Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{short description|American multinational technology corporation}}
{{Other uses|IBM (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|Big Blue|other uses|Big Blue (disambiguation)}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox company
| name = International Business Machines Corporation
| logo = IBM logo.svg
| image_caption =
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{NYSE|IBM}}|[[DJIA]] component|[[S&P 100]] component|[[S&P 500]] component}}
| trade_name = IBM
| predecessors = [[Bundy Manufacturing Company]]<br />[[Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company#Computing Scale Company of America|Computing Scale Company of America]]<br />[[International Time Recording Company]]<br />[[Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company#Tabulating Machine Company|Tabulating Machine Company]]<br />[[Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company]]
| ISIN = US4592001014
| founders = [[Herman Hollerith]]<br />[[Charles Ranlett Flint]]<br />[[Thomas J. Watson|Thomas J. Watson, Sr.]]
| area_served = 177 countries<ref name="fortune20160201">{{cite news|url=https://fortune.com/2016/02/01/ibm-employee-performance-reviews/|title=IBM Is Blowing Up Its Annual Performance Review|work=Fortune|date=February 1, 2016|access-date=July 22, 2016|archive-date=October 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029084543/https://fortune.com/2016/02/01/ibm-employee-performance-reviews/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| key_people = {{ubl|[[Arvind Krishna]]<br />(Chairman & CEO)<ref>{{Cite web |title=IBM – Arvind Krishna – Chief Executive Officer |url=https://www.ibm.com/about/arvind |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308034905/https://www.ibm.com/about/arvind |archive-date=March 8, 2022|access-date=March 8, 2022 |website=www.ibm.com |language=en-us}}</ref>|[[Gary Cohn]]<br />(Vice Chairman)<ref>{{Cite web |title=IBM Newsroom - Gary Cohn |url=https://newsroom.ibm.com/gary-cohn-2 |access-date=March 8, 2022 |website=IBM Newsroom |language=en-us}}</ref>}}
| industry = [[Information technology]]
| products = [[Automation]]<br />[[Robotics]]<br />[[Artificial intelligence]]<br />[[Cloud computing]]<br />[[Consulting]]<br />[[Blockchain]]<br />[[Computer hardware]]<br />[[Software]]<br />[[Quantum computing]]
| brands = {{hlist |[[IBM cloud computing|IBM Cloud]] |[[IBM Cognos Analytics]] |[[IBM Planning Analytics]] |[[SQL]] |[[Watson (computer)|Watson]] |[[IBM Information Management Software|Information Management Software]] |[[SPSS]] |[[ILOG]] |[[Tivoli Software]] |[[IBM WebSphere|WebSphere]] |[[alphaWorks]] |[[IBM Mashup Center|Mashup Center]] |[[IBM PureQuery|PureQuery]] |[[Fortran]] |[[IBM Quantum Experience]] |[[IBM mainframe|Mainframe]] |[[IBM Power Systems|Power Systems]] |[[IBM storage]] |[[IBM Q System One]] |'''([[List of IBM products|Full List]])''' }}
| services = {{hlist|[[Outsourcing]]|[[Professional services]]|[[Managed services]]}}
| revenue = {{Increase}} {{US$|link=yes}}60.53 billion (2022)<ref name="2020rev">{{cite web |title=IBM Reports 2022 Fourth-Quarter and Full-Year Results |url=https://www.ibm.com/investor/att/pdf/IBM-4Q22-Earnings-Press-Release.pdf |website=IBM.com |access-date=February 19, 2022 |archive-date=January 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124213837/https://www.ibm.com/investor/att/pdf/IBM-4Q21-Earnings-Press-Release.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| operating_income = {{Decrease}} US$1.78 billion (2022)<ref name=2020rev/>
| net_income = {{Decrease}} US$1.63 billion (2022)<ref name=2020rev/>
| assets = {{nowrap| {{Decrease}} US$127.24 billion (2022)<ref name=2020rev/> }}
| equity = {{Decrease}} US$22.02 billion (2022)<ref name=2020rev/>
| owner =
| subsid = [[List of international subsidiaries of IBM|List of subsidiaries]]
| num_employees = 288,300 (December 2022)<ref name=2020rev/>
| founded = {{Start date and age|1911|06|16}} (as [[Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company]])<br />[[Endicott, New York]], U.S.<ref name=certificate1911>{{citation|contribution=Certificate of Incorporation of Computing-Tabulating-Recording-Co|title=Appendix to Hearings Before the Committee on Patents, House of Representatives, Seventy-Fourth Congress, on H. R. 4523, Part III|publisher=United States Government Printing Office|date=1935|orig-year=Incorporation paperwork filed June 16, 1911|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_8tFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA3428|access-date=July 18, 2019|archive-date=August 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803060912/https://books.google.com/books?id=_8tFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA3428|url-status=live}}</ref><!--<br/>February 14, 1924 (current name)<br/>1933 (current structure)-->
| location_city = [[Armonk, New York]]
| location_country = U.S.
| website = {{official URL}}
}}
The '''International Business Machines Corporation''' ('''IBM'''), nicknamed '''Big Blue''',<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 7, 2012 |title=IBM100 - The Making of International Business Machines |url=http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/ibm100/us/en/icons/makingibm/impacts/ |access-date=December 30, 2022 |website=www-03.ibm.com |language=en-US}}</ref> is an American [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] [[technology company|technology corporation]] headquartered in [[Armonk, New York]] and is present in over 175 countries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 27, 2019 |title=Trust and responsibility. Earned and practiced daily. |url=https://www.ibm.com/blogs/corporate-social-responsibility/2019/06/trust-and-responsibility-earned-and-practiced-daily/ |access-date=December 30, 2022 |website=IBM Impact |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|website=10-K|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/51143/104746919000712/0001047469-19-000712-index.htm|title=10-K|access-date=June 1, 2019|ref={{harvid|10-K|2018}}|archive-date=December 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205181213/https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/51143/104746919000712/0001047469-19-000712-index.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> It specializes in computer [[Computer hardware|hardware]], [[middleware]], and [[computer software|software]], and provides [[Internet hosting service|hosting]] and [[consultant|consulting services]] in areas ranging from [[mainframe computer]]s to [[nanotechnology]]. IBM is the [[IBM Research|largest industrial research organization]] in the world, with 19 research facilities across a like only 1 countries, and has held the record for most annual U.S. [[patents]] generated by a business for 29 consecutive years from 1993 to 2021.<ref name="patents">{{cite web |last=Bajpai |first=Prableen |date=January 29, 2021 |title=Top Patent Holders of 2020 |url=https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/top-patent-holders-of-2020-2021-01-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130165223/https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/top-patent-holders-of-2020-2021-01-29 |archive-date=January 30, 2021 |access-date=February 2, 2021 |website=nasdaq.com |publisher=Nasdaq}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=January 5, 2022 |title=2021 Top 50 US Patent Assignees |url=https://www.ificlaims.com/rankings-top-50-2021.htm |accessdate=August 22, 2022 |publisher=IFI CLAIMS Patent Services}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Gil |first1=Darío |title=Why IBM is no longer interested in breaking patent records–and how it plans to measure innovation in the age of open source and quantum computing |url=https://fortune.com/2023/01/06/ibm-patent-record-how-to-measure-innovation-open-source-quantum-computing-tech/ |website=Fortune |access-date=February 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127155828/https://fortune.com/2023/01/06/ibm-patent-record-how-to-measure-innovation-open-source-quantum-computing-tech/ |archive-date=January 27, 2023 |language=en |date=January 6, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
IBM was founded in 1911 as the [[Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company]] (CTR), a [[holding company]] of manufacturers of record-keeping and measuring systems. It was renamed "International Business Machines" in 1924 and soon became the leading manufacturer of [[Electric tabulating machine|punch-card tabulating systems]]. For the next several decades, IBM would become an industry leader in several emerging technologies, including electric typewriters, electromechanical calculators, and personal computers. During the 1960s and 1970s, the [[IBM mainframe]], exemplified by the [[IBM System/360|System/360]], was the dominant [[computing platform]], and the company produced 80 percent of computers in the U.S. and 70 percent of computers worldwide.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=IBM {{!}} Founding, History, & Products {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/International-Business-Machines-Corporation |access-date=December 30, 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>
After pioneering the [[Microcomputer|multipurpose microcomputer]] in the 1980s, which [[Influence of the IBM PC on the personal computer market|set the standard for personal computers]], IBM began losing its market dominance to emerging competitors. Beginning in the 1990s, the company began downsizing its operations and divesting from [[Production (economics)|commodity production]], most notably selling its personal computer division to the [[Lenovo|Lenovo Group]] in 2005. IBM has since concentrated on computer services, software, [[supercomputers]], and scientific research. Since 2000, its supercomputers have [[TOP500|consistently ranked]] among the most powerful in the world, and in 2001 it became the first company to generate more than 3,000 patents in one year, beating this record in 2008 with over 4,000 patents.<ref name=":0" /> As of 2022, the company held 150,000 patents.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IBM Tops U.S. Patent List for 28th Consecutive Year with Innovations in Artificial Intelligence, Hybrid Cloud, Quantum Computing and Cyber-Security |url=https://newsroom.ibm.com/2021-01-12-IBM-Tops-U-S-Patent-List-for-28th-Consecutive-Year-with-Innovations-in-Artificial-Intelligence-Hybrid-Cloud-Quantum-Computing-and-Cyber-Security |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=IBM Newsroom |language=en-us}}</ref>
As one of the world's oldest and largest technology companies, IBM has been responsible for several technological innovations, including the <!-- ALPHABETICAL ORDER, ONLY MOST NOTABLE HERE, OTHERS IN BODY OF ARTICLE-->[[automated teller machine]] (ATM), [[dynamic random-access memory]] (DRAM), the [[floppy disk]], the [[hard disk drive]], the [[magnetic stripe card]], the [[relational model|relational database]], the [[SQL|SQL programming language]], and the [[Universal Product Code|UPC barcode]].<!-- ALPHABETICAL ORDER, ONLY MOST NOTABLE HERE, OTHERS IN BODY OF ARTICLE--> The company has made inroads in advanced computer chips, quantum computing, artificial intelligence, and data infrastructure. IBM employees and alumni have won various recognitions for their scientific research and inventions, including six Nobel Prizes and six Turing Awards.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 9, 2021 |title=About us |url=https://research.ibm.com/about |access-date=December 30, 2022 |website=IBM Research |language=en}}</ref>
IBM is a [[Publicly-traded company|publicly traded company]] and one of 30 companies in the [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]]. It is among the [[List of largest United States–based employers globally|world's largest employers]], with over 297,900 employees worldwide in 2022.<ref name="Fortune 500">{{Cite web |title=Fortune 500 |url=https://fortune.com/ranking/fortune500/ |access-date=December 30, 2022 |website=Fortune |language=en}}</ref> Despite its relative decline within the technology sector,<ref>{{cite web | last=Schofield | first=Jack | author-link=Jack Schofield (journalist) | date=January 21, 2018 | url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/ibm-shows-growth-after-22-straight-quarters-of-declining-revenues-but-has-it-turned-the-corner/ | title=IBM shows growth after 22 straight quarters of declining revenues, but has it turned the corner? | work=ZDNET | publisher=Ziff-Davis | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310020412/https://www.zdnet.com/article/ibm-shows-growth-after-22-straight-quarters-of-declining-revenues-but-has-it-turned-the-corner/ | archivedate=March 10, 2023}}</ref> IBM remains the seventh largest technology company by revenue, and 49th largest overall, according to the {{as of|2022|bare=yes}} [[Fortune 500|''Fortune'' 500]].<ref name="Fortune 500"/> It is also consistently ranked among the world's most recognizable, valuable, and admired brands.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IBM Brand Ranking {{!}} All Brand Rankings where IBM is listed! |url=https://www.rankingthebrands.com/Brand-detail.aspx?brandID=6 |access-date=December 30, 2022 |website=www.rankingthebrands.com |language=en}}</ref>
==History==
{{Main|History of IBM}}
IBM was founded in 1911 in [[Endicott, New York]]; as the [[Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company]] (CTR) and was renamed "International Business Machines" in 1924.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Aswad |first1=Ed |title=IBM in Endicott |last2=Meredith |first2=Suzanne |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |year=2005 |isbn=0-7385-3700-4 |location=Charleston, SC |pages=8 |language=en}}</ref> IBM is incorporated in New York and has operations in over 170 countries.<ref name="auto"/>
In the 1880s, technologies emerged that would ultimately form the core of International Business Machines (IBM). Julius E. Pitrap patented the computing scale in 1885;<ref>{{cite book|title=Images of America: IBM in Endicott|last1=Aswad|first1=Ed|last2=Meredith|first2=Suzanne|year=2005|publisher=[[Arcadia Publishing]]|isbn=0-7385-3700-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YzlDdhWK3IsC&q=julius+e.+pitrap+computing+scale&pg=PA39|access-date=October 22, 2020|archive-date=January 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108020043/https://books.google.com/books?id=YzlDdhWK3IsC&q=julius+e.+pitrap+computing+scale&pg=PA39|url-status=live}}</ref> Alexander Dey invented the dial recorder (1888);<ref>{{cite web |title=Dey dial recorder, early 20th century |url=https://www.scienceandsociety.co.uk/results.asp?image=10204421 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023032106/https://www.scienceandsociety.co.uk/results.asp?image=10204421 |archive-date=October 23, 2020 |access-date=December 30, 2010 |website=scienceandsociety.co.uk |publisher=UK Science Museum}}</ref> [[Herman Hollerith]] (1860–1929) patented the [[Electric Tabulating Machine]];<ref>{{cite web |title=Hollerith 1890 Census Tabulator |url=https://www.columbia.edu/acis/history/census-tabulator.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110420214449/https://www.columbia.edu/acis/history/census-tabulator.html |archive-date=April 20, 2011 |access-date=December 30, 2010 |website=columbia.edu |publisher=[[Columbia University]]}}</ref> and [[Willard Bundy]] invented a [[time clock]] to record workers' arrival and departure times on a paper tape in 1889.<ref>{{cite web |title=Employee Punch Clocks |url=https://www.floridatimeclock.com/employee-punch-clocks.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711011858/https://www.floridatimeclock.com/employee-punch-clocks.htm |archive-date=July 11, 2011 |access-date=December 30, 2010 |website=floridatimeclock.com |publisher=Florida Time Clock}}</ref> On June 16, 1911, their four companies were [[Consolidation (business)|amalgamated]] in New York State by [[Charles Ranlett Flint]] forming a fifth company, the [[Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company]] (CTR) based in [[Endicott, New York]].<ref name=certificate1911 /><ref name="nytimes">{{cite news |date=June 10, 1911 |title=Tabulating Concerns Unite: Flint & Co. Bring Four Together with $19,000,000 capital |pages=1 |work=The New York Times |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1911/06/10/104783303.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=June 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225203320/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1911/06/10/104783303.pdf |archive-date=February 25, 2021}}</ref> The five companies had 1,300 employees and offices and plants in Endicott and [[Binghamton, New York|Binghamton]], New York; [[Dayton, Ohio]]; [[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]]; Washington, D.C.; and [[Toronto]].{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}
They manufactured machinery for sale and lease, ranging from commercial scales and industrial time recorders, meat and cheese slicers, to tabulators and punched cards. [[Thomas J. Watson, Sr.]], fired from the [[National Cash Register Company]] by [[John Henry Patterson (NCR owner)|John Henry Patterson]], called on Flint and, in 1914, was offered a position at CTR.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Belden|first1=Thomas Graham|last2=Belden|first2=Marva Robins|year=1962|title=The Lengthening Shadow: The Life of Thomas J. Watson|url=https://archive.org/details/lengtheningshado00beld|url-access=registration|publisher=Little, Brown and Co.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lengtheningshado00beld/page/89 89–93]}}</ref> Watson joined CTR as general manager and then, 11 months later, was made President when [[Competition law|antitrust]] cases relating to his time at NCR were resolved.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Campbell-Kelly |first1=Martin |title=Computer: A History of the Information Machine |last2=Aspray |first2=William F. |last3=Yost |first3=Jeffrey R. |last4=Tinn |first4=Honghong |last5=Díaz |first5=Gerardo Con |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-000-87875-2 |location=New York, NY |language=en}}</ref> Having learned Patterson's [[John Henry Patterson (NCR owner)#Pioneering business practices|pioneering business practices]], Watson proceeded to put the stamp of NCR onto CTR's companies.<ref>Belden (1962) p. 105</ref> He implemented sales conventions, "generous sales incentives, a focus on customer service, an insistence on well-groomed, dark-suited salesmen and had an evangelical fervor for instilling company pride and loyalty in every worker".<ref name="Story">{{cite web |date=January 23, 2003 |title=Chronological History of IBM, 1910s |url=https://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/history/decade_1910.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826071136/https://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/history/decade_1910.html |archive-date=August 26, 2018 |access-date=January 30, 2015 |website=ibm.com |publisher=IBM}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Marcosson|first=Isaac F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-e9CAAAAIAAJ|title=Wherever Men Trade: The Romance of the Cash Register|year=1945|isbn=9780405047138|oclc=243101|location=New York (NY)|publisher=Dodd, Mead & Co.}}</ref> His favorite slogan, "[[Think (IBM)|THINK]]", became a mantra for each company's employees.<ref name="Story" /> During Watson's first four years, revenues reached $9 million (${{Format price|{{Inflation|US|9000000|1919}}}} today) and the company's operations expanded to Europe, South America, Asia and Australia.<ref name="Story" /> Watson never liked the clumsy hyphenated name "Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company" and on February 14, 1924, chose to replace it with the more expansive title "International Business Machines" which had previously been used as the name of CTR's Canadian Division.<ref name="True story 1962 p.125">Belden (1962) p. 125</ref> By 1933, most of the subsidiaries had been merged into one company, IBM.<ref>(Rodgers, THINK, p. 83)</ref>
[[File:IBM Electronic Data Processing Machine - GPN-2000-001881.jpg|thumb|left|[[NACA]] researchers using an [[IBM 704|IBM type 704]] electronic data processing machine in 1957]]
The [[Nazism|Nazis]] reportedly made extensive use of [[Punched card|Hollerith]] punch card and alphabetical accounting equipment and IBM's majority-owned German subsidiary, Deutsche Hollerith Maschinen GmbH (Dehomag), supplied this equipment from the early 1930s. This equipment was critical to Nazi efforts to categorize citizens of both Germany and other nations that fell under Nazi control through ongoing censuses. This census data was used to facilitate the round-up of Jews and other targeted groups, and to catalog their movements through the machinery of the [[Holocaust]], including internment in the concentration camps.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Black |first=Edwin |title=IBM and the Holocaust: The Strategic Alliance Between Nazi Germany and America's Most Powerful Corporation |publisher=Dialog Press |year=2008 |isbn=9780914153108}}</ref> Nazi concentration camps operate a Hollerith department called Hollerith Abteilung, which had IBM machineries that also included calculating and sorting machines.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pauwels |first=Jacques R. |title=Big Business and Hitler |publisher=James Lorimer & Company |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-4594-0987-3 |language=de}}</ref> There is much debate amongst the history community about whether IBM was complicit in the use of these machines, whether the machines used were IBM branded, and even whether tabulating machines were used for this purpose at all.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25147861 |title="Stranger than Science Fiction: Edwin Black, IBM, and the Holocaust." |journal=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |date=2002-01-01 |jstor=25147861 |access-date=2022-03-07|last1=Allen |first1=Michael |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=150–154 }}</ref>
IBM has several leadership development and recognition programs to acknowledge and foster employee potential and achievements. For early-career high potential employees, IBM sponsors leadership development programs by discipline (e.g., general management (GMLDP), [[human resources management|human resources]] (HRLDP), finance (FLDP)). Each year, the company also selects 500 IBM employees for the IBM Corporate Service Corps (CSC),<ref>{{cite web |date=August 12, 2016 |title=The IBM Corporate Service Corps |url=https://www.ibm.com/ibm/responsibility/corporateservicecorps/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191124182604/https://www.ibm.com/ibm/responsibility/corporateservicecorps/ |archive-date=November 24, 2019 |access-date=August 12, 2016 |website=ibm.org |publisher=IBM CSC}}</ref> which gives top employees a month to do [[humanitarian aid|humanitarian work]] abroad.<ref name="hbr.org">{{cite journal|title=Why IBM Gives Top Employees a Month to Do Service Abroad|url=https://hbr.org/2014/11/why-ibm-gives-top-employees-a-month-to-do-service-abroad|journal=Harvard Business Review|date=November 5, 2014|access-date=August 12, 2016|last1=Chong|first1=Rachael|last2=Fleming|first2=Melissa|archive-date=November 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126154320/https://hbr.org/2014/11/why-ibm-gives-top-employees-a-month-to-do-service-abroad|url-status=live}}</ref> For certain [[interns]], IBM also has a program called [[Extreme Blue]] that partners top business and technical students to develop high-value technology and compete to present their business case to the company's CEO at internship's end.<ref>{{cite web |date=September 7, 2007 |title=Extreme Blue web page |url=https://www-01.ibm.com/employment/us/extremeblue/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213183610/https://www-01.ibm.com/employment/us/extremeblue/ |archive-date=February 13, 2019 |access-date=May 23, 2010 |website=ibm.com |publisher=01.ibm.com}}</ref>
The company also has various designations for exceptional individual contributors such as Senior Technical Staff Member (STSM), Research Staff Member (RSM), Distinguished Engineer (DE), and Distinguished Designer (DD).<ref name="eWeek">{{cite web|last1=Taft|first1=Derryl|title=IBM Launches Distinguished Designer Program|date=April 25, 2016|url=https://www.eweek.com/developer/ibm-launches-distinguished-designer-program.html|publisher=eWeek|access-date=August 12, 2016}}</ref> Prolific inventors can also achieve patent plateaus and earn the designation of [[IBM Master Inventor|Master Inventor]]. The company's most prestigious designation is that of [[IBM Fellow]]. Since 1963, the company names a handful of Fellows each year based on technical achievement. Other programs recognize years of service such as the Quarter Century Club established in 1924, and sellers are eligible to join the Hundred Percent Club, composed of IBM salesmen who meet their quotas, convened in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Each year, the company also selects 1,000 IBM employees annually to award the Best of IBM Award, which includes an all-expenses-paid trip to the awards ceremony in an exotic location.
IBM built the [[Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator]], an electromechanical computer, during World War II. It offered its first commercial stored-program computer, the [[vacuum tube]] based [[IBM 701]], in 1952. The [[IBM 305 RAMAC]] introduced the [[hard disk drive]] in 1956. The company switched to transistorized designs with the [[IBM 700/7000 series|7000]] and [[IBM 1400 series|1400]] series, beginning in 1958.
In 1956, the company demonstrated the first practical example of [[artificial intelligence]] when [[Arthur Samuel (computer scientist)|Arthur L. Samuel]] of IBM's [[Poughkeepsie]], New York, laboratory programmed an [[IBM 704]] not merely to play checkers but "learn" from its own experience. In 1957, the [[FORTRAN]] scientific programming language was developed. In 1961, IBM developed the [[Sabre (computer system)|SABRE reservation system]] for [[American Airlines]] and introduced the highly successful [[IBM Selectric typewriter|Selectric]] typewriter.
In 1963, IBM employees and computers helped NASA track the orbital flights of the Mercury astronauts. A year later, it moved its corporate headquarters from New York City to [[Armonk, New York]]. The latter half of the 1960s saw IBM continue its support of space exploration, participating in the 1965 Gemini flights, 1966 Saturn flights, and 1969 lunar mission. IBM also developed and manufactured the Saturn V's Instrument Unit and Apollo spacecraft guidance computers.
[[File:IBM360-67AtUmichWithMikeAlexander.jpg|thumb|right|An [[IBM System/360]] in use at the [[University of Michigan]] {{Circa|1969}}]]
[[File:Saturn_IB_and_V_Instrument_Unit.jpg|thumb|IBM guidance computer hardware for the [[Saturn V Instrument Unit]]]]
On April 7, 1964, IBM launched the first computer system family, the [[IBM System/360]]. It spanned the complete range of commercial and scientific applications from large to small, allowing companies for the first time to upgrade to models with greater computing capability without having to rewrite their applications. It was followed by the [[IBM System/370]] in 1970. Together the 360 and 370 made the [[IBM mainframe]] the dominant [[mainframe computer]] and the dominant computing platform in the industry throughout this period and into the early 1980s. They and the operating systems that ran on them such as [[OS/VS1]] and [[MVS]], and the middleware built on top of those such as the [[CICS]] transaction processing monitor, had a near-monopoly-level market share and became the thing IBM was most known for during this period.<ref>{{cite book | title=From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog: A History of the Software Industry | first=Martin | last=Campbell-Kelly | author-link=Martin Campbell-Kelly | publisher=[[MIT Press]] | location=Cambridge, Massachusetts | year=2003 | pages=140–143, 175–176, 237}}</ref>
In 1969, the United States of America alleged that IBM violated the [[Sherman Antitrust Act]] by monopolizing or attempting to monopolize the general-purpose electronic digital computer system market, specifically computers designed primarily for business, and subsequently alleged that IBM violated the antitrust laws in IBM's actions directed against leasing companies and plug-compatible peripheral manufacturers. Shortly after, IBM unbundled its software and services in what many observers believed was a direct result of the lawsuit, creating a competitive market for software. In 1982, the Department of Justice dropped the case as "without merit".<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/tlr60&div=37|title=Monopolization: Corporate Strategy, the IBM Cases, and the Transformation of the Law|last=Sullivan|first=Lawrence A.|journal=[[Texas Law Review]]|date=April 1982|access-date=January 14, 2022|volume=60|issue=4|pages=587–647|archive-date=January 14, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114192845/https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/tlr60&div=37|url-status=live}}</ref>
Also in 1969, IBM engineer [[Forrest Parry]] invented the [[magnetic stripe card]] that would become ubiquitous for credit/debit/ATM cards, driver's licenses, rapid transit cards, and a multitude of other identity and access control applications. IBM pioneered the manufacture of these cards, and for most of the 1970s, the data processing systems and software for such applications ran exclusively on IBM computers. In 1974, IBM engineer [[George J. Laurer]] developed the [[Universal Product Code]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The history of the UPC bar code and how the bar code symbol and system became a world standard. |url=https://www.cummingsdesign.com/bar_code_history.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109220243/https://www.cummingsdesign.com/bar_code_history.htm |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |access-date=May 17, 2011 |website=cummingsdesign.com |publisher=Cummingsdesign}}</ref> IBM and the [[World Bank]] first introduced [[Swap (finance)|financial swaps]] to the public in 1981, when they entered into a swap agreement.<ref>{{cite book|title=Fundamentals of Corporate Finance|edition=9th, alternate|last1=Ross|last2=Westerfield|last3=Jordan|year=2010|publisher=[[McGraw Hill]]|page=746}}</ref> The [[IBM PC]], originally designated IBM 5150, was introduced in 1981, and it soon became an industry standard.
