Examine individual changes

'@@ -60,58 +60,60 @@ |} -The '''Capture of Tanker Tuapse''' is the incident of a civilian vessel of the [[Soviet Union]], being captured and confiscated by the [[Republic of China Navy]] in the [[International waters|high sea]] on 23 June 1954, whereas the sailors were detained for various time frames during the [[Martial law in Taiwan|Martial Law period]] till the final release in 1988.<ref>{{cite thesis |chapter-url=http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/bitstream/140.119/49868/4/15300104.pdf |chapter=Chapter 1 |title=<封鎖大陸沿海──中華民國政府的「關閉政策」, 1949-1960> |author=Lin Hong-yi |publisher=[[National Chengchi University]] |date=2009 |degree=M.D. |language=zh-tw}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Taiwanese Society Under Martial Law Remembered |url=http://www.chinatownconnection.com/taiwanese-society-martial-law.htm |newspaper=[[Taipei Times]] |access-date=2011-09-20 |date=2007-07-15}}</ref> +The '''Capture of Tanker Tuapse''' is the incident of a civilian vessel of the [[Soviet Union]], being captured and confiscated by the [[Republic of China Navy]] in the [[International waters|high sea]] on 23 June 1954, whereas the sailors were detained for various time frames during the [[Martial law in Taiwan|Martial Law period]] till the final release in 1988.<ref>{{cite thesis |chapter-url=http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/bitstream/140.119/49868/4/15300104.pdf |chapter=Chapter 1 |title=<封鎖大陸沿海──中華民國政府的「關閉政策」, 1949-1960> |author=Lin Hong-yi |publisher=[[National Chengchi University]] |date=2009 |access-date=2021-03-11 |degree=M.D. |language=zh-tw}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Taiwanese Society Under Martial Law Remembered |url=http://www.chinatownconnection.com/taiwanese-society-martial-law.htm |newspaper=[[Taipei Times]] |access-date=2011-09-20 |date=2007-07-15}}</ref> == Background == -On 18 June 1949 during the [[Chinese_Communist_Revolution#Chinese_Civil_War,_1945–1949|Chinese Civil War]], the [[Government_of_the_Republic_of_China#1928–1949|Government of the Republic of China]] (ROC) announced the [[Guanbi_policy|Closed Port Policy]] to establish an actual aerial and [[naval blockade]] on the [[territorial waters]] along the Chinese coast from [[Liao River]] to [[Min River (Fujian)|Min River]] area, <ref>{{Cite news |title=38 穗五 No. 4896 |author=Executive Yuan Decree |publisher=5th Directorate of the President Office |location=Guangzhou |date=1949-06-18 |language=zh-tw}}</ref> which was extended to include the [[Guangdong]] on 12 February 1950.<ref name="ART">{{Cite web |title=封鎖共區 |url=https://art.archives.gov.tw/Theme.aspx?MenuID=552 |author=National Archives Administration, National Development Council |publisher=Archival Resources for Teaching |date=2009-01-08 |language=zh-tw}}</ref> The [[Executive Yuan]] declared an emergency measure on domestic vessels, crews and owner companies to strengthen the traffic ban on [[China]] on 16 August 1950,<ref name="MTC">{{Cite web |title=投匪資匪之輪船公司及船隻緊急處置辦法 |author=Executive Yuan Decree |url=https://motclaw.motc.gov.tw/Law_ShowAll.aspx?LawID=H0048003&Mode=0&PageTitle=%e6%a2%9d%e6%96%87%e5%85%a7%e5%ae%b9 |publisher=[[Ministry of Transportation and Communications (Taiwan)|ROC Ministry of Transportation and Communications]] |date=1950-08-16 |language=zh-tw}}</ref> however the [[Dang Guo|Kuomintang government]] extended the [[Privateer|privateering]] on the foreign vessels regardless even in the [[international waters]].<ref name="TPN">{{Cite web |title=反共抗俄大暴走：1954年陶甫斯號劫船事件 |url=https://www.peoplenews.tw/news/03281e13-85ca-430a-9195-44eb65f5acb8 |author=Li Zhen-hsiang |publisher=Taiwan People News |date=2009-01-08 |language=zh-tw}}</ref><ref name="Storm">{{Cite web |title=蔣介石是國際公認海賊王！派軍艦洗劫貨船，連英國、蘇聯都敢惹…揭台灣「海盜王國」黑歷史 |url=https://www.storm.mg/lifestyle/939009 |author= 蔡佳妘|date=2019-02-14 |publisher=The Storm Media Group |language=zh-tw}}</ref> +On 18 June 1949 during the [[Chinese_Communist_Revolution#Chinese_Civil_War,_1945–1949|Chinese Civil War]], the [[Government_of_the_Republic_of_China#1928–1949|Government of the Republic of China]] (ROC) announced the [[Guanbi_policy|Closed Port Policy]] to establish an actual aerial and [[naval blockade]] on the [[territorial waters]] along the Chinese coast from [[Liao River]] to [[Min River (Fujian)|Min River]] area, <ref>{{Cite news |title=38 穗五 No. 4896 |author=Executive Yuan Decree |publisher=5th Directorate of the President Office |location=Guangzhou |date=1949-06-18 |language=zh-tw}}</ref> which was extended to include the [[Guangdong]] on 12 February 1950.<ref name="ART">{{Cite web |title=封鎖共區 |url=https://art.archives.gov.tw/Theme.aspx?MenuID=552 |author=National Archives Administration, National Development Council |publisher=Archival Resources for Teaching |date=2009-01-08 |access-date=2021-03-11 |language=zh-tw}}</ref> The [[Executive Yuan]] declared an emergency measure on domestic vessels, crews and owner companies to strengthen the traffic ban on [[China]] on 16 August 1950,<ref name="MTC">{{Cite web |title=投匪資匪之輪船公司及船隻緊急處置辦法 |author=Executive Yuan Decree |url=https://motclaw.motc.gov.tw/Law_ShowAll.aspx?LawID=H0048003&Mode=0&PageTitle=%e6%a2%9d%e6%96%87%e5%85%a7%e5%ae%b9 |publisher=[[Ministry of Transportation and Communications (Taiwan)|ROC Ministry of Transportation and Communications]] |date=1950-08-16 |access-date=2021-03-11 |language=zh-tw}}</ref> however the [[Dang Guo|Kuomintang government]] extended the [[Privateer|privateering]] on the foreign vessels regardless even in the [[international waters]].<ref name="TPN">{{Cite web |title=反共抗俄大暴走：1954年陶甫斯號劫船事件 |url=https://www.peoplenews.tw/news/03281e13-85ca-430a-9195-44eb65f5acb8 |author=Li Zhen-hsiang |publisher=Taiwan People News |date=2009-01-08 |access-date=2021-03-11 |language=zh-tw}}</ref><ref name="Storm">{{Cite web |title=蔣介石是國際公認海賊王！派軍艦洗劫貨船，連英國、蘇聯都敢惹…揭台灣「海盜王國」黑歷史 |url=https://www.storm.mg/lifestyle/939009 |author= 蔡佳妘|date=2019-02-14 |access-date=2021-03-11 |publisher=The Storm Media Group |language=zh-tw}}</ref> [[New York Times]] reported that 67 foreign civilian ships were intercepted between September 1949 and October 1954, as half of them were [[United Kingdom|British]] vessels - 141 interference incidents as per the [[Royal Navy]] escort reports.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Sino-American Alliance, Nationalist China and American Cold war Strategy in Asia |url=https://www.routledge.com/The-Sino-American-Alliance-Nationalist-China-and-American-Cold-War-Strategy/Garver/p/book/9780765600530 |author=John W. Garver |publisher=Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, Inc. |isbn=9780765600530 |date=1997-04-30}}</ref> The Western Enterprise Incorporated (WEI) supported by the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] acted a strategic role in the operations.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://academic.oup.com/jah/article-abstract/83/3/1087/705486?redirectedFrom=fulltext |title=Crisis and Commitment: United States Policy toward Taiwan, 1950-1955 |author=Robert Accinelli |publisher=[[The Journal of American History]] |date=1996-01-23 |isbn=0807822590}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Raiders of the China Coast: CIA Covert Operations during the Korean War |author=Frank Holober |publisher=Naval Institute Press |date=1999-09-01 |isbn=1557503885}}</ref> -On 13 February 1951, a fleet of 3 ROCS [[Destroyer|destroyers]] under the direct order of [[President_of_the_Republic_of_China#History|ROC President]] [[Chiang Kai-shek]] captured the [[Norway|Norwegian]] civilian cargo ship '''Hoi Houw''' at ''24°13'N 123°18'E'' within the Japanese territory of [[Yaeyama Islands]].<ref name="Ch 4"></ref> On 17-19, February, British mercantile '''Nigelock''' (former [[Her Majesty's Ship|HMS]] ''Nigella'' K19, [[Flower-class corvette]]) full of fruits and vegetables, and another freighter '''Josephine Moller''' were attacked by ROC Anti-Communist National Salvation Army (ACNSA) gunboats near [[Zhejiang|Chekiang]] coast in the East China Sea, but both escaped.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Pirates Off China Coast - Second Attack |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/18200121 |date=1951-02-20 |newspaper=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] |author=[[Reuters]] |publisher=Trove |location=Hong Kong}}</ref> On 15 April 1951, the [[Panama]]nian civilian cargo ship '''Perico''' was captured by ROC Navy at ''25°31'N 123°48'E'', north of the [[Taketomi Island]].<ref name="Ch 4"></ref> +On 13 February 1951, a fleet of 3 ROCS [[Destroyer|destroyers]] under the direct order of [[President of the Republic of China#History|ROC President]] [[Chiang Kai-shek]] captured the [[Norway|Norwegian]] civilian cargo ship '''Hoi Houw''' at ''24°13'N 123°18'E'' within the Japanese territory of [[Yaeyama Islands]].<ref name="Ch 4"></ref> On 17-19, February, British mercantile '''Nigelock''' (former [[Her Majesty's Ship|HMS]] ''Nigella'' K19, [[Flower-class corvette]]) full of fruits and vegetables, and another freighter '''Josephine Moller''' were attacked by ROC Anti-Communist National Salvation Army (ACNSA) gunboats near [[Zhejiang|Chekiang]] coast in the East China Sea, but both escaped.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pirates Off China Coast - Second Attack |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/18200121 |date=1951-02-20 |access-date=2021-03-23 |newspaper=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] |author=[[Reuters]] |publisher=Trove |location=Hong Kong}}</ref> On 15 April 1951, the [[Panama]]nian civilian cargo ship '''Perico''' was captured by ROC Navy at ''25°31'N 123°48'E'', north of the [[Taketomi Island]].