two, he was instructed on [[Equestrianism|horsemanship]] while training on a wooden steed.{{Efn|Which was especially made for him by a saddler from [[Brussels]] called Jean Rampart.{{sfn|Putnam|1908|p=9}}}}{{Sfn|Putnam|1908|p=9}} Philip the Good assigned many tutors for the young Charles, the most important among them being Antoine Haneron, professor of rhetoric in the [[Old University of Leuven|University of Louvain]] who familiarized Charles with the works of [[Cicero]], [[Quintilian]], [[John of Salisbury]], [[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]], [[Vegetius]], and [[Bartolus de Saxoferrato]].{{Sfn|Knechtges|2012|p=333}} Like his father, Charles developed a fondness for reading histories, chronicles and historical romances.{{Sfn|Knechtges|2012|p=333}} He especially enjoyed reading about the deeds of [[Julius Caesar|Caesar]], [[Pompey]], [[Hannibal]], and [[Alexander the Great]]. He held the last one in high regards, building ambition in his early years to become a conqueror like him. The fact that both he and Alexander had fathers named [[Philip II of Macedon|Philip]] stimulated his imagination and further enhanced his ambition.<ref>{{harvnb|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=163}}; {{harvnb|Putnam|1908|p=10|year=}}.</ref>
In 1435, with the [[Congress of Arras#Treaty of Arras|Treaty of Arras]], Philip the Good reconciled with Charles VII, marking the end of the civil war that had ensured between his house and the royal family.{{Sfn|Schnerb|2008|p=439}} As a sign of good faith in his new ally, Charles VII also agreed to arrange a marriage between one of his daughters with Philip's heir. He sent his daughters to Burgundy and allowed Philip to choose one of them. [[Catherine of France, Countess of Charolais|Catherine]], the king's ten-years-old daughter, was chosen to marry the six-year-old Charles.{{Sfn|Taylor|2002|p=86}} The two were married in 11 June 1439, during a ceremony accompanied by concerts, jousts and banquets in the city of [[Saint-Omer]].{{Sfn|Vaughan|Small|2010|p=114}} The wedded children were put under the care of a [[governess]], according to the wedding accounts, and were often separated from each other to spend their time with hobbies in tune with their age.<ref>{{harvnb|Vaughan|Small|2010|p=114}}; {{harvnb|Taylor|2002|p=87|year=}}.</ref>
Until the age of six, Charles was brought up by his cousins, [[John I, Duke of Cleves|John]] and [[Agnes of Cleves]], who both were the children of [[Mary of Burgundy, Duchess of Cleves|Mary of Burgundy]], the daughter of John the Fearless, with [[Adolph I, Duke of Cleves]]. From the two, the presence of Agnes was more prominent in Charles' early education. She was always in the company of Isabella of Portugal, thus reassuring that Charles was not far from his mother.{{Sfn|Sommé|1982|p=734}} In 1441, Philip the Good appointed Jean d'Auxy, {{Transl|Fr|[[Seigneur|seigneur]]}} of [[Auxi-le-Château]], as the eight-year-old Charles' guardian. He would go on to serve as Charles' [[Chamberlain (office)|chamberlain]] from 1456 to 1468.{{Sfn|Gunn|Janse|2006|p=121}} Charles was around this age when he began partaking in public affairs of his father's duchy. In 1445, he accompanied his father in a state visit to Holland and Zealand, a rare event as the Duke rarely journeyed to the Flemish part of his lands. According to [[Olivier de la Marche]], the inhabitants were delighted to see their count—the young Charles—in his lands after eight years of absence.{{Sfn|Putnam|1908|pp=24, 25}}
=== Youth ===
[[File:Jacques de Guise, Chroniques de Hainaut, frontispiece, KBR 9242 (c).jpg|alt=Philip the Good, dressed in black, wearing chaperon, and beside him is Charles, bareheaded and wearing the collar of the Order of the Golden Fleece|thumb|Charles, aged 12 or 13, standing beside his father, Philip, Duke of Burgundy; ''[[Jean Wauquelin presenting his 'Chroniques de Hainaut' to Philip the Good]]'', 1447]]Charles became fast friends with his wife, Catherine.{{Sfn|Taylor|2002|p=104}} It is recorded that they gave gifts to each other, for instance, the countess bought a harp for Charles in 1440, as music was one of his interests.{{Sfn|Putnam|1908|p=27}} In February 1446, Catherine became bedridden with cold, high fever and persistent coughing. By March, she was too pale, lethargic and had no appetite.{{Sfn|Taylor|2002|p=104}} From the start of her illness, Charles (and also his mother) remained as close to Catherine's side as possible. Charles urged the physicians sent by the King to do everything they could for his young wife. He visited her regularly and played the harp for her, the same harp she gifted to him six years ago.{{Sfn|Taylor|2002|p=106}} In April, however, the three of them were forced to journey to Arras, when Philip the Good ordered them to join him in watching a [[Tournament|tourney]] in that city. Wanting to please his father, Charles began anticipating the tourney instead of worrying over his wife.{{Sfn|Taylor|2002|p=105}} During the tourney, Catherine's general state deteriorated, to the point when she was overwhelmed by coughing and had to return to bed soon after the tourney had started. When she was well enough to travel, Catherine and her mother-in-law, Isabella journeyed to [[Palace of Coudenberg|Coudenberg]], the princess' favourite place. She eventually died in 30 July 1446, and her death was deeply mourned by the court of Burgundy.{{Sfn|Taylor|2002|p=106}}
When Charles was seventeen-year-old, he led his first joust in a practice tourney in Brussels. He jousted against [[Jacques de Lalaing]], the renowned knight of Burgundy. In the first round, Charles was able to struck Jacques on the shield and with it, shatter his own lance into many pieces.{{Sfn|Putnam|1908|p=28}} Philip the Good accused the knight holding back his real strength to let Charles win. He threatened to leave the tourney if the knight did not put up a real fight. During the second tilt, both lances were broken, which made the duke to cheer in excitement and the duchess, Isabella of Portugal, to worry over his son's safety.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Small|2010|p=341}} During the actual journey, Charles managed to break sixteen or eighteen lances and receive prize from two princess. In his honour, heralds cried the well-known French battle cry, "''[[Montjoie Saint Denis!]]''" (which was also the motto of the Kingdom of France.)<ref>{{harvnb|Vaughan|Small|2010|p=341}}; {{harvnb|Putnam|1908|p=29|year=}}.</ref>
In 1449, [[Revolt of Ghent (1449–1453)|a rebellion]] broke out in Ghent as a result of Philip the Good's deteriorated relation with the {{Transl|de|[[Burgher (social class)|burghers]]}} of Ghent over imposing new taxes on salt.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Small|2010|p=306}} The revolt cost Philip one of his illegitimate sons, [[Cornille of Burgundy]], and his famous knight, Jacques de Lalaing.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|pages=129, 131}} Charles partook in the fighting too, however, in fear that he would die in the battlefield, Philip the Good had him removed from the battle by spuriously telling him that his mother was seriously ill in [[Lille]]. Charles left shortly before the decisive [[Battle of Gavere]] in 1453.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Small|2010|p=341}} In Lille, his mother honoured him with a feast, and to everyone's surprise, encouraged him to return to the battlefield and fight for his inheritance, albeit by that time Philip the Good had won the battle and defeated the rebellious {{Transl|De|burghers}}.{{Sfn|Putnam|1908|p=39}}
Charles remained a widow for eight years until he was married to [[Isabella of Bourbon]] in 1454.{{Sfn|Kiening|1994|p=17}} Isabella was the daughter of [[Agnes of Burgundy, Duchess of Bourbon|Agnes of Burgundy]], and Philip the Good's niece. Her father, [[Charles I, Duke of Bourbon]], sent her as a child to the Burgundian court as a ward of Isabella of Portugal. A shy and pliant young woman, Isabella was adored by Philip the Good, who saw an opportunity to renew the treaty of Arras (which had been broken by the death of Catherine of France) by marrying his niece to his son.{{Sfn|Taylor|2002|pp=125, 139}} Charles was not even aware of his father's aspiration until the night before his marriage in 31 October, however, he did not resist against the match.{{Sfn|Taylor|2002|pp=138–139}} With his marriage, the town of [[Chinon]] was incorporated into Philip the Good's realm, as part of Isabella's dowry.{{Sfn|Taylor|2002|p=139}}
== Struggle for power ==
=== Disputes with Philip the Good ===
[[File:Recueil d'Arras fol 061.jpg|thumb|Portraits of Philip the Good and Charles the Bold, folio from the [[Recueil d'Arras]], {{Circa|1535-1573}}.]]
Throughout the decade 1454–1464, Charles was excluded from power, the ducal council, and the Burgundian court by his father's bidding.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Small|2010|p=346}} He came close to seizing a low portion of authority in 1454, when his father appointed him as "governor and lieutenant-general in absence" because he was to leave Burgundy for [[Regensburg]] to participate in the [[Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)|imperial diet]].{{Sfn|Paravicini|2003|p=310}} Philip the Good was hoping to meet [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick III]] and attach the emperor to [[Feast of the Pheasant|his aspiring crusade]] in order to retake [[Constantinople]] from the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]]. However, the emperor did not show up.{{Sfn|Housley|2004|p=74}} Even as the regent, Charles held little to no power compared to his mother, the duchess, and his father, who arranged his marriage to Isabella of Bourbon during this time unbeknownst to Charles himself.{{Sfn|Paravicini|2003|p=310}} Nevertheless, Charles still was able to issue documents in his name. His regency, however, was short-lived, for Philip the Good returned to Burgundy in 7 or 9 August of the same year and, accordingly, Charles returned to his former powerless position.{{Sfn|Paravicini|2003|p=310}} The bitter relations between Charles and his father climaxed in 1457, when Charles wanted to appoint Antoin Rolin, the {{Transl|Fr|seigneur}} of [[Aulnoye-Aymeries|Aymeries]], as his chamberlain. Antoin was the son of [[Nicolas Rolin]], Philip the Good's chancellor. The Duke, wary of the power his chancellor might get with this appointment, refused his son's request and instead proposed [[Philip I de Croÿ|Philip de Croÿ]], from [[House of Croÿ]], as his chamberlain.{{Sfn|Paravicini|2003|pp=311–312}} Charles resented de Croÿs, whom he considered at fault for his father's humiliation by the king of France, as Charles VIII had reportedly bribed de Croÿs numerous times.{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|pp=113, 114}}
Charles thus refused his father's proposal. Philip was furious and his anger was such threat to Charles' life that his mother had him removed from the court. Charles thereafter fled to [[Dendermonde]] while Philip got lost in the forests of [[Soignies]] trying to find his son. With the mediation of Isabella of Bourbon, who at the time was pregnant with Charles' child, Philip and his son reached a truce.{{Sfn|Paravicini|2003|p=312}} When Charles' daughter, [[Mary of Burgundy|Mary]], was born on 13 February 1457, neither Charles nor his father attended her baptisation, for both wanted to avoid each other.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=353}} Nicolas Rolin was removed from chancellery, and with him, his close ally, [[Jean Chevrot]], the president of the ducal council, as well. While de Croÿs emerged more powerful.{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=114}} Charles left the court for his personal estate at [[Le Quesnoy]] in Hainaut. There, he was entrusted with minor tasks regarding the Flemish subjects of his father. He attempted to formalise his status as the heir to the [[Burgundian State|Burgundian state]], which in turn prompted his father to cut off his allowance.{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=114}} Charles was deprived of any money to pay his staff or even keep his estate afloat, so in 1463, according to [[Georges Chastellain]], he turned to his employees and asked those who could pay for themselves to stay with him, and those who cannot to leave him, so that they may return to his service in a better time. His staff, however, replied that they will live and die with him. Afterwards, they offered him a share of their money so that the state could function normally. Charles, accordingly, had tears in his eyes and expressed his gratitude to his staff.{{Sfn|Paravicini|2003|pp=307-308}} Although this account is quite dramatic, there is no reason not to believe it, as such acts of [[altruism]] were typical of that time.{{Sfn|Paravicini|2003|p=308}}
In 1462, Charles survived an attempt to his life made by Jehan Coustain, {{Transl|Fr|[[Valet de chambre|premier valet de chambre]]}}, who wanted to poison him. Shortly after, Coustain was executed in [[Rupelmonde]]. Charles blamed de Croÿs for this attempt while de Croÿs came to believe that Charles staged this attempt to fuel their feud.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Small|2010|p=344}} By the end of 1463, the disputes between Charles and his father had become a mask for the bitter rivalry between de Croÿs and Charles. With a major crisis rising in the horizon, the [[States General of the Netherlands|States General of the Burgundian Netherlands]] decided to intervene. In 5 February 1464, Charles made a speech to the deputies assembled in Ghent, which illuminates his emotional attitude with the text of the speech being more about de Croÿ family than his father.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Small|2010|p=345}} At the end, Charles and Philip the Good reconciled in June 1464, after they met in Lille, although de Croÿs were able to hold their power yet.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Small|2010|p=346}} Later in that year, Charles assumed full power, arguing that Philip the Good was becoming too senile, and instantly put pressure on de Croÿs. As a last act of power, Philip threatened Charles with a stick and ordered him to leave de Croÿs alone.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=369}} Ten days after this incident, the States General gave Charles full power by appointing him {{Transl|Fr|lieutenant général}}.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=369}} His first act was to confiscate de Croÿs estates; they were banished to France, where to their surprise, their French patron, Louis XI, showed them no support.{{Sfn|Paravicini|2003|p=378}}
=== Rivalry with Louis XI ===
[[File:The Duke of Burgundy providing a sumptuous feast for Louis, Dauphin of France.jpg|alt=Miniature painting, a feast with Louis and Philip sitting next to each other|left|thumb|''The Duke of Burgundy providing a sumptuous feast for Louis, Dauphin of France'', by [[Job (illustrator)|Job]], 1905]]
In 1457, [[Louis XI]] — then Dauphin of France — the heir of Charles VII, suddenly arrived in Philip the Good's court at Brussels.{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=115}} The dauphin had fled from his personal estate in [[Dauphiné]] to Burgundy in fear of his father's army nearing his territory to arrest him.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=346}} Louis and his father did not have a good relationship, as the dauphin had married [[Charlotte of Savoy]] in 1451 without his father's permit and had partook in a small rebellion against his father's regime in 1440 known as the [[Praguerie]].{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|pp=345, 344}} On his way to Burgundy, he wrote a letter to his father saying he was going to participate in Philip the Good's crusade, which was overly insulting to Charles VII.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=346}} Philip the Good saw his guest as an opportunity to mend his relations with the crown and thus took the dauphin in, indulging him with kindness, showing humility and refused all the king's request to send the dauphin back. At Philip's expense, Louis lived in [[Genappe]], where he led a comfortable life.{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=115}} Charles VII attempted to regain his son but all his attempts failed. He, mindful of his son's cunning nature, reportedly said: "My cousin Burgundy is feeding a fox who will eat up all his chickens".{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=347}} Dauphin Louis would go on to become Philip the Good's [[favourite]] after the fallout between him and his son, Charles.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=352}}
Louis' relationship with Philip the Good's heir was completely different than that of him and the duke. Charles did not like Louis and vice versa.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=140}} However, surprisingly, he asked the dauphin to be the godfather of his daughter, Mary.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=353}} Charles' hatred for Louis festered when he ascended the French throne after the death of his father in 22 July 1461.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=140}} Louis was crowned king in 31 August in [[Reims]] under the [[regnal name]] Louis XI. Philip the Good personally put the crown on his head.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=359}} While the duke thought that the hostilities between France and Burgundy were at last ended, the new king on his coronation ceremony showed coldness towards Philip with refusing to participate in the feast sponsored by Philip in his honour. The duke thus returned to his realm disappointed.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|pp=359–360}} Charles feared Louis' intentions to demolish Burgundian defensive system in Picardy, and he was furious when a crisis occurred in Autumn 1463 regarding his father's lands in [[Somme (department)|Somme]].<ref>{{harvnb|Schnerb|2008|p=450}}; {{harvnb|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=115|year=}}.</ref> With de Croÿs' persuasion, Philip the Good ratified to an alteration in the Treaty of Arras (1435) — which had given him cities such as [[Saint-Quentin, Aisne|Saint-Quentin]], [[Abbeville]], [[Amiens]], [[Péronne, Somme|Péronne]] and [[Montdidier, Somme|Montdidier]]; he agreed to accept 400,000 gold ''[[Écu|ecus]]'' from Louis to return those cities to [[Crown lands of France|the crown domains]].<ref>{{harvnb|Van Loo|2021|p=364}}; {{harvnb|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=115|year=}}.</ref> When Charles was chosen as {{Transl|Fr|lieutenant général}} in 1464, he chose to actively rise arms against Louis XI by forming the [[War of the Public Weal|League of the Public Weal]].{{Sfn|Schnerb|2008|p=450}}
League of the Public Weal was a confederation of prominent French Princes — [[Charles of Valois, Duke of Berry|Charles of Berry]], the king's brother, [[Francis II, Duke of Brittany]], [[John II, Duke of Bourbon]] and [[Jacques d'Armagnac|Jacques]] and [[John V, Count of Armagnac|John d'Armagnac]] — formed to act against Louis' authority.{{Sfn|Schnerb|2008|p=450}} They declared Charles of Berry the regent of France and appointed Francis II as the captain general of the army.{{Sfn|Potter|2012|p=185}} With the threat of the open rebellion looming, Louis XI offered pardon to all the dukes and lords. Minor lords accepted the pardon but the dukes persisted over their demands.{{Sfn|Potter|2012|p=185}} The members of the league chose Charles of Charolais as their leader and began amassing their army.{{Sfn|Potter|2012|p=185}} League of the Public Weal thus became the most dangerous of a series of princely revolts against the French crown; as one chronicle records the number of the participants, seven dukes, twelve counts, two lords, one marshal and 51,000 men-at-arms joined in hand against Louis XI.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Small|2010|p=379}}
To counteract the rebels, Louis XI amassed an army and sent it southwards to central France to defeat John II of Bourbon. Charles of Charolais soon mustered an army of twenty-five thousand men and marched towards Paris.{{Sfn|Potter|2012|p=185}} With utmost haste, Louis and his army returned to Paris to defend the city against Charles' army.{{Sfn|Baboukis|2010a}} On 15 July, Charles reached the village of [[Montlhéry]]; he sent patrols in hope to find his allies' armies, but instead discovered that the royal army was camped in [[Arpajon]], a few miles south of Montlhéry.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Small|2010|p=385}} When Louis was informed of Charles' position, he decided to fight him.{{Sfn|Baboukis|2010a}}[[File:Bataille de Montlhéry.jpg|alt=Two armies, one with the banners of Louis XI and one with the banners of the Duchy of Burgundy, fighting a pitched battle against each other|thumb|[[Battle of Montlhéry]], an early 16th century miniature by [[Philippe de Commines]]|245x245px]]On 16 July, the two armies met in the outskirts of Montlhéry.{{Sfn|Baboukis|2010a}} The Burgundian vanguard, led by [[Louis, Count of Saint-Pol|Louis of Saint-Pol]], was positioned defensively, with his men-at-arms and archers dismounted and their rear and sides protected by wagons.{{Sfn|Baboukis|2010a}} Charles positioned himself at the right of Saint-Pol's formation. He attacked into the French left flank led by [[Charles IV, Count of Maine]]. The count, seeing the approaching army, turned to flee, but Charles pursueded him.{{Sfn|Baboukis|2010a}} As a result, the French vanguard, led by [[Pierre de Brézé]], launched an attack, during which, he himself was killed.{{Sfn|Baboukis|2010a}} As Charles circled back from pursuing the fleeing army, he was thrown in the fight with French army and took a wound in his throat. He returned to his lines before getting captured.{{Sfn|Baboukis|2010a}} After his return, Charles ordered his gunners to shoot at the king's army, from which, 1,200 or 1,400 men and a large number of horses were killed, according to Charles himself.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=145}} By late eve, Louis XI had yield the fight, retreating eastwards to Paris.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Small|2010|p=385}}
At the end of the [[Battle of Montlhéry]], neither side emerged victorious.{{Sfn|Baboukis|2010a}} Charles could not capture the king in the battlefield but Louis could not prevent him from joining his allies either. However, each side claimed victory.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Small|2010|p=385}} Moreover, in spite of his ability to form his battle troops in a coherent battle order, Charles was yet to become an able tactician.{{Sfn|Baboukis|2010b}} The rebel army joined in the town of [[Étampes]] and began marching towards Paris in 31 July.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=145}} The rebels laid siege on Paris in 1465, during which Charles directed his gunfire at the city's walls.<ref>{{harvnb|Ditcham|2010|p=}}; {{harvnb|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=146|year=}}.</ref> They then successfully entered the city when a nobleman named Charles de Melun opened [[Porte Saint-Antoine|Saint-Antoine gate]] for them.{{Sfn|Cuttler|1981|p=36}} Louis XI was eventually forced to negotiate.{{Sfn|Baboukis|2010a}} The result of the negotiations was the [[Treaty of Conflans]], which ceded the rule of [[Duchy of Normandy|Normandy]] to Charles, Duke of Berry and returned the Somme lands to Burgundy.<ref>{{harvnb|Saenger|1977|p=8}}; {{harvnb|Van Loo|2021|p=383|year=}}.</ref>
=== Rebellion in Liége and Sack of Dinant ===
{{Main|Wars of Liège}}
Shortly before succeeding his father, Charles led a campaign against the city of [[Liège]], whose mayor, Raes van Heers, had been provoked by Louis XI to actively work against the Burgundians.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=384}} In 20 October 1465, he faced the Liégeois rebels in [[Battle of Montenaken|Montenaken]] with an army of 1800 men, mostly cavalry against the 2000 rebels led by Raes van Heers. The rebels' goal was to attack Brabant and the Burgundian army surprised them by catching up with them.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=150}} The Liégeois retreated into the village of Montenaken, near [[Sint-Truiden]] and barricaded the walls of the town. The Burgundians decided to lure them out by ravaging the town's countryside.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=150}}
As a result, the rebel army came out and lined up between two hills, where they were attacked by cavalry charges. They defeated the Burgundian cavalry and then began their own charge while shouting, '{{Transliteration|Fr|Saint Denis et Saint Lambert}}', in order to show their allegiance to the crown and Liége.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=151}} The Burgundian cavalry meanwhile regrouped and attacked again, causing panic among Liégeois ranks and making them flee the battlefield. Pursuing those in their reach, the cavalry killed 1200 rebel.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=151}} The battle was at its end with a total victory for the Burgundians, after which they entered Montenaken, whose walls and fortified church were destroyed as a repercussion for partaking in the rebellion.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=151}}
In August 1466, Charles led a campaign against the city of [[Dinant]], whose people had burned his effigy, called him a bastard and accused his mother of adultery.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=384}} Charles brought with himself his senile father, who sat in a chair facing the city, whilst Charles ransacked Dinant. He drowned 800 of inhabitants, hanged countless others, and sat the city ablaze. Afterwards, Dinant reportedly likened a city dilapidated for thousands of years.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=384}}
=== Ascension ===
[[File:Charles le Téméraire Dijon.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Charles the Bold depicted as Caesar during his Joyous Entry]]
On 12 June 1467, Philip the Good suddenly fell ill, despite his earlier healthy state.{{Sfn|Taylor|2002|p=188}} In the next few days, his condition would only decrease, he hardly could breath and constantly vomited. Thus, Charles was summoned from Ghent to immediately come to his father.{{Sfn|Taylor|2002|p=189}} But he did not have a chance to speak with his father, because when he arrived, Philip the Good had fallen unconscious and struggled with hard breathing, which eventually led to his death on 15 June.{{Sfn|Taylor|2002|p=189}} Charles arranged the funeral for his father in the [[St. Donatian's Cathedral]], attended by 1200 persons from both Charles' and Philips's household and courtiers, and lit by 1400 candles which heated up the inside of the church so much that holes had to be made in the windows to refresh the air.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|pp=1–2}} Charles showed extreme emotions for his father's death: he shook; trembled; pulled his hair, and kept shouting and crying. The Court Chronicler, Georges Chastellain, doubted the sincerity of Charles' acts, noting his astonishment that he could show such emotions.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=386}}
Fourteen days later, Charles officially became the Duke of Burgundy. In celebrations, he paraded into the city of Ghent on 28 June 1467, emulating Caesar.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=387}} This [[Joyous Entry]] caused an uproar in the city.{{Sfn|Haemers|2011|p=449}} The mob demanded an end to the humiliating retributions imposed on them after the revolt in 1449.{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=130}} Charles left the city with his daughter, the ten-year-old Mary, and the treasure kept by Philip the Good in the [[Prinsenhof (Ghent)|Prinsenhof]] of Ghent.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=391}} In the following January, he coerced the mayors of Ghent to ask for his pardon. Then, he abolished their governmental rights and announced that only he could appoint the government in the town, contrary to [[Philip IV of France|Philip IV]]'s constitution in 1301{{Sfn|Nicholas|2014|p=392}}
== Duke of Burgundy ==
=== The third marriage ===
In 26 September 1465, Charles' wife, Isabella of Bourbon, died of [[tuberculosis]] at the age of 31. Court Chronicles of this era did not deem this event important, as they only recorded laconically the long months of her illness.{{Sfn|Kiening|1994|p=17}} The most important part of her life for these chronicles was her marriage to Charles—of which she had only brought him one daughter and no male heirs—and the fact that she and Charles fell in love after the initially political marriage.{{Sfn|Kiening|1994|p=17}} However, this love seems to be a creation of the court chronicles, especially since Charles, busy with the political negotiations after the War of the Public Weal, did not attend his wife's funeral.{{Sfn|Kiening|1994|p=17}}
Within weeks after her death, Duchess Isabella of Portugal sought an English marriage for her son. She sent Guillaume de Clugny, one of Charles' close advisors, to [[London]] to negotiate with [[Edward IV of England|Edward IV]] over a probable marriage between his sister, [[Margaret of York]], and Charles.{{Sfn|Taylor|2002|p=184}} Louis XI, in order to prevent an English-Burgundian alliance, proposed the hand of his daughter, the four-year-old [[Anne of France|Anne]] to Charles in marriage. This proposal, however, was refused.{{Sfn|Taylor|2002|p=184}} In Spring of 1466, an embassy led by [[Edward Woodville, Lord Scales|Edward Woodville]], Edward IV's brother-in-law, arrived in Burgundy to propose two marriages between the English royal family and the Burgundians: one between Margaret of York and Charles, and the other between Mary, Charles' daughter, and [[George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence]], Edward IV's younger brother.{{Sfn|Taylor|2002|p=184}} The latter did not bear fruit, as Charles was not interested with marrying his young daughter to the Duke of Clarence.{{Sfn|Hicks|1992|p=42}}
In October 1467, Edward IV publicly ratified the marriage between Charles and his sister, and Margaret of York appeared before the ''[[Magnum Concilium]]'' of [[Kingston upon Thames]] and formally gave her consent to the marriage.{{Sfn|Weightman|2009|pp=40–41}} Charles welcomed the British delegation—led by Edward and [[Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers|Anthony Woodville]]— to Burgundy, and then had her mother accompany him to negotiate the final marriage treaty.{{Sfn|Taylor|2002|p=194}} Although the marriage treaty and the alliance was signed and ratified in February 1468, it would still take eight months for the marriage ceremony to take place due to the difficulties that caused delays.{{Sfn|Weightman|2009|p=41}} Since Charles and Margaret were fourth degree cousins, they needed a [[Dispensation (Catholic canon law)|Papal dispensation]] to legitimise their marriage.{{Sfn|Weightman|2009|p=42}} It was the groom's duty to obtain the dispensation, hence, Charles sent a delegation to Rome, who did not succeed to take the dispensation until May 1469.{{Sfn|Weightman|2009|p=42}} Once the dispensation was obtained, Edward IV announced the marriage of his sister to Charles and dubbed him as 'a mighty Prince who bears no crown'.{{Sfn|Weightman|2009|p=42}}[[File:Aachen Germany Domschatz Crown-Margaret-of-York-01.jpg|thumb|Crown of Margaret of York, worn in her wedding. Mow in [[Aachen Cathedral Treasury]]]]
Charles and Margaret were married in 3 July at [[Damme]], a town three miles from Bruges.{{Sfn|Brown|Small|2007|p=54}} For their wedding ceremony, Charles prepared nine receptions each ending with a joust match. He wished to outdo his father's famous Feast of the Pheasant.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=397}} The marriage successfully displayed the ducal power, and demonstrated the bounty of the ducal treasury.{{Sfn|Brown|Small|2007|p=55}} At the end of the wedding, Charles left his wife alone to catch up to sleep, thus they did not spend their wedding night together.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=398}}
Although Charles had commented on the fertility of his wife to his subjects, the pair never produced a child.{{Sfn|Weightman|2009|p=65}} They spent little time together: only three weeks during the six months after their marriage; one-quarter of the time during the years 1469 and 1470, and only three weeks throughout 1473.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=159}} According to contemporary jurist, [[Filips Wielant]], Charles always made sure to house Margaret far away from him, because he didn't want women to hamper his court.{{Sfn|Roelens|2024|p=267}}
=== Territorial expansions ===
Like his father, Charles pursued expansionism, however, whereas Philip the Good realised this policy by peaceful means, Charles was charactrised by war and conflict.<ref>{{harvnb|Stein|2017|p=46}}; {{harvnb|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=182|year=}}.</ref> In Netherlands, he sought to expand his realm to the north-east: the [[Duchy of Guelders]].{{Sfn|Stein|2017|p=46}} This duchy, although never a part of the Burgundian lands, was dependent on the Burgundy trade routes to keep its cities afloat. Thus the relations between the two duchies were interlinked;{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=170}} for example, when in 1463, [[Adolf, Duke of Guelders|Adolf of Egmond]] rebelled against his father, the ruling duke, [[Arnold, Duke of Guelders|Arnold]], Philip the Good supported the former, and with his support, in 1465, Adolf was able to imprison his father and usurp the duchy.{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=182}} Adolf's treatment of his father caused a scandal that resonated as far as [[Rome]], where the Pope sought a mediator to end the conflict in Guelders. In 1471, Charles was appointed as the mediator; he marched into Guelders, released Arnold and put Adolf to house arrest.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=405}} After a failed attempt to escape, Charles had him actually imprisoned.{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=183}} In order to attract Burgundian assistance, Arnold made Charles the Regent of Guelders, and when he died in February 1473, having left no heirs but his imprisoned son, he bequeathed the duchy to Charles.<ref>{{harvnb|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=117}}; {{harvnb|Van Loo|2021|p=406|year=}}.</ref>
[[File:Burgundian lands.jpg|thumb|Territories of France (green) and Burgundy (vanilla) in 1477, Cambridge Modern History Atlas, 1912]]
However, Charles' inheritance caused opposition, with the Estates of Guelders, and the towns of [[Nijmegen]], [[Arnhem]], and [[Zutphen]] rejecting Arnold's will, and Louis XI pursuing [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick III]], the Holy Roman Empire, to confiscate the duchy.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=118}} Louis' attempt was futile, because the emperor had close diplomatic contact with Charles and did not oppose his rule over the duchy, but for the rebelling cities and the nobles of Guelders, Charles had to use his army to subdue them.<ref>{{harvnb|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=118}}; {{harvnb|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=170}}.</ref> On 9 June 1473, with a sizeable army, he entered the city of [[Maastricht]] without resistance. Many towns followed suit; [[Roermond]], one of the four principal towns, surrendered, [[Venlo]] only briefly resisted, and [[Moers]], whose count, Vincent von Moers, was the leader of the resistance, yielded against Charles' artillery.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=119}} The only real challenge during this campaign was the Siege of Nijmegen, which caused sever damages to the Burgundian army. After the successful conquest of Guelders, Charles imposed heavy taxes, and changed the aldermen in the region. New regulations were instigated to the ducal judicial officers to obtain a firm control over the rebellious cities, and to bring about a central administration.{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=183}}
The [[Burgundian State]] under Charles was divided into two blocks, the [[Duchy of Burgundy]] in the south and [[Flanders]] in the north.{{Sfn|Watson|Schellinger|Ring|2013|p=511}} To unify these two blocks, Charles needed the [[Duchy of Lorraine]] and [[Alsace]].{{Sfn|Knecht|2007|p=98}} On 21 March 1469, he received [[Sigismund, Archduke of Austria]] to his court to negotiate over purchase of his lands in [[Upper Alsace]].{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=86}} Sigismund eagerly agreed to sell those lands, for he was in desperate financial problem.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=404}} With this purchase, Charles acquired a claim on the city of [[Ferrette]], a town close to Swiss borders which attracted a negative attention from the [[Old Swiss Confederacy|Swiss Confederation]].{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=182}} Moreover, Charles' rights and income from his new territories were severely limited,{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=88}} because most of the rights to the lands in Upper Alsace, including Ferrette, were mortgaged to local nobles,{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=88}} and the people themselves had demanded their liberties to be reserved and respected, so they were not to be treated like [[Serfdom|serfs]].{{Sfn|Simpson|Heller|2013|p=27}} However, Charles' deputy in the area, [[Peter von Hagenbach]], violated this guarantee and imposed harsh taxes on the people.{{Sfn|Simpson|Heller|2013|p=27}} Soon, ostracized by their governor, several towns of Alsace formed a league to unite against Hagenbach.{{Sfn|Knecht|2007|p=98}} Charles himself was not concerned with the administration of Alsace, and paid no mind to the events taking place in the region.{{Sfn|Simpson|Heller|2013|p=29}}
=== Meeting the Emperor in Trier ===
[[File:166Friedrich III und Karl von Burgund.jpg|alt=Engraving of two horsemen, one the Emperor and the other the Duke of Burgundy, with their respective entourage|thumb|Meeting of Charles the Bold and Frederick III in Trier, 1473]]
Charles greatly desired a crown, a Burgundian kingdom from the borders of [[Savoy]] in the south up to the shores of the [[North Sea]].{{Sfn|Brady|2009|p=104}} He wished to prise free from the limitations of vassalage to the French crown, in order to pursue personal glory.{{Sfn|Lecuppre-Desjardin|2022|p=157}}{{Efn|Charles owned a tapestry of [[Gundobad]], the ancient [[Kingdom of the Burgundians|King of the Burgundians]], a kingdom he wished to restore.{{sfn|Van Loo|2021|page=406}}}} Only the Holy Roman Emperor could grant him this wish.{{Sfn|Brady|2009|p=104}} Thus, by Charles' request, Sigismund of Austria proposed the Duke of Burgundy as the next [[King of the Romans]], with the marriage between the Emperor's son and the Duke's daughter as an inducement.{{Sfn|Boehm|1979|p=159}} With this premise, [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick III]], the Holy Roman Emperor, agreed to have an audience with Charles in [[Trier]].{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=406}}
In October 1473, both parties reached Trier; the Emperor with his son, [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian]], and 2500 horsemen, whereas the Burgundy entourage consisted of 13000 men at arms (including artillery), Burgundian nobility, bishops, and treasures and relics.{{Sfn|Brady|2009|p=104}}{{Efn|This encounter showcased the economical and cultural differences between [[Christendom]]'s richer west and poorer east, with the Germans amazed by the wealth of the Burgundy and the Burgundians shocked by their poor equipment.{{sfn|Brady|2009|p=104}}}} However, despite all the grandeur, Frederick III was disappointed that Charles had not bring his daughter, Mary, with himself,{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=410}} because there were plenty of rumours about Mary's physical defects, mainly spread by [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]] adversaries.{{Sfn|Boehm|1979|p=160}} Charles wished to become the King of the Romans to succeed Frederick as Emperor. In return, Maximilian would inherit the Burgundian state, and later on become Emperor.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=408}} In addition, Charles wanted to become a [[prince-elector]], taking the [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemian]] seat in the [[Electoral College (Holy Roman Empire)|Electoral College]], and also demanded to be recognised as the Duke of Guelders.<ref>{{harvnb|Lecuppre-Desjardin|2022|pages=159}}; {{harvnb|Boehm|1979|page=160}}</ref>
Although Charles received legitimate recognition for the Duchy of Guelders, he still was not recognised as the King of Romans, partially because Frederick III had realised that he could not convince the prince-electors to vote for him in the future election.<ref>{{harvnb|Lecuppre-Desjardin|2022|pages=159}}; {{harvnb|Van Loo|2021|page=411}}</ref> The prince-electors were all irritated by Charles.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=411}} From the moment of entry, he disregarded most of them, exception being [[Frederick I, Elector Palatine]], whom Charles unsuccessfully tried to reconcile with his enemy, Frederick III.{{Sfn|Lecuppre-Desjardin|2022|p=160}} Then when he realised how much he needed their support, he tried to impress them by displaying his wealth, but contrary to his expectations, the Germans were not swayed by glamour as were the French in his homeland.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|pp=413, 411}} Thus Charles decided to only interact with the Emperor, a fatal mistake that showcased his ignorance of German political norms (i.e., elective practices).{{Sfn|Lecuppre-Desjardin|2022|p=160}}
At last, it was made clear that Charles would not become the King of Romans, but as an alternative, a Kingdom of Burgundy was suggested, which appealed to Charles.<ref>{{harvnb|Lecuppre-Desjardin|2022|pages=159}}; {{harvnb|Van Loo|2021|page=411}}</ref> A coronation was set in 25 November, during which, Frederick III would crown Charles in the [[Trier Cathedral]].{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=151}} However, in the next day, the Emperor secretly departed from Trier, embarking on the [[Moselle]] at dawn.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=412}} Charles sent men to find Frederick, but they returned empty-handed.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=412}} He became enraged, locking himself in his room and smashing the furniture to small pieces. Yet, he did not break the betrothal between Maximilian and Mary, hoping that in the future he would use their marriage as a means to get his kingdom.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=413}}
== Policies ==
=== Legislation ===
[[File:Plechtige openingszitting van het Parlement van Mechelen.jpg|alt=Assembly of forty four gentlemen dressed in scarlet red in the Parliament of Mechelen, with Charles the Bold sitting in the centre, presiding the event|thumb|476x476px|''Solemn opening session of the Parliament of Mechelen under Charles the Bold'', Jan Coessaet, 1587, {{Interlanguage link|Museum Hof van Busleyden|nl|Museum Hof van Busleyden}}]]