In 1991 IBM began spinning off its many divisions into autonomous subsidiaries (so-called "Baby Blues") in an attempt to make the company more manageable and to streamline IBM by having other investors finance those companies.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Miller | first=Michael W. | date=November 10, 1992 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/398331696/ | title='Break Up IBM,' Cry Some Investors Who See Value in Those Baby Blues | journal=The Wall Street Journal | publisher=Dow Jones & Company | page=C1 | via=ProQuest}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Ziegler | first=Bart | date=September 6, 1992 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/268053630/ | title=Big Blue still breaking up its bureaucracy | journal=Colorado Springs-Gazette | page=E3 | via=ProQuest}}</ref> These included [[AdStar]], dedicated to disk drives and other data storage products; IBM Application Business Systems, dedicated to mid-range computers; IBM Enterprise Systems, dedicated to mainframes; Pennant Systems, dedicated to mid-range and large printers; [[Lexmark]], dedicated to small printers; and more.<ref>{{cite journal | agency=Associated Press | date=September 6, 1992 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/288539645/ | title=Facts, Figures on IBM's 13 Decentralized Firms | journal=The Salt Lake Tribune | page=D14 | via=ProQuest}}</ref> Lexmark was acquired by [[Clayton, Dubilier & Rice|Clayton & Dubilier]] in a [[leveraged buyout]] shortly after its formation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE2D9173CF931A15751C1A967958260|title=The Executive Computer; Can I.B.M. Learn From a Unit It Freed?|work=The New York Times|first=Peter H.|last=Lewis|date=December 22, 1991}}</ref>
In September 1992, IBM completed the spin-off of their various non-mainframe and non-midrange, personal computer manufacturing divisions, combining them into an autonomous wholly owned subsidiary known as the IBM Personal Computer Company (IBM PC Co.).<ref>{{cite news | last=Burgess | first=John | date=September 3, 1992 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1992/09/03/ibm-plans-division-for-its-pc-business/f732f4c5-ead6-4867-a911-c75bd6ad7ef3/ | title=IBM Plans Division For Its PC Business; One Executive Expected to Be Put in Control | newspaper=The Washington Post | page=B11 | archiveurl=https://archive.today/20230512002255/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1992/09/03/ibm-plans-division-for-its-pc-business/f732f4c5-ead6-4867-a911-c75bd6ad7ef3/ | archivedate=May 12, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Burgess | first=John | date=November 26, 1992 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1992/11/26/with-new-approach-and-executive-team-ibm-seeks-a-rebirth/8e8c42e0-cb95-4d75-8149-059fe121bb50/ | title=With New Approach and Executive Team, IBM Seeks a Rebirth | newspaper=The Washington Post | page=D1 | archiveurl=https://archive.today/20230512001140/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1992/11/26/with-new-approach-and-executive-team-ibm-seeks-a-rebirth/8e8c42e0-cb95-4d75-8149-059fe121bb50/ | archivedate=May 12, 2023}}</ref> This corporate restructuring came after IBM reported a sharp drop in profit margins during the second quarter of fiscal year 1992; market analysts attributed the drop to a fierce price war in the personal computer market over the summer of 1992.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Hooper | first=Lawrence | date=September 3, 1992 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/398296978/ | title=IBM to Unveil New Structure of PC Business | journal=The Wall Street Journal | publisher=Dow Jones & Company | page=A3 | via=ProQuest}}</ref> The corporate restructuring was one of the largest and most expensive in history up to that point.<ref>{{cite journal | agency=Associated Press | date=July 28, 1993 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/256293920/ | title=IBM reports record loss of $8 billion | journal=Austin American-Statesman | publisher=Knight-Ridder Tribune Service | page=B6 | via=ProQuest}}</ref> By the summer of 1993, the IBM PC Co. had divided into multiple business units itself, including [[Ambra Computer Corporation]] and the IBM Power Personal Systems Group, the former an attempt to design and market "[[IBM PC compatible|clone]]" computers of IBM's own architecture and the latter responsible for IBM's [[PowerPC]]-based [[workstation]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Lohr | first=Steve | date=August 2, 1993 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/02/business/ibm-and-dell-stake-out-the-little-picture-in-pc-s.html | title=I.B.M. and Dell Stake Out the Little Picture in PC's | journal=The New York Times | page=D2 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526082706/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/02/business/ibm-and-dell-stake-out-the-little-picture-in-pc-s.html | archivedate=May 26, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Burke | first=Steven | date=September 11, 1995 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/227494932/ | title=IBM Power Personal Systems group to be folded into PC Co. | journal=Computer Reseller News | publisher=CMP Publications | issue=648 | page=7 | via=ProQuest}}</ref>
In 1993, IBM posted an $8 billion loss – at the time the biggest in American corporate history.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://public.dhe.ibm.com/common/ssi/ecm/en/gbe03420usen/GBE03420USEN.PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223004332/https://public.dhe.ibm.com/common/ssi/ecm/en/gbe03420usen/GBE03420USEN.PDF|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 23, 2014|title=Life science: Fade or flourish ?|first1=Guy|last1=Lefever|first2=Michele|last2=Pesanello|first3=Heather|last3=Fraser|first4=Lee|last4=Taurman|year=2011|publisher=IBM Institute for Business Value|access-date=July 6, 2013|location=p. 2}}</ref> [[Lou Gerstner]] was hired as CEO from [[RJR Nabisco]] to turn the company around.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/chairmen/chairmen_9.html|title=IBM Archives: Louis V. Gerstner, Jr.|date=January 23, 2003|website=www.ibm.com|access-date=July 10, 2019|archive-date=September 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920153611/https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/chairmen/chairmen_9.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2002 IBM acquired [[PwC]] Consulting, the consulting arm of [[PwC]] which was merged into its [[IBM Consulting|IBM Global Services]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.computerworld.com/article/2576700/ibm-to-acquire-pwc-consulting-for--3-5-billion.html|title=IBM to acquire PwC Consulting for $3.5 billion|website=Computerworld|author=Linda Rosencrance|date=July 30, 2002|access-date=October 4, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/ibm-grabs-consulting-giant-for-3-5-billion/|title=IBM grabs consulting giant for $3.5 billion|author=Stephen Shankland|date=July 31, 2002|access-date=October 4, 2022}}</ref>
[[File:IBMinventions.png|thumb|left|IBM inventions (clockwise from top-left): the [[hard-disk drive]], [[DRAM]], the [[UPC bar code]], and the [[magnetic stripe card]]]]
In 1998, IBM merged the enterprise-oriented Personal Systems Group of the IBM PC Co. into IBM's own Global Services personal computer [[consulting]] and [[customer service]] division. The resulting merged business units then became known simply as IBM Personal Systems Group.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Zimmerman | first=Michael R. | author2=Lisa Dicarlo | date=December 14, 1998 | url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A53396059/GPS?sid=wikipedia | title=Not Your Father's PC Company Anymore | journal=PC Week | publisher=Ziff-Davis | volume=15 | issue=50 | page=1 | via=ProQuest}}</ref> In 1999, IBM stopped selling their computers at retail outlets after their market share in this sector had fallen considerably behind competitors [[Compaq]] and [[Dell]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hansell |first=Saul |date=October 25, 1999 |title=The Strategy For I.B.M.: Loss-Leader PC Sales |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/25/business/the-strategy-for-ibm-loss-leader-pc-sales.html |access-date=March 29, 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Immediately afterwards, the IBM PC Co. was dissolved and merged into IBM Personal Systems Group.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Greiner | first=Lynn | date=October 22, 1999 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/225027589/ | title=Big Blue to combine PC division with PSG | journal=Computing Canada | publisher=Plesman Publications | volume=25 | issue=40 | page=6 | via=ProQuest}}</ref>
On September 14, 2004, [[LG Corporation|LG]] and IBM announced that their [[business alliance]] in the [[South Korea]]n market would end at the end of that year. Both companies stated that it was unrelated to the charges of bribery earlier that year.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Won Choi |first=Hae |date=September 15, 2004 |title=IBM, LG Electronics Call Halt To PC Joint Venture in Korea |language=en-US |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB109516384011117260 |access-date=November 25, 2022 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sung-ha |first=Park |date=August 30, 2004 |title=LG, IBM to split by end of year |url=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2004/08/30/economy/LG-IBM-to-split-by-end-of-year/2462587.html |access-date=November 25, 2022 |website=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=IBM, LG Electronics to End Joint Venture |work=[[Forbes]] |url=http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2004/09/14/ap1543788.html |url-status=dead |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041022180259/http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2004/09/14/ap1543788.html |archive-date=October 22, 2004}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vance |first=Ashlee |author-link=Ashlee Vance |title=South Korea slams IBM with server slush fund charges |url=https://www.theregister.com/2004/01/05/south_korea_slams_ibm/ |access-date=November 25, 2022 |website=www.theregister.com |language=en}}</ref> [[List of LG laptops#Xnote|Xnote]] was originally part of the joint venture and was sold by LG in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laptop Retrospective |url=https://laptopretrospective.com/author/laptopretrospective_azusy3/ |access-date=April 16, 2023 |website=Laptop Retrospective |language=en-US}}</ref>
In 2005, the company [[Acquisition of the IBM PC business by Lenovo|sold all of its personal computer business]] to Chinese technology company [[Lenovo]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Lenovo Completes Acquisition Of IBM's Personal Computing Division |url=https://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/7641.wss |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110225728/https://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/7641.wss |archive-date=November 10, 2020 |access-date=March 1, 2019 |website=03.ibm.com |publisher=IBM}}</ref> and, in 2009, it acquired software company [[SPSS Inc.]] Later in 2009, IBM's [[Blue Gene]] supercomputing program was awarded the [[National Medal of Technology and Innovation]] by U.S. President [[Barack Obama]]. In 2011, IBM gained worldwide attention for its [[artificial intelligence]] program [[Watson (artificial intelligence software)|Watson]], which was exhibited on ''[[Jeopardy!]]'' where it won against game-show champions [[Ken Jennings]] and [[Brad Rutter]]. The company also celebrated its 100th anniversary in the same year on June 16. In 2012, IBM announced it had agreed to buy [[Kenexa]] and [[Texas Memory Systems]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/38594.wss|title=IBM Plans to Acquire Texas Memory Systems|publisher=IBM|access-date=August 17, 2012|archive-date=October 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012043556/https://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/38594.wss|url-status=live}}</ref> and a year later it also acquired [[SoftLayer Technologies]], a [[web hosting service]], in a deal worth around $2 billion.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-softlayer-ibm-idUSBRE9530NT20130605|title=IBM to buy website hosting service SoftLayer|first=Jennifer|last=Saba|publisher=Reuters|date=June 5, 2013|access-date=July 1, 2017|archive-date=September 24, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924181906/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/06/05/us-softlayer-ibm-idUSBRE9530NT20130605|url-status=live}}</ref> Also that year, the company designed a [[video surveillance]] system for [[Davao City]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theintercept.com/2019/03/20/rodrigo-duterte-ibm-surveillance/|title=Inside the Video Surveillance Program IBM Built for Philippine Strongman Rodrigo Duterte|first1=George|last1=Joseph|date=March 20, 2019|website=The Intercept|access-date=January 17, 2020|archive-date=January 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104104906/https://theintercept.com/2019/03/20/rodrigo-duterte-ibm-surveillance/|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2014, IBM announced it would sell its [[x86]] server division to Lenovo for $2.1 billion.<ref>{{cite press release|publisher=Reuters|date=September 29, 2014|title=Lenovo says $2.1 billion IBM x86 server deal to close on Wednesday|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lenovo-ibm-deals-idUSKCN0HO08N20140929|access-date=July 1, 2017|archive-date=November 17, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117105338/https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/09/29/us-lenovo-ibm-deals-idUSKCN0HO08N20140929|url-status=live}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=November 2017}} while continuing to offer [[Power ISA]]-based servers. Also that year, IBM began announcing several major partnerships with other companies, including [[Apple Inc.]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Apple + IBM |url=https://www.ibm.com/mobilefirst/us/en/?lnk=ushpls1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055744/https://www.ibm.com/mobilefirst/us/en/?lnk=ushpls1 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=July 18, 2014 |website=ibm.com |publisher=IBM}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Etherington |first1=Darrell |date=July 15, 2014 |title=Apple Teams Up With IBM For Huge, Expansive Enterprise Push |url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/07/15/apple-teams-up-with-ibm-for-huge-expansive-enterprise-push/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215222753/https://techcrunch.com/2014/07/15/apple-teams-up-with-ibm-for-huge-expansive-enterprise-push/ |archive-date=December 15, 2020 |access-date=July 18, 2014 |website=marketbusinessnews.com |publisher=Tech Crunch}}</ref> Twitter,<ref>{{cite web |last=Nordqvist |first=Christian |date=November 2, 2014 |title=Landmark IBM Twitter partnership to help businesses make decisions |url=https://marketbusinessnews.com/landmark-ibm-twitter-partnership-help-businesses-make-decisions/37093 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112012816/https://marketbusinessnews.com/landmark-ibm-twitter-partnership-help-businesses-make-decisions/37093/ |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |access-date=November 2, 2014 |publisher=Market Business News}}</ref> Facebook,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ha|first1=Anthony|title=IBM Announces Marketing Partnership With Facebook|date=May 6, 2015 |url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/05/05/ibm-partners-with-facebook/|publisher=TechCrunch|access-date=August 13, 2016|archive-date=November 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108103944/https://techcrunch.com/2015/05/05/ibm-partners-with-facebook/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tencent]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kyung-Hoon|first1=Kim|title=Tencent teams up with IBM to offer business software over the cloud|date=November 3, 2014|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tencent-ibm-deals-idUSKBN0IK0Q320141103|work=Reuters|access-date=August 13, 2016|archive-date=October 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023220332/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tencent-ibm-deals-idUSKBN0IK0Q320141103|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Cisco]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Vanian|first1=Jonathan|title=Cisco and IBM's New Partnership Is a Lot About Talk|url=https://fortune.com/2016/06/30/cisco-ibm-chat-work-collaboration/|publisher=Fortune|access-date=August 13, 2016|archive-date=October 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027204802/https://fortune.com/2016/06/30/cisco-ibm-chat-work-collaboration/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[UnderArmour]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Terdiman|first1=Daniel|title=IBM, Under Armour Team Up To Bring Cognitive Computing To Fitness Apps|date=January 6, 2016|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/3055148/ibm-under-armour-team-up-to-bring-cognitive-computing-to-fitness-apps|publisher=Fast Company|access-date=August 13, 2016|archive-date=November 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114905/https://www.fastcompany.com/3055148/ibm-under-armour-team-up-to-bring-cognitive-computing-to-fitness-apps|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Box (company)|Box]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Franklin|first1=Curtis Jr.|title=IBM, Box Cloud Partnership: What It Means|date=June 26, 2015|url=https://www.informationweek.com/cloud/cloud-storage/ibm-box-cloud-partnership-what-it-means/a/d-id/1321059|publisher=Information Week|access-date=August 13, 2016|archive-date=November 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121231350/https://www.informationweek.com/cloud/cloud-storage/ibm-box-cloud-partnership-what-it-means/a/d-id/1321059|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Microsoft]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Weinberger|first1=Matt|title=Microsoft just made a deal with IBM – and Apple should be nervous|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/microsoft-ibm-surface-partnership-2016-7|publisher=Business Insider|access-date=August 13, 2016|archive-date=August 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809100141/https://www.businessinsider.com/microsoft-ibm-surface-partnership-2016-7|url-status=live}}</ref> [[VMware]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Forrest|first1=Conner|title=VMware and SugarCRM expand partnerships with IBM, make services available on IBM Cloud|date=June 14, 2016|url=https://www.techrepublic.com/article/vmware-and-sugarcrm-expand-partnerships-with-ibm-make-services-available-on-ibm-cloud/|publisher=Tech Republic|access-date=August 13, 2016|archive-date=August 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823095633/https://www.techrepublic.com/article/vmware-and-sugarcrm-expand-partnerships-with-ibm-make-services-available-on-ibm-cloud/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Computer Sciences Corporation|CSC]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Taft|first1=Darryl|title=IBM, CSC Expand Their Cloud Deal to the Mainframe|date=July 25, 2016|publisher=eWeek|url=https://www.eweek.com/cloud/ibm-csc-expand-their-cloud-deal-to-the-mainframe.html|access-date=August 13, 2016}}</ref> [[Macy's]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Taft|first1=Darryl|title=Macy's Taps IBM, Satisfi for In-Store Shopping Companion|date=July 22, 2016|url=https://www.eweek.com/database/macys-taps-ibm-satisfi-for-in-store-shopping-companion.html|publisher=eWeek|access-date=August 13, 2016}}</ref> [[Sesame Workshop]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Toppo|first1=Greg|title=Sesame Workshop, IBM partner to use Watson for preschoolers|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2016/04/27/sesame-workshop-ibm-partner-use-watson-preschoolers/83563342/|publisher=USA Today|access-date=August 13, 2016|archive-date=October 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015013059/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2016/04/27/sesame-workshop-ibm-partner-use-watson-preschoolers/83563342/|url-status=live}}</ref> the parent company of [[Sesame Street]], and [[Salesforce.com]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Nusca|first=Andrea|title=IBM, Salesforce Strike Global Partnership on Cloud, AI|url=https://fortune.com/2017/03/06/ibm-salesforce-partnership-ai/|publisher=Fortune|access-date=March 7, 2017|archive-date=November 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111235241/https://fortune.com/2017/03/06/ibm-salesforce-partnership-ai/|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2015, IBM announced three major acquisitions: Merge Healthcare for $1 billion,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/2015-08-06/ibm-buys-merge-healthcare-to-boost-watson-health-cloud|work=Bloomberg|title=IBM Buys Merge Healthcare to Boost Watson Health Cloud|date=August 6, 2015|access-date=March 7, 2017|archive-date=September 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925220133/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/2015-08-06/ibm-buys-merge-healthcare-to-boost-watson-health-cloud|url-status=live}}</ref> data storage vendor [[Cleversafe]], and all digital assets from [[The Weather Company]], including [[Weather.com]] and the Weather Channel [[mobile app]].<ref name=bloomberg-twcibm>{{cite news|title=IBM Agrees to Acquire Weather Channel's Digital Assets|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-28/ibm-agrees-to-acquire-weather-channel-s-digital-assets|access-date=October 28, 2015|work=Bloomberg|archive-date=October 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013172810/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-28/ibm-agrees-to-acquire-weather-channel-s-digital-assets|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=nyt-ibmtwc>{{cite news|title=IBM to Acquire the Weather Company|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/29/technology/ibm-to-acquire-the-weather-company.html|access-date=October 28, 2015|work=The New York Times|date=October 28, 2015 |archive-date=December 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214191035/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/29/technology/ibm-to-acquire-the-weather-company.html|url-status=live|last1=Hardy |first1=Quentin }}</ref> Also that year, IBM employees created the film ''[[A Boy and His Atom]]'', which was the first molecule movie to tell a story. In 2016, IBM acquired video conferencing service [[Ustream]] and formed a new cloud video unit.<ref>{{cite web|title=IBM acquires Ustream, launches cloud video unit|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2016/01/21/ibm-acquires-ustream-launches-cloud-video-unit/79109112/|publisher=USA Today|date=January 21, 2016|access-date=August 31, 2017|archive-date=October 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015021210/https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2016/01/21/ibm-acquires-ustream-launches-cloud-video-unit/79109112/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ustream.tv/blog/2016/01/21/ibm-acquires-ustream-behind-the-acquisition/|title=IBM Acquires Ustream: Behind the Acquisition|first=Tilly|last=McLain|date=January 21, 2016|website=Ustream Online Video Blog|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122013620/https://www.ustream.tv/blog/2016/01/21/ibm-acquires-ustream-behind-the-acquisition/|archive-date=January 22, 2016|url-status=live|access-date=August 22, 2016}}</ref> In April 2016, it posted a 14-year low in quarterly sales.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/2016/04/19/investing/ibm-earnings-shrinking-14-year-low/|title=Big Blue isn't so big anymore|first=Matt|last=Egan|work=CNN Money|date=April 19, 2016|access-date=April 22, 2016|archive-date=October 31, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031073326/https://money.cnn.com/2016/04/19/investing/ibm-earnings-shrinking-14-year-low/|url-status=live}}</ref> The following month, [[Groupon]] sued IBM accusing it of patent infringement, two months after IBM accused Groupon of patent infringement in a separate lawsuit.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ibm-groupon-idUSKCN0Y02KG|title=Groupon sues 'once-great' IBM over patent|first=Jonathan|last=Stempel|work=Reuters|date=May 9, 2016|access-date=May 9, 2016|archive-date=November 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108202609/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ibm-groupon-idUSKCN0Y02KG|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2015, IBM bought the [[Digital media|digital]] part of [[The Weather Company]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/2015/10/28/technology/ibm-weather-channel/index.html|title=IBM Buys Digital Part of The Weather Company|first=David|last=Goldman|work=CNN Money|date=October 28, 2015|access-date=November 27, 2019|archive-date=December 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230220517/https://money.cnn.com/2015/10/28/technology/ibm-weather-channel/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Truven Health Analytics for $2.6 billion in 2016, and in October 2018, IBM announced its intention to acquire [[Red Hat]] for $34 billion,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/ibm-in-advanced-talks-to-buy-red-hat-1540751279|title=IBM to Acquire Red Hat for About $33 Billion|last1=Greene|first1=Jay|date=October 28, 2018|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=October 29, 2018|last2=McMillan|first2=Robert|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=November 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109005734/https://www.wsj.com/articles/ibm-in-advanced-talks-to-buy-red-hat-1540751279|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hammond|first1=Ed|last2=Porter|first2=Kiel|last3=Barinka|first3=Alex|title=IBM Nears Deal to Acquire Software Maker Red Hat|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-28/ibm-is-said-to-near-deal-to-acquire-software-maker-red-hat|newspaper=Bloomberg.com|date=October 28, 2018|access-date=October 28, 2018|archive-date=September 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902215121/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-28/ibm-is-said-to-near-deal-to-acquire-software-maker-red-hat|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=IBM to Acquire Red Hat|url=https://www.redhat.com/en/about/press-releases/ibm-acquire-red-hat-completely-changing-cloud-landscape-and-becoming-world%E2%80%99s-1-hybrid-cloud-provider?intcmp=701f2000000RWK2AAO|access-date=October 28, 2018|archive-date=October 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028191024/https://www.redhat.com/en/about/press-releases/ibm-acquire-red-hat-completely-changing-cloud-landscape-and-becoming-world%E2%80%99s-1-hybrid-cloud-provider?intcmp=701f2000000RWK2AAO|url-status=live}}</ref> which was completed on July 9, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.redhat.com/en/about/press-releases/ibm-closes-landmark-acquisition-red-hat-34-billion-defines-open-hybrid-cloud-future|title=IBM Closes Landmark Acquisition of Red Hat for $34 Billion; Defines Open, Hybrid Cloud Future|website=www.redhat.com|date=July 9, 2019 |language=en|access-date=July 9, 2019|archive-date=December 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216104317/https://www.redhat.com/en/about/press-releases/ibm-closes-landmark-acquisition-red-hat-34-billion-defines-open-hybrid-cloud-future|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{anchor|Kyndryl}}IBM announced in October 2020 that it would divest the Managed Infrastructure Services unit of its Global Technology Services division into a new public company.<ref>{{cite web |title=IBM To Accelerate Hybrid Cloud Growth Strategy And Execute Spin-Off Of Market-Leading Managed Infrastructure Services Unit |url=https://newsroom.ibm.com/2020-10-08-IBM-To-Accelerate-Hybrid-Cloud-Growth-Strategy-And-Execute-Spin-Off-Of-Market-Leading-Managed-Infrastructure-Services-Unit |website=ibm.com |publisher=IBM Corporation |access-date=October 10, 2020 |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107220744/https://newsroom.ibm.com/2020-10-08-IBM-To-Accelerate-Hybrid-Cloud-Growth-Strategy-And-Execute-Spin-Off-Of-Market-Leading-Managed-Infrastructure-Services-Unit |url-status=live }}</ref> The new company, [[Kyndryl]], will have 90,000 employees, 4,600 clients in 115 countries, with a backlog of $60 billion.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vengattil |first1=Munsif |title=IBM to break up 109-year old company to focus on cloud growth |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/ibm-divestiture/update-5-ibm-to-break-up-109-year-old-company-to-focus-on-cloud-growth-idUSL4N2GZ28Q |website=www.reuters.com |date=October 9, 2020 |agency=Reuters |access-date=October 10, 2020 |archive-date=October 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015101518/https://www.reuters.com/article/ibm-divestiture/update-5-ibm-to-break-up-109-year-old-company-to-focus-on-cloud-growth-idUSL4N2GZ28Q |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Goodwin |first1=Jazmin |title=IBM spins off a quarter of the company to focus on the cloud |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/08/tech/ibm-hybrid-cloud/index.html |website=cnn.com |date=October 8, 2020 |publisher=CNN |access-date=October 10, 2020 |archive-date=November 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126022525/https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/08/tech/ibm-hybrid-cloud/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bursztynsky |first1=Jessica |title=IBM shares rise on plans to spin off its IT infrastructure unit and focus on the cloud business |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/08/ibm-shares-surge-on-plans-to-spin-off-unit-into-separate-publicly-traded-company-.html |website=cnbc.com |date=October 8, 2020 |publisher=CNBC |access-date=October 10, 2020 |archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111073437/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/08/ibm-shares-surge-on-plans-to-spin-off-unit-into-separate-publicly-traded-company-.html |url-status=live }}</ref> IBM's spin off was greater than any of its previous divestitures, and welcomed by investors.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Asa Fitch and Dave Sebastian |title=IBM to Spin Off Services Unit to Accelerate Cloud-Computing Pivot |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/ibm-to-spin-off-managed-infrastructure-services-unit-into-a-public-company-11602156618 |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=October 8, 2020 |publisher=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=October 10, 2020 |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106020856/https://www.wsj.com/articles/ibm-to-spin-off-managed-infrastructure-services-unit-into-a-public-company-11602156618 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bendor-Samuel |first1=Peter |title=IBM Splits Into Two Companies |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/peterbendorsamuel/2020/10/09/ibm-splits-into-two-companies/#107aba5b56e6 |work=Forbes |access-date=October 10, 2020 |archive-date=November 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129064511/https://www.forbes.com/sites/peterbendorsamuel/2020/10/09/ibm-splits-into-two-companies/#107aba5b56e6 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Moorhead |first1=Patrick |title=IBM Spinning Off Infrastructure Managed Services Group To Focus On Cloud Is A Good Move |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/patrickmoorhead/2020/10/09/ibm-spinning-off-infrastructure-managed-services-group-to-focus-on-cloud-is-a-good-move/#22fa705f235a |work=Forbes |access-date=October 10, 2020 |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109070537/https://www.forbes.com/sites/patrickmoorhead/2020/10/09/ibm-spinning-off-infrastructure-managed-services-group-to-focus-on-cloud-is-a-good-move/#22fa705f235a |url-status=live }}</ref> IBM appointed Martin Schroeter, who had been IBM's CFO from 2014 through the end of 2017, as CEO of [[Kyndryl]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://siliconangle.com/2021/01/07/ibm-names-martin-schroeter-ceo-19b-newco-services-spinoff/ |title=IBM names Martin Schroeter as CEO of $19B NewCo services spinoff |first=Maria |last=Deutscher |work=SiliconANGLE |date=January 7, 2021 |accessdate=February 23, 2021 |archive-date=January 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111033317/https://siliconangle.com/2021/01/07/ibm-names-martin-schroeter-ceo-19b-newco-services-spinoff/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://cio.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/corporate-news/ibm-names-former-financial-chief-martin-schroeter-as-head-of-new-it-infrastructure-services-company/80164456 |title=IBM names former financial chief Martin Schroeter as head of new IT infrastructure services company |work=[[The Economic Times|ETCIO]] |agency=[[Reuters]] |date=January 8, 2021 |accessdate=February 23, 2021 |archive-date=June 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614003803/https://cio.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/corporate-news/ibm-names-former-financial-chief-martin-schroeter-as-head-of-new-it-infrastructure-services-company/80164456 |url-status=live }}</ref>
On March 7, 2022, a few days after the start of the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], IBM CEO Arvind Krishna published a Ukrainian flag and announced that "we have suspended all business in Russia". All Russian articles were also removed from the IBM website.<ref>{{cite web
|author=Arvind Krishna
|language = en
|url = https://newsroom.ibm.com/Update-on-our-actions-War-in-Ukraine
|title =Update on Our Actions: War in Ukraine
|publisher = IBM
|date = March 7, 2022
|accessdate = March 7, 2022}}</ref> On June 7, Krishna announced that IBM would carry out an "orderly wind-down" of its operations in Russia.<ref name="tribm">{{cite news |title=IBM finally shutters Russian operations, lays off staff |url=https://www.theregister.com/2022/06/07/ibm_russia_closes/ |publisher=The Register |date=June 7, 2022}}</ref>
== Headquarters and offices ==
[[File:IBM CHQ - Oct 2014.jpg|thumb|IBM CHQ in [[Armonk, New York]] in 2014]]
[[File:IBM Beijing, Pangu Plaza.jpg|thumb|Pangu Plaza, one of IBM's offices in Beijing, China]]
IBM is headquartered in [[Armonk, New York]], a community {{convert|37|mi}} north of Midtown Manhattan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/contact/us/en/|title=Contact Us|publisher=IBM|access-date=October 20, 2009|archive-date=December 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230043253/https://www.ibm.com/contact/us/en/|url-status=live}}</ref> A nickname for the company is the "'''Colossus of Armonk'''".<ref name="salmans19820109">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/01/09/business/dominance-ended-ibm-fights-back.html | title=Dominance Ended, I.B.M. Fights Back | work=The New York Times | date=January 9, 1982 | access-date=January 2, 2015 | author=Salmans, Sandra | archive-date=August 27, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827213057/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/01/09/business/dominance-ended-ibm-fights-back.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Its principal building, referred to as CHQ, is a {{convert|283000|sqft|m2|adj=on}} glass and stone edifice on a {{convert|25|acre|adj=on}} parcel amid a 432-acre former apple orchard the company purchased in the mid-1950s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://partners.nytimes.com/library/cyber/week/091797ibm.html|title=IBM's New Headquarters Reflects A Change in Corporate Style|first=Laurence|last=Zuckerman|date=September 17, 1997|website=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=August 22, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305201259/https://partners.nytimes.com/library/cyber/week/091797ibm.html|archive-date=March 5, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> There are two other IBM buildings within walking distance of CHQ: the North Castle office, which previously served as IBM's headquarters; and the Louis V. Gerstner, Jr., Center for Learning<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/blogs/think/2018/10/lvg-learning-center/|title=On the Dedication of the Louis V. Gerstner, Jr., Center for Learning – THINK Blog|date=October 2, 2018|publisher=IBM|access-date=October 2, 2018|archive-date=August 31, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831213458/https://www.ibm.com/blogs/think/2018/10/lvg-learning-center/|url-status=live}}</ref> (formerly known as IBM Learning Center (ILC)), a resort hotel and training center, which has 182 guest rooms, 31 meeting rooms, and various amenities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Property Overview|url=https://www.ibmlearningcenter.com/property-overview/property-overview.asp|publisher=Dolce Hotels and Resorts|access-date=August 12, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917145017/https://www.ibmlearningcenter.com/property-overview/property-overview.asp|archive-date=September 17, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
IBM operates in 174 countries {{as of|2016|lc=y}},<ref name="fortune20160201"/> with mobility centers in smaller market areas and major campuses in the larger ones. In New York City, IBM has several offices besides CHQ, including the [[IBM Watson]] headquarters at [[Astor Place]] in [[Manhattan]]. Outside of New York, major campuses in the United States include [[Austin, Texas]]; [[Research Triangle Park|Research Triangle Park (Raleigh-Durham), North Carolina]]; [[IBM Rochester|Rochester, Minnesota]]; and [[IBM Research - Almaden|Silicon Valley, California]].