<ref name="Ch 4"></ref> -[[East Asia]]n piracy activities intensified in the summer 1953 after [[Joseph Stalin]]'s death and the [[Korean Armistice Agreement]]: On 26 July, the British freighter '''Inchkilda''' (former ''SS Fort Wilhelmus'' [[Type_N3_ship#N3-S-A2|N3-S-A2]]) was attacked by 3 ROC-ACNSA gunboats south of the [[Wuqiu, Kinmen|Wuqiu]] region, and rescued by [[HMS Unicorn (I72)]] [[light aircraft carrier]] after the distress call;<ref>{{cite book|last=Hobbs|first=David, Commander|title=Moving Bases: Royal Navy Maintenance Carriers and MONABs|publisher=Maritime Books|location=[[Liskeard]], [[Cornwall]], UK|year=2007|isbn=978-1-904459-30-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Royal Parcel Shipping Company 1888-1967 |url=https://www.theshipslist.com/ships/lines/kpm.shtml |author=S. Swiggum |date=1999 |publisher=TheShipsList}}</ref> then being intercepted by ROC Navy again on 24, October 1954, but received the UK and US diplomatic supports.<ref>{{Cite web |title= -British Merchant Ship (Chinese Detention) Volume 531 |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1954-10-25/debates/d77792db-8ea8-4f1d-8ce4-2c1e94b793e0/BritishMerchantShip(ChineseDetention) |author=MS. O. Davies |date=1954-10-25 |publisher=[[Parliament of the United Kingdom|UK Parliament]] [[Hansard]]}}</ref> On 16 August 1953, '''Nigelock''' was captured by ROC Navy to the [[Magong Harbor|Magong military port]] in [[Penghu]] but was rescued by [[HMS St Brides Bay (K600)]] [[Bay-class frigate|frigate]];<ref>{{Cite web |title=Blockade runner rescued off China; Warning Shot From British Destroyer Routs Nationalist Gunboat Chasing Freighter |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1953/08/25/archives/blockade-runner-rescued-off-china-warning-shot-from-british.html |author=Henry B. Lieberman |date=1953-08-25 |work=[[The New York Times]] |location=[[New York City]]}}</ref> then was intercepted again by ROCS Huangpu PC-105 ([[PC-461-class submarine chaser]]) and was rescued by [[HMS Cockade (R34)]] [[C-class destroyer (1943)|destroyer]] on 24 August.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China: Shot Across the Bow |url=http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,818813,00.html |date=1953-09-07|publisher=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|location=New York City}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Kleinkrieg im Chinesischen Meer |url=https://www.zeit.de/1953/36/kleinkrieg-im-chinesischen-meer|author=|date=1953-09-03 |access-date=2016-05-27 |publisher=[[Die Zeit|Zeit Online]], [[Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung|GmbH]] |location=[[Hamburg]], Germany |language=de-de}}</ref> [[Italy#Republican_Italy|Italia]]n civilian freighter '''Maribu''' was also attacked by gunbots on 31 July 1953, and [[Denmark#Constitutional_monarchy_(1849–present)|Danish]] civilian freighter '''Heinrich Jessen''' on 9 August - both were hijacked to [[Kinmen]] then confiscated in [[Port of Keelung|Keelung]].<ref name="Ch 4"></ref> At 18:00, 4 October, 2 ROCS destroyers captured the [[Polish People's Republic|Polish]] civilian oil tanker '''Praca''' with 9,019 tons of content at ''21°06'N 122°48'E'' in the West [[Pacific Ocean]], 125 [[Nautical mile|sea miles]] southeast of Taiwan. 29 Polish sailors and 17 Chinese sailors were transferred to the military detention center in [[Zuoying District|Zuoying]].<ref name="Praca"></ref> +[[East Asia]]n piracy activities intensified in the summer 1953 after [[Joseph Stalin]]'s death and the [[Korean Armistice Agreement]]: On 26 July, the British freighter '''Inchkilda''' (former ''SS Fort Wilhelmus'' [[Type_N3_ship#N3-S-A2|N3-S-A2]]) was attacked by 3 ROC-ACNSA gunboats south of the [[Wuqiu, Kinmen|Wuqiu]] region, and rescued by [[HMS Unicorn (I72)]] [[light aircraft carrier]] after the distress call;<ref>{{cite book |last=Hobbs |first=David, Commander |title=Moving Bases: Royal Navy Maintenance Carriers and MONABs |publisher=Maritime Books |location=[[Liskeard]], [[Cornwall]], UK |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-904459-30-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Royal Parcel Shipping Company 1888-1967 |url=https://www.theshipslist.com/ships/lines/kpm.shtml |author=S. Swiggum |date=1999 |publisher=TheShipsList}}</ref> then being intercepted by ROC Navy again on 24, October 1954, but received the UK and US diplomatic supports.<ref>{{Cite web |title= +British Merchant Ship (Chinese Detention) Volume 531 |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1954-10-25/debates/d77792db-8ea8-4f1d-8ce4-2c1e94b793e0/BritishMerchantShip(ChineseDetention) |author=MS. O. Davies |date=1954-10-25 |access-date=2021-03-16 |publisher=[[Parliament of the United Kingdom|UK Parliament]] [[Hansard]]}}</ref> On 16 August 1953, '''Nigelock''' was captured by ROC Navy to the [[Magong Harbor|Magong military port]] in [[Penghu]] but was rescued by [[HMS St Brides Bay (K600)]] [[Bay-class frigate|frigate]];<ref>{{Cite web |title=Blockade runner rescued off China; Warning Shot From British Destroyer Routs Nationalist Gunboat Chasing Freighter |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1953/08/25/archives/blockade-runner-rescued-off-china-warning-shot-from-british.html |author=Henry B. Lieberman |date=1953-08-25 |access-date=2021-03-15 |work=[[The New York Times]] |location=[[New York City]]}}</ref> then was intercepted again by ROCS Huangpu PC-105 ([[PC-461-class submarine chaser]]) and was rescued by [[HMS Cockade (R34)]] [[C-class destroyer (1943)|destroyer]] on 24 August.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China: Shot Across the Bow |url=http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,818813,00.html |date=1953-09-07 |access-date=2021-03-15 |publisher=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |location=New York City}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Kleinkrieg im Chinesischen Meer |url=https://www.zeit.de/1953/36/kleinkrieg-im-chinesischen-meer|author=|date=1953-09-03 |access-date=2016-05-27 |publisher=[[Die Zeit|Zeit Online]], [[Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung|GmbH]] |location=[[Hamburg]], Germany |language=de-de}}</ref> [[Italy#Republican_Italy|Italia]]n civilian freighter '''Maribu''' was also attacked by gunboats on 31 July 1953, and [[Denmark#Constitutional_monarchy_(1849–present)|Danish]] civilian freighter '''Heinrich Jessen''' on 9 August - both were hijacked to [[Kinmen]] under control, then confiscated in [[Port of Keelung|Keelung]].<ref name="Ch 4"></ref> At 18:00, 4 October, 2 ROCS destroyers captured the [[Polish People's Republic|Polish]] civilian oil tanker '''Praca''' with 9,019 tons of content at ''21°06'N 122°48'E'' in the West [[Pacific Ocean]], 125 [[Nautical mile|sea miles]] southeast of Taiwan. 29 Polish sailors and 17 Chinese sailors were transferred to the military detention center in [[Zuoying District|Zuoying]].<ref name="Praca"></ref> -In early April, 1954, [[Republic_of_China_Air_Force#From_Civil_War|ROC Air Force]] and Navy conducted the carpet search for the [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|Czech]] civilian cargo ship '''Julius Fueik''', but failed to catch it in the Yaeyama sea area of the Pacific Ocean.<ref name="Ch 4"></ref> At 14:20, 12 May, another Polish civilian cargo ship '''Prezydent Gottwald''' with 7,066 tons of lathes and medicines was bombarded by a fleet of 3 ROCS destroyers, at ''20°30'N, 128°07'E'', east of [[Batanes]] Islands and south of [[Okinawa Island]], then was bombarded again at 15:20 to be captured at ''23°45'N 128°35'E''. 33 Polish sailors and 12 Chinese sailors were first detained in [[Keelung]], then transferred to Zuoying together.<ref name="Ch 4">{{Cite thesis | chapter-url=http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/bitstream/140.119/49868/7/15300107.pdf |chapter=Chapter 4，1953-1960 |title=《封鎖大陸沿海──中華民國政府的「關閉政策」，1949-1960》 |author=Lin Hong-yi |date=2009 |publisher=[[National Chengchi University]] |degree=M.D. |language=zh-tw}}</ref><ref name="Chiu"></ref> +In early April, 1954, [[Republic_of_China_Air_Force#From_Civil_War|ROC Air Force]] and Navy conducted the carpet search for the [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic| Czechoslovak]] civilian cargo ship '''Julius Fueik''', but failed to catch her in the Yaeyama sea area of the Pacific Ocean.<ref name="Ch 4"></ref> At 14:20, 12 May, another Polish civilian cargo ship '''Prezydent Gottwald''' with 7,066 tons of lathes and medicines was bombarded by a fleet of 3 ROCS destroyers, at ''20°30'N, 128°07'E'', east of [[Batanes]] Islands and south of [[Okinawa Island]], then was bombarded again at 15:20 to be captured at ''23°45'N 128°35'E''. 33 Polish sailors and 12 Chinese sailors were first detained in [[Keelung]], then transferred to Zuoying together.<ref name="Ch 4">{{Cite thesis | chapter-url=http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/bitstream/140.119/49868/7/15300107.pdf |chapter=Chapter 4，1953-1960 |title=《封鎖大陸沿海──中華民國政府的「關閉政策」，1949-1960》 |author=Lin Hong-yi |date=2009 |access-date=2021-03-09 |publisher=[[National Chengchi University]] |degree=M.D. |language=zh-tw}}</ref><ref name="Chiu"></ref> -Tanker Praca was renamed as ROCS Helan (AOG-305, {{zh|labels=no|t=賀蘭}}) and [[Maritime transport|Transport]] Prezydent Gottwald was renamed as ROCS Tianzhu (AK-313, {{zh|labels=no|t=天竺}}) to be included in the ROC Navy service.