Upon ascension as duke in 1468, Charles sought to dismantle the jurisdiction of the [[Parliament of Paris]] as the highest juridical power within his country. The cities and institutions in Burgundy relied on the Parliament of Paris for challenging legal decisions, a fact that irritated the Dukes of Burgundy, enough for Philip the Good to establish an itinerant court of justice that travelled all across the country (which was still not as powerful as the Paris Parliament).<ref>{{harvnb|Schnerb|2008|p=451}}; {{harvnb|Van Loo|2021|page=416}}</ref> In his ambition to become King, Charles needed the leadership of a judicial structure within his realm.{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=186}} Therefore, he introduced major legal reforms in his 1473 ordinance of [[Thionville]], namely, the establishment of a [[Great Council of Mechelen|central sovereign court]] in [[Mechelen]]. The city would house the new [[Court of Auditors (France)|Court of Auditors]], who previously resided in Lille and Brussels. The language of this parliament was French, with two-thirds of its personnel being Burgundian.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|pp=186–187}} The Mechelen parliament only held authority in Low Countries. In Burgundian mainlands, Charles established another parliament whose headquarters moved from [[Beaune]] and [[Dole, Jura|Dole]].{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=417}}
In Charles' own words, the proper administration of justice was "the soul and the spirit of the public entity."{{Sfn|Schepper|2007|p=187}} He was recognised as the first sovereign to make serious effort to impose peace and justice upon the [[Low Countries]], being regarded as "a prince of Justice" by historians such as Andreas van Haul a century later after his death.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=418}} However, one of Charles' shortcomings criticised by Georges Chastellaine was his lack of mercy while imposing justice.{{Sfn|Golubeva|2013|p=42}} He tarnished his relations with his people by inspecting and regulating every aspect of their life, thus committing unnecessary harshness.{{Sfn|Kontler|Somos|2017|p=403}} Charles wanted to reduce the influence of the local aldermen all over his country who were viewed by the commoners as the local court, and thus, undermined the Mechelen parliament.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=418}} To both increase his grip on the seats of justice and to fill up his treasury, Charles seized the titles from those aldermen, and sold them to the highest bidders, which meant only the wealthiest subjects came to hold those positions.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=418}} Many institutions protested against these practices, but Charles did not change his ways, because he was in constant need of money to provide for his continuous wars.{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=193}}
=== Religion ===
[[File:Lieven van Lathem (Flemish - Charles the Bold Presented by Saint George - Google Art Project.jpg|alt=Charles wears a cloth of gold and Saint George stands behind him, wearing an armour|thumb|''Charles the Bold presented by Saint George'', [[Lieven van Lathem]], the opening [[diptych]] of the Prayer Book of Charles the Bold, {{Circa|1471}}]]Charles the Bold was religious, and considered himself more devout and pious than any ruler of his day.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=161}} He considered his sovereignty bestowed upon him by God and thus owed his power to him alone.{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=185}} From a young age, Charles chose [[Saint George]] as his [[patron saint]].{{Sfn|Schryver|2008|p=16}} He kept an alleged sword of Saint George in his treasury and showed reverence to other [[Military saint|warrior saints]] like [[Saint Michael in the Catholic Church|Saint Michael]] as well.{{Sfn|Schnitker|2004|p=107}} He commissioned a [[prayer book]] to [[Lieven van Lathem]] which was completed in 1469.{{Sfn|Schryver|2008|p=11}} The opening [[diptych]] of the manuscript as well as two other pieces each demonstrate Charles' devotion to Saint George.{{Sfn|Schryver|2008|p=16}} In Margaret of York's copy of ''La Vie de [[Colette of Corbie|Sainte Colette]]'', she and Charles are shown as devotees to [[Saint Anne]]. Many have drawn a connection between the saint and the duke for the fact that both were married three times. The portrayal of Charles and Saint Anne may also have been a means to legitimise his marriage to Margaret by reassuring those who were dubious about an alliance with England.{{Sfn|Woodacre|McGlynn|2014|p=115}}
Throughout his reign, Charles faced constant request for pledging his men to a crusade against the [[Ottoman Empire]].{{Sfn|Walsh|1977|p=53}} [[Pope Sixtus IV]] sent three instructions to the [[papal legate]] in the Burgundian court, Lucas de Tollentis, directing him to encourage Charles to undertake a crusade against the Ottomans.{{Sfn|Jenks|2018|p=215}} Tollentis, reported to the Pope on 23 June 1472 that Charles was 'resolved in our favour,' and the welfare of [[Christendom]] was never far from his mind.<ref>{{harvnb|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=161}}; {{harvnb|Walsh|1977|p=68}}</ref> Charles may have considered an expedition to the east as the climax of his life's work, however, during his lifetime, he never undertook a crusade nor did he make preparations for it like his father did.{{Sfn|Walsh|1977|p=68}} Only for a short time between late 1475 and early 1476 did he seriously consider a crusade and that was only after a meeting with the deposed [[Despotate of the Morea|Despot of the Morea]] (one of the sons of [[Thomas Palaiologos]]) who agreed to cede his claim as the [[Empire of Trebizond|Emperor of Trebizond]] to Charles.{{Sfn|Walsh|1977|p=73}} However, his indolence in transforming promises into action denoted a change in the tradition of crusading.{{Sfn|Tyerman|2018|p=424}} Charles made sure to appear as one who would lend his sword to the church so that he could curry favours with the [[Pope|Papacy]].{{Sfn|Walsh|1977|p=76}} Yet, he only followed a dynastic and ritualized expectation set by his forefathers.{{Sfn|Tyerman|2018|p=424}} By incriminating his enemies as the cause of his inaction, he cautiously maintained the dynastic expectation while never fully committing to a full-scaled crusade.<ref>{{harvnb|Tyerman|2018|p=424}}; {{harvnb|Walsh|1977|page=68}}</ref>
=== Diplomacy ===
[[File:1468 - Louis XI - Traité de Péronne.jpg|thumb|294x294px|Charles the Bold ordering Louis IX to sign the Treaty of Péronne; 1913; ''Histoire de France et notions d'Histoire Générale'' by [[Gustave Hervé]], illustrated by Valéry Müller]]
Charles the Bold pursued a risky and aggressive foreign policy.{{Sfn|Graves|2014|p=65}} Therefore, he always strove to have as much as allies as possible. In fact, he thought of everyone, aside Louis XI, as his ally.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=180}} In 1471, he made a list of his nineteen allies. He increased the number to twenty-four by the next year and had twenty-six allies in 1473, in contrast to Louis XI's fifteen allies. Among Charles' allies were nine kings, six dukes and three archbishops.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=180}} Some of these relations, like with [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]], were nothing more than a formality. Kings of Scotland and [[Denmark]] would even sign treaties with Louis XI and appear on his list of allies.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|pp=73, 180}} Charles himself harboured doubts that an alliance with [[Matthias Corvinus]], [[Kingdom of Hungary|King of Hungary]], would work.{{Sfn|Barany|2016|p=88}} However, the mutual friendship with the [[Kingdom of Naples]] pushed Burgundy and Hungary to each other, and in his pursuit to ally with Frederick III's opponents, Charles made contacts with Matthias.{{Sfn|Barany|2016|p=73}} Charles hoped that by supporting Matthias' claim to the [[Kingdom of Bohemia]], Matthias would back him in the electoral college.{{Sfn|Barany|2016|p=74}} The two successfully concluded a treaty in November 1474, in which they agreed to partition the Holy Roman Empire between themselves, with Charles becoming the King of Romans and having the lands along the Rhine under his authority whilst Matthias was to get [[Wrocław|Breslau]] and Bohemia.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=341}} In the [[Iberian Peninsula|Spanish peninsula]], beside his Portuguese heritage, Charles also had a long-standing alliance with the [[Kingdom of Aragon]].{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=75}} He received the [[Order of the Jar]] from [[John II of Aragon]] on 1 November 1471 in the [[Abbey of Saint Bertin]] at St. Omer.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=76}} During the same ceremony, Charles announced a Burgundian-Neapolitan-Aragonese triple alliance with John II and John's nephew, King [[Ferdinand I of Naples]] against Louis XI.{{Sfn|Lander|1980|p=279}} In 1473, through negotiations with the new Duke of Lorraine, [[René II, Duke of Lorraine|Rene II]], he obtained the right to pass his armies through his lands, and assign Burgundian captains to important fortifications in Lorraine, essentially turning the duchy into a Burgundian [[protectorate]].{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=409}} Among Charles' other allies were [[Amadeus IX, Duke of Savoy|Amadeus IX]], [[Duchy of Savoy|Duke of Savoy]], whose wife, [[Yolande of Valois]], Louis XI's sister, drove the duchy into an alliance with Burgundy on the basis of their shared dismay for Louis.{{Sfn|Waugh|2016|p=256}}
The intense rivalry between Louis XI and Charles the Bold kept both rulers always prepared for an eventual war.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=165}} The suspicious death of Charles of Valois, Duke of Berry, the King's brother, in 1472, prompted Charles to raise arms to avenge his former ally's death, stating he has been poisoned by Louis.{{Sfn|Kendall|1971|p=248}} After a small conflict, the two ceased their fighting in the winter 1473 without any talks of peace, neither would ever declare war on the other for the rest of their respective reigns.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=170}} The hatred between Charles the Bold and Louis XI has been used as an example of condemnation in moralistic dialogues by figures such as [[François Fénelon]] in [[France in the early modern period|17th century France]], in ''Dialogues of the dead'', Fénelon portrays Charles and Louis reconciling by drinking from the [[Styx|River Styx]].{{Sfn|Bakos|2013|p=50}} During their lifetimes, Charles and Louis had attempted to conclude a treaty of lasting peace in 1468, which caused astonishment throughout France.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=55}} Their talks of peace soon turned into hostility once Charles learned that Louis had his hands in a recent rebellion in Liége.{{Sfn|Kendall|1971|p=214}} Afterwards, Charles imprisoned Louis in the city of [[Péronne, Somme|Péronne]] and coerced him to sign a treaty favourable to Burgundy with conditions such as forfeiting the Duke of Burgundy from paying homage, guarantying Charles' sovereignty of Picardy, and abolishing French jurisdiction on Burgundian subjects.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|pp=400–401}} Louis reluctantly agreed to all the demands and signed the [[Treaty of Péronne (1641)|Treaty of Péronne]].{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=56}} However, this treaty did not change the Franco-Burgundian relations, as the crown would not abide to the terms of the treaty, and Charles was not content with the fact that the French jurisdiction still reigned over his realm.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=58}}
[[File:SOAOTO - Folio 074R.jpg|alt=King Ferdinand is wearing a long red robe and chaperon|thumb|King Ferdinand I of Naples depicted as a knight of the Oder of the Golden Fleece in ''Statuts, Ordonnances et Armorial'' by Gilles Gobet, the [[Toison d'or King of Arms]], 1473. Although enlisted in 1473, Ferdinand received his [[insignia]] in 1475 by the hands of [[Anthony, bastard of Burgundy|Anthony, the Grand Bastard of Burgundy]], son of Philip the Good.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=236}}|left]]
Charles maintained close relations with the many states of [[Italy in the Middle Ages|Italy]], closer than any of his predecessors.{{Sfn|Walsh|2005|p=xxx}} Through his childhood friendship with Francesco D'Este (illegitimate son of [[Leonello d'Este, Marquis of Ferrara|Leonello d'Este]]), he developed a love for all things Italian and thus could speak Italian and fashioned his clothing similar to Italian style.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=165}} At the start of his reign, Italy's triple alliance between [[Duchy of Milan]], [[Republic of Florence]] and Kingdom of Naples, allowed the influence of France grow in the peninsula, for MIlan and Florence were long-standing allies of Louis XI.{{Sfn|Walsh|2005|p=4}} To remedy this, Charles enlarged Burgundy's [[sphere of influence]] in Italy to dwarf that of France.{{Sfn|Walsh|2005|p=5}} The first Burgundian alliance with an Italian ruler was with King Ferdinand I of Naples, a ruler admired by both Charles and Louis XI.{{Sfn|Walsh|2005|p=195}}
As the legitimised bastard of [[Alfonso V of Aragon|Alfonso I]], Ferdinand's ascension to the throne was not recognised by the Pope.{{Sfn|D'Arcy|Dacre|2000|p=403}} Meanwhile, [[René of Anjou]], the deposed King of Naples, persistently claimed kingship to Naples, and in the constant fear of an invasion from René or his heirs with the support of Louis XI, Ferdinand allied himself with Charles, who made him a member of the Order of the Golden Fleece in 1473, enhancing their affinity.{{Sfn|Walsh|2005|p=xx}} Throughout the years of their partnership, Charles toyed with the idea of marrying his daughter, Mary, to Ferdinand's second son, [[Frederick of Naples|Frederick of Aragon]], who visited the Burgundian court in 1469 and 1470.<ref>{{harvnb|Walsh|2005|p=303}}; {{harvnb|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=165}}</ref> In 1474, when a war with Louis XI was astutely on the horizon, Ferdinand's participation was dependent on his son's marriage with Mary. Charles hinted at his willingness to give his daughter's hand to Frederick, and with this premise, Ferdinand dispatched his son to Burgundy on 24 October 1474.{{Sfn|Walsh|2005|p=304}} Although Frederick became a lieutenant and close military advisor to Charles, he failed in his ultimate mission in marrying Mary.{{Sfn|Walsh|2005|p=311}}
Duchy of Milan was France's most important ally in the [[Italian Peninsula|Italian peninsula]]. In 1465, [[Francesco I Sforza]] had dispatched an army to France to support Louis XI in the War of the Public Wheel and his successor, [[Galeazzo Maria Sforza]] was attached to the King of France through his marriage with Louis' niece, [[Bona of Savoy]].{{Sfn|Walsh|2005|p=7}} Galeazzo also considered himself one of Charles' two greatest adversaries, with other being Louis XI.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=74}} Still, Charles did not stop from attempting to form an alliance with Milan. In 1470, he offered Galeazzo membership in the Order of the Golden Fleece, on the premise of an alliance, but was rejected.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=75}} One time he even included Milan in one of his lists of allies, which caused Galeazzo to protest.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=180}} To bring about Galeazzo to his circle of allies, Charles started a rumour that he wished to conquer Milan.{{Sfn|Walsh|2005|p=35}} Galeazzo's insecurity about a probable war along with Charles' diplomatic pressure by isolating Milan from France eventually defeated Galeazzo and in the climax of a Burgundian 'masterpiece' in diplomacy, he conceded to a treaty signed in 30 January 1475 at [[Moncalieri]] in the form of an alliance between Savoy, Burgundy and Milan.<ref>{{harvnb|Walsh|2005|p=8}}; {{harvnb|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=304}}</ref> As a result of this treaty, diplomatic relations between the two duchies were established with Galeazzo sending Giovanni Pietro Panigarola as his envoy to Burgundy.{{Sfn|Walsh|2005|p=205}} Throughout 1475, Charles enthusiastically asked for Galeazzo's brother, [[Ludovico Sforza]] to visit the Burgundian court, though that never came to happen.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=165}}
Charles' relation with the [[Republic of Venice]] was based on his willingness to launch a crusade against the Turks.{{Sfn|Walsh|1977|p=57}} With Ferdinand of Naples' insistence, the [[Venetian Senate|senate of Venice]] agreed to a treaty against the King of France on 20 March 1472.{{Sfn|Walsh|2005|p=10}} From then on, Venice constantly urged Charles to uphold his part of the bargain and support them in [[Ottoman–Venetian War (1463–1479)|their war with the Ottomans]].{{Sfn|Walsh|1977|p=58}} Charles' inaction caused gradual estrangement from Venice.{{Sfn|Walsh|2005|p=202}} For instance, when he wanted to recruit the Venetian ''[[condottiero]]'', [[Bartolomeo Colleoni]] to his ranks, (who would have brought with himself 10,000 men at arms) the Venetian government did not allow him to go. Charles spent two years negotiating with the Venetian ambassadors, but at the end, was unsuccessful in convincing them.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=216}} By 1475, the alliance between Venice and Burgundy did not liken a genuine union anymore.{{Sfn|Walsh|2005|p=16}}
The Italian peninsula saw a shift in its sphere of influence after the Treaty of Moncalieri in 1475. Charles the Bold triumphantly replaced Louis XI as the dominant influence on the Italian politics, with three of four major secular powers in the region — Milan, Naples and Venice — all aligning towards him.{{Sfn|Walsh|2005|p=13}} Only Florence remained a French ally, though they offered a stance of neutrality to Charles on the bases of their mutual alliance with Venice.<ref>{{harvnb|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=75}}; {{harvnb|Walsh|2005|p=13}}</ref> Charles successfully eliminated any possible support from Italy for France, and now could count on the support of his Italian allies if a war with France ensued,{{Sfn|Walsh|2005|p=13}} However, from 1472, relations with France became a constant truce, and remained as such during rest of Charles' reign.{{Sfn|Walsh|2005|p=14}}
=== Arts ===
[[File:Master of the Jardin de vertueuse consolation and assistant (Flemish - Vasco da Lucena Giving his Work to Charles the Bold - Google Art Project.jpg|alt=A kneeling man presents his book to Charles who is seated on his throne|thumb|Vasco de Lucena presenting his translation of [[Quintus Curtius Rufus]]' ''[[Histories of Alexander the Great]]'' to Charles the Bold. Folio from ''Le Jardin de vertueuse consolation'' by an [[Master of the Jardin de vertueuse consolation|anonymous master]], between 1470 and 1475]]
The Burgundian court under Charles the Bold was reputable and magnificent.{{Sfn|Schnerb|2008|p=444}} It was seen as a place to learn arts and etiquette and where the chivalry and courtly life was more intact than the rest of the Europe. For this reason, the Burgundian court was the host to many young noblemen and princes from all across the continent.{{Sfn|Walsh|2005|p=280}} Even future generations admired Charles' court. [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]], for instance, on the urging of his father, [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]], introduced the "ceremonial of the court of Burgundy" into Spain using Olivier de la Marche's account of Charles the Bold's court.{{Sfn|Gunn|Janse|2006|p=156}} Charles' Burgundian court thus became the idealized courtly life that sparked inspirations throughout the [[Spain in the 17th century|17th century Spain]].{{Sfn|Gunn|Janse|2006|p=157}} However, Charles' court did not differ much from his contemporaries, but his court possessed certain special features that made them appealing to all. The number of knights of nobles, the sacred image of the ruler who was distant from other courtiers, and the splendour of the court were among these features.{{Sfn|Gunn|Janse|2006|p=158}} The dukes of Burgundy especially displayed their glamour through their extravagant [[patronage]] of arts, and like his forefathers, Charles was a patron as well.{{Sfn|Kren|McKendrick|2003|p=2}}
During Charles' reign, the production of [[illuminated manuscript]]s flourished and thrived.{{Sfn|Kren|McKendrick|2003|p=223}} After his ascension in 1467, Charles provided considerable budget for projects left incomplete after his father's death and commissioned new projects as well.{{Sfn|Kren|McKendrick|2003|p=3}} As a patron of [[Renaissance humanism]], he commissioned the translation of [[Quintus Curtius Rufus]]' ''[[Histories of Alexander the Great]]'' into French to replace the inadequate ''[[Roman d'Alexandre en prose]]''. And also commissioned the Portuguese Vasco de Lucena and Jehan de Chesne to respectively translate [[Xenophon]]'s ''[[Cyropaedia]]'' and [[Julius Caesar|Caesar]]'s ''[[Commentarii de Bello Gallico|De bello Gallico]]'' into French.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=163}} In 1468, he also commissioned [[Guillaume Fillastre (died 1473)|Guillaume Fillastre]] to compose a "didactic chronicle" called ''Histoire de Toison d'Or'' containing moral and didactic stories of [[Jason]], [[Jacob]], [[Gideon]], [[Mesha]], [[Job (biblical figure)|Job]] and [[David]], the [[Golden Fleece]]s.{{Sfn|Hemelryck|2016}} He employed the finest calligraphers and illuminators to document his ordinances, for example the Ordinance of 1469 was illuminated by [[Nicolas Spierinc]] and was distributed among Charles' courtiers.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=164}} His prayer book illuminated by Lieven van Lathem is considered a masterpiece of Flemish illumination that influenced great illuminators such as [[Master of Mary of Burgundy]].{{Sfn|Schryver|2008|p=12}} Charles and his wife, Margaret were patrons of [[Simon Marmion]], who illuminated a [[breviary]] and a [[panel painting]] for them.{{Sfn|Ainsworth|1998|p=25}} As a bibliophile, Margaret also supported [[William Caxton]], who wrote the first printed work in the English language, ''[[Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye]]''.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=164}}
No patron or ruler of the [[15th century|15th century Europe]] could rival Charles in musicianship and love for music, as ample sources and reports have attested to it.{{Sfn|Fallows|2019|p=3}} In his 1469 ordinance, Charles gave a clear view of what his musical entourage should be: a [[concert band]], ceremonial trumpeters, [[chamber music]]ians, an organist and the [[Chapel (music)|chapel musicians]], who had more variety than Philip the Good's chapel.{{Sfn|Brown|1999|p=54}} He brought his chapel with himself on his campaigns and had them sing a new song to him every night in his chambers.{{Sfn|Alden|2010|p=135}} Charles was a patron of [[Antoine Busnois]], who became his choirmaster.{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=228}} His favourite song was ''[[L'homme armé]]'', a song that may have been written for him.{{Sfn|Taruskin|2009|p=485}} As a musician, Charles composed a [[motet]] that was sung in the [[Cambrai Cathedral]], presumably in the presence of [[Guillaume Du Fay]], one of the most well-known composers of his era.{{Sfn|Fallows|2019|p=4}} Among his other works were [[chanson]]s and [[Secular music|secular songs]].{{Sfn|Fallows|2019|p=12}} Although no pieces from his motet or chansons remain, two songs are attributed to him: {{Transl|it|Del ducha di borghogna}} (''of the Duke of Burgundy'') and {{Transl|la|Dux Carlus}} (''Duke Charles''), both are from Italian [[Song book|songbooks]] wherein no name of the composers is mentioned, nevertheless, the songs have uncanny similarities to each other: in [[Vocal range|voice ranges]]; in their use of pitch [[C (musical note)|C]]; their [[musical form]], {{Transl|fr|[[Rondeau (forme fixe)|rondeau]]}}; and both songs start with the phrase ''Ma dame''. According to the [[Musicology|musicologist]] [[David Fallows]], with such similar traits, the songs are most likely both composed by Charles in 1460s.{{Sfn|Fallows|2019|pp=12–18}} Charles also liked to sing, however he did not have a good singing voice.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=162}}
=== Military ===
[[File:Heeresordnung1473 fol 5r.jpg|thumb|''Military Ordinance of Charles the Bold'' by an unknown artist labeled Master of Fitzwilliam 268, circa 1475]]When Charles became the Duke of Burgundy, his army functioned under a feudalistic system, with most of its men either recruited through summons or hired by contracts. The majority of his army ranks were occupied by French nobles and [[English longbow|English archers]] and the army suffered from the inefficient distribution of resources and thus moved slowly.{{Sfn|Lecuppre-Desjardin|2022|pp=203–204}} Having lived through a period of peace under Philip the Good, the army scarcely trained and was unprepared. Furthermore, in comparison to other armies of Europe, their structure was old and dated.{{Sfn|Allmand|2001|p=142}} To remedy these problems, Charles issued a series of military ordinances between 1468 and 1473, that not only would revolutionise the Burgundian army, but also would influence every European army in the 16th century.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=205}} The first of these ordinances, addressed to the Marshal of Burgundy, contains instructions on who could be recruited to the army and describes the personnel of the artillery, namely, masons, assistants, [[cannoneer]]s, and carpenters.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=171}} The second ordinance, issued at [[Abbeville]] in 1471, proclaimed the formation of a [[standing army]] called {{Transl|Fr|[[Compagnie d'ordonnance]]}}, made up of 1250 [[lances fournies]], who were accompanied by 1200 crossbows, 1250 handgunners and 1250 pikemen, under the ratio of 1:1:1.{{Sfn|Querengässer|2021|p=102}} A squad of these troops contained a man-at-arms, a mounted page, a mounted swordsman, three [[Mounted archery|horse archers]], a crossbowmen and a pikeman. Charles designed a uniform for each of the companies ([[Cross of Burgundy]] inscribed on the ducal colours).{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=172}} He also designed an overlapping military hierarchy, that sought to cease the infighting between captains and their subordinates that would arose in a pyramidal hierarchy.{{Sfn|Drake|2013|p=224}}[[File:Armure de Charles le Téméraire.jpg|alt=A knight mounting a horse, who has an adorned armour|thumb|Armour of Charles the Bold in The Vinkhuijzen collection of military uniforms, 1910, kept at [[New York Public Library]]|left]]The last of these ordinances, issued at Thionville, marked the culmination of Charles' martial administration. The organisation of a squad was categorised to the merest detail, specific battle marches were created to keep order between the men, a soldier's equipment were explained in detail and discipline among the ranks was regarded with utmost importance.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=209}} Charles forbade individual soldier to have a [[camp follower]], instead, he permitted each company of 900 to have 30 women in their ranks who would attend to them.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=172}} He set brutal rules against defaulters and deserters. In 1476, he appointed Jehan de Dadizele to arrest deserters. Those guilty of encouraging soldiers to desert were to be executed and the deserters were to return to the army.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=225}} However, unrealistic rules were set forth too, such as a ban on cursing and playing with dice.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=419}} Charles explained in detail that the soldiers were to be introduced to these new conditions in a private setting via other soldiers, so each can be tutors on these subjects without a disciplinarian presiding over them.{{Sfn|Drake|2013|p=224}} The biggest obstacle in Charles' path for implementing these changes was the ineptitude of his soldiers. Charles combined [[macromanagement]] with [[micromanagement]], therefore, his erratic pace to write new detailed reforms every few year was too much for his captains and men-at-arms to sufficiently implement.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=420}}
Among his sources of influence, Charles' ordinances were mostly inspired by Xenophon's ''Cyropaedia''.{{Sfn|Allmand|2001|p=137}} After observing how [[Cyrus the Great]] achieved the willing obedience of his subjects, Charles became obsessed with discipline and order among his men-at-arms.{{Sfn|Drake|2013|p=223}} He applied Xenophon's comments in the Abbeville ordinance, thus ensuring that through a complex [[Command hierarchy|chain of command]], his soldiers would both command and obey.{{Sfn|Drake|2013|p=224}} The influence of [[Vegetius]]' ''[[De re militari]]'' is also quite apparent in Charles' writings. Per Vegetius' suggestions, soldiers were to be recruited from men offering themselves to a martial life, afterwards, they would swear an oath to stay loyal to the duke, Charles adapted both ideas in his 1471 ordinance.{{Sfn|Allmand|2001|pp=138, 140}} Moreover, Vegetius wrote exercises for soldiers to keep them prepared and disciplined, exercises that were reflected in the 1473 ordinance.{{Sfn|Allmand|2001|p=138}}
The creation of the Burgundian standing army raised the problem of recruitment.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=214}} Although the numbers of men-at-arms, pikemen and mounted archers met their guidelines, the Burgundian army lacked [[culverin]]s and foot archers.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=173}} To solve this problem, Charles diversified his army, recruiting men not only from his own subjects, but from other nationalities.{{Sfn|Baboukis|2010b|p=367}} In this regard, Italian mercenaries were his favourite and by 1476, filled up most of his ranks.{{Sfn|Walsh|2005|p=341}} Despite the constant warning from military authors of the past forbidding the recruitment of mercenaries, contemporary chronicler [[Jean Molinet]] praised Charles for his brilliant solution, stating that he is favoured by both heaven and earth and thus above the 'commandments of philosophers'.{{Sfn|Golubeva|2013|p=32}}
== Burgundian Wars ==
=== League of Constance ===
[[File:Deutsche Geschichte5-310.jpg|thumb|Trial of Peter von Hagenbach, 1474]]
Over the span of five years, Peter von Hagenbach had made an enemy out of the neighbouring Swiss confederacy, who felt threatened by his rule; alienated the Alsatians; and showed aggressive intentions towards the city of [[Mulhouse]]. As a result, the Swiss sought alliances with German towns and Louis XI.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=173}} By February 1473, it was agreed upon by a handful of free cities that the Burgundian rule in Alsace must come to an end.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=273}}
Thus, the cities [[Strasbourg]], [[Colmar]], [[Basel]] and [[Sélestat]] pursued Sigismund of Austria to buy back Alsace by giving him enough money. But Charles strongly refused to sell his lands.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=429}} Determined to keep Alsace in his grasp, Charles toured the province at Christmas 1473, reportedly with an army.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=276}} He also tried to make peace with the Swiss, although his sincerity was questioned.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=174}} The threats from Burgundy prompted the Swiss to ally themselves with their former enemy, Sigismund, whom they deemed better than the Burgundian duke.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=429}}
All of this led to the establishment of the [[Lower League|League of Constance]] in April 1474, formed to specifically eliminate Charles the Bold and Peter von Hagenbach from Alsace.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=174}} Subsequently, rebellion broke out in Alsace done by a group of Alsatian towns who had joined the League.{{Sfn|Knecht|2007|p=98}} By May 1474, Hagenbach was overthrown, and after a trial, executed in 9 May.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=429}} Upon hearing this news, Charles threw a tantrum filled with rage, and In August, sent an army led by Peter's brother, Stefan von Hagenbach, into Alsace for retaliation.{{Sfn|Simpson|Heller|2013|p=37}} After another refusal by Charles to give away Alsace, the League of Constance officially declared war on him.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=430}} In this way, the death of Hagenbach might be considered the catalyst to a cosmopolitan conflict now dubbed as the "[[Burgundian Wars]]".{{Sfn|Simpson|Heller|2013|p=37}}
=== Siege of Neuss ===
When Alsace rose up against Burgundian authority, Charles was already preoccupied with another campaign.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=430}} The disputes between the [[Archbishop of Cologne]], [[Ruprecht of the Palatinate (archbishop of Cologne)|Ruprecht]], and his subjects had tempted Charles to intervene in the situation to turn the [[Electorate of Cologne|electorate]] into a Burgundian protectorate.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=428}} To make peace, he held a conference in Maastricht on 14 May 1474, which failed. Therefore, from 22 June, he planned to siege Colognian cities and force Ruprecht's conditions on his subjects.{{Sfn|Williams|2014|p=22}} The first of his targets was the city of [[Neuss]]. Placed between Duchy of Guelders and Cologne, possession of Neuss was necessary to guarantee Burgundian supply lines for an attack on Cologne. Neuss was expected to fall within a few days, and many contemporary historians feared its fall would open up Germany to the Burgundians.{{Sfn|Williams|2014|p=22}}[[File:The Siege of Neuss by Charles the Bold in 1475. Museum Hof van Busleyden, Mechelen, Belgium.jpg|alt=Painting of the encampment of Charles the Bold's army outside of the walls of Neuss|thumb|321x321px|''Siege of Neuss by Charles the Bold in 1475'', Adriaen Van den Houte]]On 28 July 1474, Charles' army reached the southern gate of Neuss.{{Sfn|Williams|2014|p=23}} To isolate the city from outside world, Charles assigned men to every gate, blockaded the river across Neuss with fifty boats, and secured the two isles neighbouring the city.{{Sfn|Williams|2014|pp=23–24}} Despite all attempts, communications between Neuss and the outside world continued. The residents delivered letters to relieving forces from Cologne (who raided Burgundian lines) by shooting them through cannons,{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=48}} and in September, the Burgundian night watch caught a man swimming through the river with a letter detailing Emperor Frederick's intention to attack the Burgundian besiegers.{{Sfn|Williams|2014|p=24}} From the moment of arrival, the Burgundian artillery had bombarded Neuss' walls, hoping to breach them.{{Sfn|Villalon|Kagay|2005|p=445}} Upon the revelation of Frederick's plan, Charles intensified the barrage, and attempted dry out the city's [[moat]] by diverting the [[Erft|River Erft]] and sinking overloaded barges into the Rhine.{{Sfn|Williams|2014|p=24}}
Residents of Neuss endured the constant bombardments, and refused to surrender even though their food had reduced from cows to snails and weeds.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=431}} Their resistance brought admiration from all the contemporary chronicles.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=180}} Emperor Frederick was slow to amass an army. When he had gathered 20000 German forces in Spring 1475, he took seventeen days to march from Cologne to [[Zons]], their encampment.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=182}} Charles was constantly pursued by his brother-in-law, Edward IV to leave the siege and join him in fighting the French. But finding himself close to a confrontation with the Emperor's forces, Charles did not want to lose his pride and withdraw.{{Sfn|Williams|2014|p=25}} The Emperor had no desire to fight the Burgundians and except for a few skirmishes, did not put his army to any other use.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|De Vries|2005|pages=182}}; {{harvnb|Van Loo|2021|page=431}}</ref> The conflicts came to a rapid end when an emissary from the Pope successfully concluded a peace treaty on 29 May 1475 after threatening both sides of [[excommunication]].{{Sfn|Williams|2014|p=26}}
Eventually, Charles left Neuss on 27 June.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=183}} Upon his departure, the city had been so badly damaged that it was on the verge of surrender.{{Sfn|Williams|2014|p=26}} His propagandists presented him as the Caesar of their age who had brought a humiliating defeat on the German forces, which seems to have worked on his adversaries, because after signing the peace treaty, hundreds of German soldiers lined up to see him. According to one chronicle, many of them threw themselves at Charles and worshipped him.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=432}} However, the [[Siege of Neuss]] still was a catastrophic defeat for Charles and Burgundy.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=183}} Besides the number of men and equipment lost, this siege also cost Charles a chance to destroy Louis XI and France. Edward IV, after seeing no support from his ally, agreed to sign the [[Treaty of Picquigny]] with Louis XI, causing a seven-year truce and a marriage alliance between the two kingdoms.{{Sfn|Williams|2014|p=26}} Charles had to sign a treaty with Louis as well, so that he would be free to march south and deal with the League of Constance, whose members besides the Swiss, now also included René II of Lorraine.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=184}}
=== Battle of Grandson ===
[[File:Luzerner Schilling Battle of Grandson.jpg|alt=The scene of a battle, scratched over two pages|thumb|320x320px|[[Battle of Grandson]], illuminated in 1515 by [[Diebold Schilling the Younger]] in the [[Luzerner Schilling|Lucerne chronicle]].]]Charles commenced his full-fledged invasion on the Swiss and their allies immediately after signing the peace treaty with Louis XI; splitting his army into two parts, he advanced through Lorraine with no resistance and even captured the capital city [[Nancy, France|Nancy]].{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=185}} At the beginning of 1475, Charles besieged the recently captured castle of [[Grandson, Switzerland|Grandson]] which was fortified by a garrison from [[Bern]].{{Sfn|Baboukis|2010c}} Despite the many relief forces sent to defeat the Burgundians, the Swiss were unable to relieve the city from the siege and thus Charles successfully recaptured Grandson, executing all of the Bernese garrison as retaliation for Swiss brutality in Burgundian towns.{{Sfn|Beazley|2014|p=28}} On 1 March, Charles, expecting the Swiss army to march towards him for a battle, decided to leave Grandson northwards for a mountain pass north of the town of [[Concise, Switzerland|Concise]]. As he had foreseen, the Swiss army marched from [[Neuchâtel]], with their vanguard made up of eight thousand men several hours ahead of the rest. The vanguard reached the mountain pass first and surprised the Burgundian army.<ref>{{harvnb|Beazley|2014|page=28}}; {{harvnb|Baboukis|2010c}}</ref>
Despite the unexpected situation, Charles quickly rallied his troops, ordered his artillery to fire at the enemy lines and then launched an attack.{{Sfn|Baboukis|2010c}} Meanwhile, the Swiss had knelt down to pray, which the Burgundians may have mistaken for submission, motivating them more for the attack.{{Sfn|Beazley|2014|p=29}} The initial charge, commanded by {{Ill|Louis de Châlon-Arlay|fr|Louis de Châlon-Arlay (1448-1476)}}, Lord of Grandson, failed to penetrate the Swiss defensive line, with Louis himself killed in the process.{{Sfn|Beazley|2014|p=29}} Charles then made a second attack. In order to lure the enemy further down the valley to give his artillery a better target, Charles soon retreated.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=437}}
However, the rest of his army mistook his tactical retreat for a complete withdrawal. Around this time, the rest of the Swiss army had reached the valley, announcing their arrival by bellowing their horns. The Burgundians suddenly panicked and abandoned their positions, ignoring Charles' pleas to stay in line.<ref>{{harvnb|Beazley|2014|page=29}}; {{harvnb|Baboukis|2010c}}</ref> The panicking army even forsook their camp at Grandson, leaving it open for the Swiss to capture.{{Sfn|Baboukis|2010c}} Subsequently, the Swiss reached Charles' camp and looted the treasures inside it.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=438}} The [[Battle of Grandson]] became a humiliating defeat for Charles the Bold, his army's cowardice had caused him the lose of many valuable treasures and all of his artillery and supplies.{{Sfn|Beazley|2014|p=33}} For two or three days after the battle, Charles had been so shaken by the loss that he refused any food or drinks and by 4 March had began to reorganize his army in hopes of entering the battlefield two weeks later.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=378}}
=== Battle of Morat ===
[[File:La Fuite de Charles le Téméraire.jpg|alt=Charles the Bold and his men fleeting on horses|thumb|320x320px|The flight of Charles the Bold after the [[Battle of Morat]] by [[Eugène Burnand]], 1894, currently kept at the Eugène Burnand Museum in [[Moudon]]]]
Charles retreated to [[Lausanne]], where he began to reorganize the whole of his army with utmost fury and resolve. Demanding more artillery and men-at-arms his lands, for example, in Dijon, where anything made of metals were melted to make canons and in the occupied Nancy and Lorraine, where all their artilleries were confiscated.{{Sfn|Winkler|2010|p=20}}{{Efn|[[Philippe de Commines]], the Burgundian chronicler, reported that in his official decree to all of his realm, Charles ordered "{{Transliteration|de|Der Meyer zu Lockie an den Grafen zu Aarburg|}}" (''all the world to come to him with all (its) cannon and all (its) manpower'').{{sfn|Winkler|2010|p=20}}}} He received funds from all his allies and men from Italy, Germany, England and [[History of Poland during the Jagiellonian dynasty|Poland]] came to join his army.{{Sfn|Winkler|2010|p=21}} At the end of May, he had amassed 20,000 men in Lausanne, outnumbering the local population.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=439}} He trained these men from 14 to 26 May while he himself grew sicker by day, resulting in stagnation among his troops. With the supply lines delaying to deliver, and the payment long overdue, many things had to be cut from Charles' army. The number of horses reduced, with many of horse archers now functioning on foot. At last, the army, though luxurious in display, was questionably incoherent and destabilised.{{Sfn|Brunner|2011|p=47}}
On 27 May, Charles and his army began their slow march towards the fortress of [[Murten|Morat]]. His main objective was the city of Bern, and to eliminate all supports to the city, he first needed to conquer Morat.{{Sfn|Winkler|2010|p=21}} He arrived at Morat at 9 June and immediately began besieging the fortress. By 19 June, after several assaults on the fortress and with several of its walls destroyed, Morat sent a message to Bern, asking for help.{{Sfn|Winkler|2010|pp=24–25}} On 20 June, the {{Transliteration|de|[[Eidgenossenschaft|Eidgenossen]]}} (''oath companion''{{Efn|The word {{Transliteration|de|Eidgenossen}} is literary translated as 'oath companion', and was a synonym for Swiss, referring to the members of the Old Swiss Confederacy.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=435}} Until the Siege on Morat, most of the confederacy had not declared war on Burgundy, because Charles had yet to invade a territory officially part of one of its members. But during the siege, Charles attacked a bridge which was a part of Bernese territory, thus obligating the confederacy to join Bern in their campaign against Burgundy.{{Sfn|Brunner|2011|p=48}}}}) arrived at Morat.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=443}} Their numbers was larger than the army at Grandson; the Swiss commanders estimated themselves to be 30,000 men, while recent historians offer the number 24,000.{{Sfn|Winkler|2010|p=26}} Charles expected a decisive battle at the wake of 21 June, yet, the next day, he was met with inaction from the Swiss.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=443}} The Swiss instead attacked on 22 June, a holy day attributed to the [[Ten thousand martyrs]], catching the slumbering Burgundians unexpected.{{Sfn|Winkler|2010|p=27}} Charles was too slow in organizing his troops for a counterattack; he himself tarried in putting up his armour and while his men were taking their positions, the Swiss army had already reached them.{{Sfn|Winkler|2010|p=29}} Accordingly, the Burgundian army soon abandoned their posts and began fleeting for their lives.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=444}}