IBM's real estate holdings are varied and globally diverse. Towers occupied by IBM include [[1250 René-Lévesque]] (Montreal, Canada) and [[One Atlantic Center]] (Atlanta, Georgia, US). In Beijing, China, IBM occupies [[Pangu Plaza]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapid=5663141|title=Company Overview of IBM China Company Limited|website=Bloomberg|access-date=September 19, 2018|archive-date=June 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626145229/https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/0347735D:CH|url-status=live}}</ref> the city's [[List of tallest buildings in Beijing|seventh tallest building]] and overlooking [[Beijing National Stadium|Beijing National Stadium ("Bird's Nest")]], home to the [[2008 Summer Olympics]].
[[IBM India|IBM India Private Limited]] is the Indian subsidiary of IBM, which is headquartered at [[Bangalore]], Karnataka. It has facilities in [[Coimbatore]], [[Chennai]], [[Kochi]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata]], [[Mumbai]], [[Pune]], [[Gurugram]], [[Noida]], [[Bhubaneshwar]], [[Surat]], [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Bangalore]] and [[Jamshedpur]].
Other notable buildings include the [[IBM Rome Software Lab]] (Rome, Italy), [[Hursley House]] (Winchester, UK), [[330 North Wabash]] (Chicago, Illinois, United States), the [[Cambridge Scientific Center]] (Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States), the [[IBM Toronto Software Lab]] (Toronto, Canada), the IBM Building, Johannesburg (Johannesburg, South Africa), the [[IBM Building (Seattle)]] (Seattle, Washington, United States), the [[IBM Hakozaki Facility]] (Tokyo, Japan), the [[IBM Yamato Facility]] (Yamato, Japan), the [[IBM Canada Head Office Building]] (Ontario, Canada) and the Watson IoT Headquarters<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/blogs/internet-of-things/munich-hive-innovation/|title=Watson IoT Headquarters|date=May 17, 2017|publisher=IBM|access-date=October 6, 2018|archive-date=October 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012033836/https://www.ibm.com/blogs/internet-of-things/munich-hive-innovation/|url-status=live}}</ref> (Munich, Germany). Defunct IBM campuses include the [[IBM Somers Office Complex]] (Somers, New York), [[Spango Valley#The IBM Years|Spango Valley]] (Greenock, Scotland), and [[Tour Descartes]] (Paris, France). The company's contributions to industrial architecture and design include works by [[Marcel Breuer]], [[Eero Saarinen]], [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe]], [[I.M. Pei]] and [[Ricardo Legorreta]]. Van der Rohe's building in Chicago was recognized with the 1990 [[Honor Award]] from the [[National Building Museum]].<ref name="Honor">{{cite news|title=In the IBM Honoring the Corporation's Buildings|first=Benjamin|last=Forgey|date=March 24, 1990|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref>
IBM was recognized as one of the Top 20 Best Workplaces for Commuters by the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA) in 2005, which recognized [[Fortune 500]] companies that provided employees with excellent [[Commuting|commuter]] benefits to help reduce traffic and air pollution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/ibm/responsibility/world/environmental/index.shtml|title=Environmental Protection|date=May 3, 2008|publisher=IBM|access-date=May 17, 2008|archive-date=September 3, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070903084712/https://www.ibm.com/ibm/responsibility/world/environmental/index.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2004, concerns were raised related to IBM's contribution in its early days to pollution in its original location in [[Endicott, New York#Pollution|Endicott, New York]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/47783.html|title=Village of Endicott Environmental Investigations|access-date=January 28, 2015|archive-date=October 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025230912/https://www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/47783.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C00E4DF1631F936A25750C0A9629C8B63|title=In an I.B.M. Village, Pollution Fears Taint Relations With Neighbors|date=March 15, 2004|access-date=May 1, 2008|publisher=New York Times Online|first=Samme|last=Chittum|archive-date=August 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808110211/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/15/nyregion/in-an-ibm-village-pollution-fears-taint-relations-with-neighbors.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Finance==
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align: right;"
|+ 10-Year Financials (2011-2021)
!Year
!Revenue<br />in mil. US$
!Net income<br />in mil. US$
!Employees
|-
|2011
|106,916 {{increase}}
|15,855
|433,362
|-
|2012
|102,874 {{decrease}}
|16,604
|434,246
|-
|2013
|98,367 {{decrease}}
|16,483
|431,212
|-
|2014
|92,793 {{decrease}}
|12,022
|379,592
|-
|2015
|81,741 {{decrease}}
|13,190
|377,757
|-
|2016
|79,919 {{decrease}}
|11,872
|380,300
|-
|2017
|79,139 {{decrease}}
|5,753
|366,600
|-
|2018
|79,591 {{increase}}
|8,723
|350,600
|-
|2019
|77,100 {{decrease}}
|9,400
|352,600
|-
|2020
|73,620 {{decrease}}
|5,590
|345,900
|-
|2021
|57,350{{dagger}} {{increase}}
|5,743
|282,100
|-
|+{{dagger}}=IBM's financial statements from the 2021 annual report have adjusted revenue, income numbers, employee count for the previous years to account for discontinued operations related to the separation of [[Kyndryl]].
|}
For the fiscal year 2020, IBM reported earnings of $5.6 billion, with an annual revenue of $73.6 billion. IBM's revenue has fallen for 8 of the last 9 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Owens|first=Jeremy C.|title=IBM earnings and revenue continue to shrink, stock falls 6%|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/ibm-earnings-and-revenue-continue-to-shrink-ahead-of-major-shakeup-stock-falls-6-11611265158|access-date=April 29, 2021|website=MarketWatch|language=en-US|archive-date=April 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428052529/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/ibm-earnings-and-revenue-continue-to-shrink-ahead-of-major-shakeup-stock-falls-6-11611265158|url-status=live}}</ref> IBM's market capitalization was valued at over $127 billion as of April 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IBM Market Cap 2006–2021 {{!}} IBM|url=https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/IBM/ibm/market-cap|access-date=April 29, 2021|website=www.macrotrends.net|archive-date=April 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429175856/https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/IBM/ibm/market-cap|url-status=live}}</ref> IBM ranked No. 38 on the 2020 [[Fortune 500]] rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fortune 500|url=https://fortune.com/fortune500/2020/|access-date=April 29, 2021|website=Fortune|language=en|archive-date=December 31, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231221341/https://fortune.com/fortune500/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, IBM was accused of using "financial engineering" to hit its quarterly earnings targets rather than investing for the longer term.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sorkin|first=Andrew Ross|date=October 20, 2014|title=The Truth About IBM's Buybacks|work=DealBook|url=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/10/20/the-truth-hidden-by-ibms-buybacks/|access-date=April 29, 2021|archive-date=April 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410173205/https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/10/20/the-truth-hidden-by-ibms-buybacks|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Saft|first=James|date=October 21, 2014|title=IBM and the financial engineering economy: James Saft|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-markets-saft-idUSKCN0IA1II20141021|access-date=April 29, 2021|archive-date=April 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429180850/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-markets-saft-idUSKCN0IA1II20141021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=October 8, 2020|title=Boring IBM Just Got a Lot More Interesting|language=en|work=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2020-10-08/bm-spinoff-and-focus-on-cloud-and-red-hat-is-smart|access-date=April 29, 2021|archive-date=April 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429180850/https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2020-10-08/bm-spinoff-and-focus-on-cloud-and-red-hat-is-smart|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Products and services==
{{see also|List of IBM products}}<!-- THIS SECTION FOCUSED ON CURRENT PRODUCTS AND SERVICES -- OLDER ONES IN HISTORY SECTION-->
[[File:Mira - Blue Gene Q at Argonne National Laboratory - Skin.jpg|thumb|right|[[Blue Gene]] was awarded the [[National Medal of Technology and Innovation]] in 2009.]]
IBM has a large and diverse portfolio of products and services. {{as of|2016}}, these offerings fall into the categories of [[cloud computing]], [[artificial intelligence]], commerce, data and [[analytics]], [[Internet of things]] (IoT),<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2479438,00.asp|title=IBM Investing $3B in Internet of Things|work=PCMAG|access-date=May 28, 2015|archive-date=August 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809034048/https://www.pcmag.com/news/ibm-investing-3b-in-internet-of-things|url-status=live}}</ref> [[IT infrastructure]], [[Mobile computing|mobile]], [[digital workplace]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Digital workplace services {{!}} IBM |url=https://www.ibm.com/in-en/services/digital-workplace |website=Digital workplace services {{!}} IBM |access-date=March 27, 2020 |language=en-in |archive-date=December 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219085750/https://www.ibm.com/in-en/services/digital-workplace |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[cybersecurity]].<ref>{{cite web|title=IBM Products|url=https://www.ibm.com/products/en-us/?lnk=hmpr|publisher=IBM|access-date=August 13, 2016|archive-date=June 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613073817/https://www.ibm.com/products/en-us/?lnk=hmpr|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[IBM Cloud]] includes [[infrastructure as a service]] (IaaS), [[software as a service]] (SaaS) and [[platform as a service]] (PaaS) offered through public, private and hybrid [[Cloud computing#Deployment models|cloud delivery models]]. For instance, the IBM [[Bluemix]] PaaS enables developers to quickly create complex websites on a pay-as-you-go model. IBM [[SoftLayer]] is a [[dedicated server]], [[managed hosting]] and [[cloud computing]] provider, which in 2011 reported hosting more than 81,000 servers for more than 26,000 customers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Data Center Knowledge – SoftLayer: $78 Million in First Quarter Revenue|date=May 17, 2011|url=https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2011/05/17/softlayer-78-million-in-first-quarter-revenue/|access-date=August 14, 2016|archive-date=October 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025032153/https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2011/05/17/softlayer-78-million-in-first-quarter-revenue/|url-status=live}}</ref> IBM also provides Cloud Data Encryption Services (ICDES), using [[cryptographic splitting]] to secure customer data.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/blogs/cloud-computing/2015/10/a-billion-reasons-you-want-to-encrypt-your-data/?S_TACT=C34409NW&S_TACT=C34409NW&S_TACT=C34409NW&S_TACT=C34409NW|title=Cloud computing news: Security|publisher=ibm.com|date=October 21, 2015|access-date=September 23, 2016|archive-date=December 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229112148/https://www.ibm.com/blogs/cloud-computing/2015/10/a-billion-reasons-you-want-to-encrypt-your-data/?S_TACT=C34409NW&S_TACT=C34409NW&S_TACT=C34409NW&S_TACT=C34409NW|url-status=live}}</ref>
IBM also hosts the industry-wide cloud computing and mobile technologies conference InterConnect each year.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lunden|first1=Ingrid|title=IBM Inks VMware, GitHub, Bitly Deals, Expands Apple Swift Use As It Doubles Down On The Cloud|date=February 22, 2016 |url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/02/22/ibm-inks-deals-with-apple-vmware-github-bitly-and-more-as-it-doubles-down-on-the-cloud/|publisher=TechCrunch|access-date=August 14, 2016|archive-date=November 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127113445/https://techcrunch.com/2016/02/22/ibm-inks-deals-with-apple-vmware-github-bitly-and-more-as-it-doubles-down-on-the-cloud/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Computer hardware|Hardware]] designed by IBM for these categories include IBM's [[IBM Power microprocessors|Power microprocessors]], which are employed inside many [[video game console|console gaming systems]], including [[Xbox 360]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/chips/news/2005/1025_xbox.html|title=IBM delivers Power-based chip for Microsoft Xbox 360 worldwide launch|publisher=IBM|date=October 25, 2005|access-date=March 22, 2007|archive-date=December 17, 2006|archive-url=https://archive.today/20061217220450/http://www.ibm.com/chips/news/2005/1025_xbox.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[PlayStation 3]], and [[Nintendo]]'s [[Wii U]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Staff Writer|url=https://mybroadband.co.za/news/gaming/26011-ibm-microprocessors-drive-the-new-nintendo-wii-u-console.html|title=IBM microprocessors drive the new Nintendo WiiU console|publisher=mybroadband.co.za|date=June 8, 2011|access-date=June 17, 2011|archive-date=September 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926031755/https://mybroadband.co.za/news/gaming/26011-ibm-microprocessors-drive-the-new-nintendo-wii-u-console.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Leung|first=Isaac|url=https://www.electronicsnews.com.au/news/ibms-45nm-soi-microprocessors-at-core-of-nintendo|title=IBM's 45nm SOI microprocessors at core of Nintendo Wii U|work=Electronics News|date=June 8, 2011|access-date=June 17, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714122624/https://www.electronicsnews.com.au/news/ibms-45nm-soi-microprocessors-at-core-of-nintendo|archive-date=July 14, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> IBM [[Secure Blue]] is encryption hardware that can be built into microprocessors,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://asmarterplanet.com/blog/2008/11/building-a-smarter-planet.html|title=Building a smarter planet|publisher=Asmarterplanet.com|access-date=May 23, 2010|archive-date=October 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015162756/https://www.ibm.com/us-en/|url-status=live}}</ref> and in 2014, the company revealed [[TrueNorth]], a [[neuromorphic]] [[CMOS]] [[integrated circuit]] and announced a $3 billion investment over the following five years to design a neural chip that mimics the human brain, with 10 billion neurons and 100 trillion synapses, but that uses just 1 kilowatt of power.<ref name="BrainIBM">{{cite news|title=New research initiative sees IBM commit $3 bn|url=https://www.sanfrancisconews.net/index.php/sid/223650653/scat/3a8a80d6f705f8cc/ht/New-research-initiative-sees-IBM-commit-3-bn|access-date=July 10, 2014|publisher=San Francisco News.Net|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714183807/https://www.sanfrancisconews.net/index.php/sid/223650653/scat/3a8a80d6f705f8cc/ht/New-research-initiative-sees-IBM-commit-3-bn|archive-date=July 14, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2016, the company launched [[Flash file system|all-flash arrays]] designed for small and midsized companies, which includes software for data compression, provisioning, and snapshots across various systems.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/ibm-launches-flash-arrays-for-smaller-enterprises-aims-to-court-emc-dell-customers/|title=IBM launches flash arrays for smaller enterprises, aims to court EMC, Dell customers|first=Larry|last=Dignan|work=ZDNet|date=August 23, 2016|access-date=August 23, 2016|archive-date=October 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021054406/https://www.zdnet.com/article/ibm-launches-flash-arrays-for-smaller-enterprises-aims-to-court-emc-dell-customers/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[IT outsourcing]] also represents a major service provided by IBM, with more than 60 [[data centers]] worldwide.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ibm.com/cloud/data-centers/|title=IBM. Global locations for your global business.|work=IBM|language=en|access-date=December 9, 2019|archive-date=November 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111174623/https://www.ibm.com/cloud/data-centers/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[alphaWorks]] is IBM's source for emerging software technologies, and [[SPSS]] is a [[computer program|software package]] used for [[statistical analysis]]. IBM's [[Kenexa]] suite provides employment and [[Employee retention|retention]] solutions{{buzzword inline|date=October 2020}}, and includes the [[BrassRing]], an [[applicant tracking system]] used by thousands of companies for recruiting.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hoovers.com/company/Kenexa_Corporation/rfrttif-1.html|title=Kenexa Corporation | Company Profile from Hoover's|publisher=Hoovers.com|access-date=October 8, 2015|archive-date=June 15, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615044304/https://www.hoovers.com/company/Kenexa_Corporation/rfrttif-1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> IBM also owns [[The Weather Company]], which provides [[weather forecasting]] and includes [[weather.com]] and [[Weather Underground (weather service)|Weather Underground]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/29/technology/ibm-to-acquire-the-weather-company.html|title=IBM to Acquire the Weather Company|newspaper=The New York Times |date=October 28, 2015 |access-date=September 19, 2018|language=en|archive-date=December 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214191035/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/29/technology/ibm-to-acquire-the-weather-company.html|url-status=live|last1=Hardy |first1=Quentin }}</ref>
[[Smarter Planet]] is an initiative that seeks to achieve economic growth, near-term efficiency, [[sustainable development]], and societal progress,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/01/12/big-blues-smarter-marketing-playbook/|work=The New York Times|title=Big Blue's Smarter Marketing Playbook|first=Steve|last=Lohr|date=January 12, 2010|access-date=August 8, 2010|archive-date=January 16, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116075440/https://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/01/12/big-blues-smarter-marketing-playbook/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.cnet.com/8301-13772_3-20012306-52.html|work=CNET News|title=At IBM Research, a constant quest for the bleeding edge|first=Daniel|last=Terdiman|date=August 2, 2010|access-date=August 8, 2010}}{{dead link|date=August 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> targeting opportunities such as [[smart grid]]s,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/smarterplanet/grid|title=Smart Grid|website=IBM|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409051620/https://www.ibm.com/smarterplanet/us/en/smart_grid/ideas/index.html?ca=v_grid|archive-date=April 9, 2011}}</ref> [[water management]] systems,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/smarterplanet/water|title=Smarter Water Management|website=IBM|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418005337/https://www.ibm.com/smarterplanet/us/en/water_management/ideas/index.html?ca=v_water|archive-date=April 18, 2010}}</ref> solutions to [[traffic congestion]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/smarterplanet/traffic|title=Smart traffic|website=IBM|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100504161755/https://www.ibm.com/smarterplanet/us/en/traffic_congestion/ideas/index.html?ca=v_traffic|archive-date=May 4, 2010}}</ref> and greener buildings.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/smarterplanet/buildings|title=Smarter Buildings|website=IBM|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614230343/https://www.ibm.com/smarterplanet/us/en/green_buildings/ideas/index.html?ca=v_buildings|archive-date=June 14, 2011}}</ref>
Services provisions include Redbooks, which are publicly available online books about best practices with IBM products, and [[developerWorks]], a website for [[software developer]]s and IT professionals with how-to articles and tutorials, as well as software downloads, code samples, discussion forums, podcasts, blogs, wikis, and other resources for developers and technical professionals.<ref name="developerWorks">{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/aboutdw/|title=About developerWorks|website=[[IBM developerWorks]]|access-date=August 22, 2016|archive-date=May 19, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519172854/https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/aboutdw/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[IBM Watson]] is a technology platform that uses [[natural language processing]] and [[machine learning]] to reveal insights from large amounts of [[unstructured data]].<ref>{{cite web|title=What is Watson?|url=https://www.ibm.com/watson/what-is-watson.html|publisher=IBM|access-date=August 13, 2016|archive-date=October 30, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030080103/https://www.ibm.com/watson/what-is-watson.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Watson was debuted in 2011 on the American gameshow ''[[Jeopardy!]]'', where it competed against champions [[Ken Jennings]] and [[Brad Rutter]] in a three-game tournament and won. Watson has since been applied to business, healthcare, developers, and universities. For example, IBM has partnered with [[Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center]] to assist with considering treatment options for [[oncology]] patients and for doing [[melanoma]] screenings.<ref>{{cite web|title=Watson Oncology|url=https://www.mskcc.org/about/innovative-collaborations/watson-oncology|publisher=Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center|access-date=August 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013210541/https://www.mskcc.org/about/innovative-collaborations/watson-oncology|archive-date=October 13, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Also, several companies have begun using Watson for [[call centers]], either replacing or assisting customer service agents.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Upbin|first1=Bruce|title=IBM's Watson Now A Customer Service Agent, Coming To Smartphones Soon|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/bruceupbin/2013/05/21/ibms-watson-now-a-customer-service-agent-coming-to-smartphones-soon/|work=Forbes|access-date=August 13, 2016|archive-date=November 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112041848/https://www.forbes.com/sites/bruceupbin/2013/05/21/ibms-watson-now-a-customer-service-agent-coming-to-smartphones-soon/|url-status=live}}</ref> <!-- THIS SECTION FOCUSED ON CURRENT PRODUCTS AND SERVICES -- OLDER ONES IN HISTORY SECTION-->
[[File:IBM Q system (Fraunhofer 2).jpg|thumb|[[IBM Q System One]] (2019), the first circuit-based commercial quantum computer]]
In January 2019, IBM introduced its first commercial [[Quantum computing|quantum computer]] [[IBM Q System One]].<ref>{{cite news|title=IBM Unveils Q System One Quantum Computer|url=https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/283427-quantum-computing-goes-commercial-with-ibms-q-system-one|work=ExtremeTech|date=January 10, 2019|access-date=February 25, 2019|archive-date=December 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224042014/https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/283427-quantum-computing-goes-commercial-with-ibms-q-system-one|url-status=live}}</ref>
IBM also provides infrastructure for the [[New York City Police Department]] through their [[IBM Cognos Analytics]] to perform data visualizations of [[CompStat]] crime data.<ref>{{cite web|url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/solutions/pdfs/ODB-0144-01F.pdf|title=NYPD changes the crime control equation by transforming the way it uses information|publisher=IBM Corporation|location=Road Armonk, NY|access-date=June 8, 2019|archive-date=January 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108221903/ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/solutions/pdfs/ODB-0144-01F.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
In March 2020, it was announced that IBM will build the first [[quantum computer]] in Germany. The computer should allow researchers to harness the technology without falling foul of the EU's increasingly assertive stance on data sovereignty.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ft.com/content/83bfbfd3-0cd6-4f3a-9d98-4996f9295984 |title=IBM to build Europe's first quantum computer in Germany |work=Financial Times |date=March 13, 2020 |access-date=July 20, 2021 |url-access=subscription |last1=Miller |first1=Joe |archive-date=November 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119003053/https://www.ft.com/content/83bfbfd3-0cd6-4f3a-9d98-4996f9295984 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In June 2020, IBM announced that it was exiting the facial recognition business. In a letter to congress,<ref>{{cite web |title=IBM Policy |website=[[IBM]] |url=https://www.ibm.com/policy/facial-recognition-sunset-racial-justice-reforms/}}</ref> IBM's Chief Executive Officer Arvind Krishna told lawmakers, "now is the time to begin a national dialogue on whether and how facial recognition technology should be employed by domestic law enforcement agencies."<ref>{{cite news |title=IBM exits facial recognition business, calls for police reform |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ibm-facial-recognition-idUSKBN23G01T |work=Reuters |date=9 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
In May 2022, IBM announced the company had signed a multi-year Strategic Collaboration Agreement with [[Amazon Web Services]] to make a wide variety of IBM software available as a service on AWS Marketplace. Additionally, the deal includes both companies making joint investments that make it easier for companies to consume IBM's offering and integrate them with AWS, including developer training and software development for select markets.<ref>{{cite journal|date= May 13, 2022|url=https://www.techtarget.com/searchcloudcomputing/news/252518198/IBM-steps-up-its-cloud-partnership-strategy-with-AWS-deal|title=IBM steps up its cloud partnership strategy with AWS deal|journal=Tech Target|access-date=May 18, 2022}}</ref>
In November 2022, the company came out with a chip called the 433-[[qubit]] Osprey. ''Time'' called it "the world's most powerful quantum processor" and noted that if the processor's speed were represented in bits, the number would be larger than the total number of atoms in the universe.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=How Quantum Computing Will Transform Our World |url=https://time.com/6249784/quantum-computing-revolution/ |access-date=February 7, 2023 |magazine=Time |language=en}}</ref>
In an effort to streamline its products and services, beginning in the 1990s, IBM has regularly sold off low margin assets while shifting its focus to higher-value, more profitable [[Market (economics)|markets]]. In 1991, the company [[Corporate spin-off|spun off]] its [[Printer (computing)|printer]] and [[Computer keyboard|keyboard]] manufacturing division to [[Lexmark]], in 2005 it sold its personal computer ([[ThinkPad]]/[[ThinkCentre]]) business to [[Lenovo]], in 2015 it adopted a "[[Fabless manufacturing|fabless]]" model with [[semiconductors]] design and offloaded manufacturing to [[GlobalFoundries]], and in 2021 it spun-off its managed infrastructure services unit into a new public company named [[Kyndryl]].<ref>{{cite web |date=October 8, 2020 |title=IBM to Spin off $19B Business to Focus on Cloud Computing |url=https://apnews.com/article/archive-cloud-computing-artificial-intelligence-d72c75969a5f3346f91090d3e4102359g |access-date=October 13, 2020 |publisher=Associated Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=April 12, 2021 |title=IBM to name infrastructure services business 'Kyndryl' after spinoff |newspaper=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ibm-divestiture-idUSKBN2BZ1OR |url-status=live |access-date=July 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725161342/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ibm-divestiture-idUSKBN2BZ1OR |archive-date=July 25, 2021 |via=www.reuters.com}}</ref> IBM also announced the acquisition of the enterprise software company [[Turbonomic]] for $1.5 billion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IBM to Acquire Software Provider Turbonomic for Over $1.5 Billion |url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/ibm-turbonomic-software-cloud-platform-usd-1-5-billion-business-enterprise-2425049 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501170347/https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/ibm-turbonomic-software-cloud-platform-usd-1-5-billion-business-enterprise-2425049 |archive-date=May 1, 2021 |access-date=May 1, 2021 |website=NDTV Gadgets 360 |date=April 30, 2021 |language=en}}</ref> In 2022, IBM announced it would sell [[IBM Watson Health|Watson Health]] to private equity firm [[Francisco Partners]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Condon |first=Stephanie |date=January 21, 2022 |title=IBM sells Watson Health assets to investment firm Francisco Partners |work=[[ZDNet]] |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/ibm-sells-watson-health-assets-to-investment-firm-francisco-partners/ |url-status=live |access-date=January 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121180824/https://www.zdnet.com/article/ibm-sells-watson-health-assets-to-investment-firm-francisco-partners/ |archive-date=January 21, 2022}}</ref> IBM also started a collaboration with new Japanese manufacturer [[Rapidus]] in late 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |title=IBM and Rapidus Form Strategic Partnership to Build Advanced Semiconductor Technology and Ecosystem in Japan |url=https://newsroom.ibm.com/2022-12-12-IBM-and-Rapidus-Form-Strategic-Partnership-to-Build-Advanced-Semiconductor-Technology-and-Ecosystem-in-Japan |date=2023-12-12 |website=IBM Newsroom |language=en-us}}</ref> which led GlobalFoundries to file a lawsuit against IBM the following year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GlobalFoundries sues IBM, says trade secrets were unlawfully given to Japan's Rapidus |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/04/20/globalfoundries-sues-ibm-says-unlawfully-gave-rapidus-trade-secrets.html |date=2023-04-20 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref>
==Research==
[[File:IBM Yorktown Heights.jpg|thumb|The [[Thomas J. Watson Research Center]] in [[Yorktown Heights, New York]], is one of 12 IBM research labs worldwide.]]