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kuomintang warships that blocked the Mainland and intercepted Polish & Soviet ships |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=1225398327536211&set=gm.10154986407391468|location=Beijing |date=2005-12-23 |publisher=Global Times |language=zh-cn}}</ref> All 62 Polish sailors were released through Polish and United States diplomatic intervention, while 29 Chinese sailors were imprisoned in the [[Green Island White Terror Memorial Park|Green Island Prison]] till 11 being rescued by the [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] in 1956, 3 staff being executed, 1 died in prison; eventually 5 of the survivors were released to return China after the [[Martial_law_in_Taiwan#Lifting_of_martial_law|Martial Law lifted]] in 1987, 5 died in sickness and accidents, and 4 stayed in Taiwan afterwards.<ref name="Praca">{{Cite web |title=Praca |url=https://taiwantrc.org/%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E6%B2%99%E8%99%9F/ |author=Li Zhen-hsiang |publisher=Taiwan News Weekly, ver. 376, Taiwan Association for Truth and Reconciliation |date=2009-01-08 |language=zh-tw}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chapter 11 (Excerpt ), Shanghai yuan yang yun shu zhi |url=https://www.54seaman.com/news/detail_5649.html |author=Jin Zhongming |date=2013-08-28 |publisher=[[Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences]] Publication |language=zh-cn}}</ref> +Tanker Praca was renamed as ROCS Helan (AOG-305, {{zh|labels=no|t=賀蘭}}) and [[Maritime transport|Transport]] Prezydent Gottwald was renamed as ROCS Tianzhu (AK-313, {{zh|labels=no|t=天竺}}) to be included in the ROC Navy service.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kuomintang warships that blocked the Mainland and intercepted Polish & Soviet ships |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=1225398327536211&set=gm.10154986407391468|location=Beijing |date=2005-12-23 |access-date=2021-03-16 |publisher=Global Times |language=zh-cn}}</ref> All 62 Polish sailors were released through Polish and United States diplomatic intervention, while 29 Chinese sailors were imprisoned in the [[Green Island White Terror Memorial Park|Green Island Prison]] till 11 being rescued by the [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] in 1956, 3 staff being executed, 1 died in prison; eventually 5 of the survivors were released to return China after the [[Martial_law_in_Taiwan#Lifting_of_martial_law|Martial Law lifted]] in 1987, 5 died in sickness and accidents, and 4 stayed in Taiwan afterwards.<ref name="Praca">{{Cite web |title=Praca |url=https://taiwantrc.org/%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E6%B2%99%E8%99%9F/ |author=Li Zhen-hsiang |publisher=Taiwan News Weekly, ver. 376, Taiwan Association for Truth and Reconciliation |date=2009-01-08 |access-date=2021-03-11 |language=zh-tw}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chapter 11 (Excerpt ), Shanghai yuan yang yun shu zhi |url=https://www.54seaman.com/news/detail_5649.html |author=Jin Zhongming |date=2013-08-28 |access-date=2021-04-03 |publisher=[[Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences]] Publication |language=zh-cn}}</ref> == Capture == -On 21 June 1954, the civilian tanker '''Tuapse''' with 49 Russian crew members, which started from [[Odessa]] and loaded over ten thousand tons of [[kerosene]] from [[Constanța]] in the [[Black Sea]] to [[Shanghai]] and [[Free port of Vladivostok|Vladivostok]], arrived in the [[Victoria Harbour]] of [[British Hong Kong]] to resupply.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The 1954 Incident of Taiwan Hijacking the Soviet Tanker-Taupps |url=https://read01.com/dEEmKxB.html#.YFDeidxE1QI |author=|date=2017-07-23|publisher=壹讀|language=zh-tw}}</ref> On 23 June upon passing through the [[Sea lane|international seaway]] of [[Balintang Channel]] in Bashi Straits eastbound toward the west [[Pacific Ocean]].<ref name="UDN"></ref> It was intercepted at {{Coord|19|35|00|N|120|39|00|E|type:event|display=inline,title}} near [[Philippines]] by the ROC fleet led by the Commander of ROC Navy, Admiral Ma Ji-zhuang ({{zh|labels=no|t=馬紀壯上將}}) in charge on board of the [[Flagship]] [[Japanese_destroyer_Yukikaze_(1939)#ROCS_Tan_Yang|Tan Yang DD-12]] (acquired former [[Japanese Imperial Navy]] [[Japanese destroyer Yukikaze (1939)|Yukikaze]] after [[World War II|WWII]]), with the approval of President Chiang Kai-shek to attack to sink the target if encountering resistance. 3 shells of [[12.7 cm/50 Type 3 naval gun|127 mm naval]] [[Dual-purpose gun|DP gun]] were fired near the bow to halt Tuapse, then an assault team led by [[Captain (naval)|Captain]] Chiu Zhong-ming (邱仲明上校, who also led the Gottwald Assault before) with over 100 [[Seaman (rank)|seamen]] and [[marines]] boarded to took the ship by force.<ref name="Chiu">{{Cite web |title=邱仲明 海軍少將 |url=https://sites.google.com/site/taiwanflora12/home/general/year/mare6/mare6chu |author=|location=Taipei |publisher=Taiwan Flora 12|language=zh-tw}}</ref> 3 sailors trying to save the ripped-off national flag were struck down by rifle butts.<ref name="Odesskiy">{{Cite web |title=Танкер "Туапсе", или возвращение из тайваньского плена |url=http://odesskiy.com/chisto-fakti-iz-zhizni-i-istorii/tanker-tuapse-ili-vozvraschenie-iz-tajvanskogo-plena.html |author=Oleg Bulovich |location=Odessa, Ukraine |publisher=Odesskiy |language=ru-ru}}</ref> The ship with content was towed to the [[Port of Kaohsiung]] for further intelligence examination;<ref name="Versia">{{Cite web |title=Provocation - In 1954, the Taiwanese Navy captured the Soviet tanker "Tuapse" |url=https://versia.ru/v-1954-godu-vmf-tajvanya-zaxvatil-sovetskij-tanker-tuapse |author=Andrey Maximov |date=2020-08-18 |publisher=Versia |language=ru-ru}}</ref> and the crew including the only female [[bartender]] Olga Popov, were divided in 3 groups roughly by age to different locations for [[political warfare]] interrogation.<ref name="UDN"></ref> +On 21 June 1954, the civilian tanker '''Tuapse''' with 49 crew members, which started from [[Odessa]] and loaded over ten thousand tons of [[kerosene]] from [[Constanța]] in the [[Black Sea]] to [[Shanghai]] and [[Free port of Vladivostok|Vladivostok]], arrived in the [[Victoria Harbour]] of [[British Hong Kong]] to resupply.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The 1954 Incident of Taiwan Hijacking the Soviet Tanker-Taupps |url=https://read01.com/dEEmKxB.html#.YFDeidxE1QI |author=|date=2017-07-23 |access-date=2021-03-16 |publisher=壹讀 |language=zh-tw}}</ref> On 23 June upon passing through the [[Sea lane|international seaway]] of [[Balintang Channel]] in Bashi Straits eastbound toward the west [[Pacific Ocean]].<ref name="UDN"></ref> It was intercepted at {{Coord|19|35|00|N|120|39|00|E|type:event|display=inline,title}} near [[Philippines]] by the ROC fleet led by the Commander of ROC Navy, Admiral Ma Ji-zhuang ({{zh|labels=no|t=馬紀壯上將}}) in charge on board of the [[Flagship]] [[Japanese_destroyer_Yukikaze_(1939)#ROCS_Tan_Yang|Tan Yang DD-12]] (acquired former [[Japanese Imperial Navy]] [[Japanese destroyer Yukikaze (1939)|Yukikaze]] after [[World War II|WWII]]), with the approval of President Chiang Kai-shek to attack to sink the target if encountering resistance. 3 rounds of [[12.7 cm/50 Type 3 naval gun|127 mm naval]] [[Dual-purpose gun|DP gun]] shots were fired near the bow to halt Tuapse, then an assault team led by [[Captain (naval)|Captain]] Chiu Zhong-ming (邱仲明上校, who also led the Gottwald Assault before) with over 100 [[Seaman (rank)|seamen]] and [[marines]] boarded to took the ship by force.<ref name="Chiu">{{Cite web |title=邱仲明 海軍少將 |url=https://sites.google.com/site/taiwanflora12/home/general/year/mare6/mare6chu |author=|location=Taipei |publisher=Taiwan Flora 12|language=zh-tw}}</ref> 3 sailors trying to save the ripped-off national flag were struck down by rifle butts.<ref name="Odesskiy">{{Cite web |title=Танкер "Туапсе", или возвращение из тайваньского плена |url=http://odesskiy.com/chisto-fakti-iz-zhizni-i-istorii/tanker-tuapse-ili-vozvraschenie-iz-tajvanskogo-plena.html |author=Oleg Bulovich |location=Odessa, Ukraine |publisher=Odesskiy |access-date=2021-03-16 |language=ru-ru}}</ref> The ship with content was towed to the [[Port of Kaohsiung]] for further intelligence examination;<ref name="Versia">{{Cite web |title=Provocation - In 1954, the Taiwanese Navy captured the Soviet tanker "Tuapse" |url=https://versia.ru/v-1954-godu-vmf-tajvanya-zaxvatil-sovetskij-tanker-tuapse |author=Andrey Maximov |date=2020-08-18 |access-date=2021-03-16 |publisher=Versia |language=ru-ru}}</ref> and the crew including the only female [[bartender]] Olga Popov, were divided in 3 groups roughly by age to different locations for [[political warfare]] interrogation.<ref name="UDN"></ref> -Tuapse's final [[distress signal]] before the radio station being silenced and damaged was transmitted through [[Vladivostok]] to Moscow and Odessa.<ref name="TRUD"></ref> Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of USSR, V.A. Zorin, summoned the Ambassador of USA, Charles Bowley in [[Moscow]] on 24 June 1954 to deliver the strong protestation memorandum; the ROC Government admitted the operation on 25 June.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Formosa: Troubled Waters |url=http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,858489,00.html |date=1954-07-05 |publisher=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]] |location=New York City}}</ref> The [[Black Sea Shipping Company]] continued to distribute the victims' wages to their families throughout the following years.<ref name="Odesskiy"></ref><ref name="UDN"></ref> +Tuapse's final [[distress signal]] before the radio station being silenced and damaged was transmitted through [[Vladivostok]] to Moscow and Odessa.<ref name="TRUD"></ref> Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of USSR, V.A. Zorin, summoned the Ambassador of USA, Charles Bowley in [[Moscow]] on 24 June 1954 to deliver the strong protestation memorandum; the ROC Government admitted the operation on 25 June.