The resulting affair was a mass slaughter of the fleeing Burgundian army. Many retreated into the [[Lake Morat]], and either drowned or died swimming in the process. Some climbed the walnut trees, and were shot dead by the [[arquebus]]es and [[hand cannon]]s. The Swiss showed no mercy to the yielding men. They killed knights, soldiers, and high officials alike.{{Sfn|Winkler|2010|pp=30–31}} Charles himself fled with his men and rode for days until he reached [[Gex, Ain|Gex]].{{Sfn|Winkler|2010|p=33}} The Milanese ambassador, Panigarola, reported that Charles would laugh and make jokes after the defeat at Morat. Charles refused to believe he was defeated and continued to think God was on his side.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=197}}
== Death ==
=== Battle of Nancy ===
[[File:The-Finding-of-the-body-of-Charles-the-Bold-after-the-Battle-of-Nancy-1865-Found-in-the-collection.jpg|alt=The naked corpse of Charles the Bold found after the Battle of Nancy|thumb|263x263px|Charles the Bold found after the [[Battle of Nancy]], by [[Auguste Feyen-Perrin]], 1865. Held at [[Museum of Fine Arts of Nancy|Musée des Beaux-Arts]] at [[Nancy, France|Nancy]]]]While Charles may have wanted to continue the war against the Swiss, his plans changed drastically when Nancy was reconquered by René II on 6 October.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|p=197|2005}} In need of money, Charles took a large loan from the [[Medici Bank|Medici bank]] with which he assembled 10,000 hastily gathered men.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=445}} The rest of his army consisted of the Italian mercenaries under the command of {{Ill|Count of Campobasso|fr|Comte de Campobasso}}; Burgundian garrison in Nancy, and 8,000 reinforcement from the [[Burgundian Netherlands|Netherlands]].{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=419}} He arrived in Nancy at 11 October and by 22 October began bombarding the city walls. The siege continued throughout the harsh winter.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=198}} Charles was hoping that he could enter the city before any of Rene's allies arrive at Nancy.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=420}}
Meanwhile, René spent November and December on negotiating with the Swiss for granting him an army of mercenaries and with Louis XI to pay the Swiss, eventually, he was successful with both and marched towards Nancy from Basel on 26 December with 9000 Swiss mercenaries.{{Sfn|Dean|2014|p=40}} On 31 December, Count of Campobasso, who may have communicated secretly with René, deserted the Burgundian army with 180 of his men.{{Sfn|Dean|2014|p=39}} And on 3 January 1477, his sons deserted with the rest 120 of his men.{{Sfn|Walsh|2005|p=367}} Afterwards, he joined René and fought the Burgundians on the forthcoming battle.{{Sfn|Walsh|2005|p=367}}{{Efn|It is not clear what was Campobasso's position during the battle. One Neapolitan account reports that Charles once found himself engaged in a duel with Campobasso.{{sfn|Walsh|2005|p=368}} According to Angelo de Tummmulilis, Charles had Campobasso in his mercy but spared him and told him to flee.{{sfn|Walsh|2005|p=399}}}}
On 5 January, under heavy snow, René and his army marched towards the Burgundian position.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=199}} The snow was helpful in obscuring their movements, as they [[Flanking maneuver|outflanked]] the Burgundian army by marching around towards the front of the Burgundians, where Charles had not placed pickets.{{Sfn|Dean|2014|p=41}} Around noon they attacked the Burgundians, whose artillery was too slow to engage with the quickly-approaching army.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=200}} Charles tried to rally his men, but to no avail, for the Burgundians where already fleeting from the battlefield.{{Sfn|Dean|2014|p=43}} Meanwhile, the Alsatian and Swiss infantry encircled Charles and his horsemen. In the [[Meurthe (river)|River Meurthe]] he fell from his horse, and was struck on his head with a [[halberd]], which pierced his helmet and went into his skull.{{Sfn|Dean|2014|p=43}} Half of the Burgundian army died during the battle or while retreating.{{Sfn|Dean|2014|p=43}} Only those who escaped fifty kilometers to [[Metz]] survived.{{Sfn|Smith|De Vries|2005|p=200}}
=== Burial ===
[[File:René-II-Charles-téméraire.jpg|alt=Rene II standing before the body of Charles the Bold, who wears a golden crown|thumb|Duke René II of Lorraine holding the hands of the corpse of Charles the Bold, ''Chronique scandaleuse'' by Jean de Roye]]
The corpse of Charles the Bold remained concealed until three days after the battle, when it was found lying on the river, with half of his head frozen.{{Sfn|Dean|2014|p=43}} It took a group consisting of Charles' Roman [[valet]], his Portuguese personal physician, his chaplain, [[Olivier de la Marche]], and two of his bastard brothers to identify the corpse through a missing tooth, ingrown toenail, and long fingernails.{{Sfn|Monter|2007|p=23}} His body was moved to Nancy with full honours, where it was displayed for 5 days.{{Sfn|Dean|2014|p=43}} Then, René buried him in the Saint-George [[collegiate church]] of Nancy.{{Sfn|Salet|1982|p=343}} In Artois, people refused to believe he was dead, instead believing he had escaped to Germany, to undergo seven years of penance but would reappear again.{{Sfn|Monter|2007|p=23}}
Margaret of York, Charles' wife, requested the return of his body, but was refused by René.{{Sfn|Salet|1982|p=343}} On 22 September 1550, [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]], as a sign to strengthen his legitimacy over Burgundy, exhumed the body and brought it to [[Luxembourg City|Luxembourg]]. And three years later, Charles' bones were again exhumed to their final resting place, the [[Church of Our Lady, Bruges]], beside his daughter, Mary of Burgundy.{{Sfn|Salet|1982|p=343}} On 1559, [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]] ordered the construction of a monument over the tomb of Charles, which was completed in 1563.{{Sfn|Salet|1982|p=343}} Philip would hold [[Mass (liturgy)|masses]] for the repose of the soul of Charles and [[Death anniversary|death anniversaries]] on the date of his death, 5 January.{{Sfn|Salet|1982|p=344}}
=== Aftermath ===
{{Main|War of the Burgundian Succession}}Louis XI knew of Charles' death even before the news had reached Burgundy, and thus taking advantage of a defenseless country, he invaded Burgundy through Picardy, Artois and [[Mâcon]] only three weeks after the Battle of Nancy.{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=195}} Meanwhile, Ghent rose in rebellion, executing two of Charles' closest collaborators, [[William Hugonet]] and [[Guy of Brimeu]], lord of [[Humbercourt]].{{Sfn|Schnerb|2008|p=455}} Charles' former conquests, Liége and Guelders, rapidly sought their independence, and in Luxembourg, a struggle broke out over consenting to the inheritance of Mary of Burgundy, or supporting another claimant.{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=195}} Sigismund of Austria and the Swiss were vying for [[Franche-Comté]] and Holland, Zeeland, Frisia and Hainault were claimed by the Count Palatine and the Duke of Bavaria.{{Sfn|Knecht|2007|p=104}}
Mary, the sole child of Charles, and Margaret of York, his widow, considered their only way out of this crisis through an alliance with the Habsburgs, therefore, Mary married Maximilian in August 1477.{{Sfn|Schnerb|2008|p=455}} Afterwards, Maximilian successfully resisted Louis' aggression in Artois and forced Louis into an advantageous temporary truce.{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=195}} The States General legitimized and accepted Mary succession on 11 February, after Mary signed the [[Great Privilege]], a series of constitutional reforms.{{Sfn|Koenigsberger|2001|p=42}} Mary died on 27 March 1482, and passed the Duchy of Burgundy onto her son and heir, [[Philip I of Castile|Philip]].{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=199}}
== Historiography and legacy ==
Charles the Bold's failure and untimely death directly caused the sudden collapse of the [[Burgundian State|Burgundian state]].{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=399}} He had no legitimate male heir to succeed him and did not provide a capable husband for his daughter that he could train and prepare for succession.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=399}} He was obsessed over uniting the "lands over there" (Low Countries) and the "lands over here" ([[Burgundy]] proper) through Lorraine,{{Sfn|Blockmans|Pervenier|1999|p=193}} and sought to forge a national identity independent from that of the French.{{Sfn|Lecuppre-Desjardin|2022|p=337}} He spent his short years as the Duke of Burgundy for securing a crown and forging a new kingdom, which would have united his subjects under one symbol (Though Charles sought it more for his own glory).{{Sfn|Lecuppre-Desjardin|2022|p=157}} However, Charles was more successful in helping his German enemies to unite under the banner of a "German nation" opposing the duke of Burgundy, whom they called "The Grand Turk of the West".{{Sfn|Lecuppre-Desjardin|2022|p=217}}
His death was also the most pivotal moment in the modern history of Lorraine.{{Sfn|Monter|2007|p=15}} In Nancy, the victory of René II is still remembered fondly.{{Sfn|Monter|2007|p=22}} The Swiss victory at Morat was a confirmation to their national identity, a sign of pride and a preservation of their independence. While on the larger scales, the Battle of Morat also contributed to the decline of feudalism and may have been a major death blow to the concepts of chivalry.{{Sfn|Winkler|2010|p=34}} The German-language historiography treats him ambivalently, because he is seen both as a tragic representation of the fall of the Middle Ages, and as an immoral prince. The latter image being more present in the Swiss literature up until recently.{{Sfn|Sieber-Lehmann|1997|p=13}}
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== Bibliography ==
=== Books ===
{{refbegin|50em}}
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*{{cite book |last=Kendall |first=Paul Murray |title=Louis XI: The Universal Spider |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company Inc. |location= New York|isbn=978-1842124116|year=1971}}
* {{cite book|last1=Koenigsberger|first1=H. G.|title=Monarchies, States Generals, and Parliaments: The Netherlands in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries|date=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521803304|location=Cambridge|oclc=46448960}}
* {{cite book|last1=Kontler|first1=Laszlo|last2=Somos|first2=Mark|title=Trust and Happiness in the History of European Political Thought| location=Leiden|date=2017|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004353664|oclc=1005741749}}
* {{cite book|last1=Kren|first1=Thomas|last2=McKendrick|first2=Scot|title=Illuminating the Renaissance: The Triumph of Flemish Manuscript Painting in Europe|publisher=The J. Paul Getty Museum|year=2003|isbn=9780892367030|oclc=51553612|location=Los Angeles}} {{free access}}
* {{cite book|last1=Knechtges|first1=David R.|title=Rhetoric and the Discourses of Power in Court Culture: China, Europe, and Japan|date=2012|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=9780295802367|location=Washington}}
* {{cite book|last1=Knecht|first1=Robert|authorlink=Robert Knecht|title=The Valois: Kings of France 1328-1589| location=London|date=2007|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9781852855222}}
* {{cite book|last1=Lecuppre-Desjardin|first1=Élodie|title=The illusion of the Burgundian state|date=2022|publisher=Manchester University Press|series=Manchester Medieval Studies|volume=30|isbn=9781526174550|location=Manchester}}
* {{cite book|last1=Lander|first1=Jack Robert|title=Government and Community: England, 1450-1509|date=1980|publisher=Harvard University Press|location= Cambridge, Massachusetts|isbn=9780674357945}}
* {{cite book|last1=Nicholas|first1=David|title=Medieval Flanders|date=2014|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781317901556|location=London|oclc=869093661}}
* {{cite book|last1=Monter|first1=E. William|title=A Bewitched Duchy: Lorraine and Its Dukes, 1477-1736|date=2007|publisher=Librairie Droz S.A|isbn=9782600011655|location=Genève|oclc=182762213}}
* {{cite book|last=Paravicini|first=Werner|editor-last1=Kupper|editor-first1=Jean-Louis|editor-last2=Marchandisse|editor-first2=Alain|title=À l'ombre du Pouvoir: Les entourages princiers au Moyen Âge|series=Bibliothèque de la faculté de philosophie et lettres de l'université de Liège|publisher=Presses universitaires de Liège|year=2003|isbn=9791036520631|doi=10.4000/books.pulg.5562|location=Liège|chapter=Acquérir sa grâce pour le temps advenir. Les hommes de Charles le Téméraire, prince héritier (1433-1467)|pages=307–328|language=fr}}
* {{cite book|last=Putnam|first=Ruth|author-link=Ruth Putnam (author)|title=Charles the Bold, last duke of Burgundy, 1433-1477|url=https://archive.org/details/charlesboldlastd00putnuoft/page/6/mode/2up?view=theater|location=New York|publisher=[[G. P. Putnam's Sons]]|year=1908|oclc=458219774}} {{free access}}
* {{cite book|last=Potter|first=Philip J.|title=Monarchs of the Renaissance The Lives and Reigns of 42 European Kings and Queens|publisher=McFarland & Company|year=2012|isbn=9780786468065|oclc=757461974|location=Jefferson, North Carolina}}
* {{cite book|last=Querengässer|first=Alexander|title=Before the Military Revolution: European Warfare and the Rise of the Early Modern State 1300–1490|date=2021|publisher=Oxbow Books|isbn=9781789256703|oclc=1259593478|location=Havertown|doi=10.2307/j.ctv1rxdqnf}}
* {{cite book|last=Roelens|first=Jonas|title=Citizens and Sodomites: Persecution and Perception of Sodomy in the Southern Low Countries (1400–1700)|date=2024|publisher=Brill| location=Leiden|isbn=9789004686175}}
* {{cite book|last1=Simpson|first1=Gerry|last2=Heller|first2=Kevin|authorlink1=Gerry Simpson|authorlink2=Kevin Jon Heller|title=The Hidden Histories of War Crimes Trials|date=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199671144|location=Oxford}}
* {{cite book|last=Sieber-Lehmann|first=C. |year=1997 |title=Europa und die osmanische Expansion im ausgehenden Mittelalter|publisher=Duncker & Humblot| editor-last=Erkens|editor-first= F.R |location=Berlin|pages=13–39 |isbn=978-3-428-09180-5|chapter=Der türkische Sultan Mehmet II und Karl der Kühne, der "Türk im Occident"}}
* {{cite book|last=Schnitker|first=Harry|title=Reputation and Representation in Fifteenth-Century Europe|date=2004|publisher=Brill| location=Leiden|isbn=9789004136137|editor-last1=Biggs|editor-first1=Doughlas|editor-last2=Michalove|editor-first2=Sharon|editor-last3=Reeves|editor-first3=Compton|pages=81–123|chapter=Margaret of York on Pilgrimage: The Exercise of Devotion and the Religious Traditions of the House of York}}
* {{cite book|last=Schepper|first=Hugo de|title=Between the Middle Ages and modernity: individual and community in the early modern world|date=2007|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9780742553095|editor-last1=Parker|editor-first1=Charles H.|editor-last2=Bentley|editor-first2=Jerry H.|location=Lanham|pages=187–211|chapter=The individual on trial in the sixteenth-century Netherlands : between tradition and modernity}}
* {{cite book|last=Schnerb|first=Bertrand|editor-last=Allmand|editor-first=Christopher|title=The New Cambridge Medieval Historlocation=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2008|isbn=9781139055758|doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521382960|oclc=697957877|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/new-cambridge-medieval-history/burgundy/B90D9A2293DC78A9F908A378EF77F35B|publication-place=England|chapter=Burgundy|pages=431–456}}
* {{cite book|last1=Schryver|first1=Antoine de|authorlink=Antoine de Schryver|title=The Prayer Book of Charles the Bold: A Study of a Flemish Masterpiece from the Burgundian Court|date=2008|publisher=Getty Publications|isbn=9780892369430|location=Los Angles}}
* {{cite book|last1=Stein|first1=Robert|title=Magnanimous Dukes and Rising States: The Unification of the Burgundian Netherlands, 1380-1480|date=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780191078309|location=Oxford|oclc=973882565}}
* {{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Robert Douglas|last2=De Vries|first2=Kelly|title=The Artillery of the Dukes of Burgundy, 1363-1477|date=2005|publisher=Boydell Press|isbn=9781843831624|location=Rochester, New York|oclc=60322326}}
* {{cite book|last=Taruskin|first=Richard|authorlink=Richard Taruskin|title=[[Oxford History of Western Music]]|volume=1|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=9780199813698|location=Oxford|chapter=Music for an intellectual and political elite}}
* {{cite book|last1=Taylor|first1=Aline|title=Isabel of Burgundy : the Duchess who played politics in the age of Joan of Arc|date=2002|publisher=Tempus|isbn=9780752423159|location=Stroud|oclc=49044225}}
* {{cite book|last1=Tyerman|first1=Christopher|authorlink=Christopher Tyerman|title=The World of the Crusades: An Illustrated History|location= New Haven|date=2018|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=9780300217391}}
* {{cite book|last1=Weightman|first1=Christine|title=Margaret of York: The Diabolical Duchess|date=2009|publisher=Amberley Publishing| location=Stroud|isbn=9781445609683}}
* {{cite book|last1=Waugh|first1=W.T.|title=A History of Europe From 1378 to 1494|date=2016|publisher=Taylor and Francis|isbn=9781138658974|oclc=102066843|location=[[Abingdon-on-Thames|Abingdon]]}}
* {{cite book|last1=Watson|first1=Noelle|last2=Schellinger|first2=Paul|last3=Ring|first3=Trudy|title=Northern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places| location=London|date=2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781136639449|oclc=7385588780}}
* {{cite book|last1=Walsh|first1=Richard J.|title=Charles the Bold and Italy (1467-1477): Politics and Personnel|date=2005|publisher=Liverpool University Press|series=Liverpool Historical Studies|volume=19|isbn=9781846312809|location=Liverpool|oclc=269009493}}
* {{cite book|last1=Woodacre|first1=Elena|last2=McGlynn|first2=Sean|title=The Image and Perception of Monarchy in Medieval and Early Modern Europe|date=2014|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|location=Cambridge|isbn=9781443868525}}
* {{cite book|last=Van Loo|first=Bart|title=The Burgundians: A Vanished Empire|publisher=Head of Zeus|year=2021|isbn=9781789543438|oclc=1264400332|location=London}}
* {{cite book|last1=Vaughan|first1=Richard|last2=Small|first2=Graem|title=Philip the Good: The Apogee of Burgundy|date=2010|publisher=The Boydell Press|isbn=9780851159171|location=Woodbridge|oclc=1015575845}}
* {{cite book|last1=Vaughan|first1=Richard|last2=Paravicini|first2=Wener|title=Charles the Bold: The Last Valois Duke of Burgundy|date=2002|publisher=The Boydell Press|isbn=9780851159188|location=Woodbridge}}
* {{cite book|last1=Villalon|first1=L. J. Andrew|last2=Kagay|first2=Donald J.|title=The Hundred Years War: A Wider Focus|date=2005|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=978-90-47-40586-3}}
{{refend}}
=== Articles ===
{{refbegin|50em|indent=yes}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Allmand|first1=Christopher|authorlink1=Christopher Allmand|title=Did the De re militari of Vegetius influence the military ordinances of Charles the Bold?|journal=Publications du Centre Européen d'Etudes Bourguignonnes|publisher=[[Brepols]]|year=2001|volume=41|pages=135–143|url=https://www.brepolsonline.net/doi/abs/10.1484/J.PCEEB.2.302198?role=tab&journalCode=pceeb|doi=10.1484/J.PCEEB.2.302198|issn=2034-6786}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Beazley|first1=Matthew|title=Burgundian blunder at Concise: The Battle of Grandson|journal=Medieval Warfare|year=2014|volume=4|number=4|pages=27–33|jstor=48578372|issn=2211-5129|eissn=25893548|publisher=Karwansaray BV}}
*{{cite journal |title=Matthias Corvinus and Charles the Bold|first=Attila|last=Barany|journal=Chronica. Annual of the Institute of History, University of Szeged|publisher=[[University of Szeged]]|volume=12|pages=69–88|date=2016|issn=1588-2039|oclc=50489577|url=https://www.iskolakultura.hu/index.php/chronica/article/view/10799}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Brunner|first1=Jean-Claude|title=Misery at Morat: Charles the Bold's English Archers at the Battle of Murten|journal=Medieval Warfare|year=2011|volume=1|number=4|pages=43–48|jstor=48577888|issn=2211-5129|eissn=25893548|publisher=Karwansaray BV}}
*{{cite journal |title=Burgundy and the Empire in the Reign of Charles the Bold|first=Laetitia |last=Boehm|journal=The International History Review|volume=1|pages=153–162|number=2 |date=1979|jstor=40105726|doi=10.1080/07075332.1979.9640180|publisher=Taylor & Francis, Ltd}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Dean|first1=Sidney|title=Battle of Nancy: End game for Charles the Bold|journal=Medieval Warfare|year=2014|volume=4|number=4|pages=39–43|jstor=48578375|issn=2211-5129|eissn=25893548|publisher=Karwansaray BV}}
*{{cite journal |title=Charles the Bold as a Patron, Singer and Composer|first=David|last=Fallows|authorlink1=David Fallows|journal=[[Tijdschrift van de Koninklijke Vereniging voor Nederlandse Muziekgeschiedenis]]|publisher=Koninklijke Vereniging voor Nederlandse Muziekgeschiedenis (KVNM)|volume=69|pages=3–18|date=2019|issn=1383-7079|oclc=865210651|jstor=45284494|url=https://resolver.scholarsportal.info/resolve/13837079/v69inone/3_ctbapsac.xml}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Haemers|first1=Jelle|title=Social memory and rebellion in fifteenth-century Ghent|journal=Social History|year=2011|volume=36|issue=4|pages=443–463|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23072657|doi=10.1080/03071022.2011.610631|publisher=Taylor & Francis}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Kiening|first1=Christian|title=Rhétorique de la perte. L'exemple de la mort d'Isabelle de Bourbon (1465)|publisher=Presses Universitaires de Vincennes|journal= Médiévales |year=1994|number=27|pages=15–24|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/medi_0751-2708_1994_num_13_27_1307|oclc=5792687718|issn=0751-2708|jstor=43026850|language=fr}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Salet|first1=Francis|title=Le tombeau de Charles le Téméraire|journal= Bulletin Monumental|year=1982|pages=343–344|volume= 140|issue= 4|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/bulmo_0007-473x_1982_num_140_4_6128?q=Charles+le+T%C3%A9m%C3%A9rair4|language=fr|oclc=866803890|issn=0007-473X}}
*{{cite journal |title=Burgundy and the Inalienability of Appanages in the Reign of Louis XI |first=Paul |last=Saenger |journal=French Historical Studies |volume=10 |pages=1–26 |number=1 |date=Spring 1977 |doi=10.2307/286114 |jstor=286114}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Sommé|first1=Monique|title=La jeunesse de Charles le Téméraire d'après les comptes de la cour de Bourgogne|journal= [[Revue du Nord]]|year=1982|volume=64|issue=245–255|pages=731–750|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/rnord_0035-2624_1982_num_64_254_3891|oclc=492984851|issn=0035-2624|language=fr}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Walsh|first1=Richard J.|title=Charles the Bold and the crusade: politics and propaganda|journal=Journal of Medieval History |year=1977|volume=1|issue=3|pages=53–86|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0304418177900409|doi=10.1016/0304-4181(77)90040-9|issn=0304-4181|publisher=Taylor & Francis}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Williams|first1=Gareth|title=Fools Rush In: Charles the Bold and the Siege of Neuss|journal=Medieval Warfare|year=2014|volume=4|number=4|pages=22–26|jstor=48578371|issn=2211-5129|eissn=25893548|publisher=Karwansaray BV}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Winkler|first1=Albert|title=The Battle of Murten: The Invasion of Charles the Bold and the Survival of the Swiss States|journal=Swiss American Historical Society Review|year=2010|volume=46|number=1|pages=8–34|url=https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/facpub/1804/|publisher=Birmingham University Press| oclc=806785252}}
{{Refend}}
=== Encyclopedias ===
{{refbegin|50em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |title=France, Narrative (1328-1483) |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology |date=2010 |last=Ditcham |first=Brian G.H. |editor-last=Rogers| editor-first=Cliford J. |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn= 9780195334036 |oclc=645185716 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195334036.001.0001 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195334036.001.0001/acref-9780195334036-e-0365?rskey=1uol4L&result=361 |access-date=14 April 2023 |url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Hemelryck|first=Tania van |editor1-last=Dunphy|editor1-first=Graeme|editor1-link=Graeme Dunphy|editor2-last=Bratu |editor2-first=Cristian |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle |title=Fillastre, Guillaume |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-the-medieval-chronicle/fillastre-guillaume-SIM_01007?lang=en|url-access=subscription|date=2016|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-18464-0|issn=2666-5611|oclc=864906597 |doi=10.1524/hzhz.2013.0033}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|editor-last=Rogers|editor-first=Clifford J.|editor-link=Clifford J. Rogers|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2010|isbn=9780195334036|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195334036.001.0001|oclc=645185716|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195334036.001.0001/acref-9780195334036|location=New York|url-access=subscription}}
** {{harvc |last=Baboukis|first=Johanna M.|in1=Rogers|year=2010|anchor-year=2010a|chapter=Montlhéry, Battle of}}
** {{harvc |last=Baboukis|first=Johanna M.|in1=Rogers|year=2010|anchor-year=2010b|chapter=Charles the Bold}}
** {{harvc |last=Baboukis|first=Johanna M.|in1=Rogers|year=2010|anchor-year=2010c|chapter=Grandson, Battle of}}
{{Refend}}
== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Charles the Bold}}
{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[House of Valois-Burgundy]]|10 November|1433|5 January|1477|[[House of Valois]]}}
{{s-reg}}
{{S-bef
| rows = 2
| before = [[Philip the Good]]
}}
{{S-ttl
| title = [[Duke of Burgundy]], [[Duke of Brabant|Brabant]],<br />[[List of rulers of Limburg|Limburg]], [[Duke of Lothier|Lothier]] and [[List of monarchs of Luxembourg|Luxemburg]];<br />[[County of Namur|Margrave of Namur]];<br />[[Count of Artois]], [[Count of Flanders|Flanders]],<br />[[Count of Hainaut|Hainaut]], [[Count of Holland|Holland]] and [[Count of Zeeland|Zeeland]];<br />[[Count Palatine of Burgundy]]
| years = 15 July 1467 – 5 January 1477
}}
{{S-aft
| rows = 3
| after = [[Mary of Burgundy|Mary]]
}}
{{s-break}}
{{S-ttl
| title = [[Count of Charolais]]
| years = August 1433 – 5 January 1477
}}
{{s-break}}
{{S-bef
| before = [[Arnold, Duke of Guelders|Arnold]]
}}
{{S-ttl
| title = [[Duke of Guelders]]<br />[[Count of Zutphen]]
| years = 23 February 1473 – 5 January 1477
}}
{{S-end}}{{Valois Burgundy}}{{Monarchs of Luxembourg}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bold, Charles the}}
[[Category:Dukes of Burgundy|Charles]]
[[Category:Nobility of the Burgundian Netherlands]]
[[Category:House of Valois-Burgundy|Charles]]
[[Category:1433 births]]
[[Category:1477 deaths]]
[[Category:Philip the Good (Duke of Burgundy)|Charles]]
[[Category:People from Dijon]]
[[Category:Dukes of Brabant|Charles]]
[[Category:Dukes of Guelders|Charles]]
[[Category:Dukes of Limburg|Charles]]
[[Category:Dukes of Luxembourg|Charles]]
[[Category:Counts of Flanders|Charles]]
[[Category:Counts of Artois|Charles]]
[[Category:Counts of Burgundy|Charles]]
[[Category:Counts of Hainaut|Charles]]
[[Category:Counts of Holland|Charles]]
[[Category:Counts of Charolais|Charles]]
[[Category:Margraves of Namur|Charles]]
[[Category:Knights of the Garter|Charles]]
[[Category:Grand Masters of the Order of the Golden Fleece|Charles]]
[[Category:Knights of the Golden Fleece|Charles]]
[[Category:Military personnel killed in action]]
[[Category:15th-century peers of France]]
[[Category:15th-century dukes in Europe]]
[[Category:Royal reburials]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -197,5 +197,5 @@
Despite the unexpected situation, Charles quickly rallied his troops, ordered his artillery to fire at the enemy lines and then launched an attack.{{Sfn|Baboukis|2010c}} Meanwhile, the Swiss had knelt down to pray, which the Burgundians may have mistaken for submission, motivating them more for the attack.{{Sfn|Beazley|2014|p=29}} The initial charge, commanded by {{Ill|Louis de Châlon-Arlay|fr|Louis de Châlon-Arlay (1448-1476)}}, Lord of Grandson, failed to penetrate the Swiss defensive line, with Louis himself killed in the process.{{Sfn|Beazley|2014|p=29}} Charles then made a second attack. In order to lure the enemy further down the valley to give his artillery a better target, Charles soon retreated.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=437}}
-However, the rest of his army mistook his tactical retreat for a complete withdrawal. Around this time, the rest of the Swiss army had reached the valley, announcing their arrival by bellowing their horns. The Burgundians suddenly panicked and abandoned their positions, ignoring Charles' pleas to stay in line.<ref>{{harvnb|Beazley|2014|page=29}}; {{harvnb|Baboukis|2010c}}</ref> The panicking army even forsook their camp at Grandson, leaving it open for the Swiss to capture.{{Sfn|Baboukis|2010c}} Subsequently, the Swiss reached Charles' camp and looted the treasures inside it.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=438}} The [[Battle of Grandson]] became a humiliating defeat for Charles the Bold, his army's cowardice had caused him the lose of many valuable treasures and all of his artillery and supplies.{{Sfn|Beazley|2014|p=33}} For two or three days after the battle, Charles had been so shaken by the lost that he refused any food or drinks and by 4 March had began to reorganize his army in hopes of entering the battlefield two weeks later.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=378}}
+However, the rest of his army mistook his tactical retreat for a complete withdrawal. Around this time, the rest of the Swiss army had reached the valley, announcing their arrival by bellowing their horns. The Burgundians suddenly panicked and abandoned their positions, ignoring Charles' pleas to stay in line.<ref>{{harvnb|Beazley|2014|page=29}}; {{harvnb|Baboukis|2010c}}</ref> The panicking army even forsook their camp at Grandson, leaving it open for the Swiss to capture.{{Sfn|Baboukis|2010c}} Subsequently, the Swiss reached Charles' camp and looted the treasures inside it.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=438}} The [[Battle of Grandson]] became a humiliating defeat for Charles the Bold, his army's cowardice had caused him the lose of many valuable treasures and all of his artillery and supplies.{{Sfn|Beazley|2014|p=33}} For two or three days after the battle, Charles had been so shaken by the loss that he refused any food or drinks and by 4 March had began to reorganize his army in hopes of entering the battlefield two weeks later.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=378}}
=== Battle of Morat ===
' |
New page size (new_size) | 130570 |
Old page size (old_size) | 130570 |
Size change in edit (edit_delta) | 0 |
Lines added in edit (added_lines) | [
0 => 'However, the rest of his army mistook his tactical retreat for a complete withdrawal. Around this time, the rest of the Swiss army had reached the valley, announcing their arrival by bellowing their horns. The Burgundians suddenly panicked and abandoned their positions, ignoring Charles' pleas to stay in line.<ref>{{harvnb|Beazley|2014|page=29}}; {{harvnb|Baboukis|2010c}}</ref> The panicking army even forsook their camp at Grandson, leaving it open for the Swiss to capture.{{Sfn|Baboukis|2010c}} Subsequently, the Swiss reached Charles' camp and looted the treasures inside it.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=438}} The [[Battle of Grandson]] became a humiliating defeat for Charles the Bold, his army's cowardice had caused him the lose of many valuable treasures and all of his artillery and supplies.{{Sfn|Beazley|2014|p=33}} For two or three days after the battle, Charles had been so shaken by the loss that he refused any food or drinks and by 4 March had began to reorganize his army in hopes of entering the battlefield two weeks later.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=378}}'
] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
0 => 'However, the rest of his army mistook his tactical retreat for a complete withdrawal. Around this time, the rest of the Swiss army had reached the valley, announcing their arrival by bellowing their horns. The Burgundians suddenly panicked and abandoned their positions, ignoring Charles' pleas to stay in line.<ref>{{harvnb|Beazley|2014|page=29}}; {{harvnb|Baboukis|2010c}}</ref> The panicking army even forsook their camp at Grandson, leaving it open for the Swiss to capture.{{Sfn|Baboukis|2010c}} Subsequently, the Swiss reached Charles' camp and looted the treasures inside it.{{Sfn|Van Loo|2021|p=438}} The [[Battle of Grandson]] became a humiliating defeat for Charles the Bold, his army's cowardice had caused him the lose of many valuable treasures and all of his artillery and supplies.{{Sfn|Beazley|2014|p=33}} For two or three days after the battle, Charles had been so shaken by the lost that he refused any food or drinks and by 4 March had began to reorganize his army in hopes of entering the battlefield two weeks later.{{Sfn|Vaughan|Paravicini|2002|p=378}}'
] |
All external links added in the edit (added_links) | [] |
All external links removed in the edit (removed_links) | [] |
All external links in the new text (all_links) | [
0 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151120#identifiers',
1 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/953459041',
2 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39131019',
3 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40143018',
4 => 'https://www.google.com/books/edition/Antoine_Busnoys/n3nwn0h6k3oC?hl=en&gbpv=0',
5 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/883875759',
6 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/898037451',
7 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7462091',
8 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/491598816',
9 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62344765',
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Duke of Burgundy from 1467 to 1477</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles the Bald</a>.</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1218072481">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; font-size: 125%">Charles the Bold</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_the_Bold_1460.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Charles_the_Bold_1460.jpg/220px-Charles_the_Bold_1460.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Charles_the_Bold_1460.jpg/330px-Charles_the_Bold_1460.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Charles_the_Bold_1460.jpg/440px-Charles_the_Bold_1460.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="3865" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Charles the Bold in about 1460, wearing the collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Order of the Golden Fleece">Order of the Golden Fleece</a>, painted by <a href="/wiki/Rogier_van_der_Weyden" title="Rogier van der Weyden">Rogier van der Weyden</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Duke of Burgundy">Duke of Burgundy</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">15 June 1467 – 5 January 1477</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Good" title="Philip the Good">Philip the Good</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Burgundy" title="Mary of Burgundy">Mary the Rich</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">10 November 1433<br /><a href="/wiki/Dijon" title="Dijon">Dijon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Burgundy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">5 January 1477<span style="display:none">(1477-01-05)</span> (aged 43)<br /><a href="/wiki/Nancy,_France" title="Nancy, France">Nancy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lorraine" title="Duchy of Lorraine">Lorraine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady,_Bruges" title="Church of Our Lady, Bruges">Church of Our Lady, Bruges</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul>
<div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Valois,_Countess_of_Charolais" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine of Valois, Countess of Charolais">Catherine of France</a></div>
<div class="marriage-line-margin2px">​</div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;">​</div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="19 May 1440">1440</span>; <abbr title="died">d.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="13 July 1446">1446</span>)<wbr />​</div>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul>
<div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Bourbon" title="Isabella of Bourbon">Isabella of Bourbon</a></div>
<div class="marriage-line-margin2px">​</div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;">​</div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="30 October 1454">1454</span>; <abbr title="died">d.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="25 September 1465">1465</span>)<wbr />​</div>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul>
<div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_York" title="Margaret of York">Margaret of York</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;">​</div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="3 July 1468">1468</span>)<wbr />​</div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Burgundy" title="Mary of Burgundy">Mary the Rich</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1218072481"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Charles Martin</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois-Burgundy" title="House of Valois-Burgundy">Valois-Burgundy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Good" title="Philip the Good">Philip the Good</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal_(1397%E2%80%931471)" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella of Portugal (1397–1471)">Isabella of Portugal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signatur_Karl_der_K%C3%BChne.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Charles the Bold's signature"><img alt="Charles the Bold's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Signatur_Karl_der_K%C3%BChne.PNG/125px-Signatur_Karl_der_K%C3%BChne.PNG" decoding="async" width="125" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Signatur_Karl_der_K%C3%BChne.PNG/188px-Signatur_Karl_der_K%C3%BChne.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Signatur_Karl_der_K%C3%BChne.PNG/250px-Signatur_Karl_der_K%C3%BChne.PNG 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="157" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Charles Martin</b> (10 November 1433 – 5 January 1477) called <b>The Bold</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a></sup> was the last <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Duke of Burgundy">Duke of Burgundy</a> from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois-Burgundy" title="House of Valois-Burgundy">Burgundian</a> <a href="/wiki/Cadet_branch" title="Cadet branch">cadet branch</a> of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">House of Valois</a> from 1467 to 1477. He was the only legitimate son of <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Good" title="Philip the Good">Philip the Good</a> and his third wife, <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal,_Duchess_of_Burgundy" title="Isabella of Portugal, Duchess of Burgundy">Isabella of Portugal</a>. Appointed as the Count of <a href="/wiki/Charolais,_France" title="Charolais, France">Charolais</a> upon his birth, Charles vied for power and influence even before succeeding his father. He had a deep rooted rivalry with <a href="/wiki/Louis_XI" title="Louis XI">Louis XI</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">King of France</a>, which was the cause to many disputes and events during his life, starting with the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Public_Weal" title="War of the Public Weal">War of the Public Weal</a>, a revolt of French vassals under the leadership of Charles.
</p><p>After ascension to the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Duchy of Burgundy</a> in 1467, Charles began pursuing his ambitions: independence from France and forging a kingdom from the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> in the north to the borders of <a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a> in the south. To this end, he took many actions and through his risky and aggressive foreign policy, became an enemy to all of his neighbouring nations. He added <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guelders" title="Duchy of Guelders">Guelders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upper_Alsace" title="Upper Alsace">Upper Alsace</a> into his realm, and strengthened his rule over <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liége</a> by brutally crushing their rebellion. Charles forged many alliances, marrying <a href="/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward IV of England">Edward IV</a>'s sister, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_York" title="Margaret of York">Margaret of York</a> for an English alliance and arranging the betrothal between his sole child, <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Burgundy" title="Mary of Burgundy">Mary</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian</a>, the son of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick III</a>.
</p><p>As a patron of arts, he supported the production of <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscripts</a> and music, himself being a composer and valid musician. His court was famously seen as a centre of arts, chivalry and etiquette and would keep this reputation even after his death. He was obsessed with order and regulation and wrote many ordinances throughout his rule, dictating military matters, legislations, and diplomacy to the smallest of detail. A religious person, his patron saint was Saint George and he was asked constantly by the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetians</a> to undertake a crusade against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Turks</a>.