[[File:Benoit Mandelbrot, TED 2010.jpg|thumb|upright|[[IBM Fellow]] [[Benoit Mandelbrot]] discusses [[fractal geometry]], 2010.]]
Research has been part of IBM since its founding, and its organized efforts trace their roots back to 1945, when the Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory was founded at [[Columbia University]] in New York City, converting a renovated fraternity house on Manhattan's West Side into IBM's first laboratory. Now, [[IBM Research]] constitutes the largest industrial research organization in the world, with 12 labs on 6 continents.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.research.ibm.com/labs/|title=IBM Research: Global labs|access-date=May 28, 2015|archive-date=December 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216184046/https://research.ibm.com/labs/|url-status=live}}</ref> IBM Research is headquartered at the [[Thomas J. Watson Research Center]] in New York, and facilities include the [[IBM Almaden Research Center|Almaden lab]] in California, Austin lab in Texas, [[IBM Research-Australia|Australia lab]] in [[Melbourne]], [[IBM Research – Brazil|Brazil lab]] in São Paulo and [[Rio de Janeiro]], China lab in Beijing and Shanghai, Ireland lab in Dublin, [[IBM Haifa Research Laboratory|Haifa lab]] in Israel, India lab in Delhi and [[Bangalore]], [[IBM Tokyo Research Laboratory|Tokyo lab]], [[IBM Zurich Research Laboratory|Zurichlab]] and Africa lab in [[Nairobi]].
In terms of investment, IBM's [[R&D]] expenditure totals several billion dollars each year. In 2012, that expenditure was approximately $6.9 billion.<ref>{{cite web|title=IBM's expenditure on research and development from 2005 to 2015 (in billion U.S. dollars)|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/274821/ibms-expenditure-on-research-and-development-since-2005/|publisher=Statista|access-date=August 12, 2016|archive-date=November 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111221153/https://www.statista.com/statistics/274821/ibms-expenditure-on-research-and-development-since-2005/|url-status=live}}</ref> Recent allocations have included $1 billion to create a business unit for [[IBM Watson|Watson]] in 2014, and $3 billion to create a next-gen semiconductor along with $4 billion towards growing the company's "strategic imperatives" (cloud, analytics, mobile, security, social) in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bort|first=Julie|title=Ginni Rometty just set a big goal for IBM: spending $4 billion to bring in $40 billion|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/ibm-ceo-sets-big-40-billion-goal-2015-2|publisher=Business Insider|access-date=August 12, 2016|archive-date=August 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809003358/https://www.businessinsider.com/ibm-ceo-sets-big-40-billion-goal-2015-2|url-status=live}}</ref>
IBM has been a leading proponent of the [[Open Source Initiative]], and began supporting [[Linux]] in 1998.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/news/1999/03/02.phtml|title=IBM launches biggest Linux lineup ever|date=March 2, 1999|publisher=IBM|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991110114228/https://www.ibm.com/news/1999/03/02.phtml|archive-date=November 10, 1999}}</ref> The company invests billions of dollars in services and software based on Linux through the IBM [[Linux Technology Center]], which includes over 300 [[Linux kernel]] developers.<ref>{{cite web|title=IBM invests in Brazil Linux Tech Center|url=https://lwn.net/Articles/185602/|date=May 24, 2006|publisher=[[LWN.net]]|first=Farrah|last=Hamid|access-date=July 21, 2016|archive-date=January 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108225316/https://lwn.net/Articles/185602/|url-status=live}}</ref> IBM has also released code under different [[open source license|open-source license]]s, such as the [[Cross-platform|platform-independent]] [[software framework]] [[Eclipse (software)|Eclipse]] (worth approximately $40 million at the time of the donation),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-erick.html|title=Interview: The Eclipse code donation|date=November 1, 2001|publisher=IBM|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091218093727/https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-erick.html|archive-date=December 18, 2009}}</ref> the three-sentence International Components for Unicode ([[International Components for Unicode|ICU]]) license, and the [[Java (programming language)|Java]]-based [[relational database management system]] (RDBMS) [[Apache Derby]]. IBM's [[open source]] involvement has not been trouble-free, however (see ''[[SCO v. IBM]]'').
Famous [[invention]]s and developments by IBM include: <!-- ALPHABETICAL ORDER-->the [[automated teller machine|automated teller machine (ATM)]], [[DRAM|dynamic random access memory (DRAM)]], the [[Keypunch|electronic keypunch]], the [[swap (finance)|financial swap]], the [[floppy disk]], the [[hard disk drive]], the [[magnetic stripe card]], the [[relational model|relational database]], [[Reduced instruction set computing|RISC]], the [[Sabre (computer system)|SABRE airline reservation system]], [[SQL]], the [[Universal Product Code|Universal Product Code (UPC)]] bar code, and the [[virtual machine]].<!-- ALPHABETICAL ORDER--> Additionally, in 1990 company scientists used a [[scanning tunneling microscope]] to arrange 35 [[IBM (atoms)|individual xenon atoms]] to spell out the company acronym, marking the first structure assembled one atom at a time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/vintage/vintage_4506VV1003.html|title=IBM Archives: "IBM" atoms|date=January 23, 2003|publisher=IBM|access-date=July 22, 2012|archive-date=November 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111200350/https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/vintage/vintage_4506VV1003.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A major part of IBM research is the generation of [[patents]]. Since its first patent for a traffic signaling device, IBM has been one of the world's most prolific patent sources. In 2021, the company held the record for most [[patents]] generated by a business for 29 consecutive years for the achievement.<ref name="patents"/>
Five IBM employees have received the Nobel Prize: [[Leo Esaki]], of the Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, N.Y., in 1973, for work in semiconductors; [[Gerd Binnig]] and [[Heinrich Rohrer]], of the Zurich Research Center, in 1986, for the [[scanning tunneling microscope]];<ref name="nobelPR">{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1986/press.html|title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986 – Press Release|publisher=Nobel Media AB|date=October 15, 1986|access-date=January 1, 2014|archive-date=August 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802193323/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1986/press.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Georg Bednorz]] and [[K. Alex Müller|Alex Müller]], also of Zurich, in 1987, for research in [[superconductivity]]. Six IBM employees have won the [[Turing Award]], including the first female recipient [[Frances E. Allen]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Steele|first=Guy L.|doi=10.1145/1866739.1866752|title=An interview with Frances E. Allen|journal=[[Communications of the ACM]]|volume=54|page=39|year=2011|doi-access=}}</ref> Ten [[National Medal of Technology|National Medals of Technology (USA)]] and five [[National Medal of Science|National Medals of Science (USA)]] have been awarded to IBM employees.
==Brand and reputation==
[[File:IBM ads at JFK.jpg|thumb|IBM ads at [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]], 2013]]
IBM is nicknamed ''Big Blue'' partly due to its blue logo and color scheme,<ref name="Big Blue">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Da1bPYRyltMC&q=big+blue+ibm&pg=PA228|title=Postphenomenology: A Critical Companion to Ihde|page=228|isbn=0-7914-6787-2|year=2006|publisher=[[State University of New York Press]]|editor-first=Evan|editor-last=Selinger|access-date=October 22, 2020|archive-date=January 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109003145/https://books.google.com/books?id=Da1bPYRyltMC&q=big+blue+ibm&pg=PA228|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5zAW7RntiD8C&q=big+blue+ibm&pg=PA15|title=Logos, Letterheads & Business Cards: Design for Profit|page=15|isbn=2-88046-750-0|year=2004|publisher=Rotovision|first1=Conway Lloyd|last1=Morgan|first2=Chris|last2=Foges}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and also in reference to its former ''de facto'' [[dress code]] of white shirts with blue suits.<ref name="Big Blue"/><ref>{{cite book|page=[https://archive.org/details/essentialguideto00walt/page/55 55]|title=The Essential Guide to Computing: The Story of Information Technology|url=https://archive.org/details/essentialguideto00walt|url-access=registration|quote=big blue ibm.|publisher=Publisher: Prentice Hall PTR|isbn=0-13-019469-7|first=E. Garrison|last=Walters|year=2001}}</ref> The company logo has undergone several changes over the years, with its current "8-bar" logo designed in 1972 by [[graphic designer]] [[Paul Rand]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/logo/logo_8.html|title=IBM Archives|date=January 23, 2003|publisher=IBM|access-date=November 24, 2009|archive-date=January 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105150252/https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/logo/logo_8.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It was a general replacement for a 13-bar logo, since period photocopiers did not render narrow (as opposed to tall) stripes well. Aside from the logo, IBM used [[Helvetica]] as a corporate typeface for 50 years, until it was replaced in 2017 by the custom-designed [[IBM Plex]].
IBM has a valuable brand as a result of over 100 years of operations and marketing campaigns. Since 1996, IBM has been the exclusive technology partner for the [[Masters Tournament]], one of the four [[Men's major golf championships|major championships]] in professional golf, with IBM creating the first Masters.org (1996), the first course cam (1998), the first [[iPhone]] app with live streaming (2009), and first-ever live 4K Ultra High Definition feed in the United States for a major sporting event (2016).<ref>{{cite web|last1=Clayton|first1=Ward|title=IBM and Masters Celebrate 20 Years|url=https://www.masters.com/en_US/news/articles/2016-04-02/ibm_and_masterscom_celebrate_20_years.html|publisher=Masters|access-date=August 12, 2016|archive-date=August 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808143748/https://www.masters.com/en_US/news/articles/2016-04-02/ibm_and_masterscom_celebrate_20_years.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As a result, IBM CEO [[Ginni Rometty]] became the third female member of the Master's governing body, the [[Augusta National Golf Club]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Weinman|first=Sam|title=IBM CEO Ginni Rometty is Augusta National's third female member|url=https://www.golfdigest.com/story/ibm-ceo-ginni-rometty-is-augus|publisher=Golf Digest|access-date=August 12, 2016|archive-date=January 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109005244/https://www.golfdigest.com/story/ibm-ceo-ginni-rometty-is-augus|url-status=live}}</ref> IBM is also a major sponsor in professional tennis, with engagements at the [[US Open (tennis)|U.S. Open]], [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]], the Australian Open, and the French Open.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Snyder|first1=Benjamin|title=Why IBM dominates the U.S. Open|url=https://fortune.com/2015/09/01/ibm-us-open-tennis-tech/|work=Forbes|access-date=August 12, 2016|archive-date=October 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025093405/https://fortune.com/2015/09/01/ibm-us-open-tennis-tech/|url-status=live}}</ref> The company also sponsored the [[Olympic Games]] from 1960 to 2000,<ref>{{cite web|last=DiCarlo|first=Lisa|title=IBM, Olympics Part Ways After 40 Years|url=https://www.forbes.com/2000/08/23/feat.html|work=Forbes|access-date=August 12, 2016|archive-date=November 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113182036/https://www.forbes.com/2000/08/23/feat.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[National Football League]] from 2003 to 2012.<ref>{{cite news|last=Jinks|first=Beth|title=IBM Ends Its NFL Sponsorship Over Difference in Views|newspaper=Bloomberg.com|date=June 5, 2012|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-06-05/ibm-ends-its-nfl-sponsorship-over-difference-in-views|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|access-date=August 12, 2016|archive-date=August 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828050103/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-06-05/ibm-ends-its-nfl-sponsorship-over-difference-in-views|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2012, IBM's brand was valued at $75.5 billion and ranked by ''Interbrand'' as the third-best brand worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.interbrand.com/en/best-global-brands/2012/Best-Global-Brands-2012.aspx|title=Best Global Brands Ranking for 2012|publisher=Interbrand|access-date=June 6, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531080346/https://www.interbrand.com/en/best-global-brands/2012/Best-Global-Brands-2012.aspx|archive-date=May 31, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> That same year, it was also ranked the top company for leaders (''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]''), the number two [[green company]] in the U.S. (''[[Newsweek]]''),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/galleries/2012/10/22/newsweek-green-rankings-2012-america-s-greenest-companies-photos.html#cc13b58b-97cb-46e9-b0c1-0893ee61f04d|title=IBM #1 in Green Rankingss for 2012|publisher=thedailybeast.com|access-date=October 22, 2012|archive-date=September 29, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929010705/https://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/galleries/2012/10/22/newsweek-green-rankings-2012-america-s-greenest-companies-photos.html#cc13b58b-97cb-46e9-b0c1-0893ee61f04d|url-status=live}}</ref> the second-most respected company (''[[Barron's (newspaper)|Barron's]]''),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://online.barrons.com/article/SB50001424053111903882904577478993057727490.html?mod=bol_share_tweet|title=The World's Most Respected Companies|last=Santoli|first=Michael|date=June 23, 2012|publisher=Barron's|access-date=June 23, 2012|archive-date=October 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016172033/https://www.barrons.com/articles/SB50001424053111903882904577478993057727490|url-status=live}}</ref> the fifth-most admired company (''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]''), the 18th-most innovative company (''[[Fast Company (magazine)|Fast Company]]''), and the number one in [[Information technology consulting|technology consulting]] and number two in outsourcing ([[Vault.com|Vault]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vault.com/wps/portal/usa/rankings/individual?rankingId1=255&rankingId2=255&rankings=1&rankingYear=|title=Tech Consulting Firm Rankings 2012: Best Firms in Each Practice Area|publisher=Vault|access-date=December 29, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011173002/https://www.vault.com/wps/portal/usa/rankings/individual?rankingId1=255&rankingId2=255&rankings=1&rankingYear=|archive-date=October 11, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2015, Forbes ranked IBM as the fifth-most valuable brand,<ref>{{cite web|title=The World's Most Valuable Brands|website=[[Forbes]]|url=https://www.forbes.com/powerful-brands/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006022139/https://www.forbes.com/powerful-brands/|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 6, 2012|access-date=September 2, 2015}}</ref> and for 2020, the [[Drucker Institute]] named IBM the No. 3 best-managed company.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thomas |first1=Patrick |title=The Best-Managed Companies of 2020—and How They Got That Way |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-best-managed-companies-of-2020and-how-they-got-that-way-11607785803?mod=ig_managementtop2502020 |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=December 12, 2020 |access-date=February 2, 2021 |archive-date=February 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221040350/https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-best-managed-companies-of-2020and-how-they-got-that-way-11607785803?mod=ig_managementtop2502020 |url-status=live }}</ref> During the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], IBM donated $250,000 to [[Polish Humanitarian Action]] and the same amount to [[People in Need]], Czech Republic.<ref>{{cite web
|author=Ina Fried
|language = en
|url = https://www.axios.com/tech-companies-increase-donations-ukraine-f0ebd186-1c4a-426b-8cdd-472f45c51edd.html
|title =Tech companies increase donations to Ukraine
|publisher = AXIOS
|date = March 8, 2022
|accessdate = March 8, 2022}}</ref>
In terms of [[Environmental, social, and corporate governance|ESG]], IBM reported its total [[carbon footprint|CO2e emissions]] (direct and indirect) for the twelve months ending December 31, 2020 at 621 kilotons (-324 /-34.3% year-on-year).<ref name ="IBM Total CO2e emissions for 2020Q4">{{Cite web |title=IBM's ESG Datasheet for 2020Q4 |website=IBM |date=June 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110143340/https://www.ibm.com/ibm/environment/climate/ghg.shtml |url=https://www.ibm.com/ibm/environment/climate/ghg.shtml |archive-date=November 10, 2021 }} [https://analytics.exerica.com/App/Name/IBM/Total%20CO2e%20Emissions%20-%20Market-Based%20Scope%201%20%2b%20Scope%202/2020Q4/12 Alt URL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110143343/https://analytics.exerica.com/App/Name/IBM/Total%20CO2e%20Emissions%20-%20Market-Based%20Scope%201%20+%20Scope%202/2020Q4/12 |date=November 10, 2021 }}</ref> In February 2021, IBM committed to achieve net zero greenhouse gas emissions by the year 2030.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://newsroom.ibm.com/2021-02-16-IBM-Commits-To-Net-Zero-Greenhouse-Gas-Emissions-By-2030 |title=IBM Commits To Net Zero Greenhouse Gas Emissions By 2030 |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=February 16, 2021 |website=IBM Newsroom |publisher=IBM |access-date=July 22, 2022 |quote=IBM today announced that it will achieve net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 to further its decades-long work to address the global climate crisis. The company will accomplish this goal by prioritizing actual reductions in its emissions, energy efficiency efforts and increased clean energy use across the more than 175 countries where it operates.}}</ref>
==People and culture==
===Employees===
{{See also|List of IBM CEOs}}
[[File:Ibmaustin designcamp.jpg|thumb|New IBM employees being welcomed to a bootcamp at IBM Austin, 2015]]
[[File:Watson Jeopardy demo.jpg|thumb|Employees demonstrating [[IBM Watson]] capabilities in a [[Jeopardy!]] exhibition match on campus, 2011]]
IBM has one of the largest workforces in the world, and employees at Big Blue are referred to as "IBMers". The company was among the first corporations to provide [[Life insurance#Group life insurance|group life insurance]] (1934), survivor benefits (1935), training for women (1935), paid vacations (1937), and training for disabled people (1942). IBM hired its first black salesperson in 1946, and in 1952, CEO [[Thomas J. Watson, Jr.]] published the company's first written equal opportunity policy letter, one year before the U.S. Supreme Court decision in [[Brown vs. Board of Education]] and 11 years before the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]]. The [[Human Rights Campaign]] has rated IBM 100% on its index of gay-friendliness every year since 2003,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://w3.hrc.org/Template.cfm?Section=Search_the_Database&Template=/CustomSource/WorkNet/srch_dtl.cfm&srchtype=QS&searchid=34&orgid=1238|title=International Business Machines Corp. (IBM) profile|publisher=HRC Corporate Equality Index Score}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> with IBM providing same-sex partners of its employees with [[Health insurance|health benefits]] and an anti-discrimination clause. Additionally, in 2005, IBM became the first major company in the world to formally commit to not using [[genetic testing|genetic information]] in employment decisions. In 2017, IBM was named to ''[[Working Mother]]''{{'}}s 100 Best Companies List for the 32nd consecutive year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.workingmother.com/best-companies-ibm|title=IBM|website=Working Mother|access-date=April 28, 2018|archive-date=October 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016195433/https://www.workingmother.com/best-companies-ibm|url-status=live}}</ref>
IBM has several leadership development and recognition programs to recognize employee potential and achievements. For early-career high potential employees, IBM sponsors leadership development programs by discipline (e.g., general management (GMLDP), [[human resources management|human resources]] (HRLDP), finance (FLDP)). Each year, the company also selects 500 IBM employees for the IBM Corporate Service Corps (CSC),<ref>{{cite web|title=The IBM Corporate Service Corps|url=https://www.ibm.com/ibm/responsibility/corporateservicecorps/|publisher=IBM CSC|access-date=August 12, 2016|archive-date=November 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191124182604/https://www.ibm.com/ibm/responsibility/corporateservicecorps/|url-status=live}}</ref> which gives top employees a month to do [[humanitarian aid|humanitarian work]] abroad.<ref name="hbr.org"/> For certain [[interns]], IBM also has a program called [[Extreme Blue]] that partners with top business and technical students to develop high-value technology and compete to present their business case to the company's CEO at internship's end.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www-01.ibm.com/employment/us/extremeblue/|title=Extreme Blue web page|publisher=01.ibm.com|date=September 7, 2007|access-date=May 23, 2010|archive-date=February 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213183610/https://www-01.ibm.com/employment/us/extremeblue/|url-status=live}}</ref>
The company also has various designations for exceptional individual contributors such as Senior Technical Staff Member (STSM), Research Staff Member (RSM), Distinguished Engineer (DE), and Distinguished Designer (DD).<ref name="eWeek"/> Prolific inventors can also achieve patent plateaus and earn the designation of [[IBM Master Inventor|Master Inventor]]. The company's most prestigious designation is that of [[IBM Fellow]]. Since 1963, the company names a handful of Fellows each year based on technical achievement. Other programs recognize years of service such as the Quarter Century Club established in 1924, and sellers are eligible to join the Hundred Percent Club, composed of IBM salesmen who meet their quotas, convened in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Each year, the company also selects 1,000 IBM employees annually to award the Best of IBM Award, which includes an all-expenses-paid trip to the awards ceremony in an exotic location.
IBM's culture has evolved significantly over its century of operations. In its early days, a dark (or gray) suit, white shirt, and a "sincere" tie constituted the public uniform for IBM employees.<ref name="Strategic Marketing">{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Paul Russell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HYvbeQLf_gEC&q=%22sincere+tie%22+ibm&pg=PA24 |title=Strategic Marketing Communications: New Ways to Build and Integrate Communications |publisher=Kogan Page |year=1999 |isbn=0-7494-2918-6 |page=24 |access-date=October 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109161210/https://books.google.com/books?id=HYvbeQLf_gEC&q=%22sincere+tie%22+ibm&pg=PA24 |archive-date=January 9, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> During IBM's management transformation in the 1990s, CEO [[Louis V. Gerstner Jr.]] relaxed these codes, normalizing the dress and behavior of IBM employees.<ref name="IBM Attire">{{cite web |date=January 23, 2003 |title=IBM Attire |url=https://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/waywewore/waywewore_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814154040/https://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/waywewore/waywewore_1.html |archive-date=August 14, 2018 |access-date=May 31, 2012 |work=IBM Archives |publisher=IBM Corp.}}</ref> The company's culture has also given to different plays on the company acronym (IBM), with some saying it stands for "I've Been Moved" due to relocations and layoffs,<ref name="IBM stands for 'I've Been Moved'">{{cite web |last1=Goldman |first1=David |title=IBM stands for 'I've Been Moved' |url=https://money.cnn.com/2009/03/31/technology/ibm/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106015406/https://money.cnn.com/2009/03/31/technology/ibm/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=August 12, 2016 |publisher=CNN Money}}</ref> others saying it stands for "I'm By Myself" pursuant to a prevalent work-from-anywhere norm,<ref>{{cite web|title=IBM stands for "I'm by myself' for teleworkers of the blue giant|url=https://www.africanamerica.org/topic/ibm-stands-for-im-by-myself-for-teleworkers-of-the-blue-giant|publisher=African America|access-date=August 12, 2016|archive-date=February 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202011500/https://www.africanamerica.org/topic/ibm-stands-for-im-by-myself-for-teleworkers-of-the-blue-giant|url-status=live}}</ref> and others saying it stands for "I'm Being Mentored" due to the company's open door policy and encouragement for mentoring at all levels.<ref name="Intelligent Mentoring">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SyVxNfJ94pMC&q=IBM+%22I%27m+by+myself%22&pg=PT44 |title=Intelligent Mentoring |date=November 11, 2008 |publisher=IBM Press |isbn=9780137009497 |access-date=August 12, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109164300/https://books.google.com/books?id=SyVxNfJ94pMC&q=IBM+%22I%27m+by+myself%22&pg=PT44 |archive-date=January 9, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> In terms of labor relations, the company has traditionally resisted labor union organizing,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Logan|first=John|title=The Union Avoidance Industry in the United States|journal=British Journal of Industrial Relations|volume=44|issue=4|date=December 2006|pages=651–675|url=https://www.newunionism.net/library/organizing/Logan%20-%20The%20Union%20Avoidance%20Industry%20in%20the%20United%20States%20-%202006.pdf|access-date=December 17, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817122539/https://www.newunionism.net/library/organizing/Logan%20-%20The%20Union%20Avoidance%20Industry%20in%20the%20United%20States%20-%202006.pdf|archive-date=August 17, 2016|url-status=dead|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8543.2006.00518.x|s2cid=155066215}}</ref> although unions represent some IBM workers outside the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.endicottalliance.org/iwiswebsite/iwis-ibmgua-links.htm|title=IBM Global Unions Links|publisher=EndicottAlliance.org|access-date=October 12, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014040215/https://www.endicottalliance.org/iwiswebsite/iwis-ibmgua-links.htm|archive-date=October 14, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Japan, IBM employees also have an [[American football]] team complete with pro stadium, cheerleaders and televised games, competing in the Japanese [[X-League (Japan)|X-League]] as the "[[IBM Big Blue (X-League)|Big Blue]]".<ref name="Business Insider">{{cite web |last1=Bort |first1=Julie |title=In Japan, IBM employees have formed a football team complete with pro stadium, cheerleaders and televised games |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/ibm-employees-form-football-team-2015-5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109185713/https://www.businessinsider.com/ibm-employees-form-football-team-2015-5 |archive-date=January 9, 2021 |access-date=August 12, 2016 |publisher=Business Insider}}</ref>
In 2015, IBM started giving employees the option of choosing [[Macintosh|Mac]] as their primary work device, next to the option of a [[personal computer|PC]] or a [[Linux distribution]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Switch to Macs from PCs reportedly saves IBM $270 per user|date=November 5, 2015|url=https://www.cio.com/article/3001871/macbook/switch-to-macs-from-pcs-reportedly-saves-ibm-270-per-user.html|publisher=CIO|access-date=August 12, 2016|archive-date=August 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820174201/https://www.cio.com/article/3001871/macbook/switch-to-macs-from-pcs-reportedly-saves-ibm-270-per-user.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2016, IBM eliminated forced rankings and changed its annual performance review system to focus more on frequent feedback, coaching, and skills development.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/ibm-now-uses-the-ace-app-to-give-and-receive-real-time-feedback-2016-5|title=After overhauling its performance review system, IBM now uses an app to give and receive real-time feedback|first=Shana|last=Lebowitz|work=Business Insider|date=May 20, 2016|access-date=May 20, 2016|archive-date=October 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012033007/https://www.businessinsider.com/ibm-now-uses-the-ace-app-to-give-and-receive-real-time-feedback-2016-5|url-status=live}}</ref>
====IBM alumni====<!-- ONLY NOTABLE PEOPLE IN THIS LIST, ALL OTHERS CAN BE TAGGED WITH CATEGORY-->
Many IBM employees have achieved notability outside of work and after leaving IBM. In business, former IBM employees include [[Apple Inc.]] CEO [[Tim Cook]],<ref name="people.forbes.com">{{cite news|url=https://people.forbes.com/profile/timothy-d-cook/6607|work=Forbes|title=Timothy D. Cook Profile|access-date=November 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518015746/https://people.forbes.com/profile/timothy-d-cook/6607|archive-date=May 18, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> former [[Electronic Data Systems|EDS]] CEO and politician [[Ross Perot]], [[Microsoft]] chairman [[John W. Thompson]], [[SAP SE|SAP]] co-founder [[Hasso Plattner]], [[Gartner]] founder [[Gideon Gartner]], [[Advanced Micro Devices|Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)]] CEO [[Lisa Su]],<ref name=AMDExecBio>{{cite web|url=https://www.amd.com/en-us/who-we-are/corporate-information/leadership/lisa-su|title=Executive Biographies – Lisa Su|publisher=Amd.com|access-date=October 10, 2014|archive-date=January 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103221544/https://www.amd.com/en-us/who-we-are/corporate-information/leadership/lisa-su|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Cadence Design Systems]] CEO [[Anirudh Devgan]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Leadership Team|url=https://www.cadence.com/en_US/home/company/leadership-team.html|access-date=December 25, 2021|website=www.cadence.com|language=en|archive-date=December 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225033256/https://www.cadence.com/en_US/home/company/leadership-team.html|url-status=live}}</ref> former [[Citizens Financial Group]] CEO [[Ellen Alemany]], former [[Yahoo!]] chairman [[Alfred Amoroso]], former [[AT&T]] CEO [[C. Michael Armstrong]], former [[Xerox Corporation]] CEOs [[David T. Kearns]] and [[G. Richard Thoman]],<ref name="crossing">{{cite news|last=Kearns|first=David T|title=Crossing the Bridge: Family, Business, Education, Cancer, and the Lessons Learned|date=May 31, 2005|publisher=Meliora Press}}</ref> former [[Fair Isaac Corporation]] CEO [[Mark N. Greene]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/2008/02/08/markets/morningbuzz/index.htm|title=Fair Isaac CEO: FICO criticism isn't 'fair'|first=Paul R.|last=La Monica|website=CNN Money|date=February 8, 2008|access-date=December 28, 2017|archive-date=October 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022163826/https://money.cnn.com/2008/02/08/markets/morningbuzz/index.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Citrix Systems]] co-founder [[Ed Iacobucci]], [[ASOS.com]] chairman Brian McBride, former [[Lenovo]] CEO [[Steve Ward (businessman)|Steve Ward]], and former [[Teradata]] CEO [[Kenneth Simonds]].