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Formosa: Troubled Waters |url=http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,858489,00.html |date=1954-07-05 |access-date=2021-03-16 |publisher=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]] |location=New York City}}</ref> The [[Black Sea Shipping Company]] continued to distribute the victims' wages to their families throughout the following years.<ref name="Odesskiy"></ref><ref name="UDN"></ref> -Both Polish and Russian representatives to the [[United Nations]] denounced the conduct as [[International piracy law|piracy]] in the [[United Nations General Assembly|General Assembly]], but the appeal to the [[International Court of Justice]] did not succeed.<ref name="Ch 4"></ref><ref name="Storm"></ref> The [[Soviet Navy|Soviet task force]] of a destroyer and a [[Frigate#Contemporary|frigate]] arrived offshore of Keelung Naval Base in early July, and the governments of [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]] also expressed the concerns on ROC's actions providing USSR the pretext to strengthen naval forces' presence in the western Pacific Ocean.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The tragedy of the tanker "Tuapse" - 65 years ago, Chiang Kai-shek hijacked a Soviet ship |url=http://www.stoletie.ru/territoriya_istorii/tragedija_tankera_tuapse_558.htm |author=Valery Burt |date=2004-09-21 |publisher=Information and Analytical Publication of the Historical Perspective Foundation |language=ru-ru}}</ref> US Ambassador [[Karl L. Rankin]] in [[Taipei]] officially urged the release of ship and crew on 9 July, and visited the ROC [[Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Republic_of_China)#Republic_of_China_on_Taiwan_(1949–present)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]], [[George Yeh]] in sick leave at home over night;<ref name="Observer"></ref> Head of the [[Bureau_of_East_Asian_and_Pacific_Affairs#Organization|Office of Chinese Affairs]] in USDOS, [[Walter P. McConaughy]] also discussed with ROC Ambassador [[Wellington Koo]] on 16 July, but none of them could change Chiang's mind.<ref name="Observer"></ref> Particularly [[Chiang Ching-kuo]] as the Director of [[Political Warfare Bureau]], attempted to acquire the sailors statements demanding the [[Right of asylum|political asylum]] to produce the [[Anti-Communist Hero|heroic Anti-Communist]] images for the [[psychological warfare]] effect in the [[Cold War]];<ref name="Lev Kaplin">{{Cite web |title=The tragedy of the tanker "Tuapse" |url=https://zagadki-istorii.ru/katastrofy-36.html#ixzz4kH0btvMl |author=Lev Kaplin |publisher=Riddles of History |language=ru-ru}}</ref><ref name="TKU">{{Cite web |title=The Early Taiwan-Russian relations you may not know |url=https://fubowu.com/2018/01/23/%E4%BD%A0%E5%8F%AF%E8%83%BD%E4%B8%8D%E7%9F%A5%E9%81%93%E7%9A%84%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E5%8F%B0%E4%BF%84%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82/ |author=Wu Fucheng |date=2018-01-23 |publisher=European Union Forum, [[Tamkang University]]|language=zh-tw}}</ref> The [[First Lady of the Republic of China|First Lady]], [[Soong Mei-ling]] led the representatives of Chinese Anti-Communist Women's League ({{zh|labels=no|t=中華婦女反共抗俄聯合會}}) to the persuasion visit;<ref name="TKU"></ref> then bar visits and ladies were also offered along with videotaping for the propaganda purpose.<ref name="CUHK">{{Cite web |title=蔣介石的劫船事件與蘇聯電影《非常事件》真相 |url=http://mjlsh.usc.cuhk.edu.hk/Book.aspx?cid=4&tid=6028|author=Lu Ming-an |publisher=[[Chinese University of Hong Kong]]中國研究服務中心 |date=2009-01-08 |language=zh-tw}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=前"西方公司"成員披露:美中情局助台反攻大陸內情(2) |url=http://www.chinanews.com/cul/news/2009/05-19/1697648.shtml |author=Wu Wei |date=2009-05-19 |publisher=China News |language=zh-cn}}</ref> +Both Polish and Russian representatives to the [[United Nations]] denounced the conduct as [[International piracy law|piracy]] in the [[United Nations General Assembly|General Assembly]], but the appeal to the [[International Court of Justice]] did not succeed.<ref name="Ch 4"></ref><ref name="Storm"></ref> The [[Soviet Navy|Soviet task force]] of a destroyer and a [[Frigate#Contemporary|frigate]] arrived offshore of Keelung Naval Base in early July, and the governments of [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]] also expressed the concerns on ROC's actions providing USSR the pretext to strengthen naval forces' presence in the western Pacific Ocean.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The tragedy of the tanker "Tuapse" - 65 years ago, Chiang Kai-shek hijacked a Soviet ship |url=http://www.stoletie.ru/territoriya_istorii/tragedija_tankera_tuapse_558.htm |author=Valery Burt |date=2004-09-21 |publisher=Information and Analytical Publication of the Historical Perspective Foundation |language=ru-ru}}</ref> US Ambassador [[Karl L. Rankin]] in [[Taipei]] officially urged the release of ship and crew on 9 July, and visited the ROC [[Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Republic_of_China)#Republic_of_China_on_Taiwan_(1949–present)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]], [[George Yeh]] in sick leave at home over night;<ref name="Observer"></ref> Head of the [[Bureau_of_East_Asian_and_Pacific_Affairs#Organization|Office of Chinese Affairs]] in USDOS, [[Walter P. McConaughy]] also discussed with ROC Ambassador [[Wellington Koo]] on 16 July, but none of them could change Chiang's mind.<ref name="Observer"></ref> Particularly [[Chiang Ching-kuo]] as the Director of [[Political Warfare Bureau]], attempted to acquire the sailors statements demanding the [[Right of asylum|political asylum]] to produce the [[Anti-Communist Hero|heroic Anti-Communist]] images for the [[psychological warfare]] effect in the [[Cold War]];<ref name="Lev Kaplin">{{Cite web |title=The tragedy of the tanker "Tuapse" |url=https://zagadki-istorii.ru/katastrofy-36.html#ixzz4kH0btvMl |author=Lev Kaplin |publisher=Riddles of History |access-date=2021-03-10 |language=ru-ru}}</ref><ref name="TKU">{{Cite web |title=The Early Taiwan-Russian relations you may not know |url=https://fubowu.com/2018/01/23/%E4%BD%A0%E5%8F%AF%E8%83%BD%E4%B8%8D%E7%9F%A5%E9%81%93%E7%9A%84%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E5%8F%B0%E4%BF%84%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82/ |author=Wu Fucheng |date=2018-01-23 |access-date=2021-03-16 |publisher=European Union Forum, [[Tamkang University]]|language=zh-tw}}</ref> The [[First Lady of the Republic of China|First Lady]], [[Soong Mei-ling]] led the representatives of Chinese Women's Anti-Communist and Anti-Russian League ({{zh|labels=no|t=中華婦女反共抗俄聯合會}}) to the persuasion visit;<ref name="TKU"></ref> then bar visits and ladies were also offered along with videotaping for the propaganda purpose.<ref name="CUHK">{{Cite web |title=蔣介石的劫船事件與蘇聯電影《非常事件》真相 |url=http://mjlsh.usc.cuhk.edu.hk/Book.aspx?cid=4&tid=6028|author=Lu Ming-an |publisher=[[Chinese University of Hong Kong]]中國研究服務中心 |date=2009-01-08 |access-date=2021-03-12 |language=zh-tw}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=前"西方公司"成員披露:美中情局助台反攻大陸內情(2) |url=http://www.chinanews.com/cul/news/2009/05-19/1697648.shtml |author=Wu Wei |date=2009-05-19 |access-date=2021-03-11 |publisher=China News |language=zh-cn}}</ref> -A declassified CIA briefing to the [[White House]] and [[United States National Security Council]] on 13 July revealed that the [[shipping insurance]] premium crossing the [[South China Sea]] had increased from 1% to 5% since 24 June after the Tuapse Incident, and certain [[Ocean liner|international liners]] had been deterred midway at the [[Port of Singapore|Singapore Port]] unable to continue, or had to change plans. The [[People's Liberation Army Air Force|PLA Air Force]] moved in the [[Hainan|Hainan Island]] for the first time in history to secure another transport route through [[Sanya#20th_century|Yulin]] and [[Guangzhou#Industry|Huangpu]] ports, but accidentally [[1954 Cathay Pacific Douglas DC-4 shootdown|shot down]] a [[Douglas DC-4]] (VR-HEU) [[airliner]] of the [[Cathay Pacific|Cathay Pacific Airways]] with 10 death on 23 July.<ref name="Observer">{{Cite web |title=美國曾幕後指使台灣當海盜 |url=https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E9%AB%98%E9%9D%96-%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%9B%BE%E5%B9%95%E5%BE%8C%E6%8C%87%E4%BD%BF%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E7%95%B6%E6%B5%B7%E7%9B%9C-210000774.html |author=Gao Jing |publisher=The Observer |location=Taipei |date=2019-05-19 |language=zh-tw}}</ref> Two [[US aircraft carriers]], [[USS Philippine Sea (CV-47)]] and [[USS Hornet (CV-12)]] arrived for a rescue mission on 26 July and shot down 2 PLAAF [[Lavochkin La-11]] [[Fighter aircraft|fighters]] east of [[Dazhou Island]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Roy A. Grossnick |title=''United States Naval Aviation, 1910-1995'' |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tz9nwwEACAAJ&pg=PA206 |year=1997 |publisher=Naval Historical Center, Department of the Navy |isbn=978-0-16-049124-5 |access-date=2020-09-14 |archive-date = 2020-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914193243/https://books.google.com/books?id=tz9nwwEACAAJ&pg=PA206 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 2 August, Commander of [[People's Liberation Army|PLA]] in [[Central Military Commission|CMC]], [[Peng Dehuai]] convened the executive meeting to establish the tactical command for the [[East China Military Region]] as per [[Mao Zedong]]'s directive to open another front.