</p><p>Towards the end of his life, Charles became engaged in a multinational conflict called the <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Wars" title="Burgundian Wars">Burgundian War</a> (1474–1477), during which, he tried to protect his rights over Upper Alsace and also annex lands belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Swiss Confederacy</a>. After his <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Neuss" title="Siege of Neuss">unsuccessful siege upon Neuss</a>, he confronted the Swiss in the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grandson" title="Battle of Grandson">Grandson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Morat" title="Battle of Morat">Morat</a>, all of which ended with his defeat. At last, he was killed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nancy" title="Battle of Nancy">Battle of Nancy</a> on 5 January 1477, fighting against <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_II,_Duke_of_Lorraine" title="René II, Duke of Lorraine">René II of Lorraine</a> and his Swiss army. His death brought an end to the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_State" title="Burgundian State">Burgundian state</a>, and his dynasty would end a generation later when his daughter, Mary of Burgundy died and was succeeded by her son, <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Castile" title="Philip I of Castile">Philip of Austria</a>.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Background"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Early_life"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Early life</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Childhood"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Childhood</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Youth"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Youth</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Struggle_for_power"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Struggle for power</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Disputes_with_Philip_the_Good"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Disputes with Philip the Good</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Rivalry_with_Louis_XI"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Rivalry with Louis XI</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Rebellion_in_Liége_and_Sack_of_Dinant"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Rebellion in Liége and Sack of Dinant</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Ascension"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Ascension</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Duke_of_Burgundy"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Duke of Burgundy</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#The_third_marriage"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">The third marriage</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Territorial_expansions"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Territorial expansions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Meeting_the_Emperor_in_Trier"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Meeting the Emperor in Trier</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Policies"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Policies</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Legislation"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Legislation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Religion"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Religion</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Diplomacy"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Diplomacy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Arts"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Arts</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Military"><span class="tocnumber">5.5</span> <span class="toctext">Military</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Burgundian_Wars"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Burgundian Wars</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#League_of_Constance"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">League of Constance</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Siege_of_Neuss"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Siege of Neuss</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Battle_of_Grandson"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Battle of Grandson</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Battle_of_Morat"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Battle of Morat</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Death"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Death</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Battle_of_Nancy"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Battle of Nancy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Burial"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Burial</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Aftermath"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Aftermath</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#Historiography_and_legacy"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Historiography and legacy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Books"><span class="tocnumber">11.1</span> <span class="toctext">Books</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Articles"><span class="tocnumber">11.2</span> <span class="toctext">Articles</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Encyclopedias"><span class="tocnumber">11.3</span> <span class="toctext">Encyclopedias</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Background">Background</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Background"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois-Burgundy" title="House of Valois-Burgundy">House of Valois-Burgundy</a> was begun with <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Bold" title="Philip the Bold">Philip the Bold</a>, the fourth son of <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_France" title="John II of France">John II</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">King of France</a>. Philip became the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Duke of Burgundy">Duke of Burgundy</a> in 1363.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier19991_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier19991-3">[2]</a></sup> In 1369, Philip married <a href="/wiki/Margaret_III,_Countess_of_Flanders" title="Margaret III, Countess of Flanders">Margaret of Male</a>, the heiress of <a href="/wiki/Louis_II,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Louis II, Count of Flanders">Louis II, Count of Flanders</a>, who brought with her <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a> the wealthy lands of <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rethel" title="Rethel">Rethel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mechelen" title="Mechelen">Mechelen</a>, along with the territories bordering on Flanders and Burgundy: the counties of <a href="/wiki/Artois" title="Artois">Artois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a>, and the county of <a href="/wiki/Nevers" title="Nevers">Nevers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier19991_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier19991-3">[2]</a></sup> Philip expanded his influence in the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> further by contracting marriage alliances; he was also heavily involved in the royal court of France, especially after the death of his brother, <a href="/wiki/Charles_V_of_France" title="Charles V of France">Charles V</a>, and during the troublesome reign of his successor, <a href="/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France" title="Charles VI of France">Charles VI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownSmall20073_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownSmall20073-4">[3]</a></sup> When Philip died in 27 April 1404, his lands were divided between his three sons, <a href="/wiki/John_the_Fearless" title="John the Fearless">John</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony,_Duke_of_Brabant" title="Anthony, Duke of Brabant">Anthony</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philip_II,_Count_of_Nevers" title="Philip II, Count of Nevers">Philip</a>. John the Fearless, Philip the Bold's eldest son, inherited the Duchy of Burgundy, and less than a year later, in 1405, with the death of his mother, the major part of his maternal inheritance. Anthony became the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Brabant" title="Duke of Brabant">Duke of Brabant</a> through <a href="/wiki/Jure_uxoris" title="Jure uxoris">his marriage to the Duchess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_of_Saint-Pol" title="Jeanne of Saint-Pol">Jeanne of Saint-Pol</a> and the youngest son, also Philip, inherited Nevers and Rethel from his mother.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchnerb2008431_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnerb2008431-5">[4]</a></sup> The division of his father's lands reduced John's income by 14.3 percent with his <a href="/wiki/Conscription#Medieval_levies" title="Conscription">levies</a>' payment falling to one-third of their former levels. Between 1404 and 1407, his treasury virtually emptied.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier199938_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier199938-6">[5]</a></sup> As a result, John was forced to borrow money, requesting loans from government employees, his richest subjects, his towns and from Italian bankers, such as Dino Rapondi from <a href="/wiki/Lucca" title="Lucca">Lucca</a>, who backed him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchnerb2008433_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnerb2008433-7">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p>John was probably attracted by the possibility of strengthening his position in the French court, as his father had. To restore his influence, John began a rivalry with the king's brother, <a href="/wiki/Louis_I,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louis I, Duke of Orléans">Louis of Orleans</a>, who controlled the treasury.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier199938–39_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier199938–39-8">[7]</a></sup> The rivalry between the two eventually led to the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Louis_I,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Assassination of Louis I, Duke of Orléans">assassination of Louis</a> on the order of John on 23 November 1407,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier199940_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier199940-9">[8]</a></sup> which started the twenty-eight-year-long <a href="/wiki/Armagnac%E2%80%93Burgundian_Civil_War" title="Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War">Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War</a>. At first, John had the upper hand, however, by 1410 opposition—centred around <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Charles, Duke of Orléans">Charles</a>, the son of the dead Louis—became increasingly powerful. <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_the_Fearless" title="Assassination of John the Fearless">John was murdered</a> by his opponents on 10 September 1419, during a meeting with the <a href="/wiki/Dauphin_of_France" title="Dauphin of France">dauphin of France</a>, the future <a href="/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France" title="Charles VII of France">Charles VII</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchnerb2008438_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnerb2008438-10">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p>John was succeeded by his only son, <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Good" title="Philip the Good">Philip the Good</a>, who had ruled over his father's domains in Burgundy while John was preoccupied with French politics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall20102_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall20102-11">[10]</a></sup> Unlike his father and grandfather, Philip chose to distance himself from French politics. Instead, he chose to forge alliances elsewhere, hence marrying <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal,_Duchess_of_Burgundy" title="Isabella of Portugal, Duchess of Burgundy">Isabella of Portugal</a> in 7 January 1430. Isabella was Philip's third wife, after <a href="/wiki/Michelle_of_Valois" title="Michelle of Valois">Michelle of Valois</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bonne_of_Artois" title="Bonne of Artois">Bonne of Artois</a>, who both predeceased their husband without birthing any children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier199973_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier199973-12">[11]</a></sup> The third marriage of Philip the Good denoted his desire to create a strong, centralised duchy ruled by a prestigious dynasty who owned a new cultural heritage, different from that of the French.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier199973_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier199973-12">[11]</a></sup>
</p><p>Philip then began his territorial expansion, bringing many new lordships, among them being <a href="/wiki/Arras" title="Arras">Arras</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ronne,_Somme" title="Péronne, Somme">Péronne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roye,_Somme" title="Roye, Somme">Roye</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Picardy" title="Picardy">Picardy</a>, into his realm. In 1420, He was able to purchase the county of <a href="/wiki/Namur" title="Namur">Namur</a>, a town located in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, from <a href="/wiki/John_III,_Marquis_of_Namur" title="John III, Marquis of Namur">Jean III</a> in exchange of 132,000 <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cu" title="Écu">écus</a></i>. In 1425, he declared war on his cousin, <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline,_Countess_of_Hainaut" title="Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut">Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[b]</a></sup> in order to take her inheritance, the counties of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Hainaut" title="County of Hainaut">Hainaut</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Holland" title="County of Holland">Holland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friesland" class="mw-redirect" title="Friesland">Friesland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zeeland" title="Zeeland">Zeeland</a>, form her. He successfully took the lands in April 1433, after she abandoned her rights to them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchnerb2008439–440_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnerb2008439–440-15">[13]</a></sup> In 1430, Philip inherited the Duchy of Brabant when <a href="/wiki/Philip_I,_Duke_of_Brabant" title="Philip I, Duke of Brabant">Philip of Saint Pol</a>, the son of Anthony, died suddenly and unexpectedly in the same year. The inheritance brought Philip three <a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">principalities</a>: Brabant; <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Limburg" title="Duchy of Limburg">Limburg</a>, which had long been attached to the former; and <a href="/wiki/Lotharingia" title="Lotharingia">Lotharingia</a>, a theoretical title reminiscent of <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian</a> era.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier199991–92_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier199991–92-16">[14]</a></sup> This expansions distressed the Holy Roman Emperor, <a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">Sigismund</a>, who declared war on Philip in 1434, hoping that Charles VII would also come to his aid, only to be disappointed with the French and Burgundian <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Arras" title="Congress of Arras">reconciliation</a> in 1435. His failure to gain help from <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Prince of the Holy Roman Empire">Imperial princes</a> also discouraged his efforts and his eventual death in 1437 put an end to the Empire's hostility with the growing power of Burgundy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchnerb2008440_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnerb2008440-17">[15]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life">Early life</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Early life"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Childhood">Childhood</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Childhood"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Duchesse_de_Bourgogne_arr%C3%AAt%C3%A9e_aux_portes_de_Bruges_-_Sophie_Rude_-_MBA_Lyon_2014.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/La_Duchesse_de_Bourgogne_arr%C3%AAt%C3%A9e_aux_portes_de_Bruges_-_Sophie_Rude_-_MBA_Lyon_2014.JPG/220px-La_Duchesse_de_Bourgogne_arr%C3%AAt%C3%A9e_aux_portes_de_Bruges_-_Sophie_Rude_-_MBA_Lyon_2014.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/La_Duchesse_de_Bourgogne_arr%C3%AAt%C3%A9e_aux_portes_de_Bruges_-_Sophie_Rude_-_MBA_Lyon_2014.JPG/330px-La_Duchesse_de_Bourgogne_arr%C3%AAt%C3%A9e_aux_portes_de_Bruges_-_Sophie_Rude_-_MBA_Lyon_2014.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/La_Duchesse_de_Bourgogne_arr%C3%AAt%C3%A9e_aux_portes_de_Bruges_-_Sophie_Rude_-_MBA_Lyon_2014.JPG/440px-La_Duchesse_de_Bourgogne_arr%C3%AAt%C3%A9e_aux_portes_de_Bruges_-_Sophie_Rude_-_MBA_Lyon_2014.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2399" data-file-height="2934" /></a><figcaption><i>La Duchesse de Bourgogne arrêtée aux portes de Bruges</i> by <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Fr%C3%A9miet" title="Sophie Frémiet">Sophie Frémiet</a>. This painting depicts the moment Isabella of Portugal, her son, Charles, and her entourage were arrested at the gates of Bruges</figcaption></figure>
<p>Charles Martin<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPutnam19086_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPutnam19086-18">[16]</a></sup> was born on 10 November 1433 in the city of <a href="/wiki/Dijon" title="Dijon">Dijon</a>. He was the third child of Philip the Good with Isabella of Portugal and the only one to survive past infancy. His mother, in fear that she would lose another child, consecrated the infant to the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Blessed Sacrament</a> within days from his birth. Philip the Good arrived in Dijon on late November to celebrate the birth and made his son a <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Order of the Golden Fleece">knight of the Golden Fleece</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Order_of_chivalry" title="Order of chivalry">knightly order</a> created by him in 1430.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor200268_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor200268-19">[17]</a></sup> The infant also became the count of <a href="/wiki/Charolais,_France" title="Charolais, France">Charolais</a>, a title given to the heirs of the dukes of Burgundy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999114_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999114-20">[18]</a></sup> He was baptised in 20 November, with <a href="/wiki/Charles_I,_Count_of_Nevers" title="Charles I, Count of Nevers">Charles, Count of Nevers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antoine_I_de_Cro%C3%BF" title="Antoine I de Croÿ">Antoine I de Croÿ</a> as his sponsors; he was named after the count of Nevers, who was Philip the Good's adopted son from his second wife, Bonne of Artois.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a></sup> In early spring 1434, Isabella and the young Charles moved to the mountain fortress of <a href="/wiki/Talant" title="Talant">Talant</a>, in fear of the plague outbreak in Burgundy in the May and September of the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor200269_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor200269-22">[20]</a></sup> The Duchess and her son descended the mountains in April 1435, when the danger of plague had finally waned. Afterwards, they travelled to Paris to join Philip the Good.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor200268_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor200268-19">[17]</a></sup> En route, they sojourned in <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a>, where a rebellion against Philip the Good was brewing. In 1436, when Isabella and her entourage were to leave the city, rebels forcefully stopped and arrested them near the city's gate. They searched through her carriage and rudely insulted her.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2010230_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2010230-23">[21]</a></sup> The rebellion was suppressed in 1438, when Philip the Good set an economical blockade on the city, which weakened Bruges and forced the rebels to surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021304_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021304-24">[22]</a></sup>
</p><p>Even during infancy, Charles was described as a robust child.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a></sup> He showed his interest in martial matters and military operations early in his life; by the age of two, he was instructed on <a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">horsemanship</a> while training on a wooden steed.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[c]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPutnam19089_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPutnam19089-26">[24]</a></sup> Philip the Good assigned many tutors for the young Charles, the most important among them being Antoine Haneron, professor of rhetoric in the <a href="/wiki/Old_University_of_Leuven" title="Old University of Leuven">University of Louvain</a> who familiarized Charles with the works of <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_of_Salisbury" title="John of Salisbury">John of Salisbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vegetius" title="Vegetius">Vegetius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bartolus_de_Saxoferrato" title="Bartolus de Saxoferrato">Bartolus de Saxoferrato</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnechtges2012333_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnechtges2012333-28">[25]</a></sup> Like his father, Charles developed a fondness for reading histories, chronicles and historical romances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnechtges2012333_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnechtges2012333-28">[25]</a></sup> He especially enjoyed reading about the deeds of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>. He held the last one in high regards, building ambition in his early years to become a conqueror like him. The fact that both he and Alexander had fathers named <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip</a> stimulated his imagination and further enhanced his ambition.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1435, with the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Arras#Treaty_of_Arras" title="Congress of Arras">Treaty of Arras</a>, Philip the Good reconciled with Charles VII, marking the end of the civil war that had ensured between his house and the royal family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchnerb2008439_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnerb2008439-30">[27]</a></sup> As a sign of good faith in his new ally, Charles VII also agreed to arrange a marriage between one of his daughters with Philip's heir. He sent his daughters to Burgundy and allowed Philip to choose one of them. <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_France,_Countess_of_Charolais" title="Catherine of France, Countess of Charolais">Catherine</a>, the king's ten-years-old daughter, was chosen to marry the six-year-old Charles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor200286_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor200286-31">[28]</a></sup> The two were married in 11 June 1439, during a ceremony accompanied by concerts, jousts and banquets in the city of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Omer" title="Saint-Omer">Saint-Omer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010114_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010114-32">[29]</a></sup> The wedded children were put under the care of a <a href="/wiki/Governess" title="Governess">governess</a>, according to the wedding accounts, and were often separated from each other to spend their time with hobbies in tune with their age.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a></sup>
</p><p>Until the age of six, Charles was brought up by his cousins, <a href="/wiki/John_I,_Duke_of_Cleves" title="John I, Duke of Cleves">John</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Cleves" title="Agnes of Cleves">Agnes of Cleves</a>, who both were the children of <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Burgundy,_Duchess_of_Cleves" title="Mary of Burgundy, Duchess of Cleves">Mary of Burgundy</a>, the daughter of John the Fearless, with <a href="/wiki/Adolph_I,_Duke_of_Cleves" title="Adolph I, Duke of Cleves">Adolph I, Duke of Cleves</a>. From the two, the presence of Agnes was more prominent in Charles' early education. She was always in the company of Isabella of Portugal, thus reassuring that Charles was not far from his mother.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESommé1982734_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESommé1982734-34">[31]</a></sup> In 1441, Philip the Good appointed Jean d'Auxy, <span title="French-language romanization"><i lang="fr-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Seigneur" title="Seigneur">seigneur</a></i></span> of <a href="/wiki/Auxi-le-Ch%C3%A2teau" title="Auxi-le-Château">Auxi-le-Château</a>, as the eight-year-old Charles' guardian. He would go on to serve as Charles' <a href="/wiki/Chamberlain_(office)" title="Chamberlain (office)">chamberlain</a> from 1456 to 1468.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGunnJanse2006121_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnJanse2006121-35">[32]</a></sup> Charles was around this age when he began partaking in public affairs of his father's duchy. In 1445, he accompanied his father in a state visit to Holland and Zealand, a rare event as the Duke rarely journeyed to the Flemish part of his lands. According to <a href="/wiki/Olivier_de_la_Marche" title="Olivier de la Marche">Olivier de la Marche</a>, the inhabitants were delighted to see their count—the young Charles—in his lands after eight years of absence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPutnam190824,_25_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPutnam190824,_25-36">[33]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Youth">Youth</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Youth"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacques_de_Guise,_Chroniques_de_Hainaut,_frontispiece,_KBR_9242_(c).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Philip the Good, dressed in black, wearing chaperon, and beside him is Charles, bareheaded and wearing the collar of the Order of the Golden Fleece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Jacques_de_Guise%2C_Chroniques_de_Hainaut%2C_frontispiece%2C_KBR_9242_%28c%29.jpg/220px-Jacques_de_Guise%2C_Chroniques_de_Hainaut%2C_frontispiece%2C_KBR_9242_%28c%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="393" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Jacques_de_Guise%2C_Chroniques_de_Hainaut%2C_frontispiece%2C_KBR_9242_%28c%29.jpg/330px-Jacques_de_Guise%2C_Chroniques_de_Hainaut%2C_frontispiece%2C_KBR_9242_%28c%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Jacques_de_Guise%2C_Chroniques_de_Hainaut%2C_frontispiece%2C_KBR_9242_%28c%29.jpg/440px-Jacques_de_Guise%2C_Chroniques_de_Hainaut%2C_frontispiece%2C_KBR_9242_%28c%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="1421" /></a><figcaption>Charles, aged 12 or 13, standing beside his father, Philip, Duke of Burgundy; <i><a href="/wiki/Jean_Wauquelin_presenting_his_%27Chroniques_de_Hainaut%27_to_Philip_the_Good" title="Jean Wauquelin presenting his 'Chroniques de Hainaut' to Philip the Good">Jean Wauquelin presenting his 'Chroniques de Hainaut' to Philip the Good</a></i>, 1447</figcaption></figure><p>Charles became fast friends with his wife, Catherine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2002104_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2002104-37">[34]</a></sup> It is recorded that they gave gifts to each other, for instance, the countess bought a harp for Charles in 1440, as music was one of his interests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPutnam190827_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPutnam190827-38">[35]</a></sup> In February 1446, Catherine became bedridden with cold, high fever and persistent coughing. By March, she was too pale, lethargic and had no appetite.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2002104_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2002104-37">[34]</a></sup> From the start of her illness, Charles (and also his mother) remained as close to Catherine's side as possible. Charles urged the physicians sent by the King to do everything they could for his young wife. He visited her regularly and played the harp for her, the same harp she gifted to him six years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2002106_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2002106-39">[36]</a></sup> In April, however, the three of them were forced to journey to Arras, when Philip the Good ordered them to join him in watching a <a href="/wiki/Tournament" title="Tournament">tourney</a> in that city. Wanting to please his father, Charles began anticipating the tourney instead of worrying over his wife.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2002105_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2002105-40">[37]</a></sup> During the tourney, Catherine's general state deteriorated, to the point when she was overwhelmed by coughing and had to return to bed soon after the tourney had started. When she was well enough to travel, Catherine and her mother-in-law, Isabella journeyed to <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Coudenberg" title="Palace of Coudenberg">Coudenberg</a>, the princess' favourite place. She eventually died in 30 July 1446, and her death was deeply mourned by the court of Burgundy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2002106_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2002106-39">[36]</a></sup>
</p><p>When Charles was seventeen-year-old, he led his first joust in a practice tourney in Brussels. He jousted against <a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Lalaing" title="Jacques de Lalaing">Jacques de Lalaing</a>, the renowned knight of Burgundy. In the first round, Charles was able to struck Jacques on the shield and with it, shatter his own lance into many pieces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPutnam190828_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPutnam190828-41">[38]</a></sup> Philip the Good accused the knight holding back his real strength to let Charles win. He threatened to leave the tourney if the knight did not put up a real fight. During the second tilt, both lances were broken, which made the duke to cheer in excitement and the duchess, Isabella of Portugal, to worry over his son's safety.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010341_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010341-42">[39]</a></sup> During the actual journey, Charles managed to break sixteen or eighteen lances and receive prize from two princess. In his honour, heralds cried the well-known French battle cry, "<i><a href="/wiki/Montjoie_Saint_Denis!" title="Montjoie Saint Denis!">Montjoie Saint Denis!</a></i>" (which was also the motto of the Kingdom of France.)<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1449, <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Ghent_(1449%E2%80%931453)" title="Revolt of Ghent (1449–1453)">a rebellion</a> broke out in Ghent as a result of Philip the Good's deteriorated relation with the <span title="German-language romanization"><i lang="de-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Burgher_(social_class)" title="Burgher (social class)">burghers</a></i></span> of Ghent over imposing new taxes on salt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010306_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010306-44">[41]</a></sup> The revolt cost Philip one of his illegitimate sons, <a href="/wiki/Cornille_of_Burgundy" title="Cornille of Burgundy">Cornille of Burgundy</a>, and his famous knight, Jacques de Lalaing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005129,_131_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005129,_131-45">[42]</a></sup> Charles partook in the fighting too, however, in fear that he would die in the battlefield, Philip the Good had him removed from the battle by spuriously telling him that his mother was seriously ill in <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a>. Charles left shortly before the decisive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gavere" title="Battle of Gavere">Battle of Gavere</a> in 1453.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010341_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010341-42">[39]</a></sup> In Lille, his mother honoured him with a feast, and to everyone's surprise, encouraged him to return to the battlefield and fight for his inheritance, albeit by that time Philip the Good had won the battle and defeated the rebellious <span title="German-language romanization"><i lang="de-Latn">burghers</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPutnam190839_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPutnam190839-46">[43]</a></sup>
</p><p>Charles remained a widow for eight years until he was married to <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Bourbon" title="Isabella of Bourbon">Isabella of Bourbon</a> in 1454.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiening199417_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiening199417-47">[44]</a></sup> Isabella was the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Burgundy,_Duchess_of_Bourbon" title="Agnes of Burgundy, Duchess of Bourbon">Agnes of Burgundy</a>, and Philip the Good's niece. Her father, <a href="/wiki/Charles_I,_Duke_of_Bourbon" title="Charles I, Duke of Bourbon">Charles I, Duke of Bourbon</a>, sent her as a child to the Burgundian court as a ward of Isabella of Portugal. A shy and pliant young woman, Isabella was adored by Philip the Good, who saw an opportunity to renew the treaty of Arras (which had been broken by the death of Catherine of France) by marrying his niece to his son.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2002125,_139_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2002125,_139-48">[45]</a></sup> Charles was not even aware of his father's aspiration until the night before his marriage in 31 October, however, he did not resist against the match.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2002138–139_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2002138–139-49">[46]</a></sup> With his marriage, the town of <a href="/wiki/Chinon" title="Chinon">Chinon</a> was incorporated into Philip the Good's realm, as part of Isabella's dowry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2002139_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2002139-50">[47]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Struggle_for_power">Struggle for power</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Struggle for power"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Disputes_with_Philip_the_Good">Disputes with Philip the Good</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Disputes with Philip the Good"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Recueil_d%27Arras_fol_061.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Recueil_d%27Arras_fol_061.jpg/220px-Recueil_d%27Arras_fol_061.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Recueil_d%27Arras_fol_061.jpg/330px-Recueil_d%27Arras_fol_061.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Recueil_d%27Arras_fol_061.jpg/440px-Recueil_d%27Arras_fol_061.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2631" data-file-height="3034" /></a><figcaption>Portraits of Philip the Good and Charles the Bold, folio from the <a href="/wiki/Recueil_d%27Arras" title="Recueil d'Arras">Recueil d'Arras</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1535-1573</span>.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Throughout the decade 1454–1464, Charles was excluded from power, the ducal council, and the Burgundian court by his father's bidding.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010346_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010346-51">[48]</a></sup> He came close to seizing a low portion of authority in 1454, when his father appointed him as "governor and lieutenant-general in absence" because he was to leave Burgundy for <a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a> to participate in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Diet_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)">imperial diet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParavicini2003310_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParavicini2003310-52">[49]</a></sup> Philip the Good was hoping to meet <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick III</a> and attach the emperor to <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Pheasant" title="Feast of the Pheasant">his aspiring crusade</a> in order to retake <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a>. However, the emperor did not show up.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHousley200474_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHousley200474-53">[50]</a></sup> Even as the regent, Charles held little to no power compared to his mother, the duchess, and his father, who arranged his marriage to Isabella of Bourbon during this time unbeknownst to Charles himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParavicini2003310_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParavicini2003310-52">[49]</a></sup> Nevertheless, Charles still was able to issue documents in his name. His regency, however, was short-lived, for Philip the Good returned to Burgundy in 7 or 9 August of the same year and, accordingly, Charles returned to his former powerless position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParavicini2003310_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParavicini2003310-52">[49]</a></sup> The bitter relations between Charles and his father climaxed in 1457, when Charles wanted to appoint Antoin Rolin, the <span title="French-language romanization"><i lang="fr-Latn">seigneur</i></span> of <a href="/wiki/Aulnoye-Aymeries" title="Aulnoye-Aymeries">Aymeries</a>, as his chamberlain. Antoin was the son of <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Rolin" title="Nicolas Rolin">Nicolas Rolin</a>, Philip the Good's chancellor. The Duke, wary of the power his chancellor might get with this appointment, refused his son's request and instead proposed <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_de_Cro%C3%BF" title="Philip I de Croÿ">Philip de Croÿ</a>, from <a href="/wiki/House_of_Cro%C3%BF" title="House of Croÿ">House of Croÿ</a>, as his chamberlain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParavicini2003311–312_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParavicini2003311–312-54">[51]</a></sup> Charles resented de Croÿs, whom he considered at fault for his father's humiliation by the king of France, as Charles VIII had reportedly bribed de Croÿs numerous times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999113,_114_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999113,_114-55">[52]</a></sup>
</p><p>Charles thus refused his father's proposal. Philip was furious and his anger was such threat to Charles' life that his mother had him removed from the court. Charles thereafter fled to <a href="/wiki/Dendermonde" title="Dendermonde">Dendermonde</a> while Philip got lost in the forests of <a href="/wiki/Soignies" title="Soignies">Soignies</a> trying to find his son. With the mediation of Isabella of Bourbon, who at the time was pregnant with Charles' child, Philip and his son reached a truce.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParavicini2003312_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParavicini2003312-56">[53]</a></sup> When Charles' daughter, <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Burgundy" title="Mary of Burgundy">Mary</a>, was born on 13 February 1457, neither Charles nor his father attended her baptisation, for both wanted to avoid each other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021353_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021353-57">[54]</a></sup> Nicolas Rolin was removed from chancellery, and with him, his close ally, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chevrot" title="Jean Chevrot">Jean Chevrot</a>, the president of the ducal council, as well. While de Croÿs emerged more powerful.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999114_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999114-20">[18]</a></sup> Charles left the court for his personal estate at <a href="/wiki/Le_Quesnoy" title="Le Quesnoy">Le Quesnoy</a> in Hainaut. There, he was entrusted with minor tasks regarding the Flemish subjects of his father. He attempted to formalise his status as the heir to the <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_State" title="Burgundian State">Burgundian state</a>, which in turn prompted his father to cut off his allowance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999114_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999114-20">[18]</a></sup> Charles was deprived of any money to pay his staff or even keep his estate afloat, so in 1463, according to <a href="/wiki/Georges_Chastellain" title="Georges Chastellain">Georges Chastellain</a>, he turned to his employees and asked those who could pay for themselves to stay with him, and those who cannot to leave him, so that they may return to his service in a better time. His staff, however, replied that they will live and die with him. Afterwards, they offered him a share of their money so that the state could function normally. Charles, accordingly, had tears in his eyes and expressed his gratitude to his staff.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParavicini2003307–308_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParavicini2003307–308-58">[55]</a></sup> Although this account is quite dramatic, there is no reason not to believe it, as such acts of <a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">altruism</a> were typical of that time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParavicini2003308_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParavicini2003308-59">[56]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1462, Charles survived an attempt to his life made by Jehan Coustain, <span title="French-language romanization"><i lang="fr-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Valet_de_chambre" title="Valet de chambre">premier valet de chambre</a></i></span>, who wanted to poison him. Shortly after, Coustain was executed in <a href="/wiki/Rupelmonde" title="Rupelmonde">Rupelmonde</a>. Charles blamed de Croÿs for this attempt while de Croÿs came to believe that Charles staged this attempt to fuel their feud.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010344_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010344-60">[57]</a></sup> By the end of 1463, the disputes between Charles and his father had become a mask for the bitter rivalry between de Croÿs and Charles. With a major crisis rising in the horizon, the <a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">States General of the Burgundian Netherlands</a> decided to intervene. In 5 February 1464, Charles made a speech to the deputies assembled in Ghent, which illuminates his emotional attitude with the text of the speech being more about de Croÿ family than his father.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010345_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010345-61">[58]</a></sup> At the end, Charles and Philip the Good reconciled in June 1464, after they met in Lille, although de Croÿs were able to hold their power yet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010346_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010346-51">[48]</a></sup> Later in that year, Charles assumed full power, arguing that Philip the Good was becoming too senile, and instantly put pressure on de Croÿs. As a last act of power, Philip threatened Charles with a stick and ordered him to leave de Croÿs alone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021369_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021369-62">[59]</a></sup> Ten days after this incident, the States General gave Charles full power by appointing him <span title="French-language romanization"><i lang="fr-Latn">lieutenant général</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021369_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021369-62">[59]</a></sup> His first act was to confiscate de Croÿs estates; they were banished to France, where to their surprise, their French patron, Louis XI, showed them no support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParavicini2003378_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParavicini2003378-63">[60]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Rivalry_with_Louis_XI">Rivalry with Louis XI</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Rivalry with Louis XI"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Duke_of_Burgundy_providing_a_sumptuous_feast_for_Louis,_Dauphin_of_France.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Miniature painting, a feast with Louis and Philip sitting next to each other" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_Duke_of_Burgundy_providing_a_sumptuous_feast_for_Louis%2C_Dauphin_of_France.jpg/220px-The_Duke_of_Burgundy_providing_a_sumptuous_feast_for_Louis%2C_Dauphin_of_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_Duke_of_Burgundy_providing_a_sumptuous_feast_for_Louis%2C_Dauphin_of_France.jpg/330px-The_Duke_of_Burgundy_providing_a_sumptuous_feast_for_Louis%2C_Dauphin_of_France.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_Duke_of_Burgundy_providing_a_sumptuous_feast_for_Louis%2C_Dauphin_of_France.jpg/440px-The_Duke_of_Burgundy_providing_a_sumptuous_feast_for_Louis%2C_Dauphin_of_France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><i>The Duke of Burgundy providing a sumptuous feast for Louis, Dauphin of France</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Job_(illustrator)" title="Job (illustrator)">Job</a>, 1905</figcaption></figure>
<p>In 1457, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XI" title="Louis XI">Louis XI</a> — then Dauphin of France — the heir of Charles VII, suddenly arrived in Philip the Good's court at Brussels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999115_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999115-64">[61]</a></sup> The dauphin had fled from his personal estate in <a href="/wiki/Dauphin%C3%A9" title="Dauphiné">Dauphiné</a> to Burgundy in fear of his father's army nearing his territory to arrest him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021346_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021346-65">[62]</a></sup> Louis and his father did not have a good relationship, as the dauphin had married <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_of_Savoy" title="Charlotte of Savoy">Charlotte of Savoy</a> in 1451 without his father's permit and had partook in a small rebellion against his father's regime in 1440 known as the <a href="/wiki/Praguerie" title="Praguerie">Praguerie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021345,_344_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021345,_344-66">[63]</a></sup> On his way to Burgundy, he wrote a letter to his father saying he was going to participate in Philip the Good's crusade, which was overly insulting to Charles VII.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021346_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021346-65">[62]</a></sup> Philip the Good saw his guest as an opportunity to mend his relations with the crown and thus took the dauphin in, indulging him with kindness, showing humility and refused all the king's request to send the dauphin back. At Philip's expense, Louis lived in <a href="/wiki/Genappe" title="Genappe">Genappe</a>, where he led a comfortable life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999115_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999115-64">[61]</a></sup> Charles VII attempted to regain his son but all his attempts failed. He, mindful of his son's cunning nature, reportedly said: "My cousin Burgundy is feeding a fox who will eat up all his chickens".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021347_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021347-67">[64]</a></sup> Dauphin Louis would go on to become Philip the Good's <a href="/wiki/Favourite" title="Favourite">favourite</a> after the fallout between him and his son, Charles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021352_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021352-68">[65]</a></sup>
</p><p>Louis' relationship with Philip the Good's heir was completely different than that of him and the duke. Charles did not like Louis and vice versa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005140_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005140-69">[66]</a></sup> However, surprisingly, he asked the dauphin to be the godfather of his daughter, Mary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021353_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021353-57">[54]</a></sup> Charles' hatred for Louis festered when he ascended the French throne after the death of his father in 22 July 1461.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005140_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005140-69">[66]</a></sup> Louis was crowned king in 31 August in <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">regnal name</a> Louis XI. Philip the Good personally put the crown on his head.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021359_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021359-70">[67]</a></sup> While the duke thought that the hostilities between France and Burgundy were at last ended, the new king on his coronation ceremony showed coldness towards Philip with refusing to participate in the feast sponsored by Philip in his honour. The duke thus returned to his realm disappointed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021359–360_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021359–360-71">[68]</a></sup> Charles feared Louis' intentions to demolish Burgundian defensive system in Picardy, and he was furious when a crisis occurred in Autumn 1463 regarding his father's lands in <a href="/wiki/Somme_(department)" title="Somme (department)">Somme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a></sup> With de Croÿs' persuasion, Philip the Good ratified to an alteration in the Treaty of Arras (1435) — which had given him cities such as <a href="/wiki/Saint-Quentin,_Aisne" title="Saint-Quentin, Aisne">Saint-Quentin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbeville" title="Abbeville">Abbeville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amiens" title="Amiens">Amiens</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ronne,_Somme" title="Péronne, Somme">Péronne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montdidier,_Somme" title="Montdidier, Somme">Montdidier</a>; he agreed to accept 400,000 gold <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cu" title="Écu">ecus</a></i> from Louis to return those cities to <a href="/wiki/Crown_lands_of_France" title="Crown lands of France">the crown domains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a></sup> When Charles was chosen as <span title="French-language romanization"><i lang="fr-Latn">lieutenant général</i></span> in 1464, he chose to actively rise arms against Louis XI by forming the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Public_Weal" title="War of the Public Weal">League of the Public Weal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchnerb2008450_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnerb2008450-74">[71]</a></sup>
</p><p>League of the Public Weal was a confederation of prominent French Princes — <a href="/wiki/Charles_of_Valois,_Duke_of_Berry" title="Charles of Valois, Duke of Berry">Charles of Berry</a>, the king's brother, <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Francis II, Duke of Brittany">Francis II, Duke of Brittany</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_II,_Duke_of_Bourbon" title="John II, Duke of Bourbon">John II, Duke of Bourbon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_d%27Armagnac" title="Jacques d'Armagnac">Jacques</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_V,_Count_of_Armagnac" title="John V, Count of Armagnac">John d'Armagnac</a> — formed to act against Louis' authority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchnerb2008450_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnerb2008450-74">[71]</a></sup> They declared Charles of Berry the regent of France and appointed Francis II as the captain general of the army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2012185_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2012185-75">[72]</a></sup> With the threat of the open rebellion looming, Louis XI offered pardon to all the dukes and lords. Minor lords accepted the pardon but the dukes persisted over their demands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2012185_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2012185-75">[72]</a></sup> The members of the league chose Charles of Charolais as their leader and began amassing their army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2012185_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2012185-75">[72]</a></sup> League of the Public Weal thus became the most dangerous of a series of princely revolts against the French crown; as one chronicle records the number of the participants, seven dukes, twelve counts, two lords, one marshal and 51,000 men-at-arms joined in hand against Louis XI.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010379_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010379-76">[73]</a></sup>
</p><p>
To counteract the rebels, Louis XI amassed an army and sent it southwards to central France to defeat John II of Bourbon. Charles of Charolais soon mustered an army of twenty-five thousand men and marched towards Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2012185_75-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2012185-75">[72]</a></sup> With utmost haste, Louis and his army returned to Paris to defend the city against Charles' army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010a_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010a-77">[74]</a></sup> On 15 July, Charles reached the village of <a href="/wiki/Montlh%C3%A9ry" title="Montlhéry">Montlhéry</a>; he sent patrols in hope to find his allies' armies, but instead discovered that the royal army was camped in <a href="/wiki/Arpajon" title="Arpajon">Arpajon</a>, a few miles south of Montlhéry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010385_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010385-78">[75]</a></sup> When Louis was informed of Charles' position, he decided to fight him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010a_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010a-77">[74]</a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bataille_de_Montlh%C3%A9ry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two armies, one with the banners of Louis XI and one with the banners of the Duchy of Burgundy, fighting a pitched battle against each other" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bataille_de_Montlh%C3%A9ry.jpg/245px-Bataille_de_Montlh%C3%A9ry.jpg" decoding="async" width="245" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bataille_de_Montlh%C3%A9ry.jpg/368px-Bataille_de_Montlh%C3%A9ry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bataille_de_Montlh%C3%A9ry.jpg/490px-Bataille_de_Montlh%C3%A9ry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="474" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montlh%C3%A9ry" title="Battle of Montlhéry">Battle of Montlhéry</a>, an early 16th century miniature by <a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Commines" title="Philippe de Commines">Philippe de Commines</a></figcaption></figure><p>On 16 July, the two armies met in the outskirts of Montlhéry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010a_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010a-77">[74]</a></sup> The Burgundian vanguard, led by <a href="/wiki/Louis,_Count_of_Saint-Pol" title="Louis, Count of Saint-Pol">Louis of Saint-Pol</a>, was positioned defensively, with his men-at-arms and archers dismounted and their rear and sides protected by wagons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010a_77-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010a-77">[74]</a></sup> Charles positioned himself at the right of Saint-Pol's formation. He attacked into the French left flank led by <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Count_of_Maine" title="Charles IV, Count of Maine">Charles IV, Count of Maine</a>. The count, seeing the approaching army, turned to flee, but Charles pursueded him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010a_77-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010a-77">[74]</a></sup> As a result, the French vanguard, led by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Br%C3%A9z%C3%A9" title="Pierre de Brézé">Pierre de Brézé</a>, launched an attack, during which, he himself was killed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010a_77-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010a-77">[74]</a></sup> As Charles circled back from pursuing the fleeing army, he was thrown in the fight with French army and took a wound in his throat. He returned to his lines before getting captured.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010a_77-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010a-77">[74]</a></sup> After his return, Charles ordered his gunners to shoot at the king's army, from which, 1,200 or 1,400 men and a large number of horses were killed, according to Charles himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005145_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005145-79">[76]</a></sup> By late eve, Louis XI had yield the fight, retreating eastwards to Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010385_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010385-78">[75]</a></sup>
</p><p>At the end of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montlh%C3%A9ry" title="Battle of Montlhéry">Battle of Montlhéry</a>, neither side emerged victorious.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010a_77-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010a-77">[74]</a></sup> Charles could not capture the king in the battlefield but Louis could not prevent him from joining his allies either. However, each side claimed victory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010385_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010385-78">[75]</a></sup> Moreover, in spite of his ability to form his battle troops in a coherent battle order, Charles was yet to become an able tactician.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010b_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010b-80">[77]</a></sup> The rebel army joined in the town of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tampes" title="Étampes">Étampes</a> and began marching towards Paris in 31 July.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005145_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005145-79">[76]</a></sup> The rebels laid siege on Paris in 1465, during which Charles directed his gunfire at the city's walls.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a></sup> They then successfully entered the city when a nobleman named Charles de Melun opened <a href="/wiki/Porte_Saint-Antoine" title="Porte Saint-Antoine">Saint-Antoine gate</a> for them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECuttler198136_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECuttler198136-82">[79]</a></sup> Louis XI was eventually forced to negotiate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010a_77-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010a-77">[74]</a></sup> The result of the negotiations was the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Conflans" title="Treaty of Conflans">Treaty of Conflans</a>, which ceded the rule of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Normandy</a> to Charles, Duke of Berry and returned the Somme lands to Burgundy.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a></sup>
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<h3><span id="Rebellion_in_Li.C3.A9ge_and_Sack_of_Dinant"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Rebellion_in_Liége_and_Sack_of_Dinant">Rebellion in Liége and Sack of Dinant</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Rebellion in Liége and Sack of Dinant"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Wars of Liège">Wars of Liège</a></div>
<p>Shortly before succeeding his father, Charles led a campaign against the city of <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a>, whose mayor, Raes van Heers, had been provoked by Louis XI to actively work against the Burgundians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021384_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021384-84">[81]</a></sup> In 20 October 1465, he faced the Liégeois rebels in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montenaken" title="Battle of Montenaken">Montenaken</a> with an army of 1800 men, mostly cavalry against the 2000 rebels led by Raes van Heers. The rebels' goal was to attack Brabant and the Burgundian army surprised them by catching up with them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005150_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005150-85">[82]</a></sup> The Liégeois retreated into the village of Montenaken, near <a href="/wiki/Sint-Truiden" title="Sint-Truiden">Sint-Truiden</a> and barricaded the walls of the town. The Burgundians decided to lure them out by ravaging the town's countryside.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005150_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005150-85">[82]</a></sup>
</p><p>As a result, the rebel army came out and lined up between two hills, where they were attacked by cavalry charges. They defeated the Burgundian cavalry and then began their own charge while shouting, '<span title="French-language romanization"><i lang="fr-Latn">Saint Denis et Saint Lambert</i></span>', in order to show their allegiance to the crown and Liége.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005151_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005151-86">[83]</a></sup> The Burgundian cavalry meanwhile regrouped and attacked again, causing panic among Liégeois ranks and making them flee the battlefield. Pursuing those in their reach, the cavalry killed 1200 rebel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005151_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005151-86">[83]</a></sup> The battle was at its end with a total victory for the Burgundians, after which they entered Montenaken, whose walls and fortified church were destroyed as a repercussion for partaking in the rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005151_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005151-86">[83]</a></sup>
</p><p>In August 1466, Charles led a campaign against the city of <a href="/wiki/Dinant" title="Dinant">Dinant</a>, whose people had burned his effigy, called him a bastard and accused his mother of adultery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021384_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021384-84">[81]</a></sup> Charles brought with himself his senile father, who sat in a chair facing the city, whilst Charles ransacked Dinant. He drowned 800 of inhabitants, hanged countless others, and sat the city ablaze. Afterwards, Dinant reportedly likened a city dilapidated for thousands of years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021384_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021384-84">[81]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Ascension">Ascension</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Ascension"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_le_T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire_Dijon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Charles_le_T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire_Dijon.jpg/220px-Charles_le_T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire_Dijon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Charles_le_T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire_Dijon.jpg/330px-Charles_le_T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire_Dijon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Charles_le_T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire_Dijon.jpg/440px-Charles_le_T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire_Dijon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2516" data-file-height="3153" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Charles the Bold depicted as Caesar during his Joyous Entry</figcaption></figure>
<p>On 12 June 1467, Philip the Good suddenly fell ill, despite his earlier healthy state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2002188_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2002188-87">[84]</a></sup> In the next few days, his condition would only decrease, he hardly could breath and constantly vomited. Thus, Charles was summoned from Ghent to immediately come to his father.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2002189_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2002189-88">[85]</a></sup> But he did not have a chance to speak with his father, because when he arrived, Philip the Good had fallen unconscious and struggled with hard breathing, which eventually led to his death on 15 June.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2002189_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2002189-88">[85]</a></sup> Charles arranged the funeral for his father in the <a href="/wiki/St._Donatian%27s_Cathedral" title="St. Donatian's Cathedral">St. Donatian's Cathedral</a>, attended by 1200 persons from both Charles' and Philips's household and courtiers, and lit by 1400 candles which heated up the inside of the church so much that holes had to be made in the windows to refresh the air.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini20021–2_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini20021–2-89">[86]</a></sup> Charles showed extreme emotions for his father's death: he shook; trembled; pulled his hair, and kept shouting and crying. The Court Chronicler, Georges Chastellain, doubted the sincerity of Charles' acts, noting his astonishment that he could show such emotions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021386_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021386-90">[87]</a></sup>