In government, alumna [[Patricia Roberts Harris]] served as [[United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development]], the first [[List of African American United States Cabinet Secretaries|African American]] [[List of female United States Cabinet Secretaries|woman]] to serve in the [[United States Cabinet]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Women in World History, Vol. 7: Harr-I|year=2000|publisher=Yorkin Publications|location=Waterford, CT|isbn=0-7876-4066-2|pages=14–17|last=DeLaat|first=Jacqueline|author-link=Jacqueline DeLaat|chapter=Harris, Patricia Roberts|title-link=Women in World History}}</ref> [[Samuel K. Skinner]] served as [[U.S. Secretary of Transportation]] and as the [[White House Chief of Staff]]. Alumni also include [[U.S. Senator]]s [[Mack Mattingly]] and [[Thom Tillis]]; [[Wisconsin]] governor [[Scott Walker (politician)|Scott Walker]];<ref>{{cite news|last1=Miller|first1=Zeke J.|title=Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker: A 2016 Contender But Not A College Graduate|url=https://swampland.time.com/2013/11/19/wisconsin-gov-scott-walker-a-2016-contender-but-not-a-college-graduate|access-date=May 1, 2015|publisher=TIME|date=November 19, 2013|archive-date=December 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209230121/https://swampland.time.com/2013/11/19/wisconsin-gov-scott-walker-a-2016-contender-but-not-a-college-graduate/|url-status=live}}</ref> former [[U.S. Ambassador]]s [[Vincent Obsitnik]] ([[U.S. Ambassador to Slovakia|Slovakia]]), [[Arthur K. Watson]] ([[U.S. Ambassador to France|France]]), and [[Thomas Watson Jr.]] ([[U.S. Ambassador to Russia|Soviet Union]]); and former [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]]s [[Todd Akin]],<ref name="bluebook 1993.1">{{cite web|url=https://cdm.sos.mo.gov/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/statepub&CISOPTR=99477&REC=17&CISOBOX=akin|title=Official Manual of the State of Missouri, 1993–1994|page=157}}{{dead link|date=March 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> [[Glenn Andrews]], [[Robert Garcia (New York politician)|Robert Garcia]], [[Katherine Harris]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://votesmart.org/candidate/biography/1617/katherine-harris|title=Katherine Harris' Biography|work=[[Project Vote Smart]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124035354/https://www.votesmart.org/candidate/biography/1617/katherine-harris|archive-date=January 24, 2012|access-date=April 30, 2006}}</ref> [[Amo Houghton]], [[Jim Ross Lightfoot]], [[Thomas J. Manton]], [[Donald W. Riegle Jr.]], and [[Ed Zschau]].
Other former IBM employees include [[NASA]] astronaut [[Michael J. Massimino]], [[Canadian Astronaut Corps|Canadian astronaut]] and former [[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]] [[Julie Payette]], noted musician [[Dave Matthews]],<ref name=nyt>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/31/arts/pop-jazz-a-band-that-built-a-career-from-the-ground-up.html?pagewanted=2 |title=''New York Times (May 31, 1998) |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=May 31, 1998 |access-date=October 30, 2020 |archive-date=October 10, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010074833/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/31/arts/pop-jazz-a-band-that-built-a-career-from-the-ground-up.html?pagewanted=2 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Harvey Mudd College]] president [[Maria Klawe]], [[Western Governors University]] president emeritus [[Robert Mendenhall]], former [[University of Kentucky]] president [[Lee T. Todd Jr.]], [[NFL]] referee [[Bill Carollo]],<ref name=NASO>{{cite web|title=Board of Directors — Officers|url=https://www.naso.org/board.htm|publisher=National Association of Sports Officials|access-date=September 27, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070915040843/https://www.naso.org/board.htm|archive-date=September 15, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> former [[Rangers F.C.]] chairman [[John McClelland (businessman)|John McClelland]], and recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] [[J. M. Coetzee]]. [[Thomas Watson Jr.]] also served as the [[List of national presidents of the Boy Scouts of America|11th national president]] of the [[Boy Scouts of America]]. <!-- ONLY SUPER NOTABLE PEOPLE IN THIS LIST, ALL OTHERS CAN BE TAGGED WITH CATEGORY-->
===Board and shareholders===
The company's 15-member board of directors are responsible for overall corporate management and includes the current or former CEOs of [[Anthem (company)|Anthem]], [[Dow Chemical Company|Dow Chemical]], [[Johnson and Johnson]], [[Royal Dutch Shell]], [[United Parcel Service|UPS]], and [[The Vanguard Group|Vanguard]] as well as the president of [[Cornell University]] and a retired [[Admiral (United States)|U.S. Navy admiral]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/investor/governance/board-of-directors.html|title=Board of Directors|date=March 9, 2020|publisher=IBM|access-date=March 11, 2020|archive-date=July 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708010734/https://www.ibm.com/investor/governance/board-of-directors.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2011, IBM became the first technology company [[Warren Buffett]]'s [[holding company]] [[Berkshire Hathaway]] invested in.<ref>{{cite news|last1=McFarland|first1=Matt|title=Warren Buffett never liked tech stocks. So why does he own Apple?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/innovations/wp/2016/05/16/warren-buffett-never-liked-tech-stocks-so-why-does-he-own-apple/|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=August 11, 2016|archive-date=November 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108103122/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/innovations/wp/2016/05/16/warren-buffett-never-liked-tech-stocks-so-why-does-he-own-apple/|url-status=live}}</ref> Initially he bought 64 million shares costing $10.5 billion. Over the years, Buffet increased his IBM holdings, but by the end of 2017 had reduced them by 94.5% to 2.05 million shares; by May 2018, he was completely out of IBM.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/04/warren-buffett-says-berkshire-hathaway-has-sold-completely-out-of-ibm.html|title=Warren Buffett says Berkshire Hathaway has sold completely out of IBM|first=Matthew J.|last=Belvedere|date=May 4, 2018|publisher=CNBC|access-date=May 4, 2018|archive-date=May 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504195836/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/04/warren-buffett-says-berkshire-hathaway-has-sold-completely-out-of-ibm.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|Companies}}
* [[List of electronics brands]]
* [[List of largest Internet companies]]
* [[List of largest manufacturing companies by revenue]]
* [[Tech companies in the New York City metropolitan region]]
* [[Top 100 US Federal Contractors]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
<!--- if you delete a book from this section, please add that book to History of IBM#Further reading --->
{{for|additional books about IBM, biographies, memoirs, technology and more|History of IBM#Further reading}}
{{Refbegin}}
<!----- Books listed here are mostly less than 25 years old ----------------->
* {{cite book|author-first=Henry|author-last=Bakis|editor=F. E. Ian Hamilton|year=1987|title=Industrial change in advanced economies|publisher=Croom Helm|location=London|chapter=Telecommunications and the Global Firm|pages=130–160|isbn=9780709938286}}
* {{cite book|first=Roy A.|last=Bauer|year=1992|title=The Silverlake Project: Transformation at IBM (AS/400)|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|display-authors=etal}}
* {{cite book|first=Edwin|last=Black|author-link=Edwin Black|year=2001|title=IBM and the Holocaust: The Strategic Alliance Between Nazi Germany and America's Most Powerful Corporation|title-link=IBM and the Holocaust|publisher=Dialog Press |isbn=0-914153-10-2}}
* {{cite book|first=Paul|last=Carroll|year=1993|title=Big Blues: The Unmaking of IBM|url=https://archive.org/details/bigbluesunmaking00carr|url-access=registration|publisher=Crown Publishers|isbn=9780517591970}}
* {{cite book|first=Doug|last=Garr|year=1999|title=IBM Redux: Lou Gerstner & The Business Turnaround of the Decade|publisher=Harper Business}}
* {{cite book|first=Louis V. Jr.|last=Gerstner|author-link=Louis V. Gerstner, Jr.|year=2002|title=Who Says Elephants can't Dance?|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=0-00-715448-8}}
* {{cite book|first=Peter E.|last=Greulich|year=2014|title=A View from Beneath the Dancing Elephant: Rediscovering IBM's Corporate Constitution|publisher=MBI Concepts Corporation|isbn=978-0-9833734-6-9}}
* {{cite book|first=John|last=Harwood|year=2011|title=The Interface: IBM and the Transformation of Corporate Design, 1945–1976|publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-0-8166-7039-0}}
* {{cite book|first=Robert|last=Heller|year=1994|title=The Fate of IBM|publisher=Little Brown}}
* {{cite book|first=David|last=Mercer|year=1987|title=IBM: How the World's Most Successful Corporation is Managed|publisher=Kogan Page}}
* {{cite book|first=David|last=Mercer|year=1988|title=The Global IBM: Leadership in Multinational Management|url=https://archive.org/details/globalibmleaders00merc_0|url-access=registration|publisher=Dodd, Mead|page=[https://archive.org/details/globalibmleaders00merc_0/page/374 374]|isbn=9780396092599}}
* {{cite book|first1=D. Quinn|last1=Mills|first2=G. Bruce|last2=Friesen|year=1996|title=Broken Promises: An Unconventional View of What Went Wrong at IBM|publisher=Harvard Business School|isbn=0-87584-654-8}}.
* {{cite book|first=Emerson W.|last=Pugh|year=1996|title=Building IBM: Shaping an Industry|publisher=[[MIT Press]]}}
* {{cite book|first=Robert|last=Slater|year=1999|title=Saving Big Blue: IBM's Lou Gerstner|publisher=McGraw Hill}}
* {{cite book|first=Ulrich|last=Steinhilper|author-link=Ulrich Steinhilper|year=2006|title=Don't Talk – Do It! From Flying To Word Processing|publisher=Independent Books |isbn=1-872836-75-5}}
* {{cite book|first=Ernest|last=von Simson|year=2009|title=The Limits of Strategy: Lessons in Leadership from the Computer Industry|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-1-4401-9258-6}}
* {{cite book|first=Thomas Jr.|last=Watson|author-link=Thomas Watson, Jr.|year=1990|title=Father, Son & Co: My Life at IBM and Beyond|publisher=Bantam Books |url=https://archive.org/details/fathersoncomylif00wats_0|url-access=registration|isbn=0-553-29023-1}}
{{Refend}}
==External links==
{{Sister project links}}
* {{official website}}
* {{OpenCorp|IBM}}
{{Finance links
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[[Category:IBM| ]]
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[[Category:Collier Trophy recipients]]
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[[Category:Data quality companies]]
[[Category:Display technology companies]]
[[Category:Electronics companies of the United States]]
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[[Category:National Medal of Technology recipients]]
[[Category:Outsourcing companies]]
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New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short description|American multinational technology corporation}}
{{Other uses|IBM (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|Big Blue|other uses|Big Blue (disambiguation)}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox company
| name = International Business Machines Corporation
| logo = IBM logo.svg
| image_caption =
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{NYSE|IBM}}|[[DJIA]] component|[[S&P 100]] component|[[S&P 500]] component}}
| trade_name = IBM
| predecessors = [[Bundy Manufacturing Company]]<br />[[Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company#Computing Scale Company of America|Computing Scale Company of America]]<br />[[International Time Recording Company]]<br />[[Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company#Tabulating Machine Company|Tabulating Machine Company]]<br />[[Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company]]
| ISIN = US4592001014
| founders = [[Herman Hollerith]]<br />[[Charles Ranlett Flint]]<br />[[Thomas J. Watson|Thomas J. Watson, Sr.]]
| area_served = 177 countries<ref name="fortune20160201">{{cite news|url=https://fortune.com/2016/02/01/ibm-employee-performance-reviews/|title=IBM Is Blowing Up Its Annual Performance Review|work=Fortune|date=February 1, 2016|access-date=July 22, 2016|archive-date=October 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029084543/https://fortune.com/2016/02/01/ibm-employee-performance-reviews/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| key_people = {{ubl|[[Arvind Krishna]]<br />(Chairman & CEO)<ref>{{Cite web |title=IBM – Arvind Krishna – Chief Executive Officer |url=https://www.ibm.com/about/arvind |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308034905/https://www.ibm.com/about/arvind |archive-date=March 8, 2022|access-date=March 8, 2022 |website=www.ibm.com |language=en-us}}</ref>|[[Gary Cohn]]<br />(Vice Chairman)<ref>{{Cite web |title=IBM Newsroom - Gary Cohn |url=https://newsroom.ibm.com/gary-cohn-2 |access-date=March 8, 2022 |website=IBM Newsroom |language=en-us}}</ref>}}
| industry = [[Information technology]]
| products = [[Automation]]<br />[[Robotics]]<br />[[Artificial intelligence]]<br />[[Cloud computing]]<br />[[Consulting]]<br />[[Blockchain]]<br />[[Computer hardware]]<br />[[Software]]<br />[[Quantum computing]]
| brands = {{hlist |[[IBM cloud computing|IBM Cloud]] |[[IBM Cognos Analytics]] |[[IBM Planning Analytics]] |[[SQL]] |[[Watson (computer)|Watson]] |[[IBM Information Management Software|Information Management Software]] |[[SPSS]] |[[ILOG]] |[[Tivoli Software]] |[[IBM WebSphere|WebSphere]] |[[alphaWorks]] |[[IBM Mashup Center|Mashup Center]] |[[IBM PureQuery|PureQuery]] |[[Fortran]] |[[IBM Quantum Experience]] |[[IBM mainframe|Mainframe]] |[[IBM Power Systems|Power Systems]] |[[IBM storage]] |[[IBM Q System One]] |'''([[List of IBM products|Full List]])''' }}
| services = {{hlist|[[Outsourcing]]|[[Professional services]]|[[Managed services]]}}
| revenue = {{Increase}} {{US$|link=yes}}60.53 billion (2022)<ref name="2020rev">{{cite web |title=IBM Reports 2022 Fourth-Quarter and Full-Year Results |url=https://www.ibm.com/investor/att/pdf/IBM-4Q22-Earnings-Press-Release.pdf |website=IBM.com |access-date=February 19, 2022 |archive-date=January 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124213837/https://www.ibm.com/investor/att/pdf/IBM-4Q21-Earnings-Press-Release.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| operating_income = {{Decrease}} US$1.78 billion (2022)<ref name=2020rev/>
| net_income = {{Decrease}} US$1.63 billion (2022)<ref name=2020rev/>
| assets = {{nowrap| {{Decrease}} US$127.24 billion (2022)<ref name=2020rev/> }}
| equity = {{Decrease}} US$22.02 billion (2022)<ref name=2020rev/>
| owner =
| subsid = [[List of international subsidiaries of IBM|List of subsidiaries]]
| num_employees = 288,300 (December 2022)<ref name=2020rev/>
| founded = {{Start date and age|1911|06|16}} (as [[Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company]])<br />[[Endicott, New York]], U.S.<ref name=certificate1911>{{citation|contribution=Certificate of Incorporation of Computing-Tabulating-Recording-Co|title=Appendix to Hearings Before the Committee on Patents, House of Representatives, Seventy-Fourth Congress, on H. R. 4523, Part III|publisher=United States Government Printing Office|date=1935|orig-year=Incorporation paperwork filed June 16, 1911|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_8tFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA3428|access-date=July 18, 2019|archive-date=August 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803060912/https://books.google.com/books?id=_8tFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA3428|url-status=live}}</ref><!--<br/>February 14, 1924 (current name)<br/>1933 (current structure)-->
| location_city = [[Armonk, New York]]
| location_country = U.S.
| website = {{official URL}}
}}
The '''International Business Machines Corporation''' ('''IBM'''), nicknamed '''Big Blue''',<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 7, 2012 |title=IBM100 - The Making of International Business Machines |url=http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/ibm100/us/en/icons/makingibm/impacts/ |access-date=December 30, 2022 |website=www-03.ibm.com |language=en-US}}</ref> is an American [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] [[technology company|technology corporation]] headquartered in [[Armonk, New York]] and is present in over 175 countries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 27, 2019 |title=Trust and responsibility. Earned and practiced daily. |url=https://www.ibm.com/blogs/corporate-social-responsibility/2019/06/trust-and-responsibility-earned-and-practiced-daily/ |access-date=December 30, 2022 |website=IBM Impact |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|website=10-K|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/51143/104746919000712/0001047469-19-000712-index.htm|title=10-K|access-date=June 1, 2019|ref={{harvid|10-K|2018}}|archive-date=December 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205181213/https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/51143/104746919000712/0001047469-19-000712-index.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> It specializes in computer [[Computer hardware|hardware]], [[middleware]], and [[computer software|software]], and provides [[Internet hosting service|hosting]] and [[consultant|consulting services]] in areas ranging from [[mainframe computer]]s to [[nanotechnology]]. IBM is the [[IBM Research|largest industrial research organization]] in the world, with 19 research facilities across a like only 1 countries, and has held the record for most annual U.S. [[patents]] generated by a business for 29 consecutive years from 1993 to 2021.<ref name="patents">{{cite web |last=Bajpai |first=Prableen |date=January 29, 2021 |title=Top Patent Holders of 2020 |url=https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/top-patent-holders-of-2020-2021-01-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130165223/https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/top-patent-holders-of-2020-2021-01-29 |archive-date=January 30, 2021 |access-date=February 2, 2021 |website=nasdaq.com |publisher=Nasdaq}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=January 5, 2022 |title=2021 Top 50 US Patent Assignees |url=https://www.ificlaims.com/rankings-top-50-2021.htm |accessdate=August 22, 2022 |publisher=IFI CLAIMS Patent Services}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Gil |first1=Darío |title=Why IBM is no longer interested in breaking patent records–and how it plans to measure innovation in the age of open source and quantum computing |url=https://fortune.com/2023/01/06/ibm-patent-record-how-to-measure-innovation-open-source-quantum-computing-tech/ |website=Fortune |access-date=February 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127155828/https://fortune.com/2023/01/06/ibm-patent-record-how-to-measure-innovation-open-source-quantum-computing-tech/ |archive-date=January 27, 2023 |language=en |date=January 6, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
IBM was founded in 1911 as the [[Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company]] (CTR), a [[holding company]] of manufacturers of record-keeping and measuring systems. It was renamed "International Business Machines" in 1924 and soon became the leading manufacturer of [[Electric tabulating machine|punch-card tabulating systems]]. For the next several decades, IBM would become an industry leader in several emerging technologies, including electric typewriters, electromechanical calculators, and personal computers. During the 1960s and 1970s, the [[IBM mainframe]], exemplified by the [[IBM System/360|System/360]], was the dominant [[computing platform]], and the company produced 80 percent of computers in the U.S. and 70 percent of computers worldwide.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=IBM {{!}} Founding, History, & Products {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/International-Business-Machines-Corporation |access-date=December 30, 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>
After pioneering the [[Microcomputer|multipurpose microcomputer]] in the 1980s, which [[Influence of the IBM PC on the personal computer market|set the standard for personal computers]], IBM began losing its market dominance to emerging competitors. Beginning in the 1990s, the company began downsizing its operations and divesting from [[Production (economics)|commodity production]], most notably selling its personal computer division to the [[Lenovo|Lenovo Group]] in 2005. IBM has since concentrated on computer services, software, [[supercomputers]], and scientific research. Since 2000, its supercomputers have [[TOP500|consistently ranked]] among the most powerful in the world, and in 2001 it became the first company to generate more than 3,000 patents in one year, beating this record in 2008 with over 4,000 patents.<ref name=":0" /> As of 2022, the company held 150,000 patents.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IBM Tops U.S. Patent List for 28th Consecutive Year with Innovations in Artificial Intelligence, Hybrid Cloud, Quantum Computing and Cyber-Security |url=https://newsroom.ibm.com/2021-01-12-IBM-Tops-U-S-Patent-List-for-28th-Consecutive-Year-with-Innovations-in-Artificial-Intelligence-Hybrid-Cloud-Quantum-Computing-and-Cyber-Security |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=IBM Newsroom |language=en-us}}</ref>
As one of the world's oldest and largest technology companies, IBM has been responsible for several technological innovations, including the <!-- ALPHABETICAL ORDER, ONLY MOST NOTABLE HERE, OTHERS IN BODY OF ARTICLE-->[[automated teller machine]] (ATM), [[dynamic random-access memory]] (DRAM), the [[floppy disk]], the [[hard disk drive]], the [[magnetic stripe card]], the [[relational model|relational database]], the [[SQL|SQL programming language]], and the [[Universal Product Code|UPC barcode]].<!-- ALPHABETICAL ORDER, ONLY MOST NOTABLE HERE, OTHERS IN BODY OF ARTICLE--> The company has made inroads in advanced computer chips, quantum computing, artificial intelligence, and data infrastructure. IBM employees and alumni have won various recognitions for their scientific research and inventions, including six Nobel Prizes and six Turing Awards.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 9, 2021 |title=About us |url=https://research.ibm.com/about |access-date=December 30, 2022 |website=IBM Research |language=en}}</ref>
IBM is a [[Publicly-traded company|publicly traded company]] and one of 30 companies in the [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]]. It is among the [[List of largest United States–based employers globally|world's largest employers]], with over 297,900 employees worldwide in 2022.<ref name="Fortune 500">{{Cite web |title=Fortune 500 |url=https://fortune.com/ranking/fortune500/ |access-date=December 30, 2022 |website=Fortune |language=en}}</ref> Despite its relative decline within the technology sector,<ref>{{cite web | last=Schofield | first=Jack | author-link=Jack Schofield (journalist) | date=January 21, 2018 | url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/ibm-shows-growth-after-22-straight-quarters-of-declining-revenues-but-has-it-turned-the-corner/ | title=IBM shows growth after 22 straight quarters of declining revenues, but has it turned the corner? | work=ZDNET | publisher=Ziff-Davis | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310020412/https://www.zdnet.com/article/ibm-shows-growth-after-22-straight-quarters-of-declining-revenues-but-has-it-turned-the-corner/ | archivedate=March 10, 2023}}</ref> IBM remains the seventh largest technology company by revenue, and 49th largest overall, according to the {{as of|2022|bare=yes}} [[Fortune 500|''Fortune'' 500]].<ref name="Fortune 500"/> It is also consistently ranked among the world's most recognizable, valuable, and admired brands.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IBM Brand Ranking {{!}} All Brand Rankings where IBM is listed! |url=https://www.rankingthebrands.com/Brand-detail.aspx?brandID=6 |access-date=December 30, 2022 |website=www.rankingthebrands.com |language=en}}</ref>
==History==
{{Main|History of IBM}}
IBM was founded in 1911 in [[Endicott, New York]]; as the [[Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company]] (CTR) and was renamed "International Business Machines" in 1924.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Aswad |first1=Ed |title=IBM in Endicott |last2=Meredith |first2=Suzanne |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |year=2005 |isbn=0-7385-3700-4 |location=Charleston, SC |pages=8 |language=en}}</ref> IBM is incorporated in New York and has operations in over 170 countries.<ref name="auto"/>
In the 1880s, technologies emerged that would ultimately form the core of International Business Machines (IBM). Julius E. Pitrap patented the computing scale in 1885;<ref>{{cite book|title=Images of America: IBM in Endicott|last1=Aswad|first1=Ed|last2=Meredith|first2=Suzanne|year=2005|publisher=[[Arcadia Publishing]]|isbn=0-7385-3700-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YzlDdhWK3IsC&q=julius+e.+pitrap+computing+scale&pg=PA39|access-date=October 22, 2020|archive-date=January 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108020043/https://books.google.com/books?id=YzlDdhWK3IsC&q=julius+e.+pitrap+computing+scale&pg=PA39|url-status=live}}</ref> Alexander Dey invented the dial recorder (1888);<ref>{{cite web |title=Dey dial recorder, early 20th century |url=https://www.scienceandsociety.co.uk/results.asp?image=10204421 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023032106/https://www.scienceandsociety.co.uk/results.asp?image=10204421 |archive-date=October 23, 2020 |access-date=December 30, 2010 |website=scienceandsociety.co.uk |publisher=UK Science Museum}}</ref> [[Herman Hollerith]] (1860–1929) patented the [[Electric Tabulating Machine]];<ref>{{cite web |title=Hollerith 1890 Census Tabulator |url=https://www.columbia.edu/acis/history/census-tabulator.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110420214449/https://www.columbia.edu/acis/history/census-tabulator.html |archive-date=April 20, 2011 |access-date=December 30, 2010 |website=columbia.edu |publisher=[[Columbia University]]}}</ref> and [[Willard Bundy]] invented a [[time clock]] to record workers' arrival and departure times on a paper tape in 1889.<ref>{{cite web |title=Employee Punch Clocks |url=https://www.floridatimeclock.com/employee-punch-clocks.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711011858/https://www.floridatimeclock.com/employee-punch-clocks.htm |archive-date=July 11, 2011 |access-date=December 30, 2010 |website=floridatimeclock.com |publisher=Florida Time Clock}}</ref> On June 16, 1911, their four companies were [[Consolidation (business)|amalgamated]] in New York State by [[Charles Ranlett Flint]] forming a fifth company, the [[Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company]] (CTR) based in [[Endicott, New York]].<ref name=certificate1911 /><ref name="nytimes">{{cite news |date=June 10, 1911 |title=Tabulating Concerns Unite: Flint & Co. Bring Four Together with $19,000,000 capital |pages=1 |work=The New York Times |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1911/06/10/104783303.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=June 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225203320/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1911/06/10/104783303.pdf |archive-date=February 25, 2021}}</ref> The five companies had 1,300 employees and offices and plants in Endicott and [[Binghamton, New York|Binghamton]], New York; [[Dayton, Ohio]]; [[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]]; Washington, D.C.; and [[Toronto]].{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}
They manufactured machinery for sale and lease, ranging from commercial scales and industrial time recorders, meat and cheese slicers, to tabulators and punched cards. [[Thomas J. Watson, Sr.]], fired from the [[National Cash Register Company]] by [[John Henry Patterson (NCR owner)|John Henry Patterson]], called on Flint and, in 1914, was offered a position at CTR.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Belden|first1=Thomas Graham|last2=Belden|first2=Marva Robins|year=1962|title=The Lengthening Shadow: The Life of Thomas J. Watson|url=https://archive.org/details/lengtheningshado00beld|url-access=registration|publisher=Little, Brown and Co.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lengtheningshado00beld/page/89 89–93]}}</ref> Watson joined CTR as general manager and then, 11 months later, was made President when [[Competition law|antitrust]] cases relating to his time at NCR were resolved.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Campbell-Kelly |first1=Martin |title=Computer: A History of the Information Machine |last2=Aspray |first2=William F. |last3=Yost |first3=Jeffrey R. |last4=Tinn |first4=Honghong |last5=Díaz |first5=Gerardo Con |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-000-87875-2 |location=New York, NY |language=en}}</ref> Having learned Patterson's [[John Henry Patterson (NCR owner)#Pioneering business practices|pioneering business practices]], Watson proceeded to put the stamp of NCR onto CTR's companies.<ref>Belden (1962) p. 105</ref> He implemented sales conventions, "generous sales incentives, a focus on customer service, an insistence on well-groomed, dark-suited salesmen and had an evangelical fervor for instilling company pride and loyalty in every worker".<ref name="Story">{{cite web |date=January 23, 2003 |title=Chronological History of IBM, 1910s |url=https://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/history/decade_1910.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826071136/https://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/history/decade_1910.html |archive-date=August 26, 2018 |access-date=January 30, 2015 |website=ibm.com |publisher=IBM}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Marcosson|first=Isaac F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-e9CAAAAIAAJ|title=Wherever Men Trade: The Romance of the Cash Register|year=1945|isbn=9780405047138|oclc=243101|location=New York (NY)|publisher=Dodd, Mead & Co.}}</ref> His favorite slogan, "[[Think (IBM)|THINK]]", became a mantra for each company's employees.<ref name="Story" /> During Watson's first four years, revenues reached $9 million (${{Format price|{{Inflation|US|9000000|1919}}}} today) and the company's operations expanded to Europe, South America, Asia and Australia.<ref name="Story" /> Watson never liked the clumsy hyphenated name "Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company" and on February 14, 1924, chose to replace it with the more expansive title "International Business Machines" which had previously been used as the name of CTR's Canadian Division.<ref name="True story 1962 p.125">Belden (1962) p. 125</ref> By 1933, most of the subsidiaries had been merged into one company, IBM.<ref>(Rodgers, THINK, p. 83)</ref>
[[File:IBM Electronic Data Processing Machine - GPN-2000-001881.jpg|thumb|left|[[NACA]] researchers using an [[IBM 704|IBM type 704]] electronic data processing machine in 1957]]
The [[Nazism|Nazis]] reportedly made extensive use of [[Punched card|Hollerith]] punch card and alphabetical accounting equipment and IBM's majority-owned German subsidiary, Deutsche Hollerith Maschinen GmbH (Dehomag), supplied this equipment from the early 1930s. This equipment was critical to Nazi efforts to categorize citizens of both Germany and other nations that fell under Nazi control through ongoing censuses. This census data was used to facilitate the round-up of Jews and other targeted groups, and to catalog their movements through the machinery of the [[Holocaust]], including internment in the concentration camps.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Black |first=Edwin |title=IBM and the Holocaust: The Strategic Alliance Between Nazi Germany and America's Most Powerful Corporation |publisher=Dialog Press |year=2008 |isbn=9780914153108}}</ref> Nazi concentration camps operate a Hollerith department called Hollerith Abteilung, which had IBM machineries that also included calculating and sorting machines.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pauwels |first=Jacques R. |title=Big Business and Hitler |publisher=James Lorimer & Company |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-4594-0987-3 |language=de}}</ref> There is much debate amongst the history community about whether IBM was complicit in the use of these machines, whether the machines used were IBM branded, and even whether tabulating machines were used for this purpose at all.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25147861 |title="Stranger than Science Fiction: Edwin Black, IBM, and the Holocaust." |journal=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |date=2002-01-01 |jstor=25147861 |access-date=2022-03-07|last1=Allen |first1=Michael |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=150–154 }}</ref>
IBM has several leadership development and recognition programs to acknowledge and foster employee potential and achievements. For early-career high potential employees, IBM sponsors leadership development programs by discipline (e.g., general management (GMLDP), [[human resources management|human resources]] (HRLDP), finance (FLDP)). Each year, the company also selects 500 IBM employees for the IBM Corporate Service Corps (CSC),<ref>{{cite web |date=August 12, 2016 |title=The IBM Corporate Service Corps |url=https://www.ibm.com/ibm/responsibility/corporateservicecorps/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191124182604/https://www.ibm.com/ibm/responsibility/corporateservicecorps/ |archive-date=November 24, 2019 |access-date=August 12, 2016 |website=ibm.org |publisher=IBM CSC}}</ref> which gives bottom employeesa fat kick lmaooo [[humanitarian aid|humanitarian work]] abroad.<ref name="hbr.org">{{cite journal|title=Why IBM Gives Top Employees a Month to Do Service Abroad|url=https://hbr.org/2014/11/why-ibm-gives-top-employees-a-month-to-do-service-abroad|journal=Harvard Business Review|date=November 5, 2014|access-date=August 12, 2016|last1=Chong|first1=Rachael|last2=Fleming|first2=Melissa|archive-date=November 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126154320/https://hbr.org/2014/11/why-ibm-gives-top-employees-a-month-to-do-service-abroad|url-status=live}}</ref> For certain [[interns]], IBM also has a program called [[Extreme Blue]] that partners top business and technical students to develop high-value technology and compete to present their business case to the company's CEO at internship's end.<ref>{{cite web |date=September 7, 2007 |title=Extreme Blue web page |url=https://www-01.ibm.com/employment/us/extremeblue/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213183610/https://www-01.ibm.com/employment/us/extremeblue/ |archive-date=February 13, 2019 |access-date=May 23, 2010 |website=ibm.com |publisher=01.ibm.com}}</ref>
The company also has various designations for exceptional individual contributors such as Senior Technical Staff Member (STSM), Research Staff Member (RSM), Distinguished Engineer (DE), and Distinguished Designer (DD).<ref name="eWeek">{{cite web|last1=Taft|first1=Derryl|title=IBM Launches Distinguished Designer Program|date=April 25, 2016|url=https://www.eweek.com/developer/ibm-launches-distinguished-designer-program.html|publisher=eWeek|access-date=August 12, 2016}}</ref> Prolific inventors can also achieve patent plateaus and earn the designation of [[IBM Master Inventor|Master Inventor]]. The company's most prestigious designation is that of [[IBM Fellow]]. Since 1963, the company names a handful of Fellows each year based on technical achievement. Other programs recognize years of service such as the Quarter Century Club established in 1924, and sellers are eligible to join the Hundred Percent Club, composed of IBM salesmen who meet their quotas, convened in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Each year, the company also selects 1,000 IBM employees annually to award the Best of IBM Award, which includes an all-expenses-paid trip to the awards ceremony in an exotic location.