<ref>{{Cite web|title=On the edge of war: A strategy review on the Kinmen Bombardment (1) |url=http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/2000-3-9/25.html |author=Lang Yang |date=2000-03-09 |publisher=Warship Information |language=zh-cn}}</ref> +A declassified CIA briefing to the [[White House]] and [[United States National Security Council]] on 13 July revealed that the [[shipping insurance]] premium crossing the [[South China Sea]] had increased from 1% to 5% since 24 June after the Tuapse Incident, and certain [[Ocean liner|international liners]] had been deterred midway at the [[Port of Singapore|Singapore Port]] unable to continue, or had to change plans. The [[People's Liberation Army Air Force|PLA Air Force]] moved in the [[Hainan|Hainan Island]] for the first time in history to secure another transport route through [[Sanya#20th_century|Yulin]] and [[Guangzhou#Industry|Huangpu]] ports, but accidentally [[1954 Cathay Pacific Douglas DC-4 shootdown|shot down]] a [[Douglas DC-4]] (VR-HEU) [[airliner]] of the [[Cathay Pacific|Cathay Pacific Airways]] with 10 death on 23 July.<ref name="Observer">{{Cite web |title=美國曾幕後指使台灣當海盜 |url=https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E9%AB%98%E9%9D%96-%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%9B%BE%E5%B9%95%E5%BE%8C%E6%8C%87%E4%BD%BF%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E7%95%B6%E6%B5%B7%E7%9B%9C-210000774.html |author=Gao Jing |publisher=The Observer |location=Taipei |date=2019-05-19|access-date=2021-03-12 |language=zh-tw}}</ref> Two [[US aircraft carriers]], [[USS Philippine Sea (CV-47)]] and [[USS Hornet (CV-12)]] arrived for a rescue mission on 26 July and shot down 2 PLAAF [[Lavochkin La-11]] [[Fighter aircraft|fighters]] east of [[Dazhou Island]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Roy A. Grossnick |title=''United States Naval Aviation, 1910-1995'' |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tz9nwwEACAAJ&pg=PA206 |year=1997 |publisher=Naval Historical Center, Department of the Navy |isbn=978-0-16-049124-5 |archive-date = 2020-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914193243/https://books.google.com/books?id=tz9nwwEACAAJ&pg=PA206 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 2 August, Commander of [[People's Liberation Army|PLA]] in [[Central Military Commission|CMC]], [[Peng Dehuai]] convened the executive meeting to establish the tactical command for the [[East China Military Region]] as per [[Mao Zedong]]'s directive to open another front.<ref>{{Cite web|title=On the edge of war: A strategy review on the Kinmen Bombardment (1) |url=http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/2000-3-9/25.html |author=Lang Yang |date=2000-03-09|access-date=2021-03-12 |publisher=Warship Information |language=zh-cn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=蔣介石的海盜情節 |url=http://www.hswh.org.cn/wzzx/llyd/ls/2015-09-13/33983.html |author=鐵索寒 |date=2015-09-14 |access-date=2021-07-22 |publisher=紅色文化網 |language=zh-cn}}</ref> -The [[First Taiwan Strait Crisis]] started on 3 September 1954.<ref>{{cite web|title=First Taiwan Strait Crisis Quemoy and Matsu Islands |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/quemoy_matsu.htm |author=[[The Cold War Museum]]|publisher=Global Security |date=2011-05-07}}</ref> On 8 September, the crew were informed the order of [[Chief of the General Staff]], General Peng Meng-ji ({{zh|labels=no|t=彭孟緝上將}}, aka. "''Kaoshiung Butcher''" due to his brutality against civilians during the [[February 28 incident|Feb. 28 Massacre]] and [[White Terror (Taiwan)|White Terror]] era)<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Study of Kaohsiung City as the Core Human Rights City in East Asia |url=https://www.lawbank.com.tw/treatise/pl_article.aspx?AID=P000225339 |author=Chen Ching-chuan |date=2011-03-01 |publisher=Law Bank, Journal of Urbanology, Vol 2, Issue 1|language=zh-tw}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Interpretation of February 28 Incident (Excerpt ver.) |url=https://www.taiwantt.org.tw/tw/images/doc/others/2009/02/20090228.pdf |author=Li Hsiao-feng |date=2009-02-28 |publisher=Cultural And Educational Foundation, Taiwan |language=zh-tw}}</ref> declaring that: "The [[World War III|Third World War]] has begun - the tanker and cargo have been confiscated, and the crew shall be considered as the [[prisoner of war|prisoners of war]]."<ref name="Versia"></ref> then they were mistreated with beating, starving rations and various tortures causing the hearing, vision, teeth and finger damages.<ref name="Odesskiy"></ref> Sailor L. Anfilov has no tooth left; N. Voronov tried to escape, but was seized and placed in a psychiatric facility with imitated execution; Engineer Ivan Pavlenko slashed his own throat with a blade to commit suicide, but did not die.<ref name="Odesskiy"></ref> 20 young [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]], [[Russians|Russian]] and [[Moldovans|Moldovan]] sailors under the pressure signed the application for political asylum to the United States.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Russian-Taiwanese relations: Current state, problems, and prospects of development |author=P. M. Ivanov|date=1996-01-01 |publisher=School of Law, University of Maryland|isbn=0925153451 }}</ref> +The [[First Taiwan Strait Crisis]] started on 3 September 1954.<ref>{{cite web|title=First Taiwan Strait Crisis Quemoy and Matsu Islands |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/quemoy_matsu.htm |author=[[The Cold War Museum]]|publisher=Global Security |date=2011-05-07 |access-date=2021-03-12}}</ref> On 8 September, the crew were informed the order of [[Chief of the General Staff]], General Peng Meng-ji ({{zh|labels=no|t=彭孟緝上將}}, aka. "''Kaohsiung Butcher''" due to his brutality against civilians during the [[February 28 incident|Feb. 28 Massacre]] and [[White Terror (Taiwan)|White Terror]] era)<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Study of Kaohsiung City as the Core Human Rights City in East Asia |url=https://www.lawbank.com.tw/treatise/pl_article.aspx?AID=P000225339 |author=Chen Ching-chuan |date=2011-03-01 |access-date=2021-03-15 |publisher=Law Bank, Journal of Urbanology, Vol 2, Issue 1|language=zh-tw}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Interpretation of February 28 Incident (Excerpt ver.) |url=https://www.taiwantt.org.tw/tw/images/doc/others/2009/02/20090228.pdf |author=Li Hsiao-feng |date=2009-02-28 |access-date=2021-03-15 |publisher=Cultural And Educational Foundation, Taiwan |language=zh-tw}}</ref> declaring that: "The [[World War III|Third World War]] has begun - the tanker and cargo have been confiscated, and the crew shall be considered as the [[prisoner of war|prisoners of war]]."<ref name="Versia"></ref> then they were mistreated with beating, starving rations and various tortures causing the hearing, vision, teeth and finger damages.<ref name="Odesskiy"></ref> Sailor L. Anfilov has no tooth left; N. Voronov tried to escape, but was seized and placed in a psychiatric facility with imitated execution; Engineer Ivan Pavlenko slashed his own throat with a blade to commit suicide, but did not die.<ref name="Odesskiy"></ref> 20 young [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]], [[Russians|Russian]] and [[Moldovans|Moldovan]] sailors under the pressure signed the application for political asylum to the United States.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Russian-Taiwanese relations: Current state, problems, and prospects of development |author=P. M. Ivanov|date=1996-01-01 |publisher=School of Law, University of Maryland |isbn=0925153451 }}</ref> Tanker "Tuapse" was re-named as ROCS '''Kuaiji''' (AOG-306, {{zh|labels=no|t=會稽}}) to be included in the ROC Navy task with 22 [[commissioned officers]] and 88 [[enlisted rank|enlisted rank seamen]] on 20 October 1955 to deliver the [[Jet fuel|aviation fuel]] for [[Republic of China Air Force|ROCAF]] alongshore monthly.<ref name="UDN"></ref> Taiwan Navigation Co., Ltd. tried to acquire this ship in 1960, but was declined subsequently due to her nature being a registered stolen vessel with the valid global legal claim to the [[International Maritime Organization|IMO]]/[[International Maritime Bureau|IMB]], hence could not enter the [[territorial waters]] of a third UN country, but stayed idle often in dock.<ref name="Praca"></ref><ref name="CUHK"></ref> She retired on 1 October 1965, and lay down permanently in the [[Kaohsiung Harbor]].<ref name="CUHK"></ref> ==Aftermath== -The [[Battle of Yijiangshan Islands|Campaign of Yijiangshan]] sounded on 18 January 1955, followed by the [[Battle of Dachen Archipelago|Retreat of Dachen]] till 26 February, [[Kuomintang]] had lost the control on the [[East China Sea]].<ref>{{cite news |author1=Han Cheung |title=Taiwan in Time: Yijiangshan: Moving the Americans to action? |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2020/01/12/2003729106 |work=[[Taipei Times]] |date=2020-01-12}}</ref><ref>Rushkoff, Bennett C. "Eisenhower, Dulles and the Quemoy-Matsu Crisis, 1954-1955." ''Political Science Quarterly'' 96, no. 3 (1981): 469-72. [https://doi.org/10.2307/2150556]</ref> [[United States Secretary of State|US Secretary of State]] [[John Foster Dulles|John F. Dulles]] arrived in Taiwan to meet President [[Chiang Kai-shek]] on 3 March as the [[Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty]] [[Coming into force|came into force]] to secure the [[Taiwan Strait]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/chin001.asp |title=Avalon Project - Mutual Defense Treaty Between the United States and the Republic of China; December 2, 1954 |publisher=[[Lillian Goldman Law Library]], [[Yale Law School]] |location=[[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]], [[Connecticut|CT]] |access-date=2017-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310055449/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/chin001.asp |archive-date=2012-03-10 |url-status=live}}</ref> and tried to persuade him to release the ship and the crew but Chiang still disagreed.