</p><p>Fourteen days later, Charles officially became the Duke of Burgundy. In celebrations, he paraded into the city of Ghent on 28 June 1467, emulating Caesar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021387_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021387-91">[88]</a></sup> This <a href="/wiki/Joyous_Entry" title="Joyous Entry">Joyous Entry</a> caused an uproar in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaemers2011449_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaemers2011449-92">[89]</a></sup> The mob demanded an end to the humiliating retributions imposed on them after the revolt in 1449.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999130_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999130-93">[90]</a></sup> Charles left the city with his daughter, the ten-year-old Mary, and the treasure kept by Philip the Good in the <a href="/wiki/Prinsenhof_(Ghent)" title="Prinsenhof (Ghent)">Prinsenhof</a> of Ghent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021391_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021391-94">[91]</a></sup> In the following January, he coerced the mayors of Ghent to ask for his pardon. Then, he abolished their governmental rights and announced that only he could appoint the government in the town, contrary to <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip IV</a>'s constitution in 1301<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicholas2014392_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholas2014392-95">[92]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Duke_of_Burgundy">Duke of Burgundy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Duke of Burgundy"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="The_third_marriage">The third marriage</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: The third marriage"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In 26 September 1465, Charles' wife, Isabella of Bourbon, died of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> at the age of 31. Court Chronicles of this era did not deem this event important, as they only recorded laconically the long months of her illness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiening199417_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiening199417-47">[44]</a></sup> The most important part of her life for these chronicles was her marriage to Charles—of which she had only brought him one daughter and no male heirs—and the fact that she and Charles fell in love after the initially political marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiening199417_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiening199417-47">[44]</a></sup> However, this love seems to be a creation of the court chronicles, especially since Charles, busy with the political negotiations after the War of the Public Weal, did not attend his wife's funeral.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiening199417_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiening199417-47">[44]</a></sup>
</p><p>Within weeks after her death, Duchess Isabella of Portugal sought an English marriage for her son. She sent Guillaume de Clugny, one of Charles' close advisors, to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> to negotiate with <a href="/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward IV of England">Edward IV</a> over a probable marriage between his sister, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_York" title="Margaret of York">Margaret of York</a>, and Charles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2002184_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2002184-96">[93]</a></sup> Louis XI, in order to prevent an English-Burgundian alliance, proposed the hand of his daughter, the four-year-old <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_France" title="Anne of France">Anne</a> to Charles in marriage. This proposal, however, was refused.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2002184_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2002184-96">[93]</a></sup> In Spring of 1466, an embassy led by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Woodville,_Lord_Scales" title="Edward Woodville, Lord Scales">Edward Woodville</a>, Edward IV's brother-in-law, arrived in Burgundy to propose two marriages between the English royal family and the Burgundians: one between Margaret of York and Charles, and the other between Mary, Charles' daughter, and <a href="/wiki/George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Clarence" title="George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence">George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence</a>, Edward IV's younger brother.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2002184_96-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2002184-96">[93]</a></sup> The latter did not bear fruit, as Charles was not interested with marrying his young daughter to the Duke of Clarence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks199242_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks199242-97">[94]</a></sup>
</p><p>
In October 1467, Edward IV publicly ratified the marriage between Charles and his sister, and Margaret of York appeared before the <i><a href="/wiki/Magnum_Concilium" title="Magnum Concilium">Magnum Concilium</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Thames" title="Kingston upon Thames">Kingston upon Thames</a> and formally gave her consent to the marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeightman200940–41_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeightman200940–41-98">[95]</a></sup> Charles welcomed the British delegation—led by Edward and <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Woodville,_2nd_Earl_Rivers" title="Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers">Anthony Woodville</a>— to Burgundy, and then had her mother accompany him to negotiate the final marriage treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2002194_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2002194-99">[96]</a></sup> Although the marriage treaty and the alliance was signed and ratified in February 1468, it would still take eight months for the marriage ceremony to take place due to the difficulties that caused delays.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeightman200941_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeightman200941-100">[97]</a></sup> Since Charles and Margaret were fourth degree cousins, they needed a <a href="/wiki/Dispensation_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Dispensation (Catholic canon law)">Papal dispensation</a> to legitimise their marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeightman200942_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeightman200942-101">[98]</a></sup> It was the groom's duty to obtain the dispensation, hence, Charles sent a delegation to Rome, who did not succeed to take the dispensation until May 1469.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeightman200942_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeightman200942-101">[98]</a></sup> Once the dispensation was obtained, Edward IV announced the marriage of his sister to Charles and dubbed him as 'a mighty Prince who bears no crown'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeightman200942_101-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeightman200942-101">[98]</a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aachen_Germany_Domschatz_Crown-Margaret-of-York-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Aachen_Germany_Domschatz_Crown-Margaret-of-York-01.jpg/220px-Aachen_Germany_Domschatz_Crown-Margaret-of-York-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Aachen_Germany_Domschatz_Crown-Margaret-of-York-01.jpg/330px-Aachen_Germany_Domschatz_Crown-Margaret-of-York-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Aachen_Germany_Domschatz_Crown-Margaret-of-York-01.jpg/440px-Aachen_Germany_Domschatz_Crown-Margaret-of-York-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3538" data-file-height="2734" /></a><figcaption>Crown of Margaret of York, worn in her wedding. Mow in <a href="/wiki/Aachen_Cathedral_Treasury" title="Aachen Cathedral Treasury">Aachen Cathedral Treasury</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Charles and Margaret were married in 3 July at <a href="/wiki/Damme" title="Damme">Damme</a>, a town three miles from Bruges.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownSmall200754_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownSmall200754-102">[99]</a></sup> For their wedding ceremony, Charles prepared nine receptions each ending with a joust match. He wished to outdo his father's famous Feast of the Pheasant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021397_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021397-103">[100]</a></sup> The marriage successfully displayed the ducal power, and demonstrated the bounty of the ducal treasury.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownSmall200755_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownSmall200755-104">[101]</a></sup> At the end of the wedding, Charles left his wife alone to catch up to sleep, thus they did not spend their wedding night together.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021398_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021398-105">[102]</a></sup>
</p><p>Although Charles had commented on the fertility of his wife to his subjects, the pair never produced a child.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeightman200965_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeightman200965-106">[103]</a></sup> They spent little time together: only three weeks during the six months after their marriage; one-quarter of the time during the years 1469 and 1470, and only three weeks throughout 1473.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002159_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002159-107">[104]</a></sup> According to contemporary jurist, <a href="/wiki/Filips_Wielant" title="Filips Wielant">Filips Wielant</a>, Charles always made sure to house Margaret far away from him, because he didn't want women to hamper his court.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoelens2024267_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoelens2024267-108">[105]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Territorial_expansions">Territorial expansions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Territorial expansions"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Like his father, Charles pursued expansionism, however, whereas Philip the Good realised this policy by peaceful means, Charles was charactrised by war and conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a></sup> In Netherlands, he sought to expand his realm to the north-east: the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guelders" title="Duchy of Guelders">Duchy of Guelders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein201746_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein201746-110">[107]</a></sup> This duchy, although never a part of the Burgundian lands, was dependent on the Burgundy trade routes to keep its cities afloat. Thus the relations between the two duchies were interlinked;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005170_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005170-111">[108]</a></sup> for example, when in 1463, <a href="/wiki/Adolf,_Duke_of_Guelders" title="Adolf, Duke of Guelders">Adolf of Egmond</a> rebelled against his father, the ruling duke, <a href="/wiki/Arnold,_Duke_of_Guelders" title="Arnold, Duke of Guelders">Arnold</a>, Philip the Good supported the former, and with his support, in 1465, Adolf was able to imprison his father and usurp the duchy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999182_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999182-112">[109]</a></sup> Adolf's treatment of his father caused a scandal that resonated as far as <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, where the Pope sought a mediator to end the conflict in Guelders. In 1471, Charles was appointed as the mediator; he marched into Guelders, released Arnold and put Adolf to house arrest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021405_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021405-113">[110]</a></sup> After a failed attempt to escape, Charles had him actually imprisoned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999183_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999183-114">[111]</a></sup> In order to attract Burgundian assistance, Arnold made Charles the Regent of Guelders, and when he died in February 1473, having left no heirs but his imprisoned son, he bequeathed the duchy to Charles.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burgundian_lands.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Burgundian_lands.jpg/220px-Burgundian_lands.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Burgundian_lands.jpg/330px-Burgundian_lands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Burgundian_lands.jpg/440px-Burgundian_lands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1770" /></a><figcaption>Territories of France (green) and Burgundy (vanilla) in 1477, Cambridge Modern History Atlas, 1912</figcaption></figure>
<p>However, Charles' inheritance caused opposition, with the Estates of Guelders, and the towns of <a href="/wiki/Nijmegen" title="Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arnhem" title="Arnhem">Arnhem</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zutphen" title="Zutphen">Zutphen</a> rejecting Arnold's will, and Louis XI pursuing <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick III</a>, the Holy Roman Empire, to confiscate the duchy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002118_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002118-116">[113]</a></sup> Louis' attempt was futile, because the emperor had close diplomatic contact with Charles and did not oppose his rule over the duchy, but for the rebelling cities and the nobles of Guelders, Charles had to use his army to subdue them.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a></sup> On 9 June 1473, with a sizeable army, he entered the city of <a href="/wiki/Maastricht" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a> without resistance. Many towns followed suit; <a href="/wiki/Roermond" title="Roermond">Roermond</a>, one of the four principal towns, surrendered, <a href="/wiki/Venlo" title="Venlo">Venlo</a> only briefly resisted, and <a href="/wiki/Moers" title="Moers">Moers</a>, whose count, Vincent von Moers, was the leader of the resistance, yielded against Charles' artillery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002119_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002119-118">[115]</a></sup> The only real challenge during this campaign was the Siege of Nijmegen, which caused sever damages to the Burgundian army. After the successful conquest of Guelders, Charles imposed heavy taxes, and changed the aldermen in the region. New regulations were instigated to the ducal judicial officers to obtain a firm control over the rebellious cities, and to bring about a central administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999183_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999183-114">[111]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_State" title="Burgundian State">Burgundian State</a> under Charles was divided into two blocks, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Duchy of Burgundy</a> in the south and <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> in the north.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatsonSchellingerRing2013511_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatsonSchellingerRing2013511-119">[116]</a></sup> To unify these two blocks, Charles needed the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lorraine" title="Duchy of Lorraine">Duchy of Lorraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht200798_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht200798-120">[117]</a></sup> On 21 March 1469, he received <a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Sigismund, Archduke of Austria">Sigismund, Archduke of Austria</a> to his court to negotiate over purchase of his lands in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Alsace" title="Upper Alsace">Upper Alsace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini200286_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini200286-121">[118]</a></sup> Sigismund eagerly agreed to sell those lands, for he was in desperate financial problem.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021404_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021404-122">[119]</a></sup> With this purchase, Charles acquired a claim on the city of <a href="/wiki/Ferrette" title="Ferrette">Ferrette</a>, a town close to Swiss borders which attracted a negative attention from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Swiss Confederation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999182_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999182-112">[109]</a></sup> Moreover, Charles' rights and income from his new territories were severely limited,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini200288_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini200288-123">[120]</a></sup> because most of the rights to the lands in Upper Alsace, including Ferrette, were mortgaged to local nobles,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini200288_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini200288-123">[120]</a></sup> and the people themselves had demanded their liberties to be reserved and respected, so they were not to be treated like <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpsonHeller201327_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpsonHeller201327-124">[121]</a></sup> However, Charles' deputy in the area, <a href="/wiki/Peter_von_Hagenbach" title="Peter von Hagenbach">Peter von Hagenbach</a>, violated this guarantee and imposed harsh taxes on the people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpsonHeller201327_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpsonHeller201327-124">[121]</a></sup> Soon, ostracized by their governor, several towns of Alsace formed a league to unite against Hagenbach.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht200798_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht200798-120">[117]</a></sup> Charles himself was not concerned with the administration of Alsace, and paid no mind to the events taking place in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpsonHeller201329_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpsonHeller201329-125">[122]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Meeting_the_Emperor_in_Trier">Meeting the Emperor in Trier</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Meeting the Emperor in Trier"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:166Friedrich_III_und_Karl_von_Burgund.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Engraving of two horsemen, one the Emperor and the other the Duke of Burgundy, with their respective entourage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/166Friedrich_III_und_Karl_von_Burgund.jpg/220px-166Friedrich_III_und_Karl_von_Burgund.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/166Friedrich_III_und_Karl_von_Burgund.jpg/330px-166Friedrich_III_und_Karl_von_Burgund.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/166Friedrich_III_und_Karl_von_Burgund.jpg/440px-166Friedrich_III_und_Karl_von_Burgund.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1046" data-file-height="1186" /></a><figcaption>Meeting of Charles the Bold and Frederick III in Trier, 1473</figcaption></figure>
<p>Charles greatly desired a crown, a Burgundian kingdom from the borders of <a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a> in the south up to the shores of the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrady2009104_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrady2009104-126">[123]</a></sup> He wished to prise free from the limitations of vassalage to the French crown, in order to pursue personal glory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELecuppre-Desjardin2022157_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELecuppre-Desjardin2022157-127">[124]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129">[d]</a></sup> Only the Holy Roman Emperor could grant him this wish.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrady2009104_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrady2009104-126">[123]</a></sup> Thus, by Charles' request, Sigismund of Austria proposed the Duke of Burgundy as the next <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Romans" title="King of the Romans">King of the Romans</a>, with the marriage between the Emperor's son and the Duke's daughter as an inducement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoehm1979159_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoehm1979159-130">[126]</a></sup> With this premise, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick III</a>, the Holy Roman Emperor, agreed to have an audience with Charles in <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021406_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021406-128">[125]</a></sup>
</p><p>In October 1473, both parties reached Trier; the Emperor with his son, <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian</a>, and 2500 horsemen, whereas the Burgundy entourage consisted of 13000 men at arms (including artillery), Burgundian nobility, bishops, and treasures and relics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrady2009104_126-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrady2009104-126">[123]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131">[e]</a></sup> However, despite all the grandeur, Frederick III was disappointed that Charles had not bring his daughter, Mary, with himself,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021410_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021410-132">[127]</a></sup> because there were plenty of rumours about Mary's physical defects, mainly spread by <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a> adversaries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoehm1979160_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoehm1979160-133">[128]</a></sup> Charles wished to become the King of the Romans to succeed Frederick as Emperor. In return, Maximilian would inherit the Burgundian state, and later on become Emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021408_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021408-134">[129]</a></sup> In addition, Charles wanted to become a <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">prince-elector</a>, taking the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Bohemian</a> seat in the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Electoral College (Holy Roman Empire)">Electoral College</a>, and also demanded to be recognised as the Duke of Guelders.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135">[130]</a></sup>
</p><p>Although Charles received legitimate recognition for the Duchy of Guelders, he still was not recognised as the King of Romans, partially because Frederick III had realised that he could not convince the prince-electors to vote for him in the future election.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136">[131]</a></sup> The prince-electors were all irritated by Charles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021411_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021411-137">[132]</a></sup> From the moment of entry, he disregarded most of them, exception being <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Elector_Palatine" title="Frederick I, Elector Palatine">Frederick I, Elector Palatine</a>, whom Charles unsuccessfully tried to reconcile with his enemy, Frederick III.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELecuppre-Desjardin2022160_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELecuppre-Desjardin2022160-138">[133]</a></sup> Then when he realised how much he needed their support, he tried to impress them by displaying his wealth, but contrary to his expectations, the Germans were not swayed by glamour as were the French in his homeland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021413,_411_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021413,_411-139">[134]</a></sup> Thus Charles decided to only interact with the Emperor, a fatal mistake that showcased his ignorance of German political norms (i.e., elective practices).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELecuppre-Desjardin2022160_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELecuppre-Desjardin2022160-138">[133]</a></sup>
</p><p>At last, it was made clear that Charles would not become the King of Romans, but as an alternative, a Kingdom of Burgundy was suggested, which appealed to Charles.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140">[135]</a></sup> A coronation was set in 25 November, during which, Frederick III would crown Charles in the <a href="/wiki/Trier_Cathedral" title="Trier Cathedral">Trier Cathedral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002151_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002151-141">[136]</a></sup> However, in the next day, the Emperor secretly departed from Trier, embarking on the <a href="/wiki/Moselle" title="Moselle">Moselle</a> at dawn.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021412_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021412-142">[137]</a></sup> Charles sent men to find Frederick, but they returned empty-handed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021412_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021412-142">[137]</a></sup> He became enraged, locking himself in his room and smashing the furniture to small pieces. Yet, he did not break the betrothal between Maximilian and Mary, hoping that in the future he would use their marriage as a means to get his kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021413_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021413-143">[138]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Policies">Policies</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Policies"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Legislation">Legislation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Legislation"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plechtige_openingszitting_van_het_Parlement_van_Mechelen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Assembly of forty four gentlemen dressed in scarlet red in the Parliament of Mechelen, with Charles the Bold sitting in the centre, presiding the event" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Plechtige_openingszitting_van_het_Parlement_van_Mechelen.jpg/476px-Plechtige_openingszitting_van_het_Parlement_van_Mechelen.jpg" decoding="async" width="476" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Plechtige_openingszitting_van_het_Parlement_van_Mechelen.jpg/714px-Plechtige_openingszitting_van_het_Parlement_van_Mechelen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Plechtige_openingszitting_van_het_Parlement_van_Mechelen.jpg/952px-Plechtige_openingszitting_van_het_Parlement_van_Mechelen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2525" data-file-height="823" /></a><figcaption><i>Solemn opening session of the Parliament of Mechelen under Charles the Bold</i>, Jan Coessaet, 1587, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Museum_Hof_van_Busleyden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Museum Hof van Busleyden (page does not exist)">Museum Hof van Busleyden</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_Hof_van_Busleyden" class="extiw" title="nl:Museum Hof van Busleyden">nl</a>]</span></figcaption></figure>
<p>Upon ascension as duke in 1468, Charles sought to dismantle the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Paris">Parliament of Paris</a> as the highest juridical power within his country. The cities and institutions in Burgundy relied on the Parliament of Paris for challenging legal decisions, a fact that irritated the Dukes of Burgundy, enough for Philip the Good to establish an itinerant court of justice that travelled all across the country (which was still not as powerful as the Paris Parliament).<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144">[139]</a></sup> In his ambition to become King, Charles needed the leadership of a judicial structure within his realm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999186_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999186-145">[140]</a></sup> Therefore, he introduced major legal reforms in his 1473 ordinance of <a href="/wiki/Thionville" title="Thionville">Thionville</a>, namely, the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Great_Council_of_Mechelen" title="Great Council of Mechelen">central sovereign court</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mechelen" title="Mechelen">Mechelen</a>. The city would house the new <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Auditors_(France)" title="Court of Auditors (France)">Court of Auditors</a>, who previously resided in Lille and Brussels. The language of this parliament was French, with two-thirds of its personnel being Burgundian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002186–187_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002186–187-146">[141]</a></sup> The Mechelen parliament only held authority in Low Countries. In Burgundian mainlands, Charles established another parliament whose headquarters moved from <a href="/wiki/Beaune" title="Beaune">Beaune</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dole,_Jura" title="Dole, Jura">Dole</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021417_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021417-147">[142]</a></sup>
</p><p>In Charles' own words, the proper administration of justice was "the soul and the spirit of the public entity."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchepper2007187_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchepper2007187-148">[143]</a></sup> He was recognised as the first sovereign to make serious effort to impose peace and justice upon the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>, being regarded as "a prince of Justice" by historians such as Andreas van Haul a century later after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021418_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021418-149">[144]</a></sup> However, one of Charles' shortcomings criticised by Georges Chastellaine was his lack of mercy while imposing justice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolubeva201342_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolubeva201342-150">[145]</a></sup> He tarnished his relations with his people by inspecting and regulating every aspect of their life, thus committing unnecessary harshness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontlerSomos2017403_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontlerSomos2017403-151">[146]</a></sup> Charles wanted to reduce the influence of the local aldermen all over his country who were viewed by the commoners as the local court, and thus, undermined the Mechelen parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021418_149-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021418-149">[144]</a></sup> To both increase his grip on the seats of justice and to fill up his treasury, Charles seized the titles from those aldermen, and sold them to the highest bidders, which meant only the wealthiest subjects came to hold those positions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021418_149-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021418-149">[144]</a></sup> Many institutions protested against these practices, but Charles did not change his ways, because he was in constant need of money to provide for his continuous wars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999193_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999193-152">[147]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Religion">Religion</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Religion"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lieven_van_Lathem_(Flemish_-_Charles_the_Bold_Presented_by_Saint_George_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Charles wears a cloth of gold and Saint George stands behind him, wearing an armour" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Lieven_van_Lathem_%28Flemish_-_Charles_the_Bold_Presented_by_Saint_George_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Lieven_van_Lathem_%28Flemish_-_Charles_the_Bold_Presented_by_Saint_George_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Lieven_van_Lathem_%28Flemish_-_Charles_the_Bold_Presented_by_Saint_George_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Lieven_van_Lathem_%28Flemish_-_Charles_the_Bold_Presented_by_Saint_George_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Lieven_van_Lathem_%28Flemish_-_Charles_the_Bold_Presented_by_Saint_George_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Lieven_van_Lathem_%28Flemish_-_Charles_the_Bold_Presented_by_Saint_George_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3172" data-file-height="4409" /></a><figcaption><i>Charles the Bold presented by Saint George</i>, <a href="/wiki/Lieven_van_Lathem" title="Lieven van Lathem">Lieven van Lathem</a>, the opening <a href="/wiki/Diptych" title="Diptych">diptych</a> of the Prayer Book of Charles the Bold, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1471</span></figcaption></figure><p>Charles the Bold was religious, and considered himself more devout and pious than any ruler of his day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002161_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002161-153">[148]</a></sup> He considered his sovereignty bestowed upon him by God and thus owed his power to him alone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999185_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999185-154">[149]</a></sup> From a young age, Charles chose <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a> as his <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchryver200816_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchryver200816-155">[150]</a></sup> He kept an alleged sword of Saint George in his treasury and showed reverence to other <a href="/wiki/Military_saint" title="Military saint">warrior saints</a> like <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Saint Michael in the Catholic Church">Saint Michael</a> as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchnitker2004107_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnitker2004107-156">[151]</a></sup> He commissioned a <a href="/wiki/Prayer_book" title="Prayer book">prayer book</a> to <a href="/wiki/Lieven_van_Lathem" title="Lieven van Lathem">Lieven van Lathem</a> which was completed in 1469.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchryver200811_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchryver200811-157">[152]</a></sup> The opening <a href="/wiki/Diptych" title="Diptych">diptych</a> of the manuscript as well as two other pieces each demonstrate Charles' devotion to Saint George.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchryver200816_155-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchryver200816-155">[150]</a></sup> In Margaret of York's copy of <i>La Vie de <a href="/wiki/Colette_of_Corbie" title="Colette of Corbie">Sainte Colette</a></i>, she and Charles are shown as devotees to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne" title="Saint Anne">Saint Anne</a>. Many have drawn a connection between the saint and the duke for the fact that both were married three times. The portrayal of Charles and Saint Anne may also have been a means to legitimise his marriage to Margaret by reassuring those who were dubious about an alliance with England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodacreMcGlynn2014115_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodacreMcGlynn2014115-158">[153]</a></sup>
</p><p>Throughout his reign, Charles faced constant request for pledging his men to a crusade against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh197753_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh197753-159">[154]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV" title="Pope Sixtus IV">Pope Sixtus IV</a> sent three instructions to the <a href="/wiki/Papal_legate" title="Papal legate">papal legate</a> in the Burgundian court, Lucas de Tollentis, directing him to encourage Charles to undertake a crusade against the Ottomans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenks2018215_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenks2018215-160">[155]</a></sup> Tollentis, reported to the Pope on 23 June 1472 that Charles was 'resolved in our favour,' and the welfare of <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a> was never far from his mind.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161">[156]</a></sup> Charles may have considered an expedition to the east as the climax of his life's work, however, during his lifetime, he never undertook a crusade nor did he make preparations for it like his father did.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh197768_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh197768-162">[157]</a></sup> Only for a short time between late 1475 and early 1476 did he seriously consider a crusade and that was only after a meeting with the deposed <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Despot of the Morea</a> (one of the sons of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Palaiologos" title="Thomas Palaiologos">Thomas Palaiologos</a>) who agreed to cede his claim as the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Emperor of Trebizond</a> to Charles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh197773_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh197773-163">[158]</a></sup> However, his indolence in transforming promises into action denoted a change in the tradition of crusading.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyerman2018424_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyerman2018424-164">[159]</a></sup> Charles made sure to appear as one who would lend his sword to the church so that he could curry favours with the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Papacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh197776_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh197776-165">[160]</a></sup> Yet, he only followed a dynastic and ritualized expectation set by his forefathers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyerman2018424_164-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyerman2018424-164">[159]</a></sup> By incriminating his enemies as the cause of his inaction, he cautiously maintained the dynastic expectation while never fully committing to a full-scaled crusade.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166">[161]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Diplomacy"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1468_-_Louis_XI_-_Trait%C3%A9_de_P%C3%A9ronne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/1468_-_Louis_XI_-_Trait%C3%A9_de_P%C3%A9ronne.jpg/294px-1468_-_Louis_XI_-_Trait%C3%A9_de_P%C3%A9ronne.jpg" decoding="async" width="294" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/1468_-_Louis_XI_-_Trait%C3%A9_de_P%C3%A9ronne.jpg/441px-1468_-_Louis_XI_-_Trait%C3%A9_de_P%C3%A9ronne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/1468_-_Louis_XI_-_Trait%C3%A9_de_P%C3%A9ronne.jpg/588px-1468_-_Louis_XI_-_Trait%C3%A9_de_P%C3%A9ronne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1097" /></a><figcaption>Charles the Bold ordering Louis IX to sign the Treaty of Péronne; 1913; <i>Histoire de France et notions d'Histoire Générale</i> by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Herv%C3%A9" title="Gustave Hervé">Gustave Hervé</a>, illustrated by Valéry Müller</figcaption></figure>
<p>Charles the Bold pursued a risky and aggressive foreign policy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraves201465_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves201465-167">[162]</a></sup> Therefore, he always strove to have as much as allies as possible. In fact, he thought of everyone, aside Louis XI, as his ally.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002180_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002180-168">[163]</a></sup> In 1471, he made a list of his nineteen allies. He increased the number to twenty-four by the next year and had twenty-six allies in 1473, in contrast to Louis XI's fifteen allies. Among Charles' allies were nine kings, six dukes and three archbishops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002180_168-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002180-168">[163]</a></sup> Some of these relations, like with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a>, were nothing more than a formality. Kings of Scotland and <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> would even sign treaties with Louis XI and appear on his list of allies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini200273,_180_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini200273,_180-169">[164]</a></sup> Charles himself harboured doubts that an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus" title="Matthias Corvinus">Matthias Corvinus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">King of Hungary</a>, would work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarany201688_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarany201688-170">[165]</a></sup> However, the mutual friendship with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a> pushed Burgundy and Hungary to each other, and in his pursuit to ally with Frederick III's opponents, Charles made contacts with Matthias.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarany201673_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarany201673-171">[166]</a></sup> Charles hoped that by supporting Matthias' claim to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a>, Matthias would back him in the electoral college.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarany201674_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarany201674-172">[167]</a></sup> The two successfully concluded a treaty in November 1474, in which they agreed to partition the Holy Roman Empire between themselves, with Charles becoming the King of Romans and having the lands along the Rhine under his authority whilst Matthias was to get <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Breslau</a> and Bohemia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002341_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002341-173">[168]</a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Spanish peninsula</a>, beside his Portuguese heritage, Charles also had a long-standing alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Kingdom of Aragon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini200275_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini200275-174">[169]</a></sup> He received the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Jar" title="Order of the Jar">Order of the Jar</a> from <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Aragon" title="John II of Aragon">John II of Aragon</a> on 1 November 1471 in the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint_Bertin" title="Abbey of Saint Bertin">Abbey of Saint Bertin</a> at St. Omer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini200276_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini200276-175">[170]</a></sup> During the same ceremony, Charles announced a Burgundian-Neapolitan-Aragonese triple alliance with John II and John's nephew, King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Naples" title="Ferdinand I of Naples">Ferdinand I of Naples</a> against Louis XI.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELander1980279_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELander1980279-176">[171]</a></sup> In 1473, through negotiations with the new Duke of Lorraine, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_II,_Duke_of_Lorraine" title="René II, Duke of Lorraine">Rene II</a>, he obtained the right to pass his armies through his lands, and assign Burgundian captains to important fortifications in Lorraine, essentially turning the duchy into a Burgundian <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021409_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021409-177">[172]</a></sup> Among Charles' other allies were <a href="/wiki/Amadeus_IX,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Amadeus IX, Duke of Savoy">Amadeus IX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duke of Savoy</a>, whose wife, <a href="/wiki/Yolande_of_Valois" title="Yolande of Valois">Yolande of Valois</a>, Louis XI's sister, drove the duchy into an alliance with Burgundy on the basis of their shared dismay for Louis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaugh2016256_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaugh2016256-178">[173]</a></sup>
</p><p>The intense rivalry between Louis XI and Charles the Bold kept both rulers always prepared for an eventual war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005165_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005165-179">[174]</a></sup> The suspicious death of Charles of Valois, Duke of Berry, the King's brother, in 1472, prompted Charles to raise arms to avenge his former ally's death, stating he has been poisoned by Louis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1971248_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1971248-180">[175]</a></sup> After a small conflict, the two ceased their fighting in the winter 1473 without any talks of peace, neither would ever declare war on the other for the rest of their respective reigns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005170_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005170-111">[108]</a></sup> The hatred between Charles the Bold and Louis XI has been used as an example of condemnation in moralistic dialogues by figures such as <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_F%C3%A9nelon" title="François Fénelon">François Fénelon</a> in <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_early_modern_period" title="France in the early modern period">17th century France</a>, in <i>Dialogues of the dead</i>, Fénelon portrays Charles and Louis reconciling by drinking from the <a href="/wiki/Styx" title="Styx">River Styx</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakos201350_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakos201350-181">[176]</a></sup> During their lifetimes, Charles and Louis had attempted to conclude a treaty of lasting peace in 1468, which caused astonishment throughout France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini200255_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini200255-182">[177]</a></sup> Their talks of peace soon turned into hostility once Charles learned that Louis had his hands in a recent rebellion in Liége.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1971214_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1971214-183">[178]</a></sup> Afterwards, Charles imprisoned Louis in the city of <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ronne,_Somme" title="Péronne, Somme">Péronne</a> and coerced him to sign a treaty favourable to Burgundy with conditions such as forfeiting the Duke of Burgundy from paying homage, guarantying Charles' sovereignty of Picardy, and abolishing French jurisdiction on Burgundian subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021400–401_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021400–401-184">[179]</a></sup> Louis reluctantly agreed to all the demands and signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_P%C3%A9ronne_(1641)" title="Treaty of Péronne (1641)">Treaty of Péronne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini200256_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini200256-185">[180]</a></sup> However, this treaty did not change the Franco-Burgundian relations, as the crown would not abide to the terms of the treaty, and Charles was not content with the fact that the French jurisdiction still reigned over his realm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini200258_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini200258-186">[181]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SOAOTO_-_Folio_074R.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="King Ferdinand is wearing a long red robe and chaperon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/SOAOTO_-_Folio_074R.jpg/220px-SOAOTO_-_Folio_074R.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/SOAOTO_-_Folio_074R.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="457" /></a><figcaption>King Ferdinand I of Naples depicted as a knight of the Oder of the Golden Fleece in <i>Statuts, Ordonnances et Armorial</i> by Gilles Gobet, the <a href="/wiki/Toison_d%27or_King_of_Arms" title="Toison d'or King of Arms">Toison d'or King of Arms</a>, 1473. Although enlisted in 1473, Ferdinand received his <a href="/wiki/Insignia" title="Insignia">insignia</a> in 1475 by the hands of <a href="/wiki/Anthony,_bastard_of_Burgundy" title="Anthony, bastard of Burgundy">Anthony, the Grand Bastard of Burgundy</a>, son of Philip the Good.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002236_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002236-187">[182]</a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p>Charles maintained close relations with the many states of <a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Italy</a>, closer than any of his predecessors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005xxx_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005xxx-188">[183]</a></sup> Through his childhood friendship with Francesco D'Este (illegitimate son of <a href="/wiki/Leonello_d%27Este,_Marquis_of_Ferrara" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonello d'Este, Marquis of Ferrara">Leonello d'Este</a>), he developed a love for all things Italian and thus could speak Italian and fashioned his clothing similar to Italian style.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002165_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002165-189">[184]</a></sup> At the start of his reign, Italy's triple alliance between <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a> and Kingdom of Naples, allowed the influence of France grow in the peninsula, for MIlan and Florence were long-standing allies of Louis XI.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh20054_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh20054-190">[185]</a></sup> To remedy this, Charles enlarged Burgundy's <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">sphere of influence</a> in Italy to dwarf that of France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh20055_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh20055-191">[186]</a></sup> The first Burgundian alliance with an Italian ruler was with King Ferdinand I of Naples, a ruler admired by both Charles and Louis XI.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005195_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005195-192">[187]</a></sup>
</p><p>As the legitimised bastard of <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso V of Aragon">Alfonso I</a>, Ferdinand's ascension to the throne was not recognised by the Pope.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'ArcyDacre2000403_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'ArcyDacre2000403-193">[188]</a></sup> Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_of_Anjou" title="René of Anjou">René of Anjou</a>, the deposed King of Naples, persistently claimed kingship to Naples, and in the constant fear of an invasion from René or his heirs with the support of Louis XI, Ferdinand allied himself with Charles, who made him a member of the Order of the Golden Fleece in 1473, enhancing their affinity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005xx_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005xx-194">[189]</a></sup> Throughout the years of their partnership, Charles toyed with the idea of marrying his daughter, Mary, to Ferdinand's second son, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_of_Naples" title="Frederick of Naples">Frederick of Aragon</a>, who visited the Burgundian court in 1469 and 1470.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195">[190]</a></sup> In 1474, when a war with Louis XI was astutely on the horizon, Ferdinand's participation was dependent on his son's marriage with Mary. Charles hinted at his willingness to give his daughter's hand to Frederick, and with this premise, Ferdinand dispatched his son to Burgundy on 24 October 1474.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005304_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005304-196">[191]</a></sup> Although Frederick became a lieutenant and close military advisor to Charles, he failed in his ultimate mission in marrying Mary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005311_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005311-197">[192]</a></sup>
</p><p>Duchy of Milan was France's most important ally in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian peninsula</a>. In 1465, <a href="/wiki/Francesco_I_Sforza" title="Francesco I Sforza">Francesco I Sforza</a> had dispatched an army to France to support Louis XI in the War of the Public Wheel and his successor, <a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Maria_Sforza" title="Galeazzo Maria Sforza">Galeazzo Maria Sforza</a> was attached to the King of France through his marriage with Louis' niece, <a href="/wiki/Bona_of_Savoy" title="Bona of Savoy">Bona of Savoy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh20057_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh20057-198">[193]</a></sup> Galeazzo also considered himself one of Charles' two greatest adversaries, with other being Louis XI.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini200274_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini200274-199">[194]</a></sup> Still, Charles did not stop from attempting to form an alliance with Milan. In 1470, he offered Galeazzo membership in the Order of the Golden Fleece, on the premise of an alliance, but was rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini200275_174-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini200275-174">[169]</a></sup> One time he even included Milan in one of his lists of allies, which caused Galeazzo to protest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002180_168-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002180-168">[163]</a></sup> To bring about Galeazzo to his circle of allies, Charles started a rumour that he wished to conquer Milan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh200535_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh200535-200">[195]</a></sup> Galeazzo's insecurity about a probable war along with Charles' diplomatic pressure by isolating Milan from France eventually defeated Galeazzo and in the climax of a Burgundian 'masterpiece' in diplomacy, he conceded to a treaty signed in 30 January 1475 at <a href="/wiki/Moncalieri" title="Moncalieri">Moncalieri</a> in the form of an alliance between Savoy, Burgundy and Milan.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201">[196]</a></sup> As a result of this treaty, diplomatic relations between the two duchies were established with Galeazzo sending Giovanni Pietro Panigarola as his envoy to Burgundy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005205_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005205-202">[197]</a></sup> Throughout 1475, Charles enthusiastically asked for Galeazzo's brother, <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_Sforza" title="Ludovico Sforza">Ludovico Sforza</a> to visit the Burgundian court, though that never came to happen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002165_189-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002165-189">[184]</a></sup>
</p><p>Charles' relation with the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> was based on his willingness to launch a crusade against the Turks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh197757_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh197757-203">[198]</a></sup> With Ferdinand of Naples' insistence, the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Senate" title="Venetian Senate">senate of Venice</a> agreed to a treaty against the King of France on 20 March 1472.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh200510_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh200510-204">[199]</a></sup> From then on, Venice constantly urged Charles to uphold his part of the bargain and support them in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1463%E2%80%931479)" title="Ottoman–Venetian War (1463–1479)">their war with the Ottomans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh197758_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh197758-205">[200]</a></sup> Charles' inaction caused gradual estrangement from Venice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005202_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005202-206">[201]</a></sup> For instance, when he wanted to recruit the Venetian <i><a href="/wiki/Condottiero" title="Condottiero">condottiero</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Colleoni" title="Bartolomeo Colleoni">Bartolomeo Colleoni</a> to his ranks, (who would have brought with himself 10,000 men at arms) the Venetian government did not allow him to go. Charles spent two years negotiating with the Venetian ambassadors, but at the end, was unsuccessful in convincing them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002216_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002216-207">[202]</a></sup> By 1475, the alliance between Venice and Burgundy did not liken a genuine union anymore.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh200516_208-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh200516-208">[203]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Italian peninsula saw a shift in its sphere of influence after the Treaty of Moncalieri in 1475. Charles the Bold triumphantly replaced Louis XI as the dominant influence on the Italian politics, with three of four major secular powers in the region — Milan, Naples and Venice — all aligning towards him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh200513_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh200513-209">[204]</a></sup> Only Florence remained a French ally, though they offered a stance of neutrality to Charles on the bases of their mutual alliance with Venice.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210">[205]</a></sup> Charles successfully eliminated any possible support from Italy for France, and now could count on the support of his Italian allies if a war with France ensued,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh200513_209-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh200513-209">[204]</a></sup> However, from 1472, relations with France became a constant truce, and remained as such during rest of Charles' reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh200514_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh200514-211">[206]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Arts">Arts</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Arts"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Master_of_the_Jardin_de_vertueuse_consolation_and_assistant_(Flemish_-_Vasco_da_Lucena_Giving_his_Work_to_Charles_the_Bold_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A kneeling man presents his book to Charles who is seated on his throne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Master_of_the_Jardin_de_vertueuse_consolation_and_assistant_%28Flemish_-_Vasco_da_Lucena_Giving_his_Work_to_Charles_the_Bold_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Master_of_the_Jardin_de_vertueuse_consolation_and_assistant_%28Flemish_-_Vasco_da_Lucena_Giving_his_Work_to_Charles_the_Bold_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Master_of_the_Jardin_de_vertueuse_consolation_and_assistant_%28Flemish_-_Vasco_da_Lucena_Giving_his_Work_to_Charles_the_Bold_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Master_of_the_Jardin_de_vertueuse_consolation_and_assistant_%28Flemish_-_Vasco_da_Lucena_Giving_his_Work_to_Charles_the_Bold_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Master_of_the_Jardin_de_vertueuse_consolation_and_assistant_%28Flemish_-_Vasco_da_Lucena_Giving_his_Work_to_Charles_the_Bold_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Master_of_the_Jardin_de_vertueuse_consolation_and_assistant_%28Flemish_-_Vasco_da_Lucena_Giving_his_Work_to_Charles_the_Bold_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3190" data-file-height="4383" /></a><figcaption>Vasco de Lucena presenting his translation of <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Curtius_Rufus" title="Quintus Curtius Rufus">Quintus Curtius Rufus</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Histories_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Histories of Alexander the Great">Histories of Alexander the Great</a></i> to Charles the Bold. Folio from <i>Le Jardin de vertueuse consolation</i> by an <a href="/wiki/Master_of_the_Jardin_de_vertueuse_consolation" title="Master of the Jardin de vertueuse consolation">anonymous master</a>, between 1470 and 1475</figcaption></figure>
<p>The Burgundian court under Charles the Bold was reputable and magnificent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchnerb2008444_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnerb2008444-212">[207]</a></sup> It was seen as a place to learn arts and etiquette and where the chivalry and courtly life was more intact than the rest of the Europe. For this reason, the Burgundian court was the host to many young noblemen and princes from all across the continent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005280_213-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005280-213">[208]</a></sup> Even future generations admired Charles' court. <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a>, for instance, on the urging of his father, <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>, introduced the "ceremonial of the court of Burgundy" into Spain using Olivier de la Marche's account of Charles the Bold's court.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGunnJanse2006156_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnJanse2006156-214">[209]</a></sup> Charles' Burgundian court thus became the idealized courtly life that sparked inspirations throughout the <a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_17th_century" title="Spain in the 17th century">17th century Spain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGunnJanse2006157_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnJanse2006157-215">[210]</a></sup> However, Charles' court did not differ much from his contemporaries, but his court possessed certain special features that made them appealing to all. The number of knights of nobles, the sacred image of the ruler who was distant from other courtiers, and the splendour of the court were among these features.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGunnJanse2006158_216-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnJanse2006158-216">[211]</a></sup> The dukes of Burgundy especially displayed their glamour through their extravagant <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">patronage</a> of arts, and like his forefathers, Charles was a patron as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrenMcKendrick20032_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrenMcKendrick20032-217">[212]</a></sup>
</p><p>During Charles' reign, the production of <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscripts</a> flourished and thrived.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrenMcKendrick2003223_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrenMcKendrick2003223-218">[213]</a></sup> After his ascension in 1467, Charles provided considerable budget for projects left incomplete after his father's death and commissioned new projects as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrenMcKendrick20033_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrenMcKendrick20033-219">[214]</a></sup> As a patron of <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a>, he commissioned the translation of <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Curtius_Rufus" title="Quintus Curtius Rufus">Quintus Curtius Rufus</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Histories_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Histories of Alexander the Great">Histories of Alexander the Great</a></i> into French to replace the inadequate <i><a href="/wiki/Roman_d%27Alexandre_en_prose" title="Roman d'Alexandre en prose">Roman d'Alexandre en prose</a></i>. And also commissioned the Portuguese Vasco de Lucena and Jehan de Chesne to respectively translate <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Cyropaedia" title="Cyropaedia">Cyropaedia</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico" title="Commentarii de Bello Gallico">De bello Gallico</a></i> into French.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002163_220-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002163-220">[215]</a></sup> In 1468, he also commissioned <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Fillastre_(died_1473)" title="Guillaume Fillastre (died 1473)">Guillaume Fillastre</a> to compose a "didactic chronicle" called <i>Histoire de Toison d'Or</i> containing moral and didactic stories of <a href="/wiki/Jason" title="Jason">Jason</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gideon" title="Gideon">Gideon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesha" title="Mesha">Mesha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a> and <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Fleece" title="Golden Fleece">Golden Fleeces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemelryck2016_221-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemelryck2016-221">[216]</a></sup> He employed the finest calligraphers and illuminators to document his ordinances, for example the Ordinance of 1469 was illuminated by <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Spierinc" title="Nicolas Spierinc">Nicolas Spierinc</a> and was distributed among Charles' courtiers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002164_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002164-222">[217]</a></sup> His prayer book illuminated by Lieven van Lathem is considered a masterpiece of Flemish illumination that influenced great illuminators such as <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Mary_of_Burgundy" title="Master of Mary of Burgundy">Master of Mary of Burgundy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchryver200812_223-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchryver200812-223">[218]</a></sup> Charles and his wife, Margaret were patrons of <a href="/wiki/Simon_Marmion" title="Simon Marmion">Simon Marmion</a>, who illuminated a <a href="/wiki/Breviary" title="Breviary">breviary</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Panel_painting" title="Panel painting">panel painting</a> for them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAinsworth199825_224-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAinsworth199825-224">[219]</a></sup> As a bibliophile, Margaret also supported <a href="/wiki/William_Caxton" title="William Caxton">William Caxton</a>, who wrote the first printed work in the English language, <i><a href="/wiki/Recuyell_of_the_Historyes_of_Troye" title="Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye">Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002164_222-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002164-222">[217]</a></sup>