IBM built the [[Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator]], an electromechanical computer, during World War II. It offered its first commercial stored-program computer, the [[vacuum tube]] based [[IBM 701]], in 1952. The [[IBM 305 RAMAC]] introduced the [[hard disk drive]] in 1956. The company switched to transistorized designs with the [[IBM 700/7000 series|7000]] and [[IBM 1400 series|1400]] series, beginning in 1958.
In 1956, the company demonstrated the first practical example of [[artificial intelligence]] when [[Arthur Samuel (computer scientist)|Arthur L. Samuel]] of IBM's [[Poughkeepsie]], New York, laboratory programmed an [[IBM 704]] not merely to play checkers but "learn" from its own experience. In 1957, the [[FORTRAN]] scientific programming language was developed. In 1961, IBM developed the [[Sabre (computer system)|SABRE reservation system]] for [[American Airlines]] and introduced the highly successful [[IBM Selectric typewriter|Selectric]] typewriter.
In 1963, IBM employees and computers helped NASA track the orbital flights of the Mercury astronauts. A year later, it moved its corporate headquarters from New York City to [[Armonk, New York]]. The latter half of the 1960s saw IBM continue its support of space exploration, participating in the 1965 Gemini flights, 1966 Saturn flights, and 1969 lunar mission. IBM also developed and manufactured the Saturn V's Instrument Unit and Apollo spacecraft guidance computers.
[[File:IBM360-67AtUmichWithMikeAlexander.jpg|thumb|right|An [[IBM System/360]] in use at the [[University of Michigan]] {{Circa|1969}}]]
[[File:Saturn_IB_and_V_Instrument_Unit.jpg|thumb|IBM guidance computer hardware for the [[Saturn V Instrument Unit]]]]
On April 7, 1964, IBM launched the first computer system family, the [[IBM System/360]]. It spanned the complete range of commercial and scientific applications from large to small, allowing companies for the first time to upgrade to models with greater computing capability without having to rewrite their applications. It was followed by the [[IBM System/370]] in 1970. Together the 360 and 370 made the [[IBM mainframe]] the dominant [[mainframe computer]] and the dominant computing platform in the industry throughout this period and into the early 1980s. They and the operating systems that ran on them such as [[OS/VS1]] and [[MVS]], and the middleware built on top of those such as the [[CICS]] transaction processing monitor, had a near-monopoly-level market share and became the thing IBM was most known for during this period.<ref>{{cite book | title=From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog: A History of the Software Industry | first=Martin | last=Campbell-Kelly | author-link=Martin Campbell-Kelly | publisher=[[MIT Press]] | location=Cambridge, Massachusetts | year=2003 | pages=140–143, 175–176, 237}}</ref>
In 1969, the United States of America alleged that IBM violated the [[Sherman Antitrust Act]] by monopolizing or attempting to monopolize the general-purpose electronic digital computer system market, specifically computers designed primarily for business, and subsequently alleged that IBM violated the antitrust laws in IBM's actions directed against leasing companies and plug-compatible peripheral manufacturers. Shortly after, IBM unbundled its software and services in what many observers believed was a direct result of the lawsuit, creating a competitive market for software. In 1982, the Department of Justice dropped the case as "without merit".<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/tlr60&div=37|title=Monopolization: Corporate Strategy, the IBM Cases, and the Transformation of the Law|last=Sullivan|first=Lawrence A.|journal=[[Texas Law Review]]|date=April 1982|access-date=January 14, 2022|volume=60|issue=4|pages=587–647|archive-date=January 14, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114192845/https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/tlr60&div=37|url-status=live}}</ref>
Also in 1969, IBM engineer [[Forrest Parry]] invented the [[magnetic stripe card]] that would become ubiquitous for credit/debit/ATM cards, driver's licenses, rapid transit cards, and a multitude of other identity and access control applications. IBM pioneered the manufacture of these cards, and for most of the 1970s, the data processing systems and software for such applications ran exclusively on IBM computers. In 1974, IBM engineer [[George J. Laurer]] developed the [[Universal Product Code]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The history of the UPC bar code and how the bar code symbol and system became a world standard. |url=https://www.cummingsdesign.com/bar_code_history.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109220243/https://www.cummingsdesign.com/bar_code_history.htm |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |access-date=May 17, 2011 |website=cummingsdesign.com |publisher=Cummingsdesign}}</ref> IBM and the [[World Bank]] first introduced [[Swap (finance)|financial swaps]] to the public in 1981, when they entered into a swap agreement.<ref>{{cite book|title=Fundamentals of Corporate Finance|edition=9th, alternate|last1=Ross|last2=Westerfield|last3=Jordan|year=2010|publisher=[[McGraw Hill]]|page=746}}</ref> The [[IBM PC]], originally designated IBM 5150, was introduced in 1981, and it soon became an industry standard.
In 1991 IBM began spinning off its many divisions into autonomous subsidiaries (so-called "Baby Blues") in an attempt to make the company more manageable and to streamline IBM by having other investors finance those companies.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Miller | first=Michael W. | date=November 10, 1992 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/398331696/ | title='Break Up IBM,' Cry Some Investors Who See Value in Those Baby Blues | journal=The Wall Street Journal | publisher=Dow Jones & Company | page=C1 | via=ProQuest}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Ziegler | first=Bart | date=September 6, 1992 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/268053630/ | title=Big Blue still breaking up its bureaucracy | journal=Colorado Springs-Gazette | page=E3 | via=ProQuest}}</ref> These included [[AdStar]], dedicated to disk drives and other data storage products; IBM Application Business Systems, dedicated to mid-range computers; IBM Enterprise Systems, dedicated to mainframes; Pennant Systems, dedicated to mid-range and large printers; [[Lexmark]], dedicated to small printers; and more.<ref>{{cite journal | agency=Associated Press | date=September 6, 1992 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/288539645/ | title=Facts, Figures on IBM's 13 Decentralized Firms | journal=The Salt Lake Tribune | page=D14 | via=ProQuest}}</ref> Lexmark was acquired by [[Clayton, Dubilier & Rice|Clayton & Dubilier]] in a [[leveraged buyout]] shortly after its formation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE2D9173CF931A15751C1A967958260|title=The Executive Computer; Can I.B.M. Learn From a Unit It Freed?|work=The New York Times|first=Peter H.|last=Lewis|date=December 22, 1991}}</ref>
In September 1992, IBM completed the spin-off of their various non-mainframe and non-midrange, personal computer manufacturing divisions, combining them into an autonomous wholly owned subsidiary known as the IBM Personal Computer Company (IBM PC Co.).<ref>{{cite news | last=Burgess | first=John | date=September 3, 1992 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1992/09/03/ibm-plans-division-for-its-pc-business/f732f4c5-ead6-4867-a911-c75bd6ad7ef3/ | title=IBM Plans Division For Its PC Business; One Executive Expected to Be Put in Control | newspaper=The Washington Post | page=B11 | archiveurl=https://archive.today/20230512002255/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1992/09/03/ibm-plans-division-for-its-pc-business/f732f4c5-ead6-4867-a911-c75bd6ad7ef3/ | archivedate=May 12, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Burgess | first=John | date=November 26, 1992 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1992/11/26/with-new-approach-and-executive-team-ibm-seeks-a-rebirth/8e8c42e0-cb95-4d75-8149-059fe121bb50/ | title=With New Approach and Executive Team, IBM Seeks a Rebirth | newspaper=The Washington Post | page=D1 | archiveurl=https://archive.today/20230512001140/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1992/11/26/with-new-approach-and-executive-team-ibm-seeks-a-rebirth/8e8c42e0-cb95-4d75-8149-059fe121bb50/ | archivedate=May 12, 2023}}</ref> This corporate restructuring came after IBM reported a sharp drop in profit margins during the second quarter of fiscal year 1992; market analysts attributed the drop to a fierce price war in the personal computer market over the summer of 1992.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Hooper | first=Lawrence | date=September 3, 1992 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/398296978/ | title=IBM to Unveil New Structure of PC Business | journal=The Wall Street Journal | publisher=Dow Jones & Company | page=A3 | via=ProQuest}}</ref> The corporate restructuring was one of the largest and most expensive in history up to that point.<ref>{{cite journal | agency=Associated Press | date=July 28, 1993 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/256293920/ | title=IBM reports record loss of $8 billion | journal=Austin American-Statesman | publisher=Knight-Ridder Tribune Service | page=B6 | via=ProQuest}}</ref> By the summer of 1993, the IBM PC Co. had divided into multiple business units itself, including [[Ambra Computer Corporation]] and the IBM Power Personal Systems Group, the former an attempt to design and market "[[IBM PC compatible|clone]]" computers of IBM's own architecture and the latter responsible for IBM's [[PowerPC]]-based [[workstation]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Lohr | first=Steve | date=August 2, 1993 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/02/business/ibm-and-dell-stake-out-the-little-picture-in-pc-s.html | title=I.B.M. and Dell Stake Out the Little Picture in PC's | journal=The New York Times | page=D2 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526082706/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/02/business/ibm-and-dell-stake-out-the-little-picture-in-pc-s.html | archivedate=May 26, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Burke | first=Steven | date=September 11, 1995 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/227494932/ | title=IBM Power Personal Systems group to be folded into PC Co. | journal=Computer Reseller News | publisher=CMP Publications | issue=648 | page=7 | via=ProQuest}}</ref>
In 1993, IBM posted an $8 billion loss – at the time the biggest in American corporate history.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://public.dhe.ibm.com/common/ssi/ecm/en/gbe03420usen/GBE03420USEN.PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223004332/https://public.dhe.ibm.com/common/ssi/ecm/en/gbe03420usen/GBE03420USEN.PDF|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 23, 2014|title=Life science: Fade or flourish ?|first1=Guy|last1=Lefever|first2=Michele|last2=Pesanello|first3=Heather|last3=Fraser|first4=Lee|last4=Taurman|year=2011|publisher=IBM Institute for Business Value|access-date=July 6, 2013|location=p. 2}}</ref> [[Lou Gerstner]] was hired as CEO from [[RJR Nabisco]] to turn the company around.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/chairmen/chairmen_9.html|title=IBM Archives: Louis V. Gerstner, Jr.|date=January 23, 2003|website=www.ibm.com|access-date=July 10, 2019|archive-date=September 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920153611/https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/chairmen/chairmen_9.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2002 IBM acquired [[PwC]] Consulting, the consulting arm of [[PwC]] which was merged into its [[IBM Consulting|IBM Global Services]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.computerworld.com/article/2576700/ibm-to-acquire-pwc-consulting-for--3-5-billion.html|title=IBM to acquire PwC Consulting for $3.5 billion|website=Computerworld|author=Linda Rosencrance|date=July 30, 2002|access-date=October 4, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/ibm-grabs-consulting-giant-for-3-5-billion/|title=IBM grabs consulting giant for $3.5 billion|author=Stephen Shankland|date=July 31, 2002|access-date=October 4, 2022}}</ref>
[[File:IBMinventions.png|thumb|left|IBM inventions (clockwise from top-left): the [[hard-disk drive]], [[DRAM]], the [[UPC bar code]], and the [[magnetic stripe card]]]]
In 1998, IBM merged the enterprise-oriented Personal Systems Group of the IBM PC Co. into IBM's own Global Services personal computer [[consulting]] and [[customer service]] division. The resulting merged business units then became known simply as IBM Personal Systems Group.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Zimmerman | first=Michael R. | author2=Lisa Dicarlo | date=December 14, 1998 | url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A53396059/GPS?sid=wikipedia | title=Not Your Father's PC Company Anymore | journal=PC Week | publisher=Ziff-Davis | volume=15 | issue=50 | page=1 | via=ProQuest}}</ref> In 1999, IBM stopped selling their computers at retail outlets after their market share in this sector had fallen considerably behind competitors [[Compaq]] and [[Dell]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hansell |first=Saul |date=October 25, 1999 |title=The Strategy For I.B.M.: Loss-Leader PC Sales |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/25/business/the-strategy-for-ibm-loss-leader-pc-sales.html |access-date=March 29, 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Immediately afterwards, the IBM PC Co. was dissolved and merged into IBM Personal Systems Group.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Greiner | first=Lynn | date=October 22, 1999 | url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/225027589/ | title=Big Blue to combine PC division with PSG | journal=Computing Canada | publisher=Plesman Publications | volume=25 | issue=40 | page=6 | via=ProQuest}}</ref>
On September 14, 2004, [[LG Corporation|LG]] and IBM announced that their [[business alliance]] in the [[South Korea]]n market would end at the end of that year. Both companies stated that it was unrelated to the charges of bribery earlier that year.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Won Choi |first=Hae |date=September 15, 2004 |title=IBM, LG Electronics Call Halt To PC Joint Venture in Korea |language=en-US |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB109516384011117260 |access-date=November 25, 2022 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sung-ha |first=Park |date=August 30, 2004 |title=LG, IBM to split by end of year |url=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2004/08/30/economy/LG-IBM-to-split-by-end-of-year/2462587.html |access-date=November 25, 2022 |website=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=IBM, LG Electronics to End Joint Venture |work=[[Forbes]] |url=http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2004/09/14/ap1543788.html |url-status=dead |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041022180259/http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2004/09/14/ap1543788.html |archive-date=October 22, 2004}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vance |first=Ashlee |author-link=Ashlee Vance |title=South Korea slams IBM with server slush fund charges |url=https://www.theregister.com/2004/01/05/south_korea_slams_ibm/ |access-date=November 25, 2022 |website=www.theregister.com |language=en}}</ref> [[List of LG laptops#Xnote|Xnote]] was originally part of the joint venture and was sold by LG in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laptop Retrospective |url=https://laptopretrospective.com/author/laptopretrospective_azusy3/ |access-date=April 16, 2023 |website=Laptop Retrospective |language=en-US}}</ref>
In 2005, the company [[Acquisition of the IBM PC business by Lenovo|sold all of its personal computer business]] to Chinese technology company [[Lenovo]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Lenovo Completes Acquisition Of IBM's Personal Computing Division |url=https://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/7641.wss |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110225728/https://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/7641.wss |archive-date=November 10, 2020 |access-date=March 1, 2019 |website=03.ibm.com |publisher=IBM}}</ref> and, in 2009, it acquired software company [[SPSS Inc.]] Later in 2009, IBM's [[Blue Gene]] supercomputing program was awarded the [[National Medal of Technology and Innovation]] by U.S. President [[Barack Obama]]. In 2011, IBM gained worldwide attention for its [[artificial intelligence]] program [[Watson (artificial intelligence software)|Watson]], which was exhibited on ''[[Jeopardy!]]'' where it won against game-show champions [[Ken Jennings]] and [[Brad Rutter]]. The company also celebrated its 100th anniversary in the same year on June 16. In 2012, IBM announced it had agreed to buy [[Kenexa]] and [[Texas Memory Systems]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/38594.wss|title=IBM Plans to Acquire Texas Memory Systems|publisher=IBM|access-date=August 17, 2012|archive-date=October 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012043556/https://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/38594.wss|url-status=live}}</ref> and a year later it also acquired [[SoftLayer Technologies]], a [[web hosting service]], in a deal worth around $2 billion.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-softlayer-ibm-idUSBRE9530NT20130605|title=IBM to buy website hosting service SoftLayer|first=Jennifer|last=Saba|publisher=Reuters|date=June 5, 2013|access-date=July 1, 2017|archive-date=September 24, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924181906/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/06/05/us-softlayer-ibm-idUSBRE9530NT20130605|url-status=live}}</ref> Also that year, the company designed a [[video surveillance]] system for [[Davao City]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theintercept.com/2019/03/20/rodrigo-duterte-ibm-surveillance/|title=Inside the Video Surveillance Program IBM Built for Philippine Strongman Rodrigo Duterte|first1=George|last1=Joseph|date=March 20, 2019|website=The Intercept|access-date=January 17, 2020|archive-date=January 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104104906/https://theintercept.com/2019/03/20/rodrigo-duterte-ibm-surveillance/|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2014, IBM announced it would sell its [[x86]] server division to Lenovo for $2.1 billion.<ref>{{cite press release|publisher=Reuters|date=September 29, 2014|title=Lenovo says $2.1 billion IBM x86 server deal to close on Wednesday|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lenovo-ibm-deals-idUSKCN0HO08N20140929|access-date=July 1, 2017|archive-date=November 17, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117105338/https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/09/29/us-lenovo-ibm-deals-idUSKCN0HO08N20140929|url-status=live}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=November 2017}} while continuing to offer [[Power ISA]]-based servers. Also that year, IBM began announcing several major partnerships with other companies, including [[Apple Inc.]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Apple + IBM |url=https://www.ibm.com/mobilefirst/us/en/?lnk=ushpls1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055744/https://www.ibm.com/mobilefirst/us/en/?lnk=ushpls1 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=July 18, 2014 |website=ibm.com |publisher=IBM}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Etherington |first1=Darrell |date=July 15, 2014 |title=Apple Teams Up With IBM For Huge, Expansive Enterprise Push |url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/07/15/apple-teams-up-with-ibm-for-huge-expansive-enterprise-push/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215222753/https://techcrunch.com/2014/07/15/apple-teams-up-with-ibm-for-huge-expansive-enterprise-push/ |archive-date=December 15, 2020 |access-date=July 18, 2014 |website=marketbusinessnews.com |publisher=Tech Crunch}}</ref> Twitter,<ref>{{cite web |last=Nordqvist |first=Christian |date=November 2, 2014 |title=Landmark IBM Twitter partnership to help businesses make decisions |url=https://marketbusinessnews.com/landmark-ibm-twitter-partnership-help-businesses-make-decisions/37093 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112012816/https://marketbusinessnews.com/landmark-ibm-twitter-partnership-help-businesses-make-decisions/37093/ |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |access-date=November 2, 2014 |publisher=Market Business News}}</ref> Facebook,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ha|first1=Anthony|title=IBM Announces Marketing Partnership With Facebook|date=May 6, 2015 |url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/05/05/ibm-partners-with-facebook/|publisher=TechCrunch|access-date=August 13, 2016|archive-date=November 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108103944/https://techcrunch.com/2015/05/05/ibm-partners-with-facebook/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tencent]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kyung-Hoon|first1=Kim|title=Tencent teams up with IBM to offer business software over the cloud|date=November 3, 2014|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tencent-ibm-deals-idUSKBN0IK0Q320141103|work=Reuters|access-date=August 13, 2016|archive-date=October 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023220332/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tencent-ibm-deals-idUSKBN0IK0Q320141103|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Cisco]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Vanian|first1=Jonathan|title=Cisco and IBM's New Partnership Is a Lot About Talk|url=https://fortune.com/2016/06/30/cisco-ibm-chat-work-collaboration/|publisher=Fortune|access-date=August 13, 2016|archive-date=October 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027204802/https://fortune.com/2016/06/30/cisco-ibm-chat-work-collaboration/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[UnderArmour]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Terdiman|first1=Daniel|title=IBM, Under Armour Team Up To Bring Cognitive Computing To Fitness Apps|date=January 6, 2016|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/3055148/ibm-under-armour-team-up-to-bring-cognitive-computing-to-fitness-apps|publisher=Fast Company|access-date=August 13, 2016|archive-date=November 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114905/https://www.fastcompany.com/3055148/ibm-under-armour-team-up-to-bring-cognitive-computing-to-fitness-apps|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Box (company)|Box]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Franklin|first1=Curtis Jr.|title=IBM, Box Cloud Partnership: What It Means|date=June 26, 2015|url=https://www.informationweek.com/cloud/cloud-storage/ibm-box-cloud-partnership-what-it-means/a/d-id/1321059|publisher=Information Week|access-date=August 13, 2016|archive-date=November 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121231350/https://www.informationweek.com/cloud/cloud-storage/ibm-box-cloud-partnership-what-it-means/a/d-id/1321059|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Microsoft]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Weinberger|first1=Matt|title=Microsoft just made a deal with IBM – and Apple should be nervous|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/microsoft-ibm-surface-partnership-2016-7|publisher=Business Insider|access-date=August 13, 2016|archive-date=August 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809100141/https://www.businessinsider.com/microsoft-ibm-surface-partnership-2016-7|url-status=live}}</ref> [[VMware]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Forrest|first1=Conner|title=VMware and SugarCRM expand partnerships with IBM, make services available on IBM Cloud|date=June 14, 2016|url=https://www.techrepublic.com/article/vmware-and-sugarcrm-expand-partnerships-with-ibm-make-services-available-on-ibm-cloud/|publisher=Tech Republic|access-date=August 13, 2016|archive-date=August 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823095633/https://www.techrepublic.com/article/vmware-and-sugarcrm-expand-partnerships-with-ibm-make-services-available-on-ibm-cloud/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Computer Sciences Corporation|CSC]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Taft|first1=Darryl|title=IBM, CSC Expand Their Cloud Deal to the Mainframe|date=July 25, 2016|publisher=eWeek|url=https://www.eweek.com/cloud/ibm-csc-expand-their-cloud-deal-to-the-mainframe.html|access-date=August 13, 2016}}</ref> [[Macy's]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Taft|first1=Darryl|title=Macy's Taps IBM, Satisfi for In-Store Shopping Companion|date=July 22, 2016|url=https://www.eweek.com/database/macys-taps-ibm-satisfi-for-in-store-shopping-companion.html|publisher=eWeek|access-date=August 13, 2016}}</ref> [[Sesame Workshop]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Toppo|first1=Greg|title=Sesame Workshop, IBM partner to use Watson for preschoolers|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2016/04/27/sesame-workshop-ibm-partner-use-watson-preschoolers/83563342/|publisher=USA Today|access-date=August 13, 2016|archive-date=October 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015013059/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2016/04/27/sesame-workshop-ibm-partner-use-watson-preschoolers/83563342/|url-status=live}}</ref> the parent company of [[Sesame Street]], and [[Salesforce.com]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Nusca|first=Andrea|title=IBM, Salesforce Strike Global Partnership on Cloud, AI|url=https://fortune.com/2017/03/06/ibm-salesforce-partnership-ai/|publisher=Fortune|access-date=March 7, 2017|archive-date=November 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111235241/https://fortune.com/2017/03/06/ibm-salesforce-partnership-ai/|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2015, IBM announced three major acquisitions: Merge Healthcare for $1 billion,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/2015-08-06/ibm-buys-merge-healthcare-to-boost-watson-health-cloud|work=Bloomberg|title=IBM Buys Merge Healthcare to Boost Watson Health Cloud|date=August 6, 2015|access-date=March 7, 2017|archive-date=September 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925220133/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/2015-08-06/ibm-buys-merge-healthcare-to-boost-watson-health-cloud|url-status=live}}</ref> data storage vendor [[Cleversafe]], and all digital assets from [[The Weather Company]], including [[Weather.com]] and the Weather Channel [[mobile app]].