<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Prof. Victor D. Cha |publisher=President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology |date=2010-01-01 |title=Powerplay: Origins of the U.S. Alliance in Asia |doi=10.1162/isec.2010.34.3.158 |journal=International Security |volume=34 |issue=3 (Winter 2009/10) |s2cid=57566528}}</ref> The [[Government of the Soviet Union|Soviet Government]] demanded the [[French Fourth Republic|French Government]] to mediate the fate of the Tuapse crew. Another request was also made through the [[Swedish Red Cross]]. As a result of joint efforts, 29 crew members who did not sign the asylum application were released, including Captain Vitaly A. Kalinin. They arrived in [[Vnukovo International Airport|Moscow]] by plane on July 30.<ref name="Lev Kaplin"></ref> Next day (31 July), People's Republic of China (PRC) returned 11 American [[airman|servicemen]] on the [[United States Air Force|USAF]] [[Boeing B-29 Superfortress|B-29]] [[bomber]], which was shot down above the [[Yalu River]] area in [[North Korea]] on 12 January 1953.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Capture of the Soviet Tanker "Tuapse": A Hostage Swap Endgame (Comparative Analysis of the Events and the True Causes of the Incident) |url=https://www.comparativepolitics.org/jour/article/view/971/672 |author=V. Ts. Golovachev |journal=Sravnitelʹnai͡a Politika |date=2019 |publisher=Comparative Politics Journal, [[Moscow State Institute of International Relations|MGIMO-University]] |location=Moscow |language=ru-ru |issn=2412-4990}}</ref><ref name="CUHK"></ref> One day later on 1 August, PRC ambassador to [[Poland]], [[Wang Bingnan]] met US ambassador to [[Czechoslovakia]], [[U. Alexis Johnson]] in [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]] to establish the first direct communication channel in history later known as the "[[PRC-US Ambassadorial Talks|Warsaw Talks]]" for diplomatic normalization, which Chiang strongly opposed.<ref>Steven M. Goldstein, "Dialogue of the Deaf?: The Sino-American Ambassadorial-Level Talks, 1955–1970." in {{cite book |author1=Robert S. Ross |author2=Changbin Jiang |title=Re-examining the Cold War: U.S.-China Diplomacy, 1954–1973 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LUcbNCUoWSMC&pg=PA200|year=2001 |publisher=Harvard Univ Asia Center |isbn=9780674005266}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sino-U.S. Ambassadorial Talks |url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/ziliao_665539/3602_665543/3604_665547/t18054.shtml |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China]] |location=Beijing}}</ref> +The [[Battle of Yijiangshan Islands|Campaign of Yijiangshan]] sounded on 18 January 1955, followed by the [[Battle of Dachen Archipelago|Retreat of Dachen]] till 26 February, [[Kuomintang]] had lost the control on the [[East China Sea]].<ref>{{cite news |author1=Han Cheung |title=Taiwan in Time: Yijiangshan: Moving the Americans to action? |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2020/01/12/2003729106 |work=[[Taipei Times]] |date=2020-01-12}}</ref><ref>Rushkoff, Bennett C. "Eisenhower, Dulles and the Quemoy-Matsu Crisis, 1954-1955." ''Political Science Quarterly'' 96, no. 3 (1981): 469-72. [https://doi.org/10.2307/2150556]</ref> [[United States Secretary of State|US Secretary of State]] [[John Foster Dulles|John F. Dulles]] arrived in Taiwan to meet President [[Chiang Kai-shek]] on 3 March as the [[Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty]] [[Coming into force|came into force]] to secure the [[Taiwan Strait]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/chin001.asp |title=Avalon Project - Mutual Defense Treaty Between the United States and the Republic of China; December 2, 1954 |publisher=[[Lillian Goldman Law Library]], [[Yale Law School]] |location=[[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]], [[Connecticut|CT]] |access-date=2017-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310055449/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/chin001.asp |archive-date=2012-03-10 |url-status=live}}</ref> and tried to persuade him to release the ship and the crew but Chiang still disagreed.<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Prof. Victor D. Cha |publisher=President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology |date=2010-01-01 |title=Powerplay: Origins of the U.S. Alliance in Asia |doi=10.1162/isec.2010.34.3.158 |journal=International Security |volume=34 |issue=3 (Winter 2009/10) |s2cid=57566528}}</ref> The [[Government of the Soviet Union|Soviet Government]] demanded the [[French Fourth Republic|French Government]] to mediate the fate of the Tuapse crew. Another request was also made through the [[Swedish Red Cross]]. As a result of joint efforts, 29 crew members who did not sign the asylum application were released, including Captain Vitaly A. Kalinin. They arrived in [[Vnukovo International Airport|Moscow]] by plane on July 30.<ref name="Lev Kaplin"></ref> Next day (31 July), People's Republic of China (PRC) returned 11 American [[airman|servicemen]] on the [[United States Air Force|USAF]] [[Boeing B-29 Superfortress|B-29]] [[bomber]], which was shot down above the [[Yalu River]] area in [[North Korea]] on 12 January 1953.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Capture of the Soviet Tanker "Tuapse": A Hostage Swap Endgame (Comparative Analysis of the Events and the True Causes of the Incident) |url=https://www.comparativepolitics.org/jour/article/view/971/672 |author=V. Ts. Golovachev |journal=Sravnitelʹnai͡a Politika |date=2019 |access-date=2021-03-15 |publisher=Comparative Politics Journal, [[Moscow State Institute of International Relations|MGIMO-University]] |location=Moscow |language=ru-ru |issn=2412-4990}}</ref><ref name="CUHK"></ref> One day later on 1 August, PRC ambassador to [[Poland]], [[Wang Bingnan]] met US ambassador to [[Czechoslovakia]], [[U. Alexis Johnson]] in [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]] to establish the first direct communication channel in history later known as the "[[PRC-US Ambassadorial Talks|Warsaw Talks]]" for diplomatic normalization, which Chiang strongly opposed.<ref>Steven M. Goldstein, "Dialogue of the Deaf?: The Sino-American Ambassadorial-Level Talks, 1955–1970." in {{cite book |author1=Robert S. Ross |author2=Changbin Jiang |title=Re-examining the Cold War: U.S.-China Diplomacy, 1954–1973 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LUcbNCUoWSMC&pg=PA200|year=2001 |publisher=Harvard Univ Asia Center |isbn=9780674005266}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sino-U.S. Ambassadorial Talks |url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/ziliao_665539/3602_665543/3604_665547/t18054.shtml |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China]] |location=Beijing}}</ref> -Chief [[telegraphist]] Michael Ivankov-Nikolov, accountant Nikolay I. Vaganov, Valentin A. Lukashkov, Viktor M. Ryabenko, Alexander P. Shirin, Mikhail I. Shishin, Viktor S. Tatarnikov, Venedikt P. Eremenko and Viktor Solovyov left for the United States in October 1955; but in April 1956, Vaganov, Lukashkov, Ryabenko, Shirin and Shishin appeared at the [[Embassy of Russia in Washington, D.C.|Soviet Embassy]] and returned to the USSR.<ref name="Wikireading">{{Cite web |title=CAPTURE OF THE TANKER "TUAPSE", 1954 |url=https://military.wikireading.ru/70035 |author=Dr. Okorokov A. Vasilievich |date=2019-05-21 |publisher=WikiReading |language=ru-ru}}</ref> Vaganov was arrested in 1963{{why|date=April 2021}} and sentenced by the [[Nizhny Novgorod|Gorky]] Regional Court to 10 years in prison for [[treason]].<ref name="Versia"></ref><ref name="Wikireading"></ref> He served 7 years and was [[Pardon|pardoned]] in 1970. In August 1992, the [[Presidium]] of the [[Nizhny Novgorod]] Regional Court recognized Vaganov as reasonably convicted, he was [[Political rehabilitation|rehabilitated]] by the decision of the [[Supreme Court of Russia|Supreme Court of the Russian Federation]] eventually. Eremenko and Tatarnikov joined the [[United States Army|US Army]]. Solovyov settled in [[New York (state)|New York]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Declassified Report No. 69 to the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, 86th Congress, 1st Session, Calendar No. 65 |url=https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2010-081-umissdoc13.pdf |author=[[United States Department of Justice]] Immigration and Naturalization Service |date=1959-03-02 |publisher=[[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]]}}</ref> In 1959, the Odessa Regional Court sentenced [[Trial in absentia|in absentia]] the sailors who never returned USSR - Tatarnikov, Ivankov-Nikolov, Eremenko and Solovyov - to death for treason. After appearing in anti-Soviet speeches in [[Washington, D.C.]], Ivankov-Nikolov lost his mind and was handed over to the Soviet Embassy returning USSR in 1959;<ref name="Versia"></ref><ref name="Odesskiy"></ref> then was declared non-judicial due to mental illness and placed in a psychiatric hospital in [[Kazan]], where he spent over 20 years.<ref name="Lev Kaplin"></ref><ref name="TRUD">{{Cite web |author=Sergey Turchenko |title=РОКОВОЙ РЕЙС ТАНКЕРА "ТУАПСЕ" |url=https://www.trud.ru/article/22-03-2001/21477_rokovoj_rejs_tankera_tuapse.html |publisher=TRUD |date=2001-03-22 |language=ru-ru}}</ref> +Chief [[telegraphist]] Michael Ivankov-Nikolov, accountant Nikolay I. Vaganov, Valentin A. Lukashkov, Viktor M. Ryabenko, Alexander P. Shirin, Mikhail I. Shishin, Viktor S. Tatarnikov, Venedikt P. Eremenko and Viktor Solovyov left for the United States in October 1955; but in April 1956, Vaganov, Lukashkov, Ryabenko, Shirin and Shishin appeared at the [[Embassy of Russia in Washington, D.C.