</p><p>No patron or ruler of the <a href="/wiki/15th_century" title="15th century">15th century Europe</a> could rival Charles in musicianship and love for music, as ample sources and reports have attested to it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFallows20193_225-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallows20193-225">[220]</a></sup> In his 1469 ordinance, Charles gave a clear view of what his musical entourage should be: a <a href="/wiki/Concert_band" title="Concert band">concert band</a>, ceremonial trumpeters, <a href="/wiki/Chamber_music" title="Chamber music">chamber musicians</a>, an organist and the <a href="/wiki/Chapel_(music)" title="Chapel (music)">chapel musicians</a>, who had more variety than Philip the Good's chapel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown199954_226-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199954-226">[221]</a></sup> He brought his chapel with himself on his campaigns and had them sing a new song to him every night in his chambers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlden2010135_227-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden2010135-227">[222]</a></sup> Charles was a patron of <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Busnois" title="Antoine Busnois">Antoine Busnois</a>, who became his choirmaster.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999228_228-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999228-228">[223]</a></sup> His favourite song was <i><a href="/wiki/L%27homme_arm%C3%A9" title="L'homme armé">L'homme armé</a></i>, a song that may have been written for him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaruskin2009485_229-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaruskin2009485-229">[224]</a></sup> As a musician, Charles composed a <a href="/wiki/Motet" title="Motet">motet</a> that was sung in the <a href="/wiki/Cambrai_Cathedral" title="Cambrai Cathedral">Cambrai Cathedral</a>, presumably in the presence of <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Du_Fay" title="Guillaume Du Fay">Guillaume Du Fay</a>, one of the most well-known composers of his era.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFallows20194_230-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallows20194-230">[225]</a></sup> Among his other works were <a href="/wiki/Chanson" title="Chanson">chansons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secular_music" title="Secular music">secular songs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFallows201912_231-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallows201912-231">[226]</a></sup> Although no pieces from his motet or chansons remain, two songs are attributed to him: <span title="Italian-language romanization"><i lang="it-Latn">Del ducha di borghogna</i></span> (<i>of the Duke of Burgundy</i>) and <span title="Latin-language romanization"><i lang="la-Latn">Dux Carlus</i></span> (<i>Duke Charles</i>), both are from Italian <a href="/wiki/Song_book" title="Song book">songbooks</a> wherein no name of the composers is mentioned, nevertheless, the songs have uncanny similarities to each other: in <a href="/wiki/Vocal_range" title="Vocal range">voice ranges</a>; in their use of pitch <a href="/wiki/C_(musical_note)" title="C (musical note)">C</a>; their <a href="/wiki/Musical_form" title="Musical form">musical form</a>, <span title="French-language romanization"><i lang="fr-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Rondeau_(forme_fixe)" title="Rondeau (forme fixe)">rondeau</a></i></span>; and both songs start with the phrase <i>Ma dame</i>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">musicologist</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Fallows" title="David Fallows">David Fallows</a>, with such similar traits, the songs are most likely both composed by Charles in 1460s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFallows201912–18_232-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallows201912–18-232">[227]</a></sup> Charles also liked to sing, however he did not have a good singing voice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002162_233-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002162-233">[228]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Military">Military</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Military"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heeresordnung1473_fol_5r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Heeresordnung1473_fol_5r.jpg/220px-Heeresordnung1473_fol_5r.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Heeresordnung1473_fol_5r.jpg/330px-Heeresordnung1473_fol_5r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Heeresordnung1473_fol_5r.jpg/440px-Heeresordnung1473_fol_5r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1668" data-file-height="2293" /></a><figcaption><i>Military Ordinance of Charles the Bold</i> by an unknown artist labeled Master of Fitzwilliam 268, circa 1475</figcaption></figure><p>When Charles became the Duke of Burgundy, his army functioned under a feudalistic system, with most of its men either recruited through summons or hired by contracts. The majority of his army ranks were occupied by French nobles and <a href="/wiki/English_longbow" title="English longbow">English archers</a> and the army suffered from the inefficient distribution of resources and thus moved slowly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELecuppre-Desjardin2022203–204_234-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELecuppre-Desjardin2022203–204-234">[229]</a></sup> Having lived through a period of peace under Philip the Good, the army scarcely trained and was unprepared. Furthermore, in comparison to other armies of Europe, their structure was old and dated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllmand2001142_235-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllmand2001142-235">[230]</a></sup> To remedy these problems, Charles issued a series of military ordinances between 1468 and 1473, that not only would revolutionise the Burgundian army, but also would influence every European army in the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002205_236-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002205-236">[231]</a></sup> The first of these ordinances, addressed to the Marshal of Burgundy, contains instructions on who could be recruited to the army and describes the personnel of the artillery, namely, masons, assistants, <a href="/wiki/Cannoneer" title="Cannoneer">cannoneers</a>, and carpenters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005171_237-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005171-237">[232]</a></sup> The second ordinance, issued at <a href="/wiki/Abbeville" title="Abbeville">Abbeville</a> in 1471, proclaimed the formation of a <a href="/wiki/Standing_army" title="Standing army">standing army</a> called <span title="French-language romanization"><i lang="fr-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Compagnie_d%27ordonnance" title="Compagnie d'ordonnance">Compagnie d'ordonnance</a></i></span>, made up of 1250 <a href="/wiki/Lances_fournies" class="mw-redirect" title="Lances fournies">lances fournies</a>, who were accompanied by 1200 crossbows, 1250 handgunners and 1250 pikemen, under the ratio of 1:1:1.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuerengässer2021102_238-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuerengässer2021102-238">[233]</a></sup> A squad of these troops contained a man-at-arms, a mounted page, a mounted swordsman, three <a href="/wiki/Mounted_archery" title="Mounted archery">horse archers</a>, a crossbowmen and a pikeman. Charles designed a uniform for each of the companies (<a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Burgundy" title="Cross of Burgundy">Cross of Burgundy</a> inscribed on the ducal colours).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005172_239-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005172-239">[234]</a></sup> He also designed an overlapping military hierarchy, that sought to cease the infighting between captains and their subordinates that would arose in a pyramidal hierarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrake2013224_240-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrake2013224-240">[235]</a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armure_de_Charles_le_T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A knight mounting a horse, who has an adorned armour" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Armure_de_Charles_le_T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire.jpg/220px-Armure_de_Charles_le_T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Armure_de_Charles_le_T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire.jpg/330px-Armure_de_Charles_le_T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Armure_de_Charles_le_T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire.jpg/440px-Armure_de_Charles_le_T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1752" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Armour of Charles the Bold in The Vinkhuijzen collection of military uniforms, 1910, kept at <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library" title="New York Public Library">New York Public Library</a></figcaption></figure><p>The last of these ordinances, issued at Thionville, marked the culmination of Charles' martial administration. The organisation of a squad was categorised to the merest detail, specific battle marches were created to keep order between the men, a soldier's equipment were explained in detail and discipline among the ranks was regarded with utmost importance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002209_241-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002209-241">[236]</a></sup> Charles forbade individual soldier to have a <a href="/wiki/Camp_follower" title="Camp follower">camp follower</a>, instead, he permitted each company of 900 to have 30 women in their ranks who would attend to them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005172_239-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005172-239">[234]</a></sup> He set brutal rules against defaulters and deserters. In 1476, he appointed Jehan de Dadizele to arrest deserters. Those guilty of encouraging soldiers to desert were to be executed and the deserters were to return to the army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002225_242-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002225-242">[237]</a></sup> However, unrealistic rules were set forth too, such as a ban on cursing and playing with dice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021419_243-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021419-243">[238]</a></sup> Charles explained in detail that the soldiers were to be introduced to these new conditions in a private setting via other soldiers, so each can be tutors on these subjects without a disciplinarian presiding over them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrake2013224_240-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrake2013224-240">[235]</a></sup> The biggest obstacle in Charles' path for implementing these changes was the ineptitude of his soldiers. Charles combined <a href="/wiki/Macromanagement" title="Macromanagement">macromanagement</a> with <a href="/wiki/Micromanagement" title="Micromanagement">micromanagement</a>, therefore, his erratic pace to write new detailed reforms every few year was too much for his captains and men-at-arms to sufficiently implement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021420_244-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021420-244">[239]</a></sup>
</p><p>Among his sources of influence, Charles' ordinances were mostly inspired by Xenophon's <i>Cyropaedia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllmand2001137_245-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllmand2001137-245">[240]</a></sup> After observing how <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> achieved the willing obedience of his subjects, Charles became obsessed with discipline and order among his men-at-arms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrake2013223_246-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrake2013223-246">[241]</a></sup> He applied Xenophon's comments in the Abbeville ordinance, thus ensuring that through a complex <a href="/wiki/Command_hierarchy" title="Command hierarchy">chain of command</a>, his soldiers would both command and obey.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrake2013224_240-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrake2013224-240">[235]</a></sup> The influence of <a href="/wiki/Vegetius" title="Vegetius">Vegetius</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/De_re_militari" title="De re militari">De re militari</a></i> is also quite apparent in Charles' writings. Per Vegetius' suggestions, soldiers were to be recruited from men offering themselves to a martial life, afterwards, they would swear an oath to stay loyal to the duke, Charles adapted both ideas in his 1471 ordinance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllmand2001138,_140_247-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllmand2001138,_140-247">[242]</a></sup> Moreover, Vegetius wrote exercises for soldiers to keep them prepared and disciplined, exercises that were reflected in the 1473 ordinance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllmand2001138_248-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllmand2001138-248">[243]</a></sup>
</p><p>The creation of the Burgundian standing army raised the problem of recruitment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002214_249-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002214-249">[244]</a></sup> Although the numbers of men-at-arms, pikemen and mounted archers met their guidelines, the Burgundian army lacked <a href="/wiki/Culverin" title="Culverin">culverins</a> and foot archers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005173_250-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005173-250">[245]</a></sup> To solve this problem, Charles diversified his army, recruiting men not only from his own subjects, but from other nationalities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010b367_251-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010b367-251">[246]</a></sup> In this regard, Italian mercenaries were his favourite and by 1476, filled up most of his ranks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005341_252-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005341-252">[247]</a></sup> Despite the constant warning from military authors of the past forbidding the recruitment of mercenaries, contemporary chronicler <a href="/wiki/Jean_Molinet" title="Jean Molinet">Jean Molinet</a> praised Charles for his brilliant solution, stating that he is favoured by both heaven and earth and thus above the 'commandments of philosophers'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolubeva201332_253-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolubeva201332-253">[248]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Burgundian_Wars">Burgundian Wars</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Burgundian Wars"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="League_of_Constance">League of Constance</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: League of Constance"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutsche_Geschichte5-310.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Deutsche_Geschichte5-310.jpg/220px-Deutsche_Geschichte5-310.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Deutsche_Geschichte5-310.jpg/330px-Deutsche_Geschichte5-310.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Deutsche_Geschichte5-310.jpg/440px-Deutsche_Geschichte5-310.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1498" data-file-height="1939" /></a><figcaption>Trial of Peter von Hagenbach, 1474</figcaption></figure>
<p>Over the span of five years, Peter von Hagenbach had made an enemy out of the neighbouring Swiss confederacy, who felt threatened by his rule; alienated the Alsatians; and showed aggressive intentions towards the city of <a href="/wiki/Mulhouse" title="Mulhouse">Mulhouse</a>. As a result, the Swiss sought alliances with German towns and Louis XI.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005173_250-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005173-250">[245]</a></sup> By February 1473, it was agreed upon by a handful of free cities that the Burgundian rule in Alsace must come to an end.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002273_254-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002273-254">[249]</a></sup>
</p><p>Thus, the cities <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colmar" title="Colmar">Colmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9lestat" title="Sélestat">Sélestat</a> pursued Sigismund of Austria to buy back Alsace by giving him enough money. But Charles strongly refused to sell his lands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021429_255-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021429-255">[250]</a></sup> Determined to keep Alsace in his grasp, Charles toured the province at Christmas 1473, reportedly with an army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002276_256-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002276-256">[251]</a></sup> He also tried to make peace with the Swiss, although his sincerity was questioned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005174_257-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005174-257">[252]</a></sup> The threats from Burgundy prompted the Swiss to ally themselves with their former enemy, Sigismund, whom they deemed better than the Burgundian duke.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021429_255-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021429-255">[250]</a></sup>
</p><p>All of this led to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Lower_League" title="Lower League">League of Constance</a> in April 1474, formed to specifically eliminate Charles the Bold and Peter von Hagenbach from Alsace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005174_257-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005174-257">[252]</a></sup> Subsequently, rebellion broke out in Alsace done by a group of Alsatian towns who had joined the League.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht200798_120-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht200798-120">[117]</a></sup> By May 1474, Hagenbach was overthrown, and after a trial, executed in 9 May.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021429_255-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021429-255">[250]</a></sup> Upon hearing this news, Charles threw a tantrum filled with rage, and In August, sent an army led by Peter's brother, Stefan von Hagenbach, into Alsace for retaliation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpsonHeller201337_258-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpsonHeller201337-258">[253]</a></sup> After another refusal by Charles to give away Alsace, the League of Constance officially declared war on him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021430_259-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021430-259">[254]</a></sup> In this way, the death of Hagenbach might be considered the catalyst to a cosmopolitan conflict now dubbed as the "<a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Wars" title="Burgundian Wars">Burgundian Wars</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpsonHeller201337_258-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpsonHeller201337-258">[253]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Siege_of_Neuss">Siege of Neuss</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Siege of Neuss"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3><p>
When Alsace rose up against Burgundian authority, Charles was already preoccupied with another campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021430_259-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021430-259">[254]</a></sup> The disputes between the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Cologne" title="Archbishop of Cologne">Archbishop of Cologne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruprecht_of_the_Palatinate_(archbishop_of_Cologne)" title="Ruprecht of the Palatinate (archbishop of Cologne)">Ruprecht</a>, and his subjects had tempted Charles to intervene in the situation to turn the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Cologne" title="Electorate of Cologne">electorate</a> into a Burgundian protectorate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021428_260-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021428-260">[255]</a></sup> To make peace, he held a conference in Maastricht on 14 May 1474, which failed. Therefore, from 22 June, he planned to siege Colognian cities and force Ruprecht's conditions on his subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams201422_261-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201422-261">[256]</a></sup> The first of his targets was the city of <a href="/wiki/Neuss" title="Neuss">Neuss</a>. Placed between Duchy of Guelders and Cologne, possession of Neuss was necessary to guarantee Burgundian supply lines for an attack on Cologne. Neuss was expected to fall within a few days, and many contemporary historians feared its fall would open up Germany to the Burgundians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams201422_261-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201422-261">[256]</a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Siege_of_Neuss_by_Charles_the_Bold_in_1475._Museum_Hof_van_Busleyden,_Mechelen,_Belgium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of the encampment of Charles the Bold's army outside of the walls of Neuss" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/The_Siege_of_Neuss_by_Charles_the_Bold_in_1475._Museum_Hof_van_Busleyden%2C_Mechelen%2C_Belgium.jpg/321px-The_Siege_of_Neuss_by_Charles_the_Bold_in_1475._Museum_Hof_van_Busleyden%2C_Mechelen%2C_Belgium.jpg" decoding="async" width="321" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/The_Siege_of_Neuss_by_Charles_the_Bold_in_1475._Museum_Hof_van_Busleyden%2C_Mechelen%2C_Belgium.jpg/482px-The_Siege_of_Neuss_by_Charles_the_Bold_in_1475._Museum_Hof_van_Busleyden%2C_Mechelen%2C_Belgium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/The_Siege_of_Neuss_by_Charles_the_Bold_in_1475._Museum_Hof_van_Busleyden%2C_Mechelen%2C_Belgium.jpg/642px-The_Siege_of_Neuss_by_Charles_the_Bold_in_1475._Museum_Hof_van_Busleyden%2C_Mechelen%2C_Belgium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2386" data-file-height="1268" /></a><figcaption><i>Siege of Neuss by Charles the Bold in 1475</i>, Adriaen Van den Houte</figcaption></figure><p>On 28 July 1474, Charles' army reached the southern gate of Neuss.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams201423_262-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201423-262">[257]</a></sup> To isolate the city from outside world, Charles assigned men to every gate, blockaded the river across Neuss with fifty boats, and secured the two isles neighbouring the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams201423–24_263-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201423–24-263">[258]</a></sup> Despite all attempts, communications between Neuss and the outside world continued. The residents delivered letters to relieving forces from Cologne (who raided Burgundian lines) by shooting them through cannons,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries200548_264-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries200548-264">[259]</a></sup> and in September, the Burgundian night watch caught a man swimming through the river with a letter detailing Emperor Frederick's intention to attack the Burgundian besiegers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams201424_265-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201424-265">[260]</a></sup> From the moment of arrival, the Burgundian artillery had bombarded Neuss' walls, hoping to breach them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVillalonKagay2005445_266-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVillalonKagay2005445-266">[261]</a></sup> Upon the revelation of Frederick's plan, Charles intensified the barrage, and attempted dry out the city's <a href="/wiki/Moat" title="Moat">moat</a> by diverting the <a href="/wiki/Erft" title="Erft">River Erft</a> and sinking overloaded barges into the Rhine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams201424_265-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201424-265">[260]</a></sup>
</p><p>Residents of Neuss endured the constant bombardments, and refused to surrender even though their food had reduced from cows to snails and weeds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021431_267-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021431-267">[262]</a></sup> Their resistance brought admiration from all the contemporary chronicles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005180_268-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005180-268">[263]</a></sup> Emperor Frederick was slow to amass an army. When he had gathered 20000 German forces in Spring 1475, he took seventeen days to march from Cologne to <a href="/wiki/Zons" title="Zons">Zons</a>, their encampment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005182_269-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005182-269">[264]</a></sup> Charles was constantly pursued by his brother-in-law, Edward IV to leave the siege and join him in fighting the French. But finding himself close to a confrontation with the Emperor's forces, Charles did not want to lose his pride and withdraw.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams201425_270-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201425-270">[265]</a></sup> The Emperor had no desire to fight the Burgundians and except for a few skirmishes, did not put his army to any other use.<sup id="cite_ref-271" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-271">[266]</a></sup> The conflicts came to a rapid end when an emissary from the Pope successfully concluded a peace treaty on 29 May 1475 after threatening both sides of <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams201426_272-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201426-272">[267]</a></sup>
</p><p>Eventually, Charles left Neuss on 27 June.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005183_273-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005183-273">[268]</a></sup> Upon his departure, the city had been so badly damaged that it was on the verge of surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams201426_272-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201426-272">[267]</a></sup> His propagandists presented him as the Caesar of their age who had brought a humiliating defeat on the German forces, which seems to have worked on his adversaries, because after signing the peace treaty, hundreds of German soldiers lined up to see him. According to one chronicle, many of them threw themselves at Charles and worshipped him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021432_274-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021432-274">[269]</a></sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Neuss" title="Siege of Neuss">Siege of Neuss</a> still was a catastrophic defeat for Charles and Burgundy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005183_273-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005183-273">[268]</a></sup> Besides the number of men and equipment lost, this siege also cost Charles a chance to destroy Louis XI and France. Edward IV, after seeing no support from his ally, agreed to sign the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Picquigny" title="Treaty of Picquigny">Treaty of Picquigny</a> with Louis XI, causing a seven-year truce and a marriage alliance between the two kingdoms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams201426_272-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201426-272">[267]</a></sup> Charles had to sign a treaty with Louis as well, so that he would be free to march south and deal with the League of Constance, whose members besides the Swiss, now also included René II of Lorraine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005184_275-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005184-275">[270]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Battle_of_Grandson">Battle of Grandson</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Battle of Grandson"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luzerner_Schilling_Battle_of_Grandson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The scene of a battle, scratched over two pages" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Luzerner_Schilling_Battle_of_Grandson.jpg/320px-Luzerner_Schilling_Battle_of_Grandson.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Luzerner_Schilling_Battle_of_Grandson.jpg/480px-Luzerner_Schilling_Battle_of_Grandson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Luzerner_Schilling_Battle_of_Grandson.jpg/640px-Luzerner_Schilling_Battle_of_Grandson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1302" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grandson" title="Battle of Grandson">Battle of Grandson</a>, illuminated in 1515 by <a href="/wiki/Diebold_Schilling_the_Younger" title="Diebold Schilling the Younger">Diebold Schilling the Younger</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Luzerner_Schilling" title="Luzerner Schilling">Lucerne chronicle</a>.</figcaption></figure><p>Charles commenced his full-fledged invasion on the Swiss and their allies immediately after signing the peace treaty with Louis XI; splitting his army into two parts, he advanced through Lorraine with no resistance and even captured the capital city <a href="/wiki/Nancy,_France" title="Nancy, France">Nancy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005185_276-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005185-276">[271]</a></sup> At the beginning of 1475, Charles besieged the recently captured castle of <a href="/wiki/Grandson,_Switzerland" title="Grandson, Switzerland">Grandson</a> which was fortified by a garrison from <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010c_277-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010c-277">[272]</a></sup> Despite the many relief forces sent to defeat the Burgundians, the Swiss were unable to relieve the city from the siege and thus Charles successfully recaptured Grandson, executing all of the Bernese garrison as retaliation for Swiss brutality in Burgundian towns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeazley201428_278-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeazley201428-278">[273]</a></sup> On 1 March, Charles, expecting the Swiss army to march towards him for a battle, decided to leave Grandson northwards for a mountain pass north of the town of <a href="/wiki/Concise,_Switzerland" title="Concise, Switzerland">Concise</a>. As he had foreseen, the Swiss army marched from <a href="/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a>, with their vanguard made up of eight thousand men several hours ahead of the rest. The vanguard reached the mountain pass first and surprised the Burgundian army.<sup id="cite_ref-279" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-279">[274]</a></sup>
</p><p>Despite the unexpected situation, Charles quickly rallied his troops, ordered his artillery to fire at the enemy lines and then launched an attack.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010c_277-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010c-277">[272]</a></sup> Meanwhile, the Swiss had knelt down to pray, which the Burgundians may have mistaken for submission, motivating them more for the attack.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeazley201429_280-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeazley201429-280">[275]</a></sup> The initial charge, commanded by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Ch%C3%A2lon-Arlay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis de Châlon-Arlay (page does not exist)">Louis de Châlon-Arlay</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Ch%C3%A2lon-Arlay_(1448-1476)" class="extiw" title="fr:Louis de Châlon-Arlay (1448-1476)">fr</a>]</span>, Lord of Grandson, failed to penetrate the Swiss defensive line, with Louis himself killed in the process.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeazley201429_280-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeazley201429-280">[275]</a></sup> Charles then made a second attack. In order to lure the enemy further down the valley to give his artillery a better target, Charles soon retreated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021437_281-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021437-281">[276]</a></sup>
</p><p>However, the rest of his army mistook his tactical retreat for a complete withdrawal. Around this time, the rest of the Swiss army had reached the valley, announcing their arrival by bellowing their horns. The Burgundians suddenly panicked and abandoned their positions, ignoring Charles' pleas to stay in line.<sup id="cite_ref-282" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-282">[277]</a></sup> The panicking army even forsook their camp at Grandson, leaving it open for the Swiss to capture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010c_277-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010c-277">[272]</a></sup> Subsequently, the Swiss reached Charles' camp and looted the treasures inside it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021438_283-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021438-283">[278]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grandson" title="Battle of Grandson">Battle of Grandson</a> became a humiliating defeat for Charles the Bold, his army's cowardice had caused him the lose of many valuable treasures and all of his artillery and supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeazley201433_284-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeazley201433-284">[279]</a></sup> For two or three days after the battle, Charles had been so shaken by the loss that he refused any food or drinks and by 4 March had began to reorganize his army in hopes of entering the battlefield two weeks later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002378_285-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002378-285">[280]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Battle_of_Morat">Battle of Morat</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Battle of Morat"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Fuite_de_Charles_le_T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Charles the Bold and his men fleeting on horses" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/La_Fuite_de_Charles_le_T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire.jpg/320px-La_Fuite_de_Charles_le_T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/La_Fuite_de_Charles_le_T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire.jpg/480px-La_Fuite_de_Charles_le_T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/La_Fuite_de_Charles_le_T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire.jpg/640px-La_Fuite_de_Charles_le_T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4153" data-file-height="2309" /></a><figcaption>The flight of Charles the Bold after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Morat" title="Battle of Morat">Battle of Morat</a> by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Burnand" title="Eugène Burnand">Eugène Burnand</a>, 1894, currently kept at the Eugène Burnand Museum in <a href="/wiki/Moudon" title="Moudon">Moudon</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Charles retreated to <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a>, where he began to reorganize the whole of his army with utmost fury and resolve. Demanding more artillery and men-at-arms his lands, for example, in Dijon, where anything made of metals were melted to make canons and in the occupied Nancy and Lorraine, where all their artilleries were confiscated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler201020_286-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler201020-286">[281]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-287" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-287">[f]</a></sup> He received funds from all his allies and men from Italy, Germany, England and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_the_Jagiellonian_dynasty" title="History of Poland during the Jagiellonian dynasty">Poland</a> came to join his army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler201021_288-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler201021-288">[282]</a></sup> At the end of May, he had amassed 20,000 men in Lausanne, outnumbering the local population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021439_289-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021439-289">[283]</a></sup> He trained these men from 14 to 26 May while he himself grew sicker by day, resulting in stagnation among his troops. With the supply lines delaying to deliver, and the payment long overdue, many things had to be cut from Charles' army. The number of horses reduced, with many of horse archers now functioning on foot. At last, the army, though luxurious in display, was questionably incoherent and destabilised.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrunner201147_290-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunner201147-290">[284]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 27 May, Charles and his army began their slow march towards the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Murten" title="Murten">Morat</a>. His main objective was the city of Bern, and to eliminate all supports to the city, he first needed to conquer Morat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler201021_288-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler201021-288">[282]</a></sup> He arrived at Morat at 9 June and immediately began besieging the fortress. By 19 June, after several assaults on the fortress and with several of its walls destroyed, Morat sent a message to Bern, asking for help.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler201024–25_291-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler201024–25-291">[285]</a></sup> On 20 June, the <span title="German-language romanization"><i lang="de-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Eidgenossenschaft" title="Eidgenossenschaft">Eidgenossen</a></i></span> (<i>oath companion</i><sup id="cite_ref-294" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-294">[g]</a></sup>) arrived at Morat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021443_295-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021443-295">[288]</a></sup> Their numbers was larger than the army at Grandson; the Swiss commanders estimated themselves to be 30,000 men, while recent historians offer the number 24,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler201026_296-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler201026-296">[289]</a></sup> Charles expected a decisive battle at the wake of 21 June, yet, the next day, he was met with inaction from the Swiss.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021443_295-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021443-295">[288]</a></sup> The Swiss instead attacked on 22 June, a holy day attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Ten_thousand_martyrs" title="Ten thousand martyrs">Ten thousand martyrs</a>, catching the slumbering Burgundians unexpected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler201027_297-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler201027-297">[290]</a></sup> Charles was too slow in organizing his troops for a counterattack; he himself tarried in putting up his armour and while his men were taking their positions, the Swiss army had already reached them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler201029_298-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler201029-298">[291]</a></sup> Accordingly, the Burgundian army soon abandoned their posts and began fleeting for their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021444_299-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021444-299">[292]</a></sup>
</p><p>The resulting affair was a mass slaughter of the fleeing Burgundian army. Many retreated into the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Morat" title="Lake Morat">Lake Morat</a>, and either drowned or died swimming in the process. Some climbed the walnut trees, and were shot dead by the <a href="/wiki/Arquebus" title="Arquebus">arquebuses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hand_cannon" title="Hand cannon">hand cannons</a>. The Swiss showed no mercy to the yielding men. They killed knights, soldiers, and high officials alike.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler201030–31_300-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler201030–31-300">[293]</a></sup> Charles himself fled with his men and rode for days until he reached <a href="/wiki/Gex,_Ain" title="Gex, Ain">Gex</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler201033_301-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler201033-301">[294]</a></sup> The Milanese ambassador, Panigarola, reported that Charles would laugh and make jokes after the defeat at Morat. Charles refused to believe he was defeated and continued to think God was on his side.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005197_302-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005197-302">[295]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Death">Death</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Death"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Battle_of_Nancy">Battle of Nancy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Battle of Nancy"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The-Finding-of-the-body-of-Charles-the-Bold-after-the-Battle-of-Nancy-1865-Found-in-the-collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The naked corpse of Charles the Bold found after the Battle of Nancy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/The-Finding-of-the-body-of-Charles-the-Bold-after-the-Battle-of-Nancy-1865-Found-in-the-collection.jpg/263px-The-Finding-of-the-body-of-Charles-the-Bold-after-the-Battle-of-Nancy-1865-Found-in-the-collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="263" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/The-Finding-of-the-body-of-Charles-the-Bold-after-the-Battle-of-Nancy-1865-Found-in-the-collection.jpg/395px-The-Finding-of-the-body-of-Charles-the-Bold-after-the-Battle-of-Nancy-1865-Found-in-the-collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/The-Finding-of-the-body-of-Charles-the-Bold-after-the-Battle-of-Nancy-1865-Found-in-the-collection.jpg/526px-The-Finding-of-the-body-of-Charles-the-Bold-after-the-Battle-of-Nancy-1865-Found-in-the-collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>Charles the Bold found after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nancy" title="Battle of Nancy">Battle of Nancy</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Feyen-Perrin" title="Auguste Feyen-Perrin">Auguste Feyen-Perrin</a>, 1865. Held at <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts_of_Nancy" title="Museum of Fine Arts of Nancy">Musée des Beaux-Arts</a> at <a href="/wiki/Nancy,_France" title="Nancy, France">Nancy</a></figcaption></figure><p>While Charles may have wanted to continue the war against the Swiss, his plans changed drastically when Nancy was reconquered by René II on 6 October.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005197_302-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005197-302">[295]</a></sup> In need of money, Charles took a large loan from the <a href="/wiki/Medici_Bank" title="Medici Bank">Medici bank</a> with which he assembled 10,000 hastily gathered men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021445_303-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021445-303">[296]</a></sup> The rest of his army consisted of the Italian mercenaries under the command of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Count_of_Campobasso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Count of Campobasso (page does not exist)">Count of Campobasso</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comte_de_Campobasso" class="extiw" title="fr:Comte de Campobasso">fr</a>]</span>; Burgundian garrison in Nancy, and 8,000 reinforcement from the <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Netherlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002419_304-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002419-304">[297]</a></sup> He arrived in Nancy at 11 October and by 22 October began bombarding the city walls. The siege continued throughout the harsh winter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005198_305-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005198-305">[298]</a></sup> Charles was hoping that he could enter the city before any of Rene's allies arrive at Nancy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002420_306-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002420-306">[299]</a></sup>
</p><p>Meanwhile, René spent November and December on negotiating with the Swiss for granting him an army of mercenaries and with Louis XI to pay the Swiss, eventually, he was successful with both and marched towards Nancy from Basel on 26 December with 9000 Swiss mercenaries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean201440_307-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean201440-307">[300]</a></sup> On 31 December, Count of Campobasso, who may have communicated secretly with René, deserted the Burgundian army with 180 of his men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean201439_308-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean201439-308">[301]</a></sup> And on 3 January 1477, his sons deserted with the rest 120 of his men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005367_309-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005367-309">[302]</a></sup> Afterwards, he joined René and fought the Burgundians on the forthcoming battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005367_309-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005367-309">[302]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-312" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-312">[h]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 5 January, under heavy snow, René and his army marched towards the Burgundian position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005199_313-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005199-313">[305]</a></sup> The snow was helpful in obscuring their movements, as they <a href="/wiki/Flanking_maneuver" title="Flanking maneuver">outflanked</a> the Burgundian army by marching around towards the front of the Burgundians, where Charles had not placed pickets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean201441_314-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean201441-314">[306]</a></sup> Around noon they attacked the Burgundians, whose artillery was too slow to engage with the quickly-approaching army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005200_315-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005200-315">[307]</a></sup> Charles tried to rally his men, but to no avail, for the Burgundians where already fleeting from the battlefield.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean201443_316-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean201443-316">[308]</a></sup> Meanwhile, the Alsatian and Swiss infantry encircled Charles and his horsemen. In the <a href="/wiki/Meurthe_(river)" title="Meurthe (river)">River Meurthe</a> he fell from his horse, and was struck on his head with a <a href="/wiki/Halberd" title="Halberd">halberd</a>, which pierced his helmet and went into his skull.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean201443_316-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean201443-316">[308]</a></sup> Half of the Burgundian army died during the battle or while retreating.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean201443_316-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean201443-316">[308]</a></sup> Only those who escaped fifty kilometers to <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a> survived.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005200_315-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005200-315">[307]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Burial">Burial</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: Burial"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ren%C3%A9-II-Charles-t%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Rene II standing before the body of Charles the Bold, who wears a golden crown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ren%C3%A9-II-Charles-t%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire.jpg/220px-Ren%C3%A9-II-Charles-t%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ren%C3%A9-II-Charles-t%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire.jpg/330px-Ren%C3%A9-II-Charles-t%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ren%C3%A9-II-Charles-t%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire.jpg/440px-Ren%C3%A9-II-Charles-t%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3625" data-file-height="5593" /></a><figcaption>Duke René II of Lorraine holding the hands of the corpse of Charles the Bold, <i>Chronique scandaleuse</i> by Jean de Roye</figcaption></figure>
<p>The corpse of Charles the Bold remained concealed until three days after the battle, when it was found lying on the river, with half of his head frozen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean201443_316-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean201443-316">[308]</a></sup> It took a group consisting of Charles' Roman <a href="/wiki/Valet" title="Valet">valet</a>, his Portuguese personal physician, his chaplain, <a href="/wiki/Olivier_de_la_Marche" title="Olivier de la Marche">Olivier de la Marche</a>, and two of his bastard brothers to identify the corpse through a missing tooth, ingrown toenail, and long fingernails.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonter200723_317-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonter200723-317">[309]</a></sup> His body was moved to Nancy with full honours, where it was displayed for 5 days.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean201443_316-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean201443-316">[308]</a></sup> Then, René buried him in the Saint-George <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_church" title="Collegiate church">collegiate church</a> of Nancy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalet1982343_318-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalet1982343-318">[310]</a></sup> In Artois, people refused to believe he was dead, instead believing he had escaped to Germany, to undergo seven years of penance but would reappear again.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonter200723_317-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonter200723-317">[309]</a></sup>
</p><p>Margaret of York, Charles' wife, requested the return of his body, but was refused by René.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalet1982343_318-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalet1982343-318">[310]</a></sup> On 22 September 1550, <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>, as a sign to strengthen his legitimacy over Burgundy, exhumed the body and brought it to <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg</a>. And three years later, Charles' bones were again exhumed to their final resting place, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady,_Bruges" title="Church of Our Lady, Bruges">Church of Our Lady, Bruges</a>, beside his daughter, Mary of Burgundy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalet1982343_318-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalet1982343-318">[310]</a></sup> On 1559, <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a> ordered the construction of a monument over the tomb of Charles, which was completed in 1563.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalet1982343_318-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalet1982343-318">[310]</a></sup> Philip would hold <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">masses</a> for the repose of the soul of Charles and <a href="/wiki/Death_anniversary" title="Death anniversary">death anniversaries</a> on the date of his death, 5 January.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalet1982344_319-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalet1982344-319">[311]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Aftermath">Aftermath</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section's source code: Aftermath"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Burgundian_Succession" title="War of the Burgundian Succession">War of the Burgundian Succession</a></div><p>Louis XI knew of Charles' death even before the news had reached Burgundy, and thus taking advantage of a defenseless country, he invaded Burgundy through Picardy, Artois and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A2con" title="Mâcon">Mâcon</a> only three weeks after the Battle of Nancy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999195_320-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999195-320">[312]</a></sup> Meanwhile, Ghent rose in rebellion, executing two of Charles' closest collaborators, <a href="/wiki/William_Hugonet" title="William Hugonet">William Hugonet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guy_of_Brimeu" title="Guy of Brimeu">Guy of Brimeu</a>, lord of <a href="/wiki/Humbercourt" title="Humbercourt">Humbercourt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchnerb2008455_321-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnerb2008455-321">[313]</a></sup> Charles' former conquests, Liége and Guelders, rapidly sought their independence, and in Luxembourg, a struggle broke out over consenting to the inheritance of Mary of Burgundy, or supporting another claimant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999195_320-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999195-320">[312]</a></sup> Sigismund of Austria and the Swiss were vying for <a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a> and Holland, Zeeland, Frisia and Hainault were claimed by the Count Palatine and the Duke of Bavaria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht2007104_322-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht2007104-322">[314]</a></sup>
</p><p>Mary, the sole child of Charles, and Margaret of York, his widow, considered their only way out of this crisis through an alliance with the Habsburgs, therefore, Mary married Maximilian in August 1477.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchnerb2008455_321-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnerb2008455-321">[313]</a></sup> Afterwards, Maximilian successfully resisted Louis' aggression in Artois and forced Louis into an advantageous temporary truce.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999195_320-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999195-320">[312]</a></sup> The States General legitimized and accepted Mary succession on 11 February, after Mary signed the <a href="/wiki/Great_Privilege" title="Great Privilege">Great Privilege</a>, a series of constitutional reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoenigsberger200142_323-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoenigsberger200142-323">[315]</a></sup> Mary died on 27 March 1482, and passed the Duchy of Burgundy onto her son and heir, <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Castile" title="Philip I of Castile">Philip</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999199_324-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999199-324">[316]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Historiography_and_legacy">Historiography and legacy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section's source code: Historiography and legacy"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Charles the Bold's failure and untimely death directly caused the sudden collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_State" title="Burgundian State">Burgundian state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002399_325-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002399-325">[317]</a></sup> He had no legitimate male heir to succeed him and did not provide a capable husband for his daughter that he could train and prepare for succession.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002399_325-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002399-325">[317]</a></sup> He was obsessed over uniting the "lands over there" (Low Countries) and the "lands over here" (<a href="/wiki/Burgundy" title="Burgundy">Burgundy</a> proper) through Lorraine,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999193_152-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999193-152">[147]</a></sup> and sought to forge a national identity independent from that of the French.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELecuppre-Desjardin2022337_326-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELecuppre-Desjardin2022337-326">[318]</a></sup> He spent his short years as the Duke of Burgundy for securing a crown and forging a new kingdom, which would have united his subjects under one symbol (Though Charles sought it more for his own glory).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELecuppre-Desjardin2022157_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELecuppre-Desjardin2022157-127">[124]</a></sup> However, Charles was more successful in helping his German enemies to unite under the banner of a "German nation" opposing the duke of Burgundy, whom they called "The Grand Turk of the West".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELecuppre-Desjardin2022217_327-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELecuppre-Desjardin2022217-327">[319]</a></sup>
</p><p>His death was also the most pivotal moment in the modern history of Lorraine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonter200715_328-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonter200715-328">[320]</a></sup> In Nancy, the victory of René II is still remembered fondly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonter200722_329-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonter200722-329">[321]</a></sup> The Swiss victory at Morat was a confirmation to their national identity, a sign of pride and a preservation of their independence. While on the larger scales, the Battle of Morat also contributed to the decline of feudalism and may have been a major death blow to the concepts of chivalry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler201034_330-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler201034-330">[322]</a></sup> The German-language historiography treats him ambivalently, because he is seen both as a tragic representation of the fall of the Middle Ages, and as an immoral prince. The latter image being more present in the Swiss literature up until recently.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESieber-Lehmann199713_331-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESieber-Lehmann199713-331">[323]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section's source code: Notes"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Contemporaneous historians and chroniclers gave Charles his epithet, <span title="French-language romanization"><i lang="fr-Latn">le Téméraire</i></span>, after his death. The English translation, Charles the Bold, suggests that he was named after the progenitor of his family, <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Bold" title="Philip the Bold">Philip the Bold</a>. Whereas Philip's epithet, <span title="French-language romanization"><i lang="fr-Latn">le Hardi</i></span> can be translated to "bold", Charles' title in French means "foolhardy" and "reckless".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021287_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021287-1">[1]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacqueline was the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Burgundy,_Duchess_of_Bavaria" title="Margaret of Burgundy, Duchess of Bavaria">Margaret of Burgundy</a>, a daughter of Philip the Bold.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein201742_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein201742-13">[12]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Which was especially made for him by a saddler from <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> called Jean Rampart.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPutnam19089_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPutnam19089-26">[24]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles owned a tapestry of <a href="/wiki/Gundobad" title="Gundobad">Gundobad</a>, the ancient <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Burgundians" title="Kingdom of the Burgundians">King of the Burgundians</a>, a kingdom he wished to restore.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021406_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021406-128">[125]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This encounter showcased the economical and cultural differences between <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a>'s richer west and poorer east, with the Germans amazed by the wealth of the Burgundy and the Burgundians shocked by their poor equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrady2009104_126-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrady2009104-126">[123]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-287"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Commines" title="Philippe de Commines">Philippe de Commines</a>, the Burgundian chronicler, reported that in his official decree to all of his realm, Charles ordered "<span title="German-language romanization"><i lang="de-Latn">Der Meyer zu Lockie an den Grafen zu Aarburg</i></span>" (<i>all the world to come to him with all (its) cannon and all (its) manpower</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler201020_286-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler201020-286">[281]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-294"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The word <span title="German-language romanization"><i lang="de-Latn">Eidgenossen</i></span> is literary translated as 'oath companion', and was a synonym for Swiss, referring to the members of the Old Swiss Confederacy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021435_292-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021435-292">[286]</a></sup> Until the Siege on Morat, most of the confederacy had not declared war on Burgundy, because Charles had yet to invade a territory officially part of one of its members. But during the siege, Charles attacked a bridge which was a part of Bernese territory, thus obligating the confederacy to join Bern in their campaign against Burgundy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrunner201148_293-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunner201148-293">[287]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-312"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It is not clear what was Campobasso's position during the battle. One Neapolitan account reports that Charles once found himself engaged in a duel with Campobasso.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005368_310-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005368-310">[303]</a></sup> According to Angelo de Tummmulilis, Charles had Campobasso in his mercy but spared him and told him to flee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005399_311-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005399-311">[304]</a></sup></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1217336898"><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021287-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021287_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Loo2021">Van Loo 2021</a>, p. 287.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier19991-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier19991_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier19991_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlockmansPervenier1999">Blockmans & Pervenier 1999</a>, p. 1.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownSmall20073-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownSmall20073_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrownSmall2007">Brown & Small 2007</a>, p. 3.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnerb2008431-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchnerb2008431_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchnerb2008">Schnerb 2008</a>, p. 431.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier199938-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier199938_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlockmansPervenier1999">Blockmans & Pervenier 1999</a>, p. 38.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnerb2008433-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchnerb2008433_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchnerb2008">Schnerb 2008</a>, p. 433.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier199938–39-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier199938–39_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlockmansPervenier1999">Blockmans & Pervenier 1999</a>, pp. 38–39.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier199940-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier199940_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlockmansPervenier1999">Blockmans & Pervenier 1999</a>, p. 40.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnerb2008438-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchnerb2008438_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchnerb2008">Schnerb 2008</a>, p. 438.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall20102-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall20102_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughanSmall2010">Vaughan & Small 2010</a>, p. 2.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier199973-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier199973_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier199973_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlockmansPervenier1999">Blockmans & Pervenier 1999</a>, p. 73.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein201742-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein201742_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStein2017">Stein 2017</a>, p. 42.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnerb2008439–440-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchnerb2008439–440_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchnerb2008">Schnerb 2008</a>, pp. 439–440.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier199991–92-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier199991–92_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlockmansPervenier1999">Blockmans & Pervenier 1999</a>, pp. 91–92.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnerb2008440-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchnerb2008440_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchnerb2008">Schnerb 2008</a>, p. 440.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPutnam19086-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPutnam19086_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPutnam1908">Putnam 1908</a>, p. 6.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor200268-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor200268_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor200268_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2002">Taylor 2002</a>, p. 68.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999114-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999114_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999114_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999114_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlockmansPervenier1999">Blockmans & Pervenier 1999</a>, p. 114.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPutnam1908">Putnam 1908</a>, p. 7; <a href="#CITEREFTaylor2002">Taylor 2002</a>, p. 68.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor200269-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor200269_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2002">Taylor 2002</a>, p. 69.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2010230-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2010230_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2010">Brown 2010</a>, p. 230.