<ref name=bloomberg-twcibm>{{cite news|title=IBM Agrees to Acquire Weather Channel's Digital Assets|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-28/ibm-agrees-to-acquire-weather-channel-s-digital-assets|access-date=October 28, 2015|work=Bloomberg|archive-date=October 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013172810/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-28/ibm-agrees-to-acquire-weather-channel-s-digital-assets|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=nyt-ibmtwc>{{cite news|title=IBM to Acquire the Weather Company|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/29/technology/ibm-to-acquire-the-weather-company.html|access-date=October 28, 2015|work=The New York Times|date=October 28, 2015 |archive-date=December 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214191035/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/29/technology/ibm-to-acquire-the-weather-company.html|url-status=live|last1=Hardy |first1=Quentin }}</ref> Also that year, IBM employees created the film ''[[A Boy and His Atom]]'', which was the first molecule movie to tell a story. In 2016, IBM acquired video conferencing service [[Ustream]] and formed a new cloud video unit.<ref>{{cite web|title=IBM acquires Ustream, launches cloud video unit|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2016/01/21/ibm-acquires-ustream-launches-cloud-video-unit/79109112/|publisher=USA Today|date=January 21, 2016|access-date=August 31, 2017|archive-date=October 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015021210/https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2016/01/21/ibm-acquires-ustream-launches-cloud-video-unit/79109112/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ustream.tv/blog/2016/01/21/ibm-acquires-ustream-behind-the-acquisition/|title=IBM Acquires Ustream: Behind the Acquisition|first=Tilly|last=McLain|date=January 21, 2016|website=Ustream Online Video Blog|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122013620/https://www.ustream.tv/blog/2016/01/21/ibm-acquires-ustream-behind-the-acquisition/|archive-date=January 22, 2016|url-status=live|access-date=August 22, 2016}}</ref> In April 2016, it posted a 14-year low in quarterly sales.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/2016/04/19/investing/ibm-earnings-shrinking-14-year-low/|title=Big Blue isn't so big anymore|first=Matt|last=Egan|work=CNN Money|date=April 19, 2016|access-date=April 22, 2016|archive-date=October 31, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031073326/https://money.cnn.com/2016/04/19/investing/ibm-earnings-shrinking-14-year-low/|url-status=live}}</ref> The following month, [[Groupon]] sued IBM accusing it of patent infringement, two months after IBM accused Groupon of patent infringement in a separate lawsuit.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ibm-groupon-idUSKCN0Y02KG|title=Groupon sues 'once-great' IBM over patent|first=Jonathan|last=Stempel|work=Reuters|date=May 9, 2016|access-date=May 9, 2016|archive-date=November 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108202609/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ibm-groupon-idUSKCN0Y02KG|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2015, IBM bought the [[Digital media|digital]] part of [[The Weather Company]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/2015/10/28/technology/ibm-weather-channel/index.html|title=IBM Buys Digital Part of The Weather Company|first=David|last=Goldman|work=CNN Money|date=October 28, 2015|access-date=November 27, 2019|archive-date=December 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230220517/https://money.cnn.com/2015/10/28/technology/ibm-weather-channel/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Truven Health Analytics for $2.6 billion in 2016, and in October 2018, IBM announced its intention to acquire [[Red Hat]] for $34 billion,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/ibm-in-advanced-talks-to-buy-red-hat-1540751279|title=IBM to Acquire Red Hat for About $33 Billion|last1=Greene|first1=Jay|date=October 28, 2018|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=October 29, 2018|last2=McMillan|first2=Robert|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=November 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109005734/https://www.wsj.com/articles/ibm-in-advanced-talks-to-buy-red-hat-1540751279|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hammond|first1=Ed|last2=Porter|first2=Kiel|last3=Barinka|first3=Alex|title=IBM Nears Deal to Acquire Software Maker Red Hat|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-28/ibm-is-said-to-near-deal-to-acquire-software-maker-red-hat|newspaper=Bloomberg.com|date=October 28, 2018|access-date=October 28, 2018|archive-date=September 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902215121/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-28/ibm-is-said-to-near-deal-to-acquire-software-maker-red-hat|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=IBM to Acquire Red Hat|url=https://www.redhat.com/en/about/press-releases/ibm-acquire-red-hat-completely-changing-cloud-landscape-and-becoming-world%E2%80%99s-1-hybrid-cloud-provider?intcmp=701f2000000RWK2AAO|access-date=October 28, 2018|archive-date=October 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028191024/https://www.redhat.com/en/about/press-releases/ibm-acquire-red-hat-completely-changing-cloud-landscape-and-becoming-world%E2%80%99s-1-hybrid-cloud-provider?intcmp=701f2000000RWK2AAO|url-status=live}}</ref> which was completed on July 9, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.redhat.com/en/about/press-releases/ibm-closes-landmark-acquisition-red-hat-34-billion-defines-open-hybrid-cloud-future|title=IBM Closes Landmark Acquisition of Red Hat for $34 Billion; Defines Open, Hybrid Cloud Future|website=www.redhat.com|date=July 9, 2019 |language=en|access-date=July 9, 2019|archive-date=December 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216104317/https://www.redhat.com/en/about/press-releases/ibm-closes-landmark-acquisition-red-hat-34-billion-defines-open-hybrid-cloud-future|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{anchor|Kyndryl}}IBM announced in October 2020 that it would divest the Managed Infrastructure Services unit of its Global Technology Services division into a new public company.<ref>{{cite web |title=IBM To Accelerate Hybrid Cloud Growth Strategy And Execute Spin-Off Of Market-Leading Managed Infrastructure Services Unit |url=https://newsroom.ibm.com/2020-10-08-IBM-To-Accelerate-Hybrid-Cloud-Growth-Strategy-And-Execute-Spin-Off-Of-Market-Leading-Managed-Infrastructure-Services-Unit |website=ibm.com |publisher=IBM Corporation |access-date=October 10, 2020 |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107220744/https://newsroom.ibm.com/2020-10-08-IBM-To-Accelerate-Hybrid-Cloud-Growth-Strategy-And-Execute-Spin-Off-Of-Market-Leading-Managed-Infrastructure-Services-Unit |url-status=live }}</ref> The new company, [[Kyndryl]], will have 90,000 employees, 4,600 clients in 115 countries, with a backlog of $60 billion.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vengattil |first1=Munsif |title=IBM to break up 109-year old company to focus on cloud growth |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/ibm-divestiture/update-5-ibm-to-break-up-109-year-old-company-to-focus-on-cloud-growth-idUSL4N2GZ28Q |website=www.reuters.com |date=October 9, 2020 |agency=Reuters |access-date=October 10, 2020 |archive-date=October 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015101518/https://www.reuters.com/article/ibm-divestiture/update-5-ibm-to-break-up-109-year-old-company-to-focus-on-cloud-growth-idUSL4N2GZ28Q |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Goodwin |first1=Jazmin |title=IBM spins off a quarter of the company to focus on the cloud |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/08/tech/ibm-hybrid-cloud/index.html |website=cnn.com |date=October 8, 2020 |publisher=CNN |access-date=October 10, 2020 |archive-date=November 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126022525/https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/08/tech/ibm-hybrid-cloud/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bursztynsky |first1=Jessica |title=IBM shares rise on plans to spin off its IT infrastructure unit and focus on the cloud business |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/08/ibm-shares-surge-on-plans-to-spin-off-unit-into-separate-publicly-traded-company-.html |website=cnbc.com |date=October 8, 2020 |publisher=CNBC |access-date=October 10, 2020 |archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111073437/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/08/ibm-shares-surge-on-plans-to-spin-off-unit-into-separate-publicly-traded-company-.html |url-status=live }}</ref> IBM's spin off was greater than any of its previous divestitures, and welcomed by investors.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Asa Fitch and Dave Sebastian |title=IBM to Spin Off Services Unit to Accelerate Cloud-Computing Pivot |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/ibm-to-spin-off-managed-infrastructure-services-unit-into-a-public-company-11602156618 |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=October 8, 2020 |publisher=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=October 10, 2020 |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106020856/https://www.wsj.com/articles/ibm-to-spin-off-managed-infrastructure-services-unit-into-a-public-company-11602156618 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bendor-Samuel |first1=Peter |title=IBM Splits Into Two Companies |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/peterbendorsamuel/2020/10/09/ibm-splits-into-two-companies/#107aba5b56e6 |work=Forbes |access-date=October 10, 2020 |archive-date=November 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129064511/https://www.forbes.com/sites/peterbendorsamuel/2020/10/09/ibm-splits-into-two-companies/#107aba5b56e6 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Moorhead |first1=Patrick |title=IBM Spinning Off Infrastructure Managed Services Group To Focus On Cloud Is A Good Move |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/patrickmoorhead/2020/10/09/ibm-spinning-off-infrastructure-managed-services-group-to-focus-on-cloud-is-a-good-move/#22fa705f235a |work=Forbes |access-date=October 10, 2020 |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109070537/https://www.forbes.com/sites/patrickmoorhead/2020/10/09/ibm-spinning-off-infrastructure-managed-services-group-to-focus-on-cloud-is-a-good-move/#22fa705f235a |url-status=live }}</ref> IBM appointed Martin Schroeter, who had been IBM's CFO from 2014 through the end of 2017, as CEO of [[Kyndryl]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://siliconangle.com/2021/01/07/ibm-names-martin-schroeter-ceo-19b-newco-services-spinoff/ |title=IBM names Martin Schroeter as CEO of $19B NewCo services spinoff |first=Maria |last=Deutscher |work=SiliconANGLE |date=January 7, 2021 |accessdate=February 23, 2021 |archive-date=January 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111033317/https://siliconangle.com/2021/01/07/ibm-names-martin-schroeter-ceo-19b-newco-services-spinoff/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://cio.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/corporate-news/ibm-names-former-financial-chief-martin-schroeter-as-head-of-new-it-infrastructure-services-company/80164456 |title=IBM names former financial chief Martin Schroeter as head of new IT infrastructure services company |work=[[The Economic Times|ETCIO]] |agency=[[Reuters]] |date=January 8, 2021 |accessdate=February 23, 2021 |archive-date=June 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614003803/https://cio.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/corporate-news/ibm-names-former-financial-chief-martin-schroeter-as-head-of-new-it-infrastructure-services-company/80164456 |url-status=live }}</ref>
On March 7, 2022, a few days after the start of the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], IBM CEO Arvind Krishna published a Ukrainian flag and announced that "we have suspended all business in Russia". All Russian articles were also removed from the IBM website.<ref>{{cite web
|author=Arvind Krishna
|language = en
|url = https://newsroom.ibm.com/Update-on-our-actions-War-in-Ukraine
|title =Update on Our Actions: War in Ukraine
|publisher = IBM
|date = March 7, 2022
|accessdate = March 7, 2022}}</ref> On June 7, Krishna announced that IBM would carry out an "orderly wind-down" of its operations in Russia.<ref name="tribm">{{cite news |title=IBM finally shutters Russian operations, lays off staff |url=https://www.theregister.com/2022/06/07/ibm_russia_closes/ |publisher=The Register |date=June 7, 2022}}</ref>
== Headquarters and offices ==
[[File:IBM CHQ - Oct 2014.jpg|thumb|IBM CHQ in [[Armonk, New York]] in 2014]]
[[File:IBM Beijing, Pangu Plaza.jpg|thumb|Pangu Plaza, one of IBM's offices in Beijing, China]]
IBM is headquartered in [[Armonk, New York]], a community {{convert|37|mi}} north of Midtown Manhattan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/contact/us/en/|title=Contact Us|publisher=IBM|access-date=October 20, 2009|archive-date=December 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230043253/https://www.ibm.com/contact/us/en/|url-status=live}}</ref> A nickname for the company is the "'''Colossus of Armonk'''".<ref name="salmans19820109">{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/01/09/business/dominance-ended-ibm-fights-back.html | title=Dominance Ended, I.B.M. Fights Back | work=The New York Times | date=January 9, 1982 | access-date=January 2, 2015 | author=Salmans, Sandra | archive-date=August 27, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827213057/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/01/09/business/dominance-ended-ibm-fights-back.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Its principal building, referred to as CHQ, is a {{convert|283000|sqft|m2|adj=on}} glass and stone edifice on a {{convert|25|acre|adj=on}} parcel amid a 432-acre former apple orchard the company purchased in the mid-1950s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://partners.nytimes.com/library/cyber/week/091797ibm.html|title=IBM's New Headquarters Reflects A Change in Corporate Style|first=Laurence|last=Zuckerman|date=September 17, 1997|website=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=August 22, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305201259/https://partners.nytimes.com/library/cyber/week/091797ibm.html|archive-date=March 5, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> There are two other IBM buildings within walking distance of CHQ: the North Castle office, which previously served as IBM's headquarters; and the Louis V. Gerstner, Jr., Center for Learning<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/blogs/think/2018/10/lvg-learning-center/|title=On the Dedication of the Louis V. Gerstner, Jr., Center for Learning – THINK Blog|date=October 2, 2018|publisher=IBM|access-date=October 2, 2018|archive-date=August 31, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831213458/https://www.ibm.com/blogs/think/2018/10/lvg-learning-center/|url-status=live}}</ref> (formerly known as IBM Learning Center (ILC)), a resort hotel and training center, which has 182 guest rooms, 31 meeting rooms, and various amenities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Property Overview|url=https://www.ibmlearningcenter.com/property-overview/property-overview.asp|publisher=Dolce Hotels and Resorts|access-date=August 12, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917145017/https://www.ibmlearningcenter.com/property-overview/property-overview.asp|archive-date=September 17, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
IBM operates in 174 countries {{as of|2016|lc=y}},<ref name="fortune20160201"/> with mobility centers in smaller market areas and major campuses in the larger ones. In New York City, IBM has several offices besides CHQ, including the [[IBM Watson]] headquarters at [[Astor Place]] in [[Manhattan]]. Outside of New York, major campuses in the United States include [[Austin, Texas]]; [[Research Triangle Park|Research Triangle Park (Raleigh-Durham), North Carolina]]; [[IBM Rochester|Rochester, Minnesota]]; and [[IBM Research - Almaden|Silicon Valley, California]].
IBM's real estate holdings are varied and globally diverse. Towers occupied by IBM include [[1250 René-Lévesque]] (Montreal, Canada) and [[One Atlantic Center]] (Atlanta, Georgia, US). In Beijing, China, IBM occupies [[Pangu Plaza]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapid=5663141|title=Company Overview of IBM China Company Limited|website=Bloomberg|access-date=September 19, 2018|archive-date=June 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626145229/https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/0347735D:CH|url-status=live}}</ref> the city's [[List of tallest buildings in Beijing|seventh tallest building]] and overlooking [[Beijing National Stadium|Beijing National Stadium ("Bird's Nest")]], home to the [[2008 Summer Olympics]].
[[IBM India|IBM India Private Limited]] is the Indian subsidiary of IBM, which is headquartered at [[Bangalore]], Karnataka. It has facilities in [[Coimbatore]], [[Chennai]], [[Kochi]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata]], [[Mumbai]], [[Pune]], [[Gurugram]], [[Noida]], [[Bhubaneshwar]], [[Surat]], [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Bangalore]] and [[Jamshedpur]].
Other notable buildings include the [[IBM Rome Software Lab]] (Rome, Italy), [[Hursley House]] (Winchester, UK), [[330 North Wabash]] (Chicago, Illinois, United States), the [[Cambridge Scientific Center]] (Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States), the [[IBM Toronto Software Lab]] (Toronto, Canada), the IBM Building, Johannesburg (Johannesburg, South Africa), the [[IBM Building (Seattle)]] (Seattle, Washington, United States), the [[IBM Hakozaki Facility]] (Tokyo, Japan), the [[IBM Yamato Facility]] (Yamato, Japan), the [[IBM Canada Head Office Building]] (Ontario, Canada) and the Watson IoT Headquarters<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/blogs/internet-of-things/munich-hive-innovation/|title=Watson IoT Headquarters|date=May 17, 2017|publisher=IBM|access-date=October 6, 2018|archive-date=October 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012033836/https://www.ibm.com/blogs/internet-of-things/munich-hive-innovation/|url-status=live}}</ref> (Munich, Germany). Defunct IBM campuses include the [[IBM Somers Office Complex]] (Somers, New York), [[Spango Valley#The IBM Years|Spango Valley]] (Greenock, Scotland), and [[Tour Descartes]] (Paris, France). The company's contributions to industrial architecture and design include works by [[Marcel Breuer]], [[Eero Saarinen]], [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe]], [[I.M. Pei]] and [[Ricardo Legorreta]]. Van der Rohe's building in Chicago was recognized with the 1990 [[Honor Award]] from the [[National Building Museum]].<ref name="Honor">{{cite news|title=In the IBM Honoring the Corporation's Buildings|first=Benjamin|last=Forgey|date=March 24, 1990|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref>
IBM was recognized as one of the Top 20 Best Workplaces for Commuters by the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA) in 2005, which recognized [[Fortune 500]] companies that provided employees with excellent [[Commuting|commuter]] benefits to help reduce traffic and air pollution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/ibm/responsibility/world/environmental/index.shtml|title=Environmental Protection|date=May 3, 2008|publisher=IBM|access-date=May 17, 2008|archive-date=September 3, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070903084712/https://www.ibm.com/ibm/responsibility/world/environmental/index.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2004, concerns were raised related to IBM's contribution in its early days to pollution in its original location in [[Endicott, New York#Pollution|Endicott, New York]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/47783.html|title=Village of Endicott Environmental Investigations|access-date=January 28, 2015|archive-date=October 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025230912/https://www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/47783.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C00E4DF1631F936A25750C0A9629C8B63|title=In an I.B.M. Village, Pollution Fears Taint Relations With Neighbors|date=March 15, 2004|access-date=May 1, 2008|publisher=New York Times Online|first=Samme|last=Chittum|archive-date=August 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808110211/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/15/nyregion/in-an-ibm-village-pollution-fears-taint-relations-with-neighbors.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Finance==
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align: right;"
|+ 10-Year Financials (2011-2021)
!Year
!Revenue<br />in mil. US$
!Net income<br />in mil. US$
!Employees
|-
|2011
|106,916 {{increase}}
|15,855
|433,362
|-
|2012
|102,874 {{decrease}}
|16,604
|434,246
|-
|2013
|98,367 {{decrease}}
|16,483
|431,212
|-
|2014
|92,793 {{decrease}}
|12,022
|379,592
|-
|2015
|81,741 {{decrease}}
|13,190
|377,757
|-
|2016
|79,919 {{decrease}}
|11,872
|380,300
|-
|2017
|79,139 {{decrease}}
|5,753
|366,600
|-
|2018
|79,591 {{increase}}
|8,723
|350,600
|-
|2019
|77,100 {{decrease}}
|9,400
|352,600
|-
|2020
|73,620 {{decrease}}
|5,590
|345,900
|-
|2021
|57,350{{dagger}} {{increase}}
|5,743
|282,100
|-
|+{{dagger}}=IBM's financial statements from the 2021 annual report have adjusted revenue, income numbers, employee count for the previous years to account for discontinued operations related to the separation of [[Kyndryl]].
|}
For the fiscal year 2020, IBM reported earnings of $5.6 billion, with an annual revenue of $73.6 billion. IBM's revenue has fallen for 8 of the last 9 years.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Owens|first=Jeremy C.|title=IBM earnings and revenue continue to shrink, stock falls 6%|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/ibm-earnings-and-revenue-continue-to-shrink-ahead-of-major-shakeup-stock-falls-6-11611265158|access-date=April 29, 2021|website=MarketWatch|language=en-US|archive-date=April 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428052529/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/ibm-earnings-and-revenue-continue-to-shrink-ahead-of-major-shakeup-stock-falls-6-11611265158|url-status=live}}</ref> IBM's market capitalization was valued at over $127 billion as of April 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IBM Market Cap 2006–2021 {{!}} IBM|url=https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/IBM/ibm/market-cap|access-date=April 29, 2021|website=www.macrotrends.net|archive-date=April 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429175856/https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/IBM/ibm/market-cap|url-status=live}}</ref> IBM ranked No. 38 on the 2020 [[Fortune 500]] rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fortune 500|url=https://fortune.com/fortune500/2020/|access-date=April 29, 2021|website=Fortune|language=en|archive-date=December 31, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231221341/https://fortune.com/fortune500/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, IBM was accused of using "financial engineering" to hit its quarterly earnings targets rather than investing for the longer term.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sorkin|first=Andrew Ross|date=October 20, 2014|title=The Truth About IBM's Buybacks|work=DealBook|url=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/10/20/the-truth-hidden-by-ibms-buybacks/|access-date=April 29, 2021|archive-date=April 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410173205/https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/10/20/the-truth-hidden-by-ibms-buybacks|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Saft|first=James|date=October 21, 2014|title=IBM and the financial engineering economy: James Saft|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-markets-saft-idUSKCN0IA1II20141021|access-date=April 29, 2021|archive-date=April 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429180850/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-markets-saft-idUSKCN0IA1II20141021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=October 8, 2020|title=Boring IBM Just Got a Lot More Interesting|language=en|work=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2020-10-08/bm-spinoff-and-focus-on-cloud-and-red-hat-is-smart|access-date=April 29, 2021|archive-date=April 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429180850/https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2020-10-08/bm-spinoff-and-focus-on-cloud-and-red-hat-is-smart|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Products and services==
{{see also|List of IBM products}}<!-- THIS SECTION FOCUSED ON CURRENT PRODUCTS AND SERVICES -- OLDER ONES IN HISTORY SECTION-->
[[File:Mira - Blue Gene Q at Argonne National Laboratory - Skin.jpg|thumb|right|[[Blue Gene]] was awarded the [[National Medal of Technology and Innovation]] in 2009.]]