|Soviet Embassy]] and returned to the USSR.<ref name="Wikireading">{{Cite web |title=CAPTURE OF THE TANKER "TUAPSE", 1954 |url=https://military.wikireading.ru/70035 |author=Dr. Okorokov A. Vasilievich |date=2019-05-21 |access-date=2021-03-23 |publisher=WikiReading |language=ru-ru}}</ref> Vaganov was arrested in 1963{{why|date=April 2021}} and sentenced by the [[Nizhny Novgorod|Gorky]] Regional Court to 10 years in prison for [[treason]].<ref name="Versia"></ref><ref name="Wikireading"></ref> He served 7 years and was [[Pardon|pardoned]] in 1970. In August 1992, the [[Presidium]] of the [[Nizhny Novgorod]] Regional Court recognized Vaganov as reasonably convicted, he was [[Political rehabilitation|rehabilitated]] by the decision of the [[Supreme Court of Russia|Supreme Court of the Russian Federation]] eventually. Eremenko and Tatarnikov joined the [[United States Army|US Army]]. Solovyov settled in [[New York (state)|New York]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Declassified Report No. 69 to the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, 86th Congress, 1st Session, Calendar No. 65 |url=https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2010-081-umissdoc13.pdf |author=[[United States Department of Justice]] Immigration and Naturalization Service |date=1959-03-02 |access-date=2021-03-14 |publisher=[[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]]}}</ref> In 1959, the Odessa Regional Court sentenced [[Trial in absentia|in absentia]] the sailors who never returned USSR - Tatarnikov, Ivankov-Nikolov, Eremenko and Solovyov - to death for treason. After appearing in anti-Soviet speeches in [[Washington, D.C.]], Ivankov-Nikolov lost his mind and was handed over to the Soviet Embassy returning USSR in 1959;<ref name="Versia"></ref><ref name="Odesskiy"></ref> then was declared non-judicial due to mental illness and placed in a psychiatric hospital in [[Kazan]], where he spent over 20 years.<ref name="Lev Kaplin"></ref><ref name="TRUD">{{Cite web |author=Sergey Turchenko |title=РОКОВОЙ РЕЙС ТАНКЕРА "ТУАПСЕ" |url=https://www.trud.ru/article/22-03-2001/21477_rokovoj_rejs_tankera_tuapse.html |publisher=TRUD |date=2001-03-22 |access-date=2021-03-09 |language=ru-ru}}</ref> -Sailor L. F. Anfilov, Vladimir I. Benkovich, Pavel V. Gvozdik and N. V. Zibrov accepted an intelligence assignment to leave for [[Brazil]] with Polish passports by the end of 1957, then appeared at the Soviet [[Consulate]] in [[Uruguay]] to return USSR next year.<ref>{{Cite web |title="The defendants gave everyone to the Chiang Kai-shekists" - How the Soviet special services unwittingly helped the Taiwanese |url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2326017 |author=Evgeny Zhirnov |date=2013-10-28 |publisher=Kommersant Vlast |language=ru-ru}}</ref> However they were arrested after a [[press conference]] and sentenced to 15 years in prison for treason.<ref name="Odesskiy"></ref> Later they were reduced to 12 years, and further released with a pardon in 1963. They were rehabilitated in 1990.<ref name="Lev Kaplin"></ref> +Sailor L. F. Anfilov, Vladimir I. Benkovich, Pavel V. Gvozdik and N. V. Zibrov accepted an intelligence assignment to leave for [[Brazil]] with Polish passports by the end of 1957, then appeared at the Soviet [[Consulate]] in [[Uruguay]] to return USSR next year.<ref>{{Cite web |title="The defendants gave everyone to the Chiang Kai-shekists" - How the Soviet special services unwittingly helped the Taiwanese |url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2326017 |author=Evgeny Zhirnov |date=2013-10-28 |access-date=2021-03-17 |publisher=Kommersant Vlast |language=ru-ru}}</ref> However they were arrested after a [[press conference]] and sentenced to 15 years in prison for treason.<ref name="Odesskiy"></ref> Later they were reduced to 12 years, and further released with a pardon in 1963. They were rehabilitated in 1990.<ref name="Lev Kaplin"></ref> -Sailor Valentin I. Kniga, Vsevolod V. Lopatyuk, Vladimir A. Sablin and Boris Pisanov were sentenced to 10 years in prison in Taiwan by the trial in absentia of the ROC [[Court-martial]] as per the Martial Law.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gluck |first=Caroline |date=2007-07-03 |title=Remembering Taiwan's martial law |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6294902.stm |access-date=2011-09-20 |newspaper=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> They spent 7 years in prison before being placed under the guarded [[house arrest]] in various quarters till lastly to the [[Yilan County, Taiwan|Yilan]] suburb, where a [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Taiwan)|ROC Foreign Ministry]] official spoke on condition of anonymity that they requested political asylum in Taiwan and were treated as [[refugee]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apnewsarchive.com/1988/Sailors-Say-They-Spent-34-Years-in-Taiwan-Prison/id-ad40860fb0d7ba6a35dc752318c28996 |title=Sailors Say They Spent 34 Years in Taiwan Prison |publisher=[[Associated Press|Associated Press News]] |location=Moscow |date=1988-08-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apnewsarchive.com/1988/Soviet-Sailor-Says-He-Likes-Taiwan/id-b46f125b0de18a3227c05e9f7c87e8e7 |title=Soviet Sailor Says He Likes Taiwan |publisher=[[Associated Press|Associated Press News]]|location=Taipei |date=1988-11-02 }}</ref> In 1970, Soviet journalist [[Victor Louis (journalist)|Victor Louis]] held several meetings with the Minister of ROC [[Government Information Office]], [[James Wei]] in [[Vienna]] to achieve the agreement of releasing all the remaining crew members in ROC military custody,<ref>{{Cite book |author=Yu Ke-jie|title=The Secret Contact Between Taiwan and the Soviet Union during the Cold War|url=http://www.shuku.net:8082/novels/zhuanji/wltcegyhkcs/011.html |newspaper=《Wang Ping Dossier》 |publisher=Shuku Net |date=2000 |language=zh-cn}}</ref> but this agreement was never realized, until when the reportage of «''[[Independence Evening Post]]''» and the [[Taiwanese indigenous peoples|aboriginal]] [[Legislative Yuan|parliament member]] [[Tsai Chung-han]] advocated for their human rights after the Taiwan democratic reform with the Martial Law lifted in 1987.<ref name="TPN"></ref><ref>{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |date=1987-07-15 |title=Taiwan Ends 4 Decades of Martial Law |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/15/world/taiwan-ends-4-decades-of-martial-law.html |access-date=2011-10-08 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref name="TKU"></ref> +Sailor Valentin I. Kniga, Vsevolod V. Lopatyuk, Vladimir A. Sablin and Boris Pisanov were sentenced to 10 years in prison in Taiwan by the trial in absentia of the ROC [[Court-martial]] as per the Martial Law.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gluck |first=Caroline |date=2007-07-03 |title=Remembering Taiwan's martial law |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6294902.stm |access-date=2011-09-20 |newspaper=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> They spent 7 years in prison before being placed under the guarded [[house arrest]] in various quarters till lastly to the [[Yilan County, Taiwan|Yilan]] suburb, where a [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Taiwan)|ROC Foreign Ministry]] official spoke on condition of anonymity that they requested political asylum in Taiwan and were treated as [[refugee]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apnewsarchive.com/1988/Sailors-Say-They-Spent-34-Years-in-Taiwan-Prison/id-ad40860fb0d7ba6a35dc752318c28996 |title=Sailors Say They Spent 34 Years in Taiwan Prison |publisher=[[Associated Press|Associated Press News]] |location=Moscow |date=1988-08-19 |access-date=2021-03-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apnewsarchive.com/1988/Soviet-Sailor-Says-He-Likes-Taiwan/id-b46f125b0de18a3227c05e9f7c87e8e7 |title=Soviet Sailor Says He Likes Taiwan |publisher=[[Associated Press|Associated Press News]]|location=Taipei |date=1988-11-02 |access-date=2021-03-09}}</ref> In 1970, Soviet journalist [[Victor Louis (journalist)|Victor Louis]] held several meetings with the Minister of ROC [[Government Information Office]], [[James Wei]] in [[Vienna]] to achieve the agreement of releasing all the remaining crew members in ROC military custody,<ref>{{Cite book |author=Yu Ke-jie|title=The Secret Contact Between Taiwan and the Soviet Union during the Cold War|url=http://www.shuku.net:8082/novels/zhuanji/wltcegyhkcs/011.html |newspaper=《Wang Ping Dossier》 |publisher=Shuku Net |date=2000 |access-date=2021-03-09 |language=zh-cn}}</ref> but this agreement has never been honoured and realized, until when the reportage of «''[[Independence Evening Post]]''» and the [[Taiwanese indigenous peoples|aboriginal]] [[Legislative Yuan|parliament member]] [[Tsai Chung-han]] advocated for their human rights after the Taiwan democratic reform with the Martial Law lifted in 1987.<ref name="TPN"></ref><ref>{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |date=1987-07-15 |title=Taiwan Ends 4 Decades of Martial Law |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/15/world/taiwan-ends-4-decades-of-martial-law.html |access-date=2011-10-08 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref name="TKU"></ref> -With the new [[amnesty]] policy on all [[political prisoners]] from the first Taiwanese President [[Lee Teng-hui]] in 1988, they were finally free to leave with the assistance of the Soviet Consul in [[Singapore]], A. I. Tkachenko, to go home after 34 years of [[captivity]].