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021304-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021304_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Loo2021">Van Loo 2021</a>, p. 304.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPutnam1908">Putnam 1908</a>, p. 8; <a href="#CITEREFTaylor2002">Taylor 2002</a>, p. 69.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPutnam19089-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPutnam19089_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPutnam19089_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPutnam1908">Putnam 1908</a>, p. 9.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnechtges2012333-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnechtges2012333_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnechtges2012333_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnechtges2012">Knechtges 2012</a>, p. 333.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughanParavicini2002">Vaughan & Paravicini 2002</a>, p. 163; <a href="#CITEREFPutnam1908">Putnam 1908</a>, p. 10.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnerb2008439-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchnerb2008439_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchnerb2008">Schnerb 2008</a>, p. 439.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor200286-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor200286_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2002">Taylor 2002</a>, p. 86.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010114-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010114_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughanSmall2010">Vaughan & Small 2010</a>, p. 114.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughanSmall2010">Vaughan & Small 2010</a>, p. 114; <a href="#CITEREFTaylor2002">Taylor 2002</a>, p. 87.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESommé1982734-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESommé1982734_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSommé1982">Sommé 1982</a>, p. 734.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnJanse2006121-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGunnJanse2006121_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGunnJanse2006">Gunn & Janse 2006</a>, p. 121.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPutnam190824,_25-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPutnam190824,_25_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPutnam1908">Putnam 1908</a>, pp. 24, 25.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2002104-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2002104_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2002104_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2002">Taylor 2002</a>, p. 104.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPutnam190827-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPutnam190827_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPutnam1908">Putnam 1908</a>, p. 27.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2002106-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2002106_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2002106_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2002">Taylor 2002</a>, p. 106.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2002105-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2002105_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2002">Taylor 2002</a>, p. 105.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPutnam190828-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPutnam190828_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPutnam1908">Putnam 1908</a>, p. 28.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010341-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010341_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010341_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughanSmall2010">Vaughan & Small 2010</a>, p. 341.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughanSmall2010">Vaughan & Small 2010</a>, p. 341; <a href="#CITEREFPutnam1908">Putnam 1908</a>, p. 29.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010306-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010306_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughanSmall2010">Vaughan & Small 2010</a>, p. 306.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005129,_131-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005129,_131_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmithDe_Vries2005">Smith & De Vries 2005</a>, pp. 129, 131.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPutnam190839-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPutnam190839_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPutnam1908">Putnam 1908</a>, p. 39.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiening199417-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiening199417_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiening199417_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiening199417_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiening199417_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiening1994">Kiening 1994</a>, p. 17.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2002125,_139-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2002125,_139_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2002">Taylor 2002</a>, pp. 125, 139.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2002138–139-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2002138–139_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2002">Taylor 2002</a>, pp. 138–139.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2002139-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2002139_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2002">Taylor 2002</a>, p. 139.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010346-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010346_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010346_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughanSmall2010">Vaughan & Small 2010</a>, p. 346.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParavicini2003310-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParavicini2003310_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParavicini2003310_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParavicini2003310_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParavicini2003">Paravicini 2003</a>, p. 310.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHousley200474-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHousley200474_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHousley2004">Housley 2004</a>, p. 74.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParavicini2003311–312-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParavicini2003311–312_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParavicini2003">Paravicini 2003</a>, pp. 311–312.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999113,_114-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999113,_114_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlockmansPervenier1999">Blockmans & Pervenier 1999</a>, pp. 113, 114.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParavicini2003312-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParavicini2003312_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParavicini2003">Paravicini 2003</a>, p. 312.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021353-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021353_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021353_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Loo2021">Van Loo 2021</a>, p. 353.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParavicini2003307–308-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParavicini2003307–308_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParavicini2003">Paravicini 2003</a>, pp. 307–308.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParavicini2003308-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParavicini2003308_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParavicini2003">Paravicini 2003</a>, p. 308.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010344-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010344_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughanSmall2010">Vaughan & Small 2010</a>, p. 344.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010345-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010345_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughanSmall2010">Vaughan & Small 2010</a>, p. 345.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021369-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021369_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021369_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Loo2021">Van Loo 2021</a>, p. 369.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParavicini2003378-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParavicini2003378_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParavicini2003">Paravicini 2003</a>, p. 378.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999115-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999115_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999115_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlockmansPervenier1999">Blockmans & Pervenier 1999</a>, p. 115.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021346-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021346_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021346_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Loo2021">Van Loo 2021</a>, p. 346.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021345,_344-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021345,_344_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Loo2021">Van Loo 2021</a>, pp. 345, 344.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021347-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021347_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Loo2021">Van Loo 2021</a>, p. 347.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021352-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021352_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Loo2021">Van Loo 2021</a>, p. 352.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005140-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005140_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005140_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmithDe_Vries2005">Smith & De Vries 2005</a>, p. 140.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021359-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021359_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Loo2021">Van Loo 2021</a>, p. 359.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021359–360-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021359–360_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Loo2021">Van Loo 2021</a>, pp. 359–360.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchnerb2008">Schnerb 2008</a>, p. 450; <a href="#CITEREFBlockmansPervenier1999">Blockmans & Pervenier 1999</a>, p. 115.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Loo2021">Van Loo 2021</a>, p. 364; <a href="#CITEREFBlockmansPervenier1999">Blockmans & Pervenier 1999</a>, p. 115.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnerb2008450-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchnerb2008450_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchnerb2008450_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchnerb2008">Schnerb 2008</a>, p. 450.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2012185-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2012185_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2012185_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2012185_75-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2012185_75-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPotter2012">Potter 2012</a>, p. 185.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010379-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010379_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughanSmall2010">Vaughan & Small 2010</a>, p. 379.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010a-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010a_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010a_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010a_77-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010a_77-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010a_77-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010a_77-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010a_77-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010a_77-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010a_77-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaboukis2010a">Baboukis 2010a</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010385-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010385_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010385_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanSmall2010385_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughanSmall2010">Vaughan & Small 2010</a>, p. 385.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005145-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005145_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005145_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmithDe_Vries2005">Smith & De Vries 2005</a>, p. 145.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010b-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010b_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaboukis2010b">Baboukis 2010b</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDitcham2010">Ditcham 2010</a>; <a href="#CITEREFSmithDe_Vries2005">Smith & De Vries 2005</a>, p. 146.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECuttler198136-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECuttler198136_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCuttler1981">Cuttler 1981</a>, p. 36.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaenger1977">Saenger 1977</a>, p. 8; <a href="#CITEREFVan_Loo2021">Van Loo 2021</a>, p. 383.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021384-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021384_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021384_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021384_84-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Loo2021">Van Loo 2021</a>, p. 384.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005150-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005150_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005150_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmithDe_Vries2005">Smith & De Vries 2005</a>, p. 150.</span>
</li>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999182-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999182_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999182_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlockmansPervenier1999">Blockmans & Pervenier 1999</a>, p. 182.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughanParavicini2002">Vaughan & Paravicini 2002</a>, p. 118; <a href="#CITEREFSmithDe_Vries2005">Smith & De Vries 2005</a>, p. 170.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht200798-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht200798_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht200798_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht200798_120-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnecht2007">Knecht 2007</a>, p. 98.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini200286-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini200286_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughanParavicini2002">Vaughan & Paravicini 2002</a>, p. 86.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELecuppre-Desjardin2022157-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELecuppre-Desjardin2022157_127-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELecuppre-Desjardin2022157_127-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLecuppre-Desjardin2022">Lecuppre-Desjardin 2022</a>, p. 157.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021406-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021406_128-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021406_128-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Loo2021">Van Loo 2021</a>, p. 406.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoehm1979160-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoehm1979160_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoehm1979">Boehm 1979</a>, p. 160.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021408-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021408_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Loo2021">Van Loo 2021</a>, p. 408.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLecuppre-Desjardin2022">Lecuppre-Desjardin 2022</a>, pp. 159; <a href="#CITEREFBoehm1979">Boehm 1979</a>, p. 160</span>
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<li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLecuppre-Desjardin2022">Lecuppre-Desjardin 2022</a>, pp. 159; <a href="#CITEREFVan_Loo2021">Van Loo 2021</a>, p. 411</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021411-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021411_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Loo2021">Van Loo 2021</a>, p. 411.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELecuppre-Desjardin2022160-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELecuppre-Desjardin2022160_138-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELecuppre-Desjardin2022160_138-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLecuppre-Desjardin2022">Lecuppre-Desjardin 2022</a>, p. 160.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021413,_411-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021413,_411_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Loo2021">Van Loo 2021</a>, pp. 413, 411.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLecuppre-Desjardin2022">Lecuppre-Desjardin 2022</a>, pp. 159; <a href="#CITEREFVan_Loo2021">Van Loo 2021</a>, p. 411</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021413-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021413_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Loo2021">Van Loo 2021</a>, p. 413.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999186-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999186_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlockmansPervenier1999">Blockmans & Pervenier 1999</a>, p. 186.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021417-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021417_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Loo2021">Van Loo 2021</a>, p. 417.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchepper2007187-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchepper2007187_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchepper2007">Schepper 2007</a>, p. 187.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021418-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021418_149-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021418_149-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021418_149-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Loo2021">Van Loo 2021</a>, p. 418.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolubeva201342-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolubeva201342_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolubeva2013">Golubeva 2013</a>, p. 42.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKontlerSomos2017403-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKontlerSomos2017403_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKontlerSomos2017">Kontler & Somos 2017</a>, p. 403.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenks2018215-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenks2018215_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJenks2018">Jenks 2018</a>, p. 215.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh197768-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh197768_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalsh1977">Walsh 1977</a>, p. 68.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh197773-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh197773_163-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalsh1977">Walsh 1977</a>, p. 73.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTyerman2018">Tyerman 2018</a>, p. 424; <a href="#CITEREFWalsh1977">Walsh 1977</a>, p. 68</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini200273,_180-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini200273,_180_169-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughanParavicini2002">Vaughan & Paravicini 2002</a>, pp. 73, 180.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1971248-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1971248_180-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall1971">Kendall 1971</a>, p. 248.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakos201350-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakos201350_181-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakos2013">Bakos 2013</a>, p. 50.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall1971214-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall1971214_183-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall1971">Kendall 1971</a>, p. 214.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005xxx-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005xxx_188-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalsh2005">Walsh 2005</a>, p. xxx.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh20054-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh20054_190-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalsh2005">Walsh 2005</a>, p. 4.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh20055-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh20055_191-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalsh2005">Walsh 2005</a>, p. 5.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005195-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005195_192-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalsh2005">Walsh 2005</a>, p. 195.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTED'ArcyDacre2000403-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'ArcyDacre2000403_193-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFD'ArcyDacre2000">D'Arcy & Dacre 2000</a>, p. 403.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005xx-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005xx_194-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalsh2005">Walsh 2005</a>, p. xx.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalsh2005">Walsh 2005</a>, p. 303; <a href="#CITEREFVaughanParavicini2002">Vaughan & Paravicini 2002</a>, p. 165</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005304-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005304_196-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalsh2005">Walsh 2005</a>, p. 304.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005311-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005311_197-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalsh2005">Walsh 2005</a>, p. 311.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh20057-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh20057_198-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalsh2005">Walsh 2005</a>, p. 7.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini200274-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini200274_199-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughanParavicini2002">Vaughan & Paravicini 2002</a>, p. 74.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh200535-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh200535_200-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalsh2005">Walsh 2005</a>, p. 35.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalsh2005">Walsh 2005</a>, p. 8; <a href="#CITEREFVaughanParavicini2002">Vaughan & Paravicini 2002</a>, p. 304</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005205-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005205_202-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalsh2005">Walsh 2005</a>, p. 205.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh197757-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh197757_203-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalsh1977">Walsh 1977</a>, p. 57.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh200510-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh200510_204-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalsh2005">Walsh 2005</a>, p. 10.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh197758-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh197758_205-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalsh1977">Walsh 1977</a>, p. 58.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005202-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005202_206-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalsh2005">Walsh 2005</a>, p. 202.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002216-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002216_207-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughanParavicini2002">Vaughan & Paravicini 2002</a>, p. 216.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh200516-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh200516_208-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalsh2005">Walsh 2005</a>, p. 16.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh200513-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh200513_209-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh200513_209-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalsh2005">Walsh 2005</a>, p. 13.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughanParavicini2002">Vaughan & Paravicini 2002</a>, p. 75; <a href="#CITEREFWalsh2005">Walsh 2005</a>, p. 13</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh200514-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh200514_211-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalsh2005">Walsh 2005</a>, p. 14.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnerb2008444-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchnerb2008444_212-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchnerb2008">Schnerb 2008</a>, p. 444.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005280-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005280_213-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalsh2005">Walsh 2005</a>, p. 280.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnJanse2006156-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGunnJanse2006156_214-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGunnJanse2006">Gunn & Janse 2006</a>, p. 156.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnJanse2006157-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGunnJanse2006157_215-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGunnJanse2006">Gunn & Janse 2006</a>, p. 157.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnJanse2006158-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGunnJanse2006158_216-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGunnJanse2006">Gunn & Janse 2006</a>, p. 158.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrenMcKendrick20032-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrenMcKendrick20032_217-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrenMcKendrick2003">Kren & McKendrick 2003</a>, p. 2.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrenMcKendrick2003223-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrenMcKendrick2003223_218-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrenMcKendrick2003">Kren & McKendrick 2003</a>, p. 223.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrenMcKendrick20033-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrenMcKendrick20033_219-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrenMcKendrick2003">Kren & McKendrick 2003</a>, p. 3.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002163-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002163_220-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughanParavicini2002">Vaughan & Paravicini 2002</a>, p. 163.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemelryck2016-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemelryck2016_221-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHemelryck2016">Hemelryck 2016</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002164-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002164_222-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002164_222-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughanParavicini2002">Vaughan & Paravicini 2002</a>, p. 164.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchryver200812-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchryver200812_223-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchryver2008">Schryver 2008</a>, p. 12.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAinsworth199825-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAinsworth199825_224-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAinsworth1998">Ainsworth 1998</a>, p. 25.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallows20193-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFallows20193_225-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFallows2019">Fallows 2019</a>, p. 3.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199954-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown199954_226-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1999">Brown 1999</a>, p. 54.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden2010135-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlden2010135_227-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlden2010">Alden 2010</a>, p. 135.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999228-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999228_228-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlockmansPervenier1999">Blockmans & Pervenier 1999</a>, p. 228.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaruskin2009485-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaruskin2009485_229-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaruskin2009">Taruskin 2009</a>, p. 485.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallows20194-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFallows20194_230-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFallows2019">Fallows 2019</a>, p. 4.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallows201912-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFallows201912_231-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFallows2019">Fallows 2019</a>, p. 12.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFallows201912–18-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFallows201912–18_232-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFallows2019">Fallows 2019</a>, pp. 12–18.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002162-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002162_233-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughanParavicini2002">Vaughan & Paravicini 2002</a>, p. 162.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELecuppre-Desjardin2022203–204-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELecuppre-Desjardin2022203–204_234-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLecuppre-Desjardin2022">Lecuppre-Desjardin 2022</a>, pp. 203–204.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllmand2001142-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllmand2001142_235-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllmand2001">Allmand 2001</a>, p. 142.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002205-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002205_236-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughanParavicini2002">Vaughan & Paravicini 2002</a>, p. 205.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005171-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005171_237-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmithDe_Vries2005">Smith & De Vries 2005</a>, p. 171.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuerengässer2021102-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuerengässer2021102_238-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQuerengässer2021">Querengässer 2021</a>, p. 102.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005172-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005172_239-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005172_239-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmithDe_Vries2005">Smith & De Vries 2005</a>, p. 172.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrake2013224-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrake2013224_240-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrake2013224_240-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrake2013224_240-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrake2013">Drake 2013</a>, p. 224.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002209-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002209_241-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughanParavicini2002">Vaughan & Paravicini 2002</a>, p. 209.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002225-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002225_242-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughanParavicini2002">Vaughan & Paravicini 2002</a>, p. 225.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021419-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021419_243-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Loo2021">Van Loo 2021</a>, p. 419.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021420-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021420_244-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Loo2021">Van Loo 2021</a>, p. 420.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllmand2001137-245"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllmand2001137_245-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllmand2001">Allmand 2001</a>, p. 137.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrake2013223-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrake2013223_246-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrake2013">Drake 2013</a>, p. 223.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllmand2001138,_140-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllmand2001138,_140_247-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllmand2001">Allmand 2001</a>, pp. 138, 140.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllmand2001138-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllmand2001138_248-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllmand2001">Allmand 2001</a>, p. 138.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002214-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002214_249-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughanParavicini2002">Vaughan & Paravicini 2002</a>, p. 214.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005173-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005173_250-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005173_250-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmithDe_Vries2005">Smith & De Vries 2005</a>, p. 173.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010b367-251"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010b367_251-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaboukis2010b">Baboukis 2010b</a>, p. 367.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005341-252"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005341_252-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalsh2005">Walsh 2005</a>, p. 341.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolubeva201332-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolubeva201332_253-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolubeva2013">Golubeva 2013</a>, p. 32.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002273-254"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002273_254-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughanParavicini2002">Vaughan & Paravicini 2002</a>, p. 273.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021429-255"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021429_255-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021429_255-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021429_255-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Loo2021">Van Loo 2021</a>, p. 429.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002276-256"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002276_256-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughanParavicini2002">Vaughan & Paravicini 2002</a>, p. 276.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005174-257"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005174_257-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005174_257-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmithDe_Vries2005">Smith & De Vries 2005</a>, p. 174.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpsonHeller201337-258"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpsonHeller201337_258-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpsonHeller201337_258-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimpsonHeller2013">Simpson & Heller 2013</a>, p. 37.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021430-259"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021430_259-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021430_259-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Loo2021">Van Loo 2021</a>, p. 430.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021428-260"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021428_260-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Loo2021">Van Loo 2021</a>, p. 428.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201422-261"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams201422_261-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams201422_261-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2014">Williams 2014</a>, p. 22.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201423-262"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams201423_262-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2014">Williams 2014</a>, p. 23.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201423–24-263"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams201423–24_263-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2014">Williams 2014</a>, pp. 23–24.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries200548-264"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries200548_264-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmithDe_Vries2005">Smith & De Vries 2005</a>, p. 48.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201424-265"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams201424_265-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams201424_265-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2014">Williams 2014</a>, p. 24.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVillalonKagay2005445-266"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVillalonKagay2005445_266-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVillalonKagay2005">Villalon & Kagay 2005</a>, p. 445.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021431-267"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021431_267-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Loo2021">Van Loo 2021</a>, p. 431.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005180-268"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005180_268-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmithDe_Vries2005">Smith & De Vries 2005</a>, p. 180.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005182-269"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005182_269-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmithDe_Vries2005">Smith & De Vries 2005</a>, p. 182.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201425-270"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams201425_270-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2014">Williams 2014</a>, p. 25.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-271"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmithDe_Vries2005">Smith & De Vries 2005</a>, pp. 182; <a href="#CITEREFVan_Loo2021">Van Loo 2021</a>, p. 431</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201426-272"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams201426_272-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams201426_272-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams201426_272-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2014">Williams 2014</a>, p. 26.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005183-273"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005183_273-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005183_273-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmithDe_Vries2005">Smith & De Vries 2005</a>, p. 183.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021432-274"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021432_274-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Loo2021">Van Loo 2021</a>, p. 432.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005184-275"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005184_275-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmithDe_Vries2005">Smith & De Vries 2005</a>, p. 184.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005185-276"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005185_276-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmithDe_Vries2005">Smith & De Vries 2005</a>, p. 185.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010c-277"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010c_277-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010c_277-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaboukis2010c_277-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaboukis2010c">Baboukis 2010c</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeazley201428-278"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeazley201428_278-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeazley2014">Beazley 2014</a>, p. 28.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-279"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeazley2014">Beazley 2014</a>, p. 28; <a href="#CITEREFBaboukis2010c">Baboukis 2010c</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeazley201429-280"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeazley201429_280-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeazley201429_280-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeazley2014">Beazley 2014</a>, p. 29.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021437-281"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021437_281-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Loo2021">Van Loo 2021</a>, p. 437.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-282"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeazley2014">Beazley 2014</a>, p. 29; <a href="#CITEREFBaboukis2010c">Baboukis 2010c</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021438-283"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021438_283-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Loo2021">Van Loo 2021</a>, p. 438.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeazley201433-284"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeazley201433_284-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeazley2014">Beazley 2014</a>, p. 33.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002378-285"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002378_285-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughanParavicini2002">Vaughan & Paravicini 2002</a>, p. 378.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler201020-286"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler201020_286-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler201020_286-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinkler2010">Winkler 2010</a>, p. 20.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler201021-288"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler201021_288-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler201021_288-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinkler2010">Winkler 2010</a>, p. 21.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021439-289"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021439_289-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Loo2021">Van Loo 2021</a>, p. 439.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunner201147-290"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrunner201147_290-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrunner2011">Brunner 2011</a>, p. 47.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler201024–25-291"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler201024–25_291-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinkler2010">Winkler 2010</a>, pp. 24–25.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021435-292"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021435_292-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Loo2021">Van Loo 2021</a>, p. 435.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunner201148-293"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrunner201148_293-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrunner2011">Brunner 2011</a>, p. 48.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021443-295"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021443_295-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021443_295-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Loo2021">Van Loo 2021</a>, p. 443.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler201026-296"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler201026_296-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinkler2010">Winkler 2010</a>, p. 26.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler201027-297"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler201027_297-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinkler2010">Winkler 2010</a>, p. 27.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler201029-298"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler201029_298-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinkler2010">Winkler 2010</a>, p. 29.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021444-299"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021444_299-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Loo2021">Van Loo 2021</a>, p. 444.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler201030–31-300"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler201030–31_300-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinkler2010">Winkler 2010</a>, pp. 30–31.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler201033-301"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler201033_301-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinkler2010">Winkler 2010</a>, p. 33.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005197-302"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005197_302-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005197_302-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmithDe_Vries2005">Smith & De Vries 2005</a>, p. 197.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021445-303"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Loo2021445_303-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Loo2021">Van Loo 2021</a>, p. 445.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002419-304"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002419_304-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughanParavicini2002">Vaughan & Paravicini 2002</a>, p. 419.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005198-305"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005198_305-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmithDe_Vries2005">Smith & De Vries 2005</a>, p. 198.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002420-306"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002420_306-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughanParavicini2002">Vaughan & Paravicini 2002</a>, p. 420.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean201440-307"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean201440_307-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDean2014">Dean 2014</a>, p. 40.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean201439-308"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean201439_308-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDean2014">Dean 2014</a>, p. 39.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005367-309"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005367_309-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005367_309-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalsh2005">Walsh 2005</a>, p. 367.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005368-310"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005368_310-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalsh2005">Walsh 2005</a>, p. 368.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005399-311"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh2005399_311-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalsh2005">Walsh 2005</a>, p. 399.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005199-313"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005199_313-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmithDe_Vries2005">Smith & De Vries 2005</a>, p. 199.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean201441-314"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean201441_314-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDean2014">Dean 2014</a>, p. 41.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005200-315"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005200_315-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDe_Vries2005200_315-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmithDe_Vries2005">Smith & De Vries 2005</a>, p. 200.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean201443-316"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean201443_316-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean201443_316-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean201443_316-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean201443_316-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean201443_316-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDean2014">Dean 2014</a>, p. 43.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonter200723-317"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonter200723_317-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonter200723_317-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMonter2007">Monter 2007</a>, p. 23.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalet1982343-318"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalet1982343_318-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalet1982343_318-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalet1982343_318-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalet1982343_318-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSalet1982">Salet 1982</a>, p. 343.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalet1982344-319"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalet1982344_319-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSalet1982">Salet 1982</a>, p. 344.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999195-320"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999195_320-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999195_320-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999195_320-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlockmansPervenier1999">Blockmans & Pervenier 1999</a>, p. 195.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnerb2008455-321"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchnerb2008455_321-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchnerb2008455_321-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchnerb2008">Schnerb 2008</a>, p. 455.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnecht2007104-322"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnecht2007104_322-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnecht2007">Knecht 2007</a>, p. 104.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoenigsberger200142-323"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoenigsberger200142_323-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoenigsberger2001">Koenigsberger 2001</a>, p. 42.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999199-324"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPervenier1999199_324-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlockmansPervenier1999">Blockmans & Pervenier 1999</a>, p. 199.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002399-325"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002399_325-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughanParavicini2002399_325-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughanParavicini2002">Vaughan & Paravicini 2002</a>, p. 399.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELecuppre-Desjardin2022337-326"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELecuppre-Desjardin2022337_326-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLecuppre-Desjardin2022">Lecuppre-Desjardin 2022</a>, p. 337.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELecuppre-Desjardin2022217-327"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELecuppre-Desjardin2022217_327-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLecuppre-Desjardin2022">Lecuppre-Desjardin 2022</a>, p. 217.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonter200715-328"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonter200715_328-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMonter2007">Monter 2007</a>, p. 15.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonter200722-329"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonter200722_329-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMonter2007">Monter 2007</a>, p. 22.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler201034-330"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler201034_330-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinkler2010">Winkler 2010</a>, p. 34.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESieber-Lehmann199713-331"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESieber-Lehmann199713_331-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSieber-Lehmann1997">Sieber-Lehmann 1997</a>, p. 13.</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliography"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Books">Books</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section's source code: Books"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1054258005">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 50em">
<ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAlden2010" class="citation book cs1">Alden, Jane (2010). <i>Songs, Scribes, and Society: The History and Reception of the Loire Valley Chansonniers</i>. The New Cultural History of Music. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199700738" title="Special:BookSources/9780199700738"><bdi>9780199700738</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/953459041">953459041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Songs%2C+Scribes%2C+and+Society%3A+The+History+and+Reception+of+the+Loire+Valley+Chansonniers&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=The+New+Cultural+History+of+Music&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F953459041&rft.isbn=9780199700738&rft.aulast=Alden&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAinsworth1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maryan_Ainsworth" title="Maryan Ainsworth">Ainsworth, Maryan W.</a> (1998). "The Business of Art : Patrons, Clients, and Art Markets". <i>From Van Eyck to Bruegel: Early Netherlandish Painting in The Metropolitan Museum of Art</i>. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 23–39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870998706" title="Special:BookSources/9780870998706"><bdi>9780870998706</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39131019">39131019</a> – via H.N. Abrams.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Business+of+Art+%3A+Patrons%2C+Clients%2C+and+Art+Markets&rft.btitle=From+Van+Eyck+to+Bruegel%3A+Early+Netherlandish+Painting+in+The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=23-39&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39131019&rft.isbn=9780870998706&rft.aulast=Ainsworth&rft.aufirst=Maryan+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBakos2013" class="citation book cs1">Bakos, Adrianna E. (2013). <i>Images of Kingship in Early Modern France: Louis XI in Political Thought, 1560-1789</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136191909" title="Special:BookSources/9781136191909"><bdi>9781136191909</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Images+of+Kingship+in+Early+Modern+France%3A+Louis+XI+in+Political+Thought%2C+1560-1789&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136191909&rft.aulast=Bakos&rft.aufirst=Adrianna+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBlockmansPervenier1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wim_Blockmans" title="Wim Blockmans">Blockmans, Wim</a>; Pervenier, Walter (1999). <i>The Promised Lands: The Low Countries Under Burgundian Rule, 1369-1530</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812231304" title="Special:BookSources/9780812231304"><bdi>9780812231304</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40143018">40143018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Promised+Lands%3A+The+Low+Countries+Under+Burgundian+Rule%2C+1369-1530&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40143018&rft.isbn=9780812231304&rft.aulast=Blockmans&rft.aufirst=Wim&rft.au=Pervenier%2C+Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Mayer_Brown" title="Howard Mayer Brown">Brown, Howard Mayer</a> (1999). "Music and Ritual at Charles the Bold's Court". In Higgins, Paula Marie (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Antoine_Busnoys/n3nwn0h6k3oC?hl=en&gbpv=0"><i>Antoine Busnoys: Method, Meaning, and Context in Late Medieval Music</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 53–68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198164067" title="Special:BookSources/9780198164067"><bdi>9780198164067</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/883875759">883875759</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Music+and+Ritual+at+Charles+the+Bold%27s+Court&rft.btitle=Antoine+Busnoys%3A+Method%2C+Meaning%2C+and+Context+in+Late+Medieval+Music&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=53-68&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F883875759&rft.isbn=9780198164067&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Howard+Mayer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FAntoine_Busnoys%2Fn3nwn0h6k3oC%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBrownSmall2007" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Anthony; Small, Graeme (2007). <i>Court and Civic Society in the Burgundian Low Countries, C. 1420-1520</i>. Manchester: Manchester University Press NBN International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719056208" title="Special:BookSources/9780719056208"><bdi>9780719056208</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/898037451">898037451</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Court+and+Civic+Society+in+the+Burgundian+Low+Countries%2C+C.+1420-1520&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press+NBN+International&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F898037451&rft.isbn=9780719056208&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Small%2C+Graeme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2010" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Andrew (2010). <i>Civic Ceremony and Religion in Medieval Bruges C.1300–1520</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139494748" title="Special:BookSources/9781139494748"><bdi>9781139494748</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civic+Ceremony+and+Religion+in+Medieval+Bruges+C.1300%E2%80%931520&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781139494748&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBrady2009" class="citation book cs1">Brady, Thomas A. (2009). <i>German Histories in the Age of Reformations, 1400–1650</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139481151" title="Special:BookSources/9781139481151"><bdi>9781139481151</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Histories+in+the+Age+of+Reformations%2C+1400%E2%80%931650&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781139481151&rft.aulast=Brady&rft.aufirst=Thomas+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCuttler1981" class="citation book cs1">Cuttler, S.H. (1981). <i>The Law of Treason and Treason Trials in Later Medieval France</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521239684" title="Special:BookSources/9780521239684"><bdi>9780521239684</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7462091">7462091</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Law+of+Treason+and+Treason+Trials+in+Later+Medieval+France&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7462091&rft.isbn=9780521239684&rft.aulast=Cuttler&rft.aufirst=S.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDrake2013" class="citation book cs1">Drake, Michael S. (2013) [First published 2002]. <i>Problematics of Military Power: Government, Discipline and the Subject of Violence</i>. Portland: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415865296" title="Special:BookSources/9780415865296"><bdi>9780415865296</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Problematics+of+Military+Power%3A+Government%2C+Discipline+and+the+Subject+of+Violence&rft.place=Portland&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780415865296&rft.aulast=Drake&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFD'ArcyDacre2000" class="citation book cs1">D'Arcy, Jonathan; Dacre, Boulton (2000). <i>The Knights of the Crown: The Monarchical Orders of Knighthood in Later Medieval Europe, 1325-1520</i>. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780851157955" title="Special:BookSources/9780851157955"><bdi>9780851157955</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/491598816">491598816</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Knights+of+the+Crown%3A+The+Monarchical+Orders+of+Knighthood+in+Later+Medieval+Europe%2C+1325-1520&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F491598816&rft.isbn=9780851157955&rft.aulast=D%27Arcy&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Dacre%2C+Boulton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGraves2014" class="citation book cs1">Graves, Michael A.R (2014). <i>The Parliaments of Early Modern Europe, 1400-1700</i>. London: Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317884330" title="Special:BookSources/9781317884330"><bdi>9781317884330</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Parliaments+of+Early+Modern+Europe%2C+1400-1700&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781317884330&rft.aulast=Graves&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGunnJanse2006" class="citation book cs1">Gunn, S.J.; Janse, A. (2006). <i>The Court as a Stage: England and the Low Countries in the Later Middle Ages</i>. Woodbridge: Boydell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843831914" title="Special:BookSources/9781843831914"><bdi>9781843831914</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62344765">62344765</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Court+as+a+Stage%3A+England+and+the+Low+Countries+in+the+Later+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pub=Boydell&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62344765&rft.isbn=9781843831914&rft.aulast=Gunn&rft.aufirst=S.J.&rft.au=Janse%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGolubeva2013" class="citation book cs1">Golubeva, Maria (2013). <i>Models of Political Competence: The Evolution of Political Norms in the Works of Burgundian and Habsburg Court Historians, C. 1470-1700</i>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004250741" title="Special:BookSources/9789004250741"><bdi>9789004250741</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Models+of+Political+Competence%3A+The+Evolution+of+Political+Norms+in+the+Works+of+Burgundian+and+Habsburg+Court+Historians%2C+C.+1470-1700&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789004250741&rft.aulast=Golubeva&rft.aufirst=Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHousley2004" class="citation book cs1">Housley, N. (2004). <i>Crusading in the Fifteenth Century: Message and Impact</i>. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781403902832" title="Special:BookSources/9781403902832"><bdi>9781403902832</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/55518414">55518414</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crusading+in+the+Fifteenth+Century%3A+Message+and+Impact&rft.place=Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F55518414&rft.isbn=9781403902832&rft.aulast=Housley&rft.aufirst=N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHicks1992" class="citation book cs1">Hicks, Michael A. (1992). <i>False, Fleeting, Perjur'd Clarence: George, Duke of Clarence 1449-78</i>. Bangor: Headstart History. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781873041086" title="Special:BookSources/9781873041086"><bdi>9781873041086</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/463748217">463748217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=False%2C+Fleeting%2C+Perjur%27d+Clarence%3A+George%2C+Duke+of+Clarence+1449-78&rft.place=Bangor&rft.pub=Headstart+History&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F463748217&rft.isbn=9781873041086&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJenks2018" class="citation book cs1">Jenks, Stuart (2018). <i>Documents on the Papal Plenary Indulgences 1300-1517 Preached in the Regnum Teutonicum</i>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-36063-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-36063-1"><bdi>978-90-04-36063-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documents+on+the+Papal+Plenary+Indulgences+1300-1517+Preached+in+the+Regnum+Teutonicum&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-90-04-36063-1&rft.aulast=Jenks&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKendall1971" class="citation book cs1">Kendall, Paul Murray (1971). <i>Louis XI: The Universal Spider</i>. New York: W.W. Norton & Company Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1842124116" title="Special:BookSources/978-1842124116"><bdi>978-1842124116</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+XI%3A+The+Universal+Spider&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company+Inc.&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-1842124116&rft.aulast=Kendall&rft.aufirst=Paul+Murray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKoenigsberger2001" class="citation book cs1">Koenigsberger, H. G. (2001). <i>Monarchies, States Generals, and Parliaments: The Netherlands in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521803304" title="Special:BookSources/9780521803304"><bdi>9780521803304</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/46448960">46448960</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monarchies%2C+States+Generals%2C+and+Parliaments%3A+The+Netherlands+in+the+Fifteenth+and+Sixteenth+Centuries&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46448960&rft.isbn=9780521803304&rft.aulast=Koenigsberger&rft.aufirst=H.