<ref name="Odessa">{{Cite web |author=Andrey Slyusarenko |title=Floating for half a life |url=https://odessa-life.od.ua/article/264-plavanie-dlinoyu-v-polzhizni |publisher=Odessa Life |date=2009-11-11|language=ru-ru}}</ref><ref name="TRUD"></ref> The last crew cook Lopatyuk returned [[Ukraine#Independence|Ukraine]] in 1993 after a [[stroke]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=P. Ivanushkina |title=Long way out of the Taiwanese pit. The wife was waiting for him from captivity for 39 years |url=https://www.peoples.ru/state/citizen/vsevolod_lopatuyk/ |publisher=Peoples |date=2016-06-16 |language=ru-ru}}</ref> +With the new [[amnesty]] policy on all [[political prisoners]] from the first Taiwanese President [[Lee Teng-hui]] after Chiang Ching-kuo's death in 1988, they were finally released and free to leave with the assistance of the Soviet Consul in [[Singapore]], A. I. Tkachenko, to go home after 34 years of [[captivity]].<ref name="Odessa">{{Cite web |author=Andrey Slyusarenko |title=Floating for half a life |url=https://odessa-life.od.ua/article/264-plavanie-dlinoyu-v-polzhizni |publisher=Odessa Life |date=2009-11-11 |access-date=2021-03-09 |language=ru-ru}}</ref><ref name="TRUD"></ref> The last crew cook Lopatyuk returned [[Ukraine#Independence|Ukraine]] in 1993 after 3 years in sickness and a [[stroke]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=P. Ivanushkina |title=Long way out of the Taiwanese pit. The wife was waiting for him from captivity for 39 years |url=https://www.peoples.ru/state/citizen/vsevolod_lopatuyk/ |publisher=Peoples |date=2016-06-16 |access-date=2021-03-09 |language=ru-ru}}</ref> -Sailor Zhorka M. Dimov suffered from the continual beating and bleeding without medical care, then committed suicide in 1975; Mikhail M. Kalmazan died in sickness afterwards; Anatoly V. Kovalev died in a psychiatric facility. Their cadavers were not returned.<ref name="Odessa"></ref><ref name="Lev Kaplin"></ref> +Sailor Zhorka M. Dimov suffered from the continual beating and bleeding without medical care, then committed suicide in 1975; Mikhail M. Kalmazan died in sickness afterwards; Anatoly V. Kovalev died in a psychiatric facility. Their cadavers were not returned except some family members receiving postal mailed ashes.<ref name="Odessa"></ref><ref name="Lev Kaplin"></ref><ref name="Odesskiy"></ref> + +Over 100 years after its establishment in 1911, the [[Republic of China]] still doesn't have the [[Refugee law|Refugee Law]] today to regulate the political asylum process in accordance with the international laws,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pnn.pts.org.tw/project/inpage/2077|title=The Plight of Syrian Kurds on Taiwan Island|author=Chiu Yi-ling, Wang Hsi|date=2019-03-21|publisher=News Center, [[Public Television Service]]|access-date=2020-08-17}}</ref> yet the government has never rendered any apology nor legal compensation to the victim families or the victim countries.<ref name="TRUD"></ref> == Legacy == -The communication barriers against the Tuapse crew exposed the insufficiency of interpreters and translators in need, so Major-general Pu Dao-ming ({{zh|labels=no|t=卜道明少將}}), who was processing the case, reported for permission to found the first Russian language course in Taiwanese history for the Foreign Language School of [[Ministry of National Defense (Republic of China)|MND]] in 1957, later extended into civilian societies on the East European cultural and linguistic education such as in the academies of [[National Chengchi University|NCCU]], [[Chinese Culture University|CCU]], [[Tamkang University|TKU]] and [[Fu Hsing Kang College|FHK]] today.<ref name="TKU"></ref> Pu died in a surgery, before re-appealing to Chiang for the crew's release, on 24 May 1964.<ref name="Odessa"></ref> +The communication barriers against the Tuapse crew exposed the insufficiency of interpreters and translators in need, so Major-general Pu Dao-ming ({{zh|labels=no|t=卜道明少將}}), who was processing the case, reported for exceptional permission to found the first Russian language course in Taiwanese history for the Foreign Language School of [[Ministry of National Defense (Republic of China)|MND]] in 1957, later the permission was extended into the public institutes then the civilian societies for the East European cultural and linguistic education such as in the academies of [[National Chengchi University|NCCU]], [[Chinese Culture University|CCU]], [[Tamkang University|TKU]] and [[Fu Hsing Kang College|FHK]] today.<ref name="TKU"></ref> Pu died in a surgery, before re-appealing to Chiang for the crew's release, on 24 May 1964.<ref name="Odessa"></ref> -The story of Tuapse was produced in the film "Ч. П. — Чрезвычайное происшествие" ([[E.A. — Extraordinary Accident]]) in 2 parts in 1958, directed by [[Viktor Ivchenko]], and became the leading film distribution with 47.5 million viewers in USSR in 1959.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Vitali Kalinin |title=Ch. P. - Chrezvychainoe proisshestvie |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0051470/|publisher=[[IMDb]] |date=1958}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ЧП – Чрезвычайное происшествие (1 серия) (1958) фильм|url=https://serial.android-mafia.com/229352-chp__chrezvychajnoe_proisshestvie_1_serija_1958_film.html |author=Victor Ivchenko |date=2021-02-21 |publisher= |language=ru-ru}}</ref> +The story of Tuapse was produced in the film «Ч. П. — Чрезвычайное происшествие» ([[E.A. — Extraordinary Accident]]) in 2 parts in 1958, directed by [[Viktor Ivchenko]], and became the leading film distribution with 47.5 million viewers in USSR in 1959.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Vitali Kalinin |title=Ch. P. - Chrezvychainoe proisshestvie |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0051470/ |publisher=[[IMDb]] |date=1958 |access-date=2021-03-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=E.A. — Extraordinary Accident (Episode 1) 1958 film |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JpkjqeRyuEU |author=Victor Ivchenko |date=2021-02-21 |access-date=2021-07-21 |publisher=All soviet movies on RVISION |language=ru-ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=E.A. — Extraordinary Accident (Episode 2) 1958 film |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QJ6hofWDkd4 |author=Victor Ivchenko |date=2021-02-08 |access-date=2021-07-21 |publisher=All soviet movies on RVISION |language=ru-ru}}</ref> -The ROC naval traffic blockade status ended on 12 September 1979;<ref>{{Cite web|title=戡亂時期截斷匪區海上交通辦法 |url=https://twinfo.ncl.edu.tw/tiqry/hypage.cgi?HYPAGE=search/merge_pdf.hpg&dtd_id=12&type=g&sysid=E0969610&jid=79002356&vol=52080700&page=%E9%A0%812-3%2B8|author=臺灣省政府公報五十二年秋字第三十三期 |publisher=National Central Library Gazette Online|date=1963-06-07|language=zh-tw}}</ref><ref name="ART"></ref> and the detention, confiscation and criminal penalty regulation on the transportation vessels, crews and maritime companies to China remained valid till being abolished on 15 January 1992.<ref name="MTC"></ref><ref name="Storm"></ref> +The ROC naval traffic blockade status ended on 12 September 1979;<ref>{{Cite web |title=戡亂時期截斷匪區海上交通辦法 |url=https://twinfo.ncl.edu.tw/tiqry/hypage.cgi?HYPAGE=search/merge_pdf.hpg&dtd_id=12&type=g&sysid=E0969610&jid=79002356&vol=52080700&page=%E9%A0%812-3%2B8 |author=臺灣省政府公報五十二年秋字第三十三期 |publisher=National Central Library Gazette Online |date=1963-06-07 |access-date=2021-03-11 |language=zh-tw}}</ref><ref name="ART"></ref> while the detention, confiscation and criminal penalty regulation on the transportation vessels, crews and maritime companies to China remained valid till being abolished on 15 January 1992.<ref name="MTC"></ref><ref name="Storm"></ref> -In 1996, the [[Government of Russia|Russian Government]] awarded a medal to each of the Tuapse survivors who were still alive.<ref name="UDN"></ref> +In 1996, the [[Government of Russia|Russian Government]] awarded a medal to each of the living Tuapse survivors.<ref name="UDN"></ref> The [[Central Naval Museum]] in [[Saint Petersburg]] preserves a [[ship model|model]] of Tanker Tuapse.<ref name="UDN"></ref> -In 2005, A marble plaque in memory of Tuapse and her crew was planted in front of the passenger terminal building of the Odessa Port in [[Ukraine]], where her last journey with no return started 50 years ago.<ref name="UDN">{{Cite web |title=蘇聯油輪圖阿普斯號：1954被中國國民黨劫持至台灣的真實事件解秘 |url=http://blog.udn.com/dff1baf6/104725698 |author=Red Square 123 |date=2017-06-18 |language=zh-tw}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="Tuapse" Oil Tanker Episode in the History of Taiwan-Russia Relations |url=http://taiwanfellowship.ncl.edu.tw/files/scholar_publish/1794-aihhlpmnhgxpzbc.pdf |author=Prof. Sergey Vradiy |publisher=Taiwan Fellowship, Center for Chinese Studies, [[National Central Library]] |date=2020-02-20}}</ref> +In 2005, A marble plaque in memory of Tuapse and her crew was planted in front of the passenger terminal building of the Odessa Port in [[Ukraine]], where her last journey with no return started 50 years ago.<ref name="UDN">{{Cite web |title=蘇聯油輪圖阿普斯號：1954被中國國民黨劫持至台灣的真實事件解秘 |url=http://blog.udn.com/dff1baf6/104725698 |author=Red Square 123 |date=2017-06-18 |access-date=2021-03-10 |language=zh-tw}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="Tuapse" Oil Tanker Episode in the History of Taiwan-Russia Relations |url=http://taiwanfellowship.ncl.edu.tw/files/scholar_publish/1794-aihhlpmnhgxpzbc.pdf |author=Prof. Sergey Vradiy |publisher=Taiwan Fellowship, Center for Chinese Studies, [[National Central Library]] |date=2020-02-20 |access-date=2021-03-10}}</ref> == References == '