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKontlerSomos2017" class="citation book cs1">Kontler, Laszlo; Somos, Mark (2017). <i>Trust and Happiness in the History of European Political Thought</i>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004353664" title="Special:BookSources/9789004353664"><bdi>9789004353664</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1005741749">1005741749</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trust+and+Happiness+in+the+History+of+European+Political+Thought&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1005741749&rft.isbn=9789004353664&rft.aulast=Kontler&rft.aufirst=Laszlo&rft.au=Somos%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKrenMcKendrick2003" class="citation book cs1">Kren, Thomas; McKendrick, Scot (2003). <i>Illuminating the Renaissance: The Triumph of Flemish Manuscript Painting in Europe</i>. Los Angeles: The J. Paul Getty Museum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780892367030" title="Special:BookSources/9780892367030"><bdi>9780892367030</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51553612">51553612</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illuminating+the+Renaissance%3A+The+Triumph+of+Flemish+Manuscript+Painting+in+Europe&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=The+J.+Paul+Getty+Museum&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51553612&rft.isbn=9780892367030&rft.aulast=Kren&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=McKendrick%2C+Scot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></span></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKnechtges2012" class="citation book cs1">Knechtges, David R. (2012). <i>Rhetoric and the Discourses of Power in Court Culture: China, Europe, and Japan</i>. Washington: University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780295802367" title="Special:BookSources/9780295802367"><bdi>9780295802367</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rhetoric+and+the+Discourses+of+Power+in+Court+Culture%3A+China%2C+Europe%2C+and+Japan&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780295802367&rft.aulast=Knechtges&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKnecht2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Knecht" title="Robert Knecht">Knecht, Robert</a> (2007). <i>The Valois: Kings of France 1328-1589</i>. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781852855222" title="Special:BookSources/9781852855222"><bdi>9781852855222</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Valois%3A+Kings+of+France+1328-1589&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781852855222&rft.aulast=Knecht&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLecuppre-Desjardin2022" class="citation book cs1">Lecuppre-Desjardin, Élodie (2022). <i>The illusion of the Burgundian state</i>. Manchester Medieval Studies. Vol. 30. Manchester: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781526174550" title="Special:BookSources/9781526174550"><bdi>9781526174550</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+illusion+of+the+Burgundian+state&rft.place=Manchester&rft.series=Manchester+Medieval+Studies&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781526174550&rft.aulast=Lecuppre-Desjardin&rft.aufirst=%C3%89lodie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLander1980" class="citation book cs1">Lander, Jack Robert (1980). <i>Government and Community: England, 1450-1509</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674357945" title="Special:BookSources/9780674357945"><bdi>9780674357945</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Government+and+Community%3A+England%2C+1450-1509&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780674357945&rft.aulast=Lander&rft.aufirst=Jack+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas2014" class="citation book cs1">Nicholas, David (2014). <i>Medieval Flanders</i>. London: Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317901556" title="Special:BookSources/9781317901556"><bdi>9781317901556</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/869093661">869093661</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Flanders&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F869093661&rft.isbn=9781317901556&rft.aulast=Nicholas&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMonter2007" class="citation book cs1">Monter, E. William (2007). <i>A Bewitched Duchy: Lorraine and Its Dukes, 1477-1736</i>. Genève: Librairie Droz S.A. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782600011655" title="Special:BookSources/9782600011655"><bdi>9782600011655</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/182762213">182762213</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Bewitched+Duchy%3A+Lorraine+and+Its+Dukes%2C+1477-1736&rft.place=Gen%C3%A8ve&rft.pub=Librairie+Droz+S.A&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F182762213&rft.isbn=9782600011655&rft.aulast=Monter&rft.aufirst=E.+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFParavicini2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Paravicini, Werner (2003). "Acquérir sa grâce pour le temps advenir. Les hommes de Charles le Téméraire, prince héritier (1433-1467)". In Kupper, Jean-Louis; Marchandisse, Alain (eds.). <i>À l'ombre du Pouvoir: Les entourages princiers au Moyen Âge</i>. Bibliothèque de la faculté de philosophie et lettres de l'université de Liège (in French). Liège: Presses universitaires de Liège. pp. 307–328. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fbooks.pulg.5562">10.4000/books.pulg.5562</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9791036520631" title="Special:BookSources/9791036520631"><bdi>9791036520631</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Acqu%C3%A9rir+sa+gr%C3%A2ce+pour+le+temps+advenir.+Les+hommes+de+Charles+le+T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire%2C+prince+h%C3%A9ritier+%281433-1467%29&rft.btitle=%C3%80+l%27ombre+du+Pouvoir%3A+Les+entourages+princiers+au+Moyen+%C3%82ge&rft.place=Li%C3%A8ge&rft.series=Biblioth%C3%A8que+de+la+facult%C3%A9+de+philosophie+et+lettres+de+l%27universit%C3%A9+de+Li%C3%A8ge&rft.pages=307-328&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+Li%C3%A8ge&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fbooks.pulg.5562&rft.isbn=9791036520631&rft.aulast=Paravicini&rft.aufirst=Werner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPutnam1908" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Putnam_(author)" title="Ruth Putnam (author)">Putnam, Ruth</a> (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/charlesboldlastd00putnuoft/page/6/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>Charles the Bold, last duke of Burgundy, 1433-1477</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/G._P._Putnam%27s_Sons" title="G. P. Putnam's Sons">G. P. Putnam's Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/458219774">458219774</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+the+Bold%2C+last+duke+of+Burgundy%2C+1433-1477&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1908&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F458219774&rft.aulast=Putnam&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcharlesboldlastd00putnuoft%2Fpage%2F6%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></span></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPotter2012" class="citation book cs1">Potter, Philip J. (2012). <i>Monarchs of the Renaissance The Lives and Reigns of 42 European Kings and Queens</i>. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786468065" title="Special:BookSources/9780786468065"><bdi>9780786468065</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/757461974">757461974</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monarchs+of+the+Renaissance+The+Lives+and+Reigns+of+42+European+Kings+and+Queens&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F757461974&rft.isbn=9780786468065&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=Philip+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFQuerengässer2021" class="citation book cs1">Querengässer, Alexander (2021). <i>Before the Military Revolution: European Warfare and the Rise of the Early Modern State 1300–1490</i>. Havertown: Oxbow Books. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv1rxdqnf">10.2307/j.ctv1rxdqnf</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781789256703" title="Special:BookSources/9781789256703"><bdi>9781789256703</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1259593478">1259593478</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+the+Military+Revolution%3A+European+Warfare+and+the+Rise+of+the+Early+Modern+State+1300%E2%80%931490&rft.place=Havertown&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1259593478&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv1rxdqnf&rft.isbn=9781789256703&rft.aulast=Quereng%C3%A4sser&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRoelens2024" class="citation book cs1">Roelens, Jonas (2024). <i>Citizens and Sodomites: Persecution and Perception of Sodomy in the Southern Low Countries (1400–1700)</i>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004686175" title="Special:BookSources/9789004686175"><bdi>9789004686175</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizens+and+Sodomites%3A+Persecution+and+Perception+of+Sodomy+in+the+Southern+Low+Countries+%281400%E2%80%931700%29&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9789004686175&rft.aulast=Roelens&rft.aufirst=Jonas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSimpsonHeller2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Simpson" title="Gerry Simpson">Simpson, Gerry</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Jon_Heller" title="Kevin Jon Heller">Heller, Kevin</a> (2013). <i>The Hidden Histories of War Crimes Trials</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199671144" title="Special:BookSources/9780199671144"><bdi>9780199671144</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hidden+Histories+of+War+Crimes+Trials&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780199671144&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Gerry&rft.au=Heller%2C+Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSieber-Lehmann1997" class="citation book cs1">Sieber-Lehmann, C. (1997). "Der türkische Sultan Mehmet II und Karl der Kühne, der "Türk im Occident"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". In Erkens, F.R (ed.). <i>Europa und die osmanische Expansion im ausgehenden Mittelalter</i>. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. pp. 13–39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-428-09180-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-428-09180-5"><bdi>978-3-428-09180-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Der+t%C3%BCrkische+Sultan+Mehmet+II+und+Karl+der+K%C3%BChne%2C+der+%22T%C3%BCrk+im+Occident%22&rft.btitle=Europa+und+die+osmanische+Expansion+im+ausgehenden+Mittelalter&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=13-39&rft.pub=Duncker+%26+Humblot&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-3-428-09180-5&rft.aulast=Sieber-Lehmann&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSchnitker2004" class="citation book cs1">Schnitker, Harry (2004). "Margaret of York on Pilgrimage: The Exercise of Devotion and the Religious Traditions of the House of York". In Biggs, Doughlas; Michalove, Sharon; Reeves, Compton (eds.). <i>Reputation and Representation in Fifteenth-Century Europe</i>. Leiden: Brill. pp. 81–123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004136137" title="Special:BookSources/9789004136137"><bdi>9789004136137</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Margaret+of+York+on+Pilgrimage%3A+The+Exercise+of+Devotion+and+the+Religious+Traditions+of+the+House+of+York&rft.btitle=Reputation+and+Representation+in+Fifteenth-Century+Europe&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=81-123&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9789004136137&rft.aulast=Schnitker&rft.aufirst=Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSchepper2007" class="citation book cs1">Schepper, Hugo de (2007). "The individual on trial in the sixteenth-century Netherlands : between tradition and modernity". In Parker, Charles H.; Bentley, Jerry H. (eds.). <i>Between the Middle Ages and modernity: individual and community in the early modern world</i>. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 187–211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742553095" title="Special:BookSources/9780742553095"><bdi>9780742553095</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+individual+on+trial+in+the+sixteenth-century+Netherlands+%3A+between+tradition+and+modernity&rft.btitle=Between+the+Middle+Ages+and+modernity%3A+individual+and+community+in+the+early+modern+world&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pages=187-211&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780742553095&rft.aulast=Schepper&rft.aufirst=Hugo+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSchnerb2008" class="citation book cs1">Schnerb, Bertrand (2008). "Burgundy". In Allmand, Christopher (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/new-cambridge-medieval-history/burgundy/B90D9A2293DC78A9F908A378EF77F35B"><i>The New Cambridge Medieval Historlocation=Cambridge</i></a>. England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 431–456. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHOL9780521382960">10.1017/CHOL9780521382960</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139055758" title="Special:BookSources/9781139055758"><bdi>9781139055758</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/697957877">697957877</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Burgundy&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Medieval+Historlocation%3DCambridge&rft.place=England&rft.pages=431-456&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F697957877&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCHOL9780521382960&rft.isbn=9781139055758&rft.aulast=Schnerb&rft.aufirst=Bertrand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fabs%2Fnew-cambridge-medieval-history%2Fburgundy%2FB90D9A2293DC78A9F908A378EF77F35B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSchryver2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Schryver" title="Antoine de Schryver">Schryver, Antoine de</a> (2008). <i>The Prayer Book of Charles the Bold: A Study of a Flemish Masterpiece from the Burgundian Court</i>. Los Angles: Getty Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780892369430" title="Special:BookSources/9780892369430"><bdi>9780892369430</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prayer+Book+of+Charles+the+Bold%3A+A+Study+of+a+Flemish+Masterpiece+from+the+Burgundian+Court&rft.place=Los+Angles&rft.pub=Getty+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780892369430&rft.aulast=Schryver&rft.aufirst=Antoine+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFStein2017" class="citation book cs1">Stein, Robert (2017). <i>Magnanimous Dukes and Rising States: The Unification of the Burgundian Netherlands, 1380-1480</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191078309" title="Special:BookSources/9780191078309"><bdi>9780191078309</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/973882565">973882565</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magnanimous+Dukes+and+Rising+States%3A+The+Unification+of+the+Burgundian+Netherlands%2C+1380-1480&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F973882565&rft.isbn=9780191078309&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSmithDe_Vries2005" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Robert Douglas; De Vries, Kelly (2005). <i>The Artillery of the Dukes of Burgundy, 1363-1477</i>. Rochester, New York: Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843831624" title="Special:BookSources/9781843831624"><bdi>9781843831624</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60322326">60322326</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Artillery+of+the+Dukes+of+Burgundy%2C+1363-1477&rft.place=Rochester%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60322326&rft.isbn=9781843831624&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Robert+Douglas&rft.au=De+Vries%2C+Kelly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTaruskin2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Taruskin" title="Richard Taruskin">Taruskin, Richard</a> (2009). "Music for an intellectual and political elite". <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_History_of_Western_Music" title="Oxford History of Western Music">Oxford History of Western Music</a></i>. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199813698" title="Special:BookSources/9780199813698"><bdi>9780199813698</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Music+for+an+intellectual+and+political+elite&rft.btitle=Oxford+History+of+Western+Music&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780199813698&rft.aulast=Taruskin&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2002" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Aline (2002). <i>Isabel of Burgundy : the Duchess who played politics in the age of Joan of Arc</i>. Stroud: Tempus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780752423159" title="Special:BookSources/9780752423159"><bdi>9780752423159</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49044225">49044225</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Isabel+of+Burgundy+%3A+the+Duchess+who+played+politics+in+the+age+of+Joan+of+Arc&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Tempus&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49044225&rft.isbn=9780752423159&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Aline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTyerman2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tyerman" title="Christopher Tyerman">Tyerman, Christopher</a> (2018). <i>The World of the Crusades: An Illustrated History</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300217391" title="Special:BookSources/9780300217391"><bdi>9780300217391</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+the+Crusades%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780300217391&rft.aulast=Tyerman&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWeightman2009" class="citation book cs1">Weightman, Christine (2009). <i>Margaret of York: The Diabolical Duchess</i>. Stroud: Amberley Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781445609683" title="Special:BookSources/9781445609683"><bdi>9781445609683</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Margaret+of+York%3A+The+Diabolical+Duchess&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781445609683&rft.aulast=Weightman&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWaugh2016" class="citation book cs1">Waugh, W.T. (2016). <i>A History of Europe From 1378 to 1494</i>. <a href="/wiki/Abingdon-on-Thames" title="Abingdon-on-Thames">Abingdon</a>: Taylor and Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138658974" title="Special:BookSources/9781138658974"><bdi>9781138658974</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/102066843">102066843</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Europe+From+1378+to+1494&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F102066843&rft.isbn=9781138658974&rft.aulast=Waugh&rft.aufirst=W.T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWatsonSchellingerRing2013" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul; Ring, Trudy (2013). <i>Northern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places</i>. London: Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136639449" title="Special:BookSources/9781136639449"><bdi>9781136639449</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7385588780">7385588780</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+Europe%3A+International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7385588780&rft.isbn=9781136639449&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Noelle&rft.au=Schellinger%2C+Paul&rft.au=Ring%2C+Trudy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2005" class="citation book cs1">Walsh, Richard J. (2005). <i>Charles the Bold and Italy (1467-1477): Politics and Personnel</i>. Liverpool Historical Studies. Vol. 19. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781846312809" title="Special:BookSources/9781846312809"><bdi>9781846312809</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/269009493">269009493</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+the+Bold+and+Italy+%281467-1477%29%3A+Politics+and+Personnel&rft.place=Liverpool&rft.series=Liverpool+Historical+Studies&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F269009493&rft.isbn=9781846312809&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWoodacreMcGlynn2014" class="citation book cs1">Woodacre, Elena; McGlynn, Sean (2014). <i>The Image and Perception of Monarchy in Medieval and Early Modern Europe</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781443868525" title="Special:BookSources/9781443868525"><bdi>9781443868525</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Image+and+Perception+of+Monarchy+in+Medieval+and+Early+Modern+Europe&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781443868525&rft.aulast=Woodacre&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft.au=McGlynn%2C+Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Loo2021" class="citation book cs1">Van Loo, Bart (2021). <i>The Burgundians: A Vanished Empire</i>. London: Head of Zeus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781789543438" title="Special:BookSources/9781789543438"><bdi>9781789543438</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1264400332">1264400332</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Burgundians%3A+A+Vanished+Empire&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Head+of+Zeus&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1264400332&rft.isbn=9781789543438&rft.aulast=Van+Loo&rft.aufirst=Bart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFVaughanSmall2010" class="citation book cs1">Vaughan, Richard; Small, Graem (2010). <i>Philip the Good: The Apogee of Burgundy</i>. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780851159171" title="Special:BookSources/9780851159171"><bdi>9780851159171</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1015575845">1015575845</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philip+the+Good%3A+The+Apogee+of+Burgundy&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pub=The+Boydell+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1015575845&rft.isbn=9780851159171&rft.aulast=Vaughan&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Small%2C+Graem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFVaughanParavicini2002" class="citation book cs1">Vaughan, Richard; Paravicini, Wener (2002). <i>Charles the Bold: The Last Valois Duke of Burgundy</i>. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780851159188" title="Special:BookSources/9780851159188"><bdi>9780851159188</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+the+Bold%3A+The+Last+Valois+Duke+of+Burgundy&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pub=The+Boydell+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780851159188&rft.aulast=Vaughan&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Paravicini%2C+Wener&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFVillalonKagay2005" class="citation book cs1">Villalon, L. J. Andrew; Kagay, Donald J. (2005). <i>The Hundred Years War: A Wider Focus</i>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-47-40586-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-47-40586-3"><bdi>978-90-47-40586-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hundred+Years+War%3A+A+Wider+Focus&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-47-40586-3&rft.aulast=Villalon&rft.aufirst=L.+J.+Andrew&rft.au=Kagay%2C+Donald+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
</div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Articles">Articles</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section's source code: Articles"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1054258005"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 50em">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAllmand2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Allmand" title="Christopher Allmand">Allmand, Christopher</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brepolsonline.net/doi/abs/10.1484/J.PCEEB.2.302198?role=tab&journalCode=pceeb">"Did the De re militari of Vegetius influence the military ordinances of Charles the Bold?"</a>. <i>Publications du Centre Européen d'Etudes Bourguignonnes</i>. <b>41</b>. <a href="/wiki/Brepols" title="Brepols">Brepols</a>: 135–143. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2FJ.PCEEB.2.302198">10.1484/J.PCEEB.2.302198</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2034-6786">2034-6786</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publications+du+Centre+Europ%C3%A9en+d%27Etudes+Bourguignonnes&rft.atitle=Did+the+De+re+militari+of+Vegetius+influence+the+military+ordinances+of+Charles+the+Bold%3F&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=135-143&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1484%2FJ.PCEEB.2.302198&rft.issn=2034-6786&rft.aulast=Allmand&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brepolsonline.net%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1484%2FJ.PCEEB.2.302198%3Frole%3Dtab%26journalCode%3Dpceeb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBeazley2014" class="citation journal cs1">Beazley, Matthew (2014). "Burgundian blunder at Concise: The Battle of Grandson". <i>Medieval Warfare</i>. <b>4</b> (4). Karwansaray BV: 27–33. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2589-3548">2589-3548</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2211-5129">2211-5129</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/48578372">48578372</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medieval+Warfare&rft.atitle=Burgundian+blunder+at+Concise%3A+The+Battle+of+Grandson&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=27-33&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=2211-5129&rft.eissn=25893548&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F48578372%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Beazley&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBarany2016" class="citation journal cs1">Barany, Attila (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iskolakultura.hu/index.php/chronica/article/view/10799">"Matthias Corvinus and Charles the Bold"</a>. <i>Chronica. Annual of the Institute of History, University of Szeged</i>. <b>12</b>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Szeged" title="University of Szeged">University of Szeged</a>: 69–88. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1588-2039">1588-2039</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50489577">50489577</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chronica.+Annual+of+the+Institute+of+History%2C+University+of+Szeged&rft.atitle=Matthias+Corvinus+and+Charles+the+Bold&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=69-88&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50489577&rft.issn=1588-2039&rft.aulast=Barany&rft.aufirst=Attila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iskolakultura.hu%2Findex.php%2Fchronica%2Farticle%2Fview%2F10799&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBrunner2011" class="citation journal cs1">Brunner, Jean-Claude (2011). "Misery at Morat: Charles the Bold's English Archers at the Battle of Murten". <i>Medieval Warfare</i>. <b>1</b> (4). Karwansaray BV: 43–48. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2589-3548">2589-3548</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2211-5129">2211-5129</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/48577888">48577888</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medieval+Warfare&rft.atitle=Misery+at+Morat%3A+Charles+the+Bold%27s+English+Archers+at+the+Battle+of+Murten&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=43-48&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=2211-5129&rft.eissn=25893548&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F48577888%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Brunner&rft.aufirst=Jean-Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBoehm1979" class="citation journal cs1">Boehm, Laetitia (1979). "Burgundy and the Empire in the Reign of Charles the Bold". <i>The International History Review</i>. <b>1</b> (2). Taylor & Francis, Ltd: 153–162. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.1979.9640180">10.1080/07075332.1979.9640180</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40105726">40105726</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+History+Review&rft.atitle=Burgundy+and+the+Empire+in+the+Reign+of+Charles+the+Bold&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=153-162&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07075332.1979.9640180&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40105726%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Boehm&rft.aufirst=Laetitia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDean2014" class="citation journal cs1">Dean, Sidney (2014). "Battle of Nancy: End game for Charles the Bold". <i>Medieval Warfare</i>. <b>4</b> (4). Karwansaray BV: 39–43. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2589-3548">2589-3548</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2211-5129">2211-5129</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/48578375">48578375</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medieval+Warfare&rft.atitle=Battle+of+Nancy%3A+End+game+for+Charles+the+Bold&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=39-43&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=2211-5129&rft.eissn=25893548&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F48578375%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Sidney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFallows2019" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Fallows" title="David Fallows">Fallows, David</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resolver.scholarsportal.info/resolve/13837079/v69inone/3_ctbapsac.xml">"Charles the Bold as a Patron, Singer and Composer"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Tijdschrift_van_de_Koninklijke_Vereniging_voor_Nederlandse_Muziekgeschiedenis" title="Tijdschrift van de Koninklijke Vereniging voor Nederlandse Muziekgeschiedenis">Tijdschrift van de Koninklijke Vereniging voor Nederlandse Muziekgeschiedenis</a></i>. <b>69</b>. Koninklijke Vereniging voor Nederlandse Muziekgeschiedenis (KVNM): 3–18. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1383-7079">1383-7079</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45284494">45284494</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/865210651">865210651</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tijdschrift+van+de+Koninklijke+Vereniging+voor+Nederlandse+Muziekgeschiedenis&rft.atitle=Charles+the+Bold+as+a+Patron%2C+Singer+and+Composer&rft.volume=69&rft.pages=3-18&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F865210651&rft.issn=1383-7079&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45284494%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fallows&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresolver.scholarsportal.info%2Fresolve%2F13837079%2Fv69inone%2F3_ctbapsac.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHaemers2011" class="citation journal cs1">Haemers, Jelle (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23072657">"Social memory and rebellion in fifteenth-century Ghent"</a>. <i>Social History</i>. <b>36</b> (4). Taylor & Francis: 443–463. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03071022.2011.610631">10.1080/03071022.2011.610631</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+History&rft.atitle=Social+memory+and+rebellion+in+fifteenth-century+Ghent&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=443-463&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03071022.2011.610631&rft.aulast=Haemers&rft.aufirst=Jelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23072657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKiening1994" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kiening, Christian (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/medi_0751-2708_1994_num_13_27_1307">"Rhétorique de la perte. L'exemple de la mort d'Isabelle de Bourbon (1465)"</a>. <i>Médiévales</i> (in French) (27). Presses Universitaires de Vincennes: 15–24. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0751-2708">0751-2708</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43026850">43026850</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5792687718">5792687718</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=M%C3%A9di%C3%A9vales&rft.atitle=Rh%C3%A9torique+de+la+perte.+L%27exemple+de+la+mort+d%27Isabelle+de+Bourbon+%281465%29&rft.issue=27&rft.pages=15-24&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5792687718&rft.issn=0751-2708&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43026850%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kiening&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fmedi_0751-2708_1994_num_13_27_1307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSalet1982" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Salet, Francis (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/bulmo_0007-473x_1982_num_140_4_6128?q=Charles+le+T%C3%A9m%C3%A9rair4">"Le tombeau de Charles le Téméraire"</a>. <i>Bulletin Monumental</i> (in French). <b>140</b> (4): 343–344. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0007-473X">0007-473X</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/866803890">866803890</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+Monumental&rft.atitle=Le+tombeau+de+Charles+le+T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire&rft.volume=140&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=343-344&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F866803890&rft.issn=0007-473X&rft.aulast=Salet&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fbulmo_0007-473x_1982_num_140_4_6128%3Fq%3DCharles%2Ble%2BT%25C3%25A9m%25C3%25A9rair4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSaenger1977" class="citation journal cs1">Saenger, Paul (Spring 1977). "Burgundy and the Inalienability of Appanages in the Reign of Louis XI". <i>French Historical Studies</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 1–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F286114">10.2307/286114</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/286114">286114</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=Burgundy+and+the+Inalienability+of+Appanages+in+the+Reign+of+Louis+XI&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-26&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F286114&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F286114%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Saenger&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSommé1982" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sommé, Monique (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/rnord_0035-2624_1982_num_64_254_3891">"La jeunesse de Charles le Téméraire d'après les comptes de la cour de Bourgogne"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Revue_du_Nord" title="Revue du Nord">Revue du Nord</a></i> (in French). <b>64</b> (245–255): 731–750. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0035-2624">0035-2624</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/492984851">492984851</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+du+Nord&rft.atitle=La+jeunesse+de+Charles+le+T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire+d%27apr%C3%A8s+les+comptes+de+la+cour+de+Bourgogne&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=245%E2%80%93255&rft.pages=731-750&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F492984851&rft.issn=0035-2624&rft.aulast=Somm%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Monique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Frnord_0035-2624_1982_num_64_254_3891&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh1977" class="citation journal cs1">Walsh, Richard J. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0304418177900409">"Charles the Bold and the crusade: politics and propaganda"</a>. <i>Journal of Medieval History</i>. <b>1</b> (3). Taylor & Francis: 53–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0304-4181%2877%2990040-9">10.1016/0304-4181(77)90040-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0304-4181">0304-4181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medieval+History&rft.atitle=Charles+the+Bold+and+the+crusade%3A+politics+and+propaganda&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=53-86&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0304-4181%2877%2990040-9&rft.issn=0304-4181&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2F0304418177900409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2014" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Gareth (2014). "Fools Rush In: Charles the Bold and the Siege of Neuss". <i>Medieval Warfare</i>. <b>4</b> (4). Karwansaray BV: 22–26. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2589-3548">2589-3548</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2211-5129">2211-5129</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/48578371">48578371</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medieval+Warfare&rft.atitle=Fools+Rush+In%3A+Charles+the+Bold+and+the+Siege+of+Neuss&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=22-26&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=2211-5129&rft.eissn=25893548&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F48578371%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Gareth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWinkler2010" class="citation journal cs1">Winkler, Albert (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/facpub/1804/">"The Battle of Murten: The Invasion of Charles the Bold and the Survival of the Swiss States"</a>. <i>Swiss American Historical Society Review</i>. <b>46</b> (1). Birmingham University Press: 8–34. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/806785252">806785252</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Swiss+American+Historical+Society+Review&rft.atitle=The+Battle+of+Murten%3A+The+Invasion+of+Charles+the+Bold+and+the+Survival+of+the+Swiss+States&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=8-34&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F806785252&rft.aulast=Winkler&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarsarchive.byu.edu%2Ffacpub%2F1804%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
</div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Encyclopedias">Encyclopedias</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section's source code: Encyclopedias"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1054258005"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 50em">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDitcham2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ditcham, Brian G.H. (2010). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195334036.001.0001/acref-9780195334036-e-0365?rskey=1uol4L&result=361">"France, Narrative (1328-1483)"</a></span>. In Rogers, Cliford J. (ed.). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195334036.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780195334036.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195334036" title="Special:BookSources/9780195334036"><bdi>9780195334036</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/645185716">645185716</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=France%2C+Narrative+%281328-1483%29&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Medieval+Warfare+and+Military+Technology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F645185716&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195334036.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780195334036&rft.aulast=Ditcham&rft.aufirst=Brian+G.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195334036.001.0001%2Facref-9780195334036-e-0365%3Frskey%3D1uol4L%26result%3D361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHemelryck2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hemelryck, Tania van (2016). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-the-medieval-chronicle/fillastre-guillaume-SIM_01007?lang=en">"Fillastre, Guillaume"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Graeme_Dunphy" title="Graeme Dunphy">Dunphy, Graeme</a>; Bratu, Cristian (eds.). <i>Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1524%2Fhzhz.2013.0033">10.1524/hzhz.2013.0033</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18464-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18464-0"><bdi>978-90-04-18464-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2666-5611">2666-5611</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/864906597">864906597</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fillastre%2C+Guillaume&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Medieval+Chronicle&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F864906597&rft.issn=2666-5611&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1524%2Fhzhz.2013.0033&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18464-0&rft.aulast=Hemelryck&rft.aufirst=Tania+van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopedia-of-the-medieval-chronicle%2Ffillastre-guillaume-SIM_01007%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRogers2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clifford_J._Rogers" title="Clifford J. Rogers">Rogers, Clifford J.</a>, ed. (2010). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195334036.001.0001/acref-9780195334036"><i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology</i></a></span>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195334036.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780195334036.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195334036" title="Special:BookSources/9780195334036"><bdi>9780195334036</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/645185716">645185716</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Medieval+Warfare+and+Military+Technology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F645185716&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195334036.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780195334036&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195334036.001.0001%2Facref-9780195334036&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+the+Bold" class="Z3988"></span>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><span id="CITEREFBaboukis2010a" class="citation">Baboukis, Johanna M. (2010a). "Montlhéry, Battle of". In <a href="#CITEREFRogers2010">Rogers (2010)</a>.</span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><span id="CITEREFBaboukis2010b" class="citation">Baboukis, Johanna M. (2010b). "Charles the Bold". In <a href="#CITEREFRogers2010">Rogers (2010)</a>.</span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><span id="CITEREFBaboukis2010c" class="citation">Baboukis, Johanna M. (2010c). "Grandson, Battle of". In <a href="#CITEREFRogers2010">Rogers (2010)</a>.</span></li></ul></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_the_Bold&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section's source code: External links"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Charles_the_Bold" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Charles the Bold">Charles the Bold</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul>
<table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;">
<tbody><tr>
<td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Charles the Bold </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois-Burgundy" title="House of Valois-Burgundy">House of Valois-Burgundy</a></b></div><div style="font-size:90%">Cadet branch of the <b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">House of Valois</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 10 November 1433</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 5 January 1477</span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Good" title="Philip the Good">Philip the Good</a></div>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Duke of Burgundy">Duke of Burgundy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Brabant" title="Duke of Brabant">Brabant</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Limburg" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Limburg">Limburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Lothier" title="Duke of Lothier">Lothier</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Luxembourg" title="List of monarchs of Luxembourg">Luxemburg</a>;<br /><a href="/wiki/County_of_Namur" title="County of Namur">Margrave of Namur</a>;<br /><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Artois" title="Count of Artois">Count of Artois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Flanders" title="Count of Flanders">Flanders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Hainaut" title="Count of Hainaut">Hainaut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Holland" title="Count of Holland">Holland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Zeeland" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Zeeland">Zeeland</a>;<br /><a href="/wiki/Count_Palatine_of_Burgundy" class="mw-redirect" title="Count Palatine of Burgundy">Count Palatine of Burgundy</a> </b><br />15 July 1467 – 5 January 1477
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="3">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Burgundy" title="Mary of Burgundy">Mary</a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Charolais" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Charolais">Count of Charolais</a> </b><br />August 1433 – 5 January 1477
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arnold,_Duke_of_Guelders" title="Arnold, Duke of Guelders">Arnold</a></div>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Guelders" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Guelders">Duke of Guelders</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Zutphen" title="Count of Zutphen">Count of Zutphen</a> </b><br />23 February 1473 – 5 January 1477
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style=";color:black;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Valois_Burgundy" title="Template talk:Valois Burgundy"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";color:black;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Valois_Burgundy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Valois Burgundy"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";color:black;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Valois_Burgundy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_State" title="Burgundian State"><span style="color:black;">Valois Burgundy</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dukes_of_Burgundy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukes of Burgundy">Dukes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dukes_of_Burgundy_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukes of Burgundy family tree">Family tree</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Bold" title="Philip the Bold">Philip the Bold</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Fearless" title="John the Fearless">John the Fearless</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Good" title="Philip the Good">Philip the Good</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles the Bold</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Burgundy" title="Mary of Burgundy">Mary the Rich</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Burgundian_State.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Burgundian_State.svg/175px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Burgundian_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Burgundian_State.svg/263px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Burgundian_State.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Burgundian_State.svg/350px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Burgundian_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1296" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Burgundy" title="History of Burgundy">Events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Roosebeke" title="Battle of Roosebeke">Battle of Roosebeke, 1382</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nicopolis" title="Battle of Nicopolis">Crusade of Nicopolis, 1396</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oth%C3%A9e" title="Battle of Othée">Battle of Othée, 1408</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Armagnac%E2%80%93Burgundian_Civil_War" title="Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War">Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War, 1407-1435</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Louis_I,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Assassination of Louis I, Duke of Orléans">Assassination of Louis I, Duke of Orléans, 1407</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cabochien_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabochien Revolt">Cabochien Revolt, 1413</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_the_Fearless" title="Assassination of John the Fearless">Assassination of John the Fearless, 1419</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Troyes" title="Treaty of Troyes">Treaty of Troyes, 1420</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Arras" title="Congress of Arras">Congress of Arras, 1435</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hook_and_Cod_wars" title="Hook and Cod wars">Hook and Cod wars, 1417-1490</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brouwershaven" title="Battle of Brouwershaven">Battle of Brouwershaven, 1426</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Deventer_(1456)" title="Siege of Deventer (1456)">Siege of Deventer, 1456</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Ghent_(1449%E2%80%931453)" title="Revolt of Ghent (1449–1453)">Revolt of Ghent, 1449–53</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oudenaarde" title="Siege of Oudenaarde">Siege of Oudenaarde 1452</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bazel" title="Battle of Bazel">Battle of Bazel, 1452</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gavere" title="Battle of Gavere">Battle of Gavere, 1453</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Pheasant" title="Feast of the Pheasant">Feast of the Pheasant, 1454</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/League_of_the_Public_Weal" class="mw-redirect" title="League of the Public Weal">War of the Common Weal, 1465</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montlh%C3%A9ry" title="Battle of Montlhéry">Battle of Montlhéry, 1465</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Conflans" title="Treaty of Conflans">Treaty of Conflans, 1465</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Wars of Liège">Wars of Liège, 1465-1468</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montenaken" title="Battle of Montenaken">Battle of Montenaken, 1465</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brustem" title="Battle of Brustem">Battle of Brustem, 1467</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_P%C3%A9ronne_(1468)" title="Treaty of Péronne (1468)">Treaty of Péronne, 1468</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/First_Utrecht_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Utrecht Civil War">First Utrecht Civil War, 1470-1474</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Wars" title="Burgundian Wars">Burgundian Wars, 1474–1477</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_H%C3%A9ricourt" title="Battle of Héricourt">Battle of Héricourt, 1474</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Neuss" title="Siege of Neuss">Siege of Neuss, 1474-75</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Battle_on_the_Planta" title="Battle on the Planta">Battle on the Planta, 1475</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grandson" title="Battle of Grandson">Battle of Grandson, 1476</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Morat" title="Battle of Morat">Battle of Morat, 1476</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nancy" title="Battle of Nancy">Battle of Nancy, 1477</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Burgundian_Succession" title="War of the Burgundian Succession">War of the Burgundian Succession, 1477-1482</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guinegate_(1479)" title="Battle of Guinegate (1479)">Battle of Guinegate, 1479</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Arras_(1482)" title="Treaty of Arras (1482)">Treaty of Arras, 1482</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Second_Utrecht_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Utrecht Civil War">Second Utrecht Civil War, 1481-1483</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Westbroek" title="Battle of Westbroek">Battle of Westbroek, 1481</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Utrecht_(1483)" title="Siege of Utrecht (1483)">Siege of Utrecht, 1483</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Senlis" title="Treaty of Senlis">Treaty of Senlis, 1493</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_State" title="Burgundian State">Domains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Antwerp" title="Margraviate of Antwerp">Margraviate of Antwerp</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Artois" title="County of Artois">County of Artois</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bavaria-Straubing" title="Bavaria-Straubing">Duchy of Bavaria-Straubing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Duchy of Brabant</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Duchy of Burgundy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Burgundy" title="County of Burgundy">County of Burgundy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charolais,_France" title="Charolais, France">County of Charolais</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Counts_of_Eu" title="Counts of Eu">County of Eu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">County of Flanders</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_freedom" title="Frisian freedom">Frisian freedom</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guelders" title="Duchy of Guelders">Duchy of Guelders</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Hainaut" title="County of Hainaut">County of Hainaut</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Holland" title="County of Holland">County of Holland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Prince-Bishopric of Liège">Bishopric of Liège</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Limburg" title="Duchy of Limburg">Duchy of Limburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Lothier" title="Duke of Lothier">Duchy of Lothier</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Duchy of Luxembourg">Duchy of Luxembourg</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Namur" title="County of Namur">County of Namur</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Nevers" title="County of Nevers">County of Nevers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Counts_and_Dukes_of_Rethel" class="mw-redirect" title="Counts and Dukes of Rethel">Duchy of Rethel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Utrecht" title="Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht">Bishopric of Utrecht</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Zeeland" title="County of Zeeland">County of Zeeland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Zutphen" title="Count of Zutphen">County of Zutphen</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Burgundy" title="Cross of Burgundy">Cross of Burgundy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_School" title="Burgundian School">Burgundian School</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Great_Privilege" title="Great Privilege">Great Privilege</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">Estates-General</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Order of the Golden Fleece">Order of the Golden Fleece</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Luxembourg" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Luxembourg" title="Template:Monarchs of Luxembourg"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Luxembourg" title="Template talk:Monarchs of Luxembourg"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_Luxembourg" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of Luxembourg"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Luxembourg" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Luxembourg" title="List of monarchs of Luxembourg">Monarchs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="County_of_Luxemburg_(963–1354)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/County_of_Luxemburg" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Luxemburg">County of Luxemburg</a> (963–1354)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">Elder House of Luxembourg</a> <br />(963–1136)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sigfried,_Count_of_the_Ardennes" title="Sigfried, Count of the Ardennes">Siegfried</a> <small>(963–998)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Henry V, Duke of Bavaria">Henry I</a> <small>(998–1026)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Henry VII, Duke of Bavaria">Henry II</a> <small>(1026–1047)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Giselbert_of_Luxembourg" title="Giselbert of Luxembourg">Giselbert</a> <small>(1047–1059)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_I,_Count_of_Luxembourg" title="Conrad I, Count of Luxembourg">Conrad I</a> <small>(1059–1086)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Count_of_Luxembourg" title="Henry III, Count of Luxembourg">Henry III</a> <small>(1086–1096)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William,_Count_of_Luxembourg" title="William, Count of Luxembourg">William I</a> <small>(1096–1131)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_II,_Count_of_Luxembourg" title="Conrad II, Count of Luxembourg">Conrad II</a> <small>(1131–1136)</small></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg/80px-Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg/120px-Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg/160px-Arms_of_the_Count_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="308" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">House of Namur</a> <br />(1136–1189)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Count_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry IV, Count of Luxembourg">Henry IV</a> <small>(1136–1189)</small></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenstaufen" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Hohenstaufen">House of Hohenstaufen</a> <br />(1196–1197)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_I,_Count_of_Burgundy" title="Otto I, Count of Burgundy">Otto</a> <small>(1196–1197)</small></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">House of Namur</a> <br />(1197–1247)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ermesinde,_Countess_of_Luxembourg" title="Ermesinde, Countess of Luxembourg">Ermesinde</a> <small>(1197–1247), <i>with</i></small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_I,_Count_of_Bar" title="Theobald I, Count of Bar">Theobald</a> <small>(1197–1214), <i>and then</i></small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Waleran_III,_Duke_of_Limburg" title="Waleran III, Duke of Limburg">Waleran</a> <small>(1214–1226)</small></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">House of Limburg</a> <br />(1247–1354)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Count_of_Luxembourg" title="Henry V, Count of Luxembourg">Henry V</a> <small>(1247–1281)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Count_of_Luxembourg" title="Henry VI, Count of Luxembourg">Henry VI</a> <small>(1281–1288)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VII</a> <small>(1288–1313)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Bohemia" title="John of Bohemia">John I</a> <small>(1313–1346)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles I</a> <small>(1346–1353)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_I,_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Wenceslaus I, Duke of Luxembourg">Wenceslaus I</a> <small>(1353–1354)</small></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Duchy_of_Luxemburg_(1354–1794)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Luxemburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Luxemburg">Duchy of Luxemburg</a> (1354–1794)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">House of Limburg</a> <br />(1354–1443)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_I,_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Wenceslaus I, Duke of Luxembourg">Wenceslaus I</a> <small>(1354–1383)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_IV_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia">Wenceslaus II</a> <small>(1383–1388)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jobst_of_Moravia" title="Jobst of Moravia">Jobst</a> <small>(1388–1411)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_G%C3%B6rlitz" title="Elizabeth of Görlitz">Elisabeth</a> <small>(1411–1443) <i>with</i></small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anthony,_Duke_of_Brabant" title="Anthony, Duke of Brabant">Anthony</a> <small>(1411–1415), <i>and then</i></small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_III,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="John III, Duke of Bavaria">John II</a> <small>(1418–1425)</small></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg/80px-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg/120px-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg/160px-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="157" data-file-height="195" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois-Burgundy" title="House of Valois-Burgundy">House of Valois-Burgundy</a> <br />(1443–1482)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Good" title="Philip the Good">Philip I</a> <small>(1443–1467)</small></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles II</a> <small>(1467–1477)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Burgundy" title="Mary of Burgundy">Mary I</a> <small>(1477–1482)</small> and</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a> <small>(1477–1482)</small></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a><br /> (1482–1700)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Castile" title="Philip I of Castile">Philip II</a> <small>(1482–1506)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles III</a> <small>(1506–1556)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip III</a> <small>(1556–1598)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Clara_Eugenia" title="Isabella Clara Eugenia">Isabella Clara Eugenia</a> <small>(1598–1621)</small> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_VII,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Albert VII, Archduke of Austria">Albert</a> <small>(1598–1621)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV</a> <small>(1621–1665)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles IV</a> <small>(1665–1700)</small></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> <br />(1700–1712)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V</a> <small>(1700–1712)</small></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wittelsbach" title="House of Wittelsbach">House of Wittelsbach</a><br /> (1712–1713)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_II_Emanuel,_Elector_of_Bavaria" title="Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria">Maximilian II</a> <small>(1712–1713)</small></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a> <br />(1713–1780)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> <small>(1713–1740)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Mary II</a> <small>(1740–1780)</small></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lorraine" title="House of Lorraine">House of Habsburg-Lorraine</a> <br />(1780–1794)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph</a> <small>(1780–1790)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold</a> <small>(1790–1792)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis</a> <small>(1792–1794)</small></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Grand_Duchy_of_Luxembourg_(since_1815)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Luxembourg">Grand Duchy of Luxembourg</a> (since 1815)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau" title="House of Orange-Nassau">House of Orange-Nassau</a><br /> (1815–1890)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands">William I</a> (1815–1840)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_the_Netherlands" title="William II of the Netherlands">William II</a> (1840–1849)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_the_Netherlands" title="William III of the Netherlands">William III</a> (1849–1890)</li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg/100px-Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg/150px-Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg/200px-Middle-Coat-of-Arms-of-Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="337" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Nassau-Weilburg" title="House of Nassau-Weilburg">House of Nassau-Weilburg</a> <br />(1890–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Adolphe</a> (1890–1905)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_IV,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="William IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg">William IV</a> (1905–1912)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde,_Grand_Duchess_of_Luxembourg" title="Marie-Adélaïde, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg">Marie-Adélaïde</a> (1912–1919)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_Grand_Duchess_of_Luxembourg" title="Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg">Charlotte</a> (1919–1964)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jean,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Jean</a> (1964–2000)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Henri,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Henri</a> (since 2000)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151120#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151120#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151120#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/54638/">FAST</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121416476">ISNI</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/84075206">VIAF</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90092390">Norway</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1381193">Spain</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13554658d">France</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13554658d">BnF data</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058614940706706">Catalonia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118560026">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007259758705171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/10038375">Belgium</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14214728">2</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80056901">United States</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/khwz0n230s2vwvg">Sweden</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20010525249&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an61539589">Australia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070604487">Netherlands</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810529979405606">Poland</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/29547">Vatican</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA10948729?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/383b49d9-e1ce-4655-baee-76a64c8cc487">MusicBrainz</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/490213">RKD Artists</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500354864">ULAN</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/04175081">Netherlands</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118560026.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/029226">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/41024697">RISM</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w65t3nq2">SNAC</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027288102">IdRef</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1714497848' |