IBM has a large and diverse portfolio of products and services. {{as of|2016}}, these offerings fall into the categories of [[cloud computing]], [[artificial intelligence]], commerce, data and [[analytics]], [[Internet of things]] (IoT),<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2479438,00.asp|title=IBM Investing $3B in Internet of Things|work=PCMAG|access-date=May 28, 2015|archive-date=August 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809034048/https://www.pcmag.com/news/ibm-investing-3b-in-internet-of-things|url-status=live}}</ref> [[IT infrastructure]], [[Mobile computing|mobile]], [[digital workplace]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Digital workplace services {{!}} IBM |url=https://www.ibm.com/in-en/services/digital-workplace |website=Digital workplace services {{!}} IBM |access-date=March 27, 2020 |language=en-in |archive-date=December 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219085750/https://www.ibm.com/in-en/services/digital-workplace |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[cybersecurity]].<ref>{{cite web|title=IBM Products|url=https://www.ibm.com/products/en-us/?lnk=hmpr|publisher=IBM|access-date=August 13, 2016|archive-date=June 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613073817/https://www.ibm.com/products/en-us/?lnk=hmpr|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[IBM Cloud]] includes [[infrastructure as a service]] (IaaS), [[software as a service]] (SaaS) and [[platform as a service]] (PaaS) offered through public, private and hybrid [[Cloud computing#Deployment models|cloud delivery models]]. For instance, the IBM [[Bluemix]] PaaS enables developers to quickly create complex websites on a pay-as-you-go model. IBM [[SoftLayer]] is a [[dedicated server]], [[managed hosting]] and [[cloud computing]] provider, which in 2011 reported hosting more than 81,000 servers for more than 26,000 customers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Data Center Knowledge – SoftLayer: $78 Million in First Quarter Revenue|date=May 17, 2011|url=https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2011/05/17/softlayer-78-million-in-first-quarter-revenue/|access-date=August 14, 2016|archive-date=October 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025032153/https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2011/05/17/softlayer-78-million-in-first-quarter-revenue/|url-status=live}}</ref> IBM also provides Cloud Data Encryption Services (ICDES), using [[cryptographic splitting]] to secure customer data.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/blogs/cloud-computing/2015/10/a-billion-reasons-you-want-to-encrypt-your-data/?S_TACT=C34409NW&S_TACT=C34409NW&S_TACT=C34409NW&S_TACT=C34409NW|title=Cloud computing news: Security|publisher=ibm.com|date=October 21, 2015|access-date=September 23, 2016|archive-date=December 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229112148/https://www.ibm.com/blogs/cloud-computing/2015/10/a-billion-reasons-you-want-to-encrypt-your-data/?S_TACT=C34409NW&S_TACT=C34409NW&S_TACT=C34409NW&S_TACT=C34409NW|url-status=live}}</ref>
IBM also hosts the industry-wide cloud computing and mobile technologies conference InterConnect each year.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lunden|first1=Ingrid|title=IBM Inks VMware, GitHub, Bitly Deals, Expands Apple Swift Use As It Doubles Down On The Cloud|date=February 22, 2016 |url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/02/22/ibm-inks-deals-with-apple-vmware-github-bitly-and-more-as-it-doubles-down-on-the-cloud/|publisher=TechCrunch|access-date=August 14, 2016|archive-date=November 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127113445/https://techcrunch.com/2016/02/22/ibm-inks-deals-with-apple-vmware-github-bitly-and-more-as-it-doubles-down-on-the-cloud/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Computer hardware|Hardware]] designed by IBM for these categories include IBM's [[IBM Power microprocessors|Power microprocessors]], which are employed inside many [[video game console|console gaming systems]], including [[Xbox 360]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/chips/news/2005/1025_xbox.html|title=IBM delivers Power-based chip for Microsoft Xbox 360 worldwide launch|publisher=IBM|date=October 25, 2005|access-date=March 22, 2007|archive-date=December 17, 2006|archive-url=https://archive.today/20061217220450/http://www.ibm.com/chips/news/2005/1025_xbox.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[PlayStation 3]], and [[Nintendo]]'s [[Wii U]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Staff Writer|url=https://mybroadband.co.za/news/gaming/26011-ibm-microprocessors-drive-the-new-nintendo-wii-u-console.html|title=IBM microprocessors drive the new Nintendo WiiU console|publisher=mybroadband.co.za|date=June 8, 2011|access-date=June 17, 2011|archive-date=September 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926031755/https://mybroadband.co.za/news/gaming/26011-ibm-microprocessors-drive-the-new-nintendo-wii-u-console.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Leung|first=Isaac|url=https://www.electronicsnews.com.au/news/ibms-45nm-soi-microprocessors-at-core-of-nintendo|title=IBM's 45nm SOI microprocessors at core of Nintendo Wii U|work=Electronics News|date=June 8, 2011|access-date=June 17, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714122624/https://www.electronicsnews.com.au/news/ibms-45nm-soi-microprocessors-at-core-of-nintendo|archive-date=July 14, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> IBM [[Secure Blue]] is encryption hardware that can be built into microprocessors,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://asmarterplanet.com/blog/2008/11/building-a-smarter-planet.html|title=Building a smarter planet|publisher=Asmarterplanet.com|access-date=May 23, 2010|archive-date=October 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015162756/https://www.ibm.com/us-en/|url-status=live}}</ref> and in 2014, the company revealed [[TrueNorth]], a [[neuromorphic]] [[CMOS]] [[integrated circuit]] and announced a $3 billion investment over the following five years to design a neural chip that mimics the human brain, with 10 billion neurons and 100 trillion synapses, but that uses just 1 kilowatt of power.<ref name="BrainIBM">{{cite news|title=New research initiative sees IBM commit $3 bn|url=https://www.sanfrancisconews.net/index.php/sid/223650653/scat/3a8a80d6f705f8cc/ht/New-research-initiative-sees-IBM-commit-3-bn|access-date=July 10, 2014|publisher=San Francisco News.Net|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714183807/https://www.sanfrancisconews.net/index.php/sid/223650653/scat/3a8a80d6f705f8cc/ht/New-research-initiative-sees-IBM-commit-3-bn|archive-date=July 14, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2016, the company launched [[Flash file system|all-flash arrays]] designed for small and midsized companies, which includes software for data compression, provisioning, and snapshots across various systems.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/ibm-launches-flash-arrays-for-smaller-enterprises-aims-to-court-emc-dell-customers/|title=IBM launches flash arrays for smaller enterprises, aims to court EMC, Dell customers|first=Larry|last=Dignan|work=ZDNet|date=August 23, 2016|access-date=August 23, 2016|archive-date=October 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021054406/https://www.zdnet.com/article/ibm-launches-flash-arrays-for-smaller-enterprises-aims-to-court-emc-dell-customers/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[IT outsourcing]] also represents a major service provided by IBM, with more than 60 [[data centers]] worldwide.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ibm.com/cloud/data-centers/|title=IBM. Global locations for your global business.|work=IBM|language=en|access-date=December 9, 2019|archive-date=November 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111174623/https://www.ibm.com/cloud/data-centers/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[alphaWorks]] is IBM's source for emerging software technologies, and [[SPSS]] is a [[computer program|software package]] used for [[statistical analysis]]. IBM's [[Kenexa]] suite provides employment and [[Employee retention|retention]] solutions{{buzzword inline|date=October 2020}}, and includes the [[BrassRing]], an [[applicant tracking system]] used by thousands of companies for recruiting.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hoovers.com/company/Kenexa_Corporation/rfrttif-1.html|title=Kenexa Corporation | Company Profile from Hoover's|publisher=Hoovers.com|access-date=October 8, 2015|archive-date=June 15, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615044304/https://www.hoovers.com/company/Kenexa_Corporation/rfrttif-1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> IBM also owns [[The Weather Company]], which provides [[weather forecasting]] and includes [[weather.com]] and [[Weather Underground (weather service)|Weather Underground]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/29/technology/ibm-to-acquire-the-weather-company.html|title=IBM to Acquire the Weather Company|newspaper=The New York Times |date=October 28, 2015 |access-date=September 19, 2018|language=en|archive-date=December 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214191035/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/29/technology/ibm-to-acquire-the-weather-company.html|url-status=live|last1=Hardy |first1=Quentin }}</ref>
[[Smarter Planet]] is an initiative that seeks to achieve economic growth, near-term efficiency, [[sustainable development]], and societal progress,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/01/12/big-blues-smarter-marketing-playbook/|work=The New York Times|title=Big Blue's Smarter Marketing Playbook|first=Steve|last=Lohr|date=January 12, 2010|access-date=August 8, 2010|archive-date=January 16, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116075440/https://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/01/12/big-blues-smarter-marketing-playbook/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.cnet.com/8301-13772_3-20012306-52.html|work=CNET News|title=At IBM Research, a constant quest for the bleeding edge|first=Daniel|last=Terdiman|date=August 2, 2010|access-date=August 8, 2010}}{{dead link|date=August 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> targeting opportunities such as [[smart grid]]s,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/smarterplanet/grid|title=Smart Grid|website=IBM|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409051620/https://www.ibm.com/smarterplanet/us/en/smart_grid/ideas/index.html?ca=v_grid|archive-date=April 9, 2011}}</ref> [[water management]] systems,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/smarterplanet/water|title=Smarter Water Management|website=IBM|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418005337/https://www.ibm.com/smarterplanet/us/en/water_management/ideas/index.html?ca=v_water|archive-date=April 18, 2010}}</ref> solutions to [[traffic congestion]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/smarterplanet/traffic|title=Smart traffic|website=IBM|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100504161755/https://www.ibm.com/smarterplanet/us/en/traffic_congestion/ideas/index.html?ca=v_traffic|archive-date=May 4, 2010}}</ref> and greener buildings.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/smarterplanet/buildings|title=Smarter Buildings|website=IBM|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614230343/https://www.ibm.com/smarterplanet/us/en/green_buildings/ideas/index.html?ca=v_buildings|archive-date=June 14, 2011}}</ref>
Services provisions include Redbooks, which are publicly available online books about best practices with IBM products, and [[developerWorks]], a website for [[software developer]]s and IT professionals with how-to articles and tutorials, as well as software downloads, code samples, discussion forums, podcasts, blogs, wikis, and other resources for developers and technical professionals.<ref name="developerWorks">{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/aboutdw/|title=About developerWorks|website=[[IBM developerWorks]]|access-date=August 22, 2016|archive-date=May 19, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519172854/https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/aboutdw/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[IBM Watson]] is a technology platform that uses [[natural language processing]] and [[machine learning]] to reveal insights from large amounts of [[unstructured data]].<ref>{{cite web|title=What is Watson?|url=https://www.ibm.com/watson/what-is-watson.html|publisher=IBM|access-date=August 13, 2016|archive-date=October 30, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030080103/https://www.ibm.com/watson/what-is-watson.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Watson was debuted in 2011 on the American gameshow ''[[Jeopardy!]]'', where it competed against champions [[Ken Jennings]] and [[Brad Rutter]] in a three-game tournament and won. Watson has since been applied to business, healthcare, developers, and universities. For example, IBM has partnered with [[Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center]] to assist with considering treatment options for [[oncology]] patients and for doing [[melanoma]] screenings.<ref>{{cite web|title=Watson Oncology|url=https://www.mskcc.org/about/innovative-collaborations/watson-oncology|publisher=Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center|access-date=August 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013210541/https://www.mskcc.org/about/innovative-collaborations/watson-oncology|archive-date=October 13, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Also, several companies have begun using Watson for [[call centers]], either replacing or assisting customer service agents.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Upbin|first1=Bruce|title=IBM's Watson Now A Customer Service Agent, Coming To Smartphones Soon|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/bruceupbin/2013/05/21/ibms-watson-now-a-customer-service-agent-coming-to-smartphones-soon/|work=Forbes|access-date=August 13, 2016|archive-date=November 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112041848/https://www.forbes.com/sites/bruceupbin/2013/05/21/ibms-watson-now-a-customer-service-agent-coming-to-smartphones-soon/|url-status=live}}</ref> <!-- THIS SECTION FOCUSED ON CURRENT PRODUCTS AND SERVICES -- OLDER ONES IN HISTORY SECTION-->
[[File:IBM Q system (Fraunhofer 2).jpg|thumb|[[IBM Q System One]] (2019), the first circuit-based commercial quantum computer]]
In January 2019, IBM introduced its first commercial [[Quantum computing|quantum computer]] [[IBM Q System One]].<ref>{{cite news|title=IBM Unveils Q System One Quantum Computer|url=https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/283427-quantum-computing-goes-commercial-with-ibms-q-system-one|work=ExtremeTech|date=January 10, 2019|access-date=February 25, 2019|archive-date=December 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224042014/https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/283427-quantum-computing-goes-commercial-with-ibms-q-system-one|url-status=live}}</ref>
IBM also provides infrastructure for the [[New York City Police Department]] through their [[IBM Cognos Analytics]] to perform data visualizations of [[CompStat]] crime data.<ref>{{cite web|url=ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/solutions/pdfs/ODB-0144-01F.pdf|title=NYPD changes the crime control equation by transforming the way it uses information|publisher=IBM Corporation|location=Road Armonk, NY|access-date=June 8, 2019|archive-date=January 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108221903/ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/solutions/pdfs/ODB-0144-01F.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
In March 2020, it was announced that IBM will build the first [[quantum computer]] in Germany. The computer should allow researchers to harness the technology without falling foul of the EU's increasingly assertive stance on data sovereignty.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ft.com/content/83bfbfd3-0cd6-4f3a-9d98-4996f9295984 |title=IBM to build Europe's first quantum computer in Germany |work=Financial Times |date=March 13, 2020 |access-date=July 20, 2021 |url-access=subscription |last1=Miller |first1=Joe |archive-date=November 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119003053/https://www.ft.com/content/83bfbfd3-0cd6-4f3a-9d98-4996f9295984 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In June 2020, IBM announced that it was exiting the facial recognition business. In a letter to congress,<ref>{{cite web |title=IBM Policy |website=[[IBM]] |url=https://www.ibm.com/policy/facial-recognition-sunset-racial-justice-reforms/}}</ref> IBM's Chief Executive Officer Arvind Krishna told lawmakers, "now is the time to begin a national dialogue on whether and how facial recognition technology should be employed by domestic law enforcement agencies."<ref>{{cite news |title=IBM exits facial recognition business, calls for police reform |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ibm-facial-recognition-idUSKBN23G01T |work=Reuters |date=9 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
In May 2022, IBM announced the company had signed a multi-year Strategic Collaboration Agreement with [[Amazon Web Services]] to make a wide variety of IBM software available as a service on AWS Marketplace. Additionally, the deal includes both companies making joint investments that make it easier for companies to consume IBM's offering and integrate them with AWS, including developer training and software development for select markets.<ref>{{cite journal|date= May 13, 2022|url=https://www.techtarget.com/searchcloudcomputing/news/252518198/IBM-steps-up-its-cloud-partnership-strategy-with-AWS-deal|title=IBM steps up its cloud partnership strategy with AWS deal|journal=Tech Target|access-date=May 18, 2022}}</ref>
In November 2022, the company came out with a chip called the 433-[[qubit]] Osprey. ''Time'' called it "the world's most powerful quantum processor" and noted that if the processor's speed were represented in bits, the number would be larger than the total number of atoms in the universe.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=How Quantum Computing Will Transform Our World |url=https://time.com/6249784/quantum-computing-revolution/ |access-date=February 7, 2023 |magazine=Time |language=en}}</ref>
In an effort to streamline its products and services, beginning in the 1990s, IBM has regularly sold off low margin assets while shifting its focus to higher-value, more profitable [[Market (economics)|markets]]. In 1991, the company [[Corporate spin-off|spun off]] its [[Printer (computing)|printer]] and [[Computer keyboard|keyboard]] manufacturing division to [[Lexmark]], in 2005 it sold its personal computer ([[ThinkPad]]/[[ThinkCentre]]) business to [[Lenovo]], in 2015 it adopted a "[[Fabless manufacturing|fabless]]" model with [[semiconductors]] design and offloaded manufacturing to [[GlobalFoundries]], and in 2021 it spun-off its managed infrastructure services unit into a new public company named [[Kyndryl]].<ref>{{cite web |date=October 8, 2020 |title=IBM to Spin off $19B Business to Focus on Cloud Computing |url=https://apnews.com/article/archive-cloud-computing-artificial-intelligence-d72c75969a5f3346f91090d3e4102359g |access-date=October 13, 2020 |publisher=Associated Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=April 12, 2021 |title=IBM to name infrastructure services business 'Kyndryl' after spinoff |newspaper=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ibm-divestiture-idUSKBN2BZ1OR |url-status=live |access-date=July 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725161342/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ibm-divestiture-idUSKBN2BZ1OR |archive-date=July 25, 2021 |via=www.reuters.com}}</ref> IBM also announced the acquisition of the enterprise software company [[Turbonomic]] for $1.5 billion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IBM to Acquire Software Provider Turbonomic for Over $1.5 Billion |url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/ibm-turbonomic-software-cloud-platform-usd-1-5-billion-business-enterprise-2425049 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501170347/https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/ibm-turbonomic-software-cloud-platform-usd-1-5-billion-business-enterprise-2425049 |archive-date=May 1, 2021 |access-date=May 1, 2021 |website=NDTV Gadgets 360 |date=April 30, 2021 |language=en}}</ref> In 2022, IBM announced it would sell [[IBM Watson Health|Watson Health]] to private equity firm [[Francisco Partners]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Condon |first=Stephanie |date=January 21, 2022 |title=IBM sells Watson Health assets to investment firm Francisco Partners |work=[[ZDNet]] |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/ibm-sells-watson-health-assets-to-investment-firm-francisco-partners/ |url-status=live |access-date=January 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121180824/https://www.zdnet.com/article/ibm-sells-watson-health-assets-to-investment-firm-francisco-partners/ |archive-date=January 21, 2022}}</ref> IBM also started a collaboration with new Japanese manufacturer [[Rapidus]] in late 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |title=IBM and Rapidus Form Strategic Partnership to Build Advanced Semiconductor Technology and Ecosystem in Japan |url=https://newsroom.ibm.com/2022-12-12-IBM-and-Rapidus-Form-Strategic-Partnership-to-Build-Advanced-Semiconductor-Technology-and-Ecosystem-in-Japan |date=2023-12-12 |website=IBM Newsroom |language=en-us}}</ref> which led GlobalFoundries to file a lawsuit against IBM the following year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GlobalFoundries sues IBM, says trade secrets were unlawfully given to Japan's Rapidus |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/04/20/globalfoundries-sues-ibm-says-unlawfully-gave-rapidus-trade-secrets.html |date=2023-04-20 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref>
==Research==
[[File:IBM Yorktown Heights.jpg|thumb|The [[Thomas J. Watson Research Center]] in [[Yorktown Heights, New York]], is one of 12 IBM research labs worldwide.]]
[[File:Benoit Mandelbrot, TED 2010.jpg|thumb|upright|[[IBM Fellow]] [[Benoit Mandelbrot]] discusses [[fractal geometry]], 2010.]]
Research has been part of IBM since its founding, and its organized efforts trace their roots back to 1945, when the Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory was founded at [[Columbia University]] in New York City, converting a renovated fraternity house on Manhattan's West Side into IBM's first laboratory. Now, [[IBM Research]] constitutes the largest industrial research organization in the world, with 12 labs on 6 continents.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.research.ibm.com/labs/|title=IBM Research: Global labs|access-date=May 28, 2015|archive-date=December 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216184046/https://research.ibm.com/labs/|url-status=live}}</ref> IBM Research is headquartered at the [[Thomas J. Watson Research Center]] in New York, and facilities include the [[IBM Almaden Research Center|Almaden lab]] in California, Austin lab in Texas, [[IBM Research-Australia|Australia lab]] in [[Melbourne]], [[IBM Research – Brazil|Brazil lab]] in São Paulo and [[Rio de Janeiro]], China lab in Beijing and Shanghai, Ireland lab in Dublin, [[IBM Haifa Research Laboratory|Haifa lab]] in Israel, India lab in Delhi and [[Bangalore]], [[IBM Tokyo Research Laboratory|Tokyo lab]], [[IBM Zurich Research Laboratory|Zurichlab]] and Africa lab in [[Nairobi]].
In terms of investment, IBM's [[R&D]] expenditure totals several billion dollars each year. In 2012, that expenditure was approximately $6.9 billion.<ref>{{cite web|title=IBM's expenditure on research and development from 2005 to 2015 (in billion U.S. dollars)|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/274821/ibms-expenditure-on-research-and-development-since-2005/|publisher=Statista|access-date=August 12, 2016|archive-date=November 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111221153/https://www.statista.com/statistics/274821/ibms-expenditure-on-research-and-development-since-2005/|url-status=live}}</ref> Recent allocations have included $1 billion to create a business unit for [[IBM Watson|Watson]] in 2014, and $3 billion to create a next-gen semiconductor along with $4 billion towards growing the company's "strategic imperatives" (cloud, analytics, mobile, security, social) in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bort|first=Julie|title=Ginni Rometty just set a big goal for IBM: spending $4 billion to bring in $40 billion|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/ibm-ceo-sets-big-40-billion-goal-2015-2|publisher=Business Insider|access-date=August 12, 2016|archive-date=August 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809003358/https://www.businessinsider.com/ibm-ceo-sets-big-40-billion-goal-2015-2|url-status=live}}</ref>
IBM has been a leading proponent of the [[Open Source Initiative]], and began supporting [[Linux]] in 1998.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/news/1999/03/02.phtml|title=IBM launches biggest Linux lineup ever|date=March 2, 1999|publisher=IBM|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991110114228/https://www.ibm.com/news/1999/03/02.phtml|archive-date=November 10, 1999}}</ref> The company invests billions of dollars in services and software based on Linux through the IBM [[Linux Technology Center]], which includes over 300 [[Linux kernel]] developers.<ref>{{cite web|title=IBM invests in Brazil Linux Tech Center|url=https://lwn.net/Articles/185602/|date=May 24, 2006|publisher=[[LWN.net]]|first=Farrah|last=Hamid|access-date=July 21, 2016|archive-date=January 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108225316/https://lwn.net/Articles/185602/|url-status=live}}</ref> IBM has also released code under different [[open source license|open-source license]]s, such as the [[Cross-platform|platform-independent]] [[software framework]] [[Eclipse (software)|Eclipse]] (worth approximately $40 million at the time of the donation),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-erick.html|title=Interview: The Eclipse code donation|date=November 1, 2001|publisher=IBM|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091218093727/https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-erick.html|archive-date=December 18, 2009}}</ref> the three-sentence International Components for Unicode ([[International Components for Unicode|ICU]]) license, and the [[Java (programming language)|Java]]-based [[relational database management system]] (RDBMS) [[Apache Derby]]. IBM's [[open source]] involvement has not been trouble-free, however (see ''[[SCO v. IBM]]'').
Famous [[invention]]s and developments by IBM include: <!-- ALPHABETICAL ORDER-->the [[automated teller machine|automated teller machine (ATM)]], [[DRAM|dynamic random access memory (DRAM)]], the [[Keypunch|electronic keypunch]], the [[swap (finance)|financial swap]], the [[floppy disk]], the [[hard disk drive]], the [[magnetic stripe card]], the [[relational model|relational database]], [[Reduced instruction set computing|RISC]], the [[Sabre (computer system)|SABRE airline reservation system]], [[SQL]], the [[Universal Product Code|Universal Product Code (UPC)]] bar code, and the [[virtual machine]].<!-- ALPHABETICAL ORDER--> Additionally, in 1990 company scientists used a [[scanning tunneling microscope]] to arrange 35 [[IBM (atoms)|individual xenon atoms]] to spell out the company acronym, marking the first structure assembled one atom at a time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/vintage/vintage_4506VV1003.html|title=IBM Archives: "IBM" atoms|date=January 23, 2003|publisher=IBM|access-date=July 22, 2012|archive-date=November 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111200350/https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/vintage/vintage_4506VV1003.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A major part of IBM research is the generation of [[patents]]. Since its first patent for a traffic signaling device, IBM has been one of the world's most prolific patent sources. In 2021, the company held the record for most [[patents]] generated by a business for 29 consecutive years for the achievement.<ref name="patents"/>
Five IBM employees have received the Nobel Prize: [[Leo Esaki]], of the Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, N.Y., in 1973, for work in semiconductors; [[Gerd Binnig]] and [[Heinrich Rohrer]], of the Zurich Research Center, in 1986, for the [[scanning tunneling microscope]];<ref name="nobelPR">{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1986/press.html|title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986 – Press Release|publisher=Nobel Media AB|date=October 15, 1986|access-date=January 1, 2014|archive-date=August 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802193323/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1986/press.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Georg Bednorz]] and [[K. Alex Müller|Alex Müller]], also of Zurich, in 1987, for research in [[superconductivity]]. Six IBM employees have won the [[Turing Award]], including the first female recipient [[Frances E. Allen]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Steele|first=Guy L.|doi=10.1145/1866739.1866752|title=An interview with Frances E. Allen|journal=[[Communications of the ACM]]|volume=54|page=39|year=2011|doi-access=}}</ref> Ten [[National Medal of Technology|National Medals of Technology (USA)]] and five [[National Medal of Science|National Medals of Science (USA)]] have been awarded to IBM employees.
==Brand and reputation==
[[File:IBM ads at JFK.jpg|thumb|IBM ads at [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]], 2013]]
IBM is nicknamed ''Big Blue'' partly due to its blue logo and color scheme,<ref name="Big Blue">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Da1bPYRyltMC&q=big+blue+ibm&pg=PA228|title=Postphenomenology: A Critical Companion to Ihde|page=228|isbn=0-7914-6787-2|year=2006|publisher=[[State University of New York Press]]|editor-first=Evan|editor-last=Selinger|access-date=October 22, 2020|archive-date=January 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109003145/https://books.google.com/books?id=Da1bPYRyltMC&q=big+blue+ibm&pg=PA228|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5zAW7RntiD8C&q=big+blue+ibm&pg=PA15|title=Logos, Letterheads & Business Cards: Design for Profit|page=15|isbn=2-88046-750-0|year=2004|publisher=Rotovision|first1=Conway Lloyd|last1=Morgan|first2=Chris|last2=Foges}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and also in reference to its former ''de facto'' [[dress code]] of white shirts with blue suits.<ref name="Big Blue"/><ref>{{cite book|page=[https://archive.org/details/essentialguideto00walt/page/55 55]|title=The Essential Guide to Computing: The Story of Information Technology|url=https://archive.org/details/essentialguideto00walt|url-access=registration|quote=big blue ibm.|publisher=Publisher: Prentice Hall PTR|isbn=0-13-019469-7|first=E. Garrison|last=Walters|year=2001}}</ref> The company logo has undergone several changes over the years, with its current "8-bar" logo designed in 1972 by [[graphic designer]] [[Paul Rand]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/logo/logo_8.html|title=IBM Archives|date=January 23, 2003|publisher=IBM|access-date=November 24, 2009|archive-date=January 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105150252/https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/logo/logo_8.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It was a general replacement for a 13-bar logo, since period photocopiers did not render narrow (as opposed to tall) stripes well. Aside from the logo, IBM used [[Helvetica]] as a corporate typeface for 50 years, until it was replaced in 2017 by the custom-designed [[IBM Plex]].
IBM has a valuable brand as a result of over 100 years of operations and marketing campaigns. Since 1996, IBM has been the exclusive technology partner for the [[Masters Tournament]], one of the four [[Men's major golf championships|major championships]] in professional golf, with IBM creating the first Masters.org (1996), the first course cam (1998), the first [[iPhone]] app with live streaming (2009), and first-ever live 4K Ultra High Definition feed in the United States for a major sporting event (2016).<ref>{{cite web|last1=Clayton|first1=Ward|title=IBM and Masters Celebrate 20 Years|url=https://www.masters.com/en_US/news/articles/2016-04-02/ibm_and_masterscom_celebrate_20_years.html|publisher=Masters|access-date=August 12, 2016|archive-date=August 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808143748/https://www.masters.com/en_US/news/articles/2016-04-02/ibm_and_masterscom_celebrate_20_years.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As a result, IBM CEO [[Ginni Rometty]] became the third female member of the Master's governing body, the [[Augusta National Golf Club]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Weinman|first=Sam|title=IBM CEO Ginni Rometty is Augusta National's third female member|url=https://www.golfdigest.com/story/ibm-ceo-ginni-rometty-is-augus|publisher=Golf Digest|access-date=August 12, 2016|archive-date=January 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109005244/https://www.golfdigest.com/story/ibm-ceo-ginni-rometty-is-augus|url-status=live}}</ref> IBM is also a major sponsor in professional tennis, with engagements at the [[US Open (tennis)|U.S. Open]], [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]], the Australian Open, and the French Open.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Snyder|first1=Benjamin|title=Why IBM dominates the U.S. Open|url=https://fortune.com/2015/09/01/ibm-us-open-tennis-tech/|work=Forbes|access-date=August 12, 2016|archive-date=October 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025093405/https://fortune.com/2015/09/01/ibm-us-open-tennis-tech/|url-status=live}}</ref> The company also sponsored the [[Olympic Games]] from 1960 to 2000,<ref>{{cite web|last=DiCarlo|first=Lisa|title=IBM, Olympics Part Ways After 40 Years|url=https://www.forbes.com/2000/08/23/feat.html|work=Forbes|access-date=August 12, 2016|archive-date=November 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113182036/https://www.forbes.com/2000/08/23/feat.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[National Football League]] from 2003 to 2012.<ref>{{cite news|last=Jinks|first=Beth|title=IBM Ends Its NFL Sponsorship Over Difference in Views|newspaper=Bloomberg.com|date=June 5, 2012|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-06-05/ibm-ends-its-nfl-sponsorship-over-difference-in-views|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|access-date=August 12, 2016|archive-date=August 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828050103/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-06-05/ibm-ends-its-nfl-sponsorship-over-difference-in-views|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2012, IBM's brand was valued at $75.5 billion and ranked by ''Interbrand'' as the third-best brand worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.interbrand.com/en/best-global-brands/2012/Best-Global-Brands-2012.aspx|title=Best Global Brands Ranking for 2012|publisher=Interbrand|access-date=June 6, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531080346/https://www.interbrand.com/en/best-global-brands/2012/Best-Global-Brands-2012.aspx|archive-date=May 31, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> That same year, it was also ranked the top company for leaders (''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]''), the number two [[green company]] in the U.S. (''[[Newsweek]]''),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/galleries/2012/10/22/newsweek-green-rankings-2012-america-s-greenest-companies-photos.html#cc13b58b-97cb-46e9-b0c1-0893ee61f04d|title=IBM #1 in Green Rankingss for 2012|publisher=thedailybeast.com|access-date=October 22, 2012|archive-date=September 29, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929010705/https://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/galleries/2012/10/22/newsweek-green-rankings-2012-america-s-greenest-companies-photos.html#cc13b58b-97cb-46e9-b0c1-0893ee61f04d|url-status=live}}</ref> the second-most respected company (''[[Barron's (newspaper)|Barron's]]''),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://online.barrons.com/article/SB50001424053111903882904577478993057727490.html?mod=bol_share_tweet|title=The World's Most Respected Companies|last=Santoli|first=Michael|date=June 23, 2012|publisher=Barron's|access-date=June 23, 2012|archive-date=October 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016172033/https://www.barrons.com/articles/SB50001424053111903882904577478993057727490|url-status=live}}</ref> the fifth-most admired company (''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]''), the 18th-most innovative company (''[[Fast Company (magazine)|Fast Company]]''), and the number one in [[Information technology consulting|technology consulting]] and number two in outsourcing ([[Vault.com|Vault]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vault.com/wps/portal/usa/rankings/individual?rankingId1=255&rankingId2=255&rankings=1&rankingYear=|title=Tech Consulting Firm Rankings 2012: Best Firms in Each Practice Area|publisher=Vault|access-date=December 29, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011173002/https://www.vault.com/wps/portal/usa/rankings/individual?rankingId1=255&rankingId2=255&rankings=1&rankingYear=|archive-date=October 11, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2015, Forbes ranked IBM as the fifth-most valuable brand,<ref>{{cite web|title=The World's Most Valuable Brands|website=[[Forbes]]|url=https://www.forbes.com/powerful-brands/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006022139/https://www.forbes.com/powerful-brands/|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 6, 2012|access-date=September 2, 2015}}</ref> and for 2020, the [[Drucker Institute]] named IBM the No. 3 best-managed company.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thomas |first1=Patrick |title=The Best-Managed Companies of 2020—and How They Got That Way |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-best-managed-companies-of-2020and-how-they-got-that-way-11607785803?mod=ig_managementtop2502020 |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=December 12, 2020 |access-date=February 2, 2021 |archive-date=February 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221040350/https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-best-managed-companies-of-2020and-how-they-got-that-way-11607785803?mod=ig_managementtop2502020 |url-status=live }}</ref> During the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], IBM donated $250,000 to [[Polish Humanitarian Action]] and the same amount to [[People in Need]], Czech Republic.<ref>{{cite web
|author=Ina Fried
|language = en
|url = https://www.axios.com/tech-companies-increase-donations-ukraine-f0ebd186-1c4a-426b-8cdd-472f45c51edd.html
|title =Tech companies increase donations to Ukraine
|publisher = AXIOS
|date = March 8, 2022
|accessdate = March 8, 2022}}</ref>
In terms of [[Environmental, social, and corporate governance|ESG]], IBM reported its total [[carbon footprint|CO2e emissions]] (direct and indirect) for the twelve months ending December 31, 2020 at 621 kilotons (-324 /-34.3% year-on-year).<ref name ="IBM Total CO2e emissions for 2020Q4">{{Cite web |title=IBM's ESG Datasheet for 2020Q4 |website=IBM |date=June 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110143340/https://www.ibm.com/ibm/environment/climate/ghg.shtml |url=https://www.ibm.com/ibm/environment/climate/ghg.shtml |archive-date=November 10, 2021 }} [https://analytics.exerica.com/App/Name/IBM/Total%20CO2e%20Emissions%20-%20Market-Based%20Scope%201%20%2b%20Scope%202/2020Q4/12 Alt URL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110143343/https://analytics.exerica.com/App/Name/IBM/Total%20CO2e%20Emissions%20-%20Market-Based%20Scope%201%20+%20Scope%202/2020Q4/12 |date=November 10, 2021 }}</ref> In February 2021, IBM committed to achieve net zero greenhouse gas emissions by the year 2030.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://newsroom.ibm.com/2021-02-16-IBM-Commits-To-Net-Zero-Greenhouse-Gas-Emissions-By-2030 |title=IBM Commits To Net Zero Greenhouse Gas Emissions By 2030 |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=February 16, 2021 |website=IBM Newsroom |publisher=IBM |access-date=July 22, 2022 |quote=IBM today announced that it will achieve net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 to further its decades-long work to address the global climate crisis. The company will accomplish this goal by prioritizing actual reductions in its emissions, energy efficiency efforts and increased clean energy use across the more than 175 countries where it operates.}}</ref>
==People and culture==
===Employees===
{{See also|List of IBM CEOs}}
[[File:Ibmaustin designcamp.jpg|thumb|New IBM employees being welcomed to a bootcamp at IBM Austin, 2015]]
[[File:Watson Jeopardy demo.jpg|thumb|Employees demonstrating [[IBM Watson]] capabilities in a [[Jeopardy!]] exhibition match on campus, 2011]]
IBM has one of the largest workforces in the world, and employees at Big Blue are referred to as "IBMers". The company was among the first corporations to provide [[Life insurance#Group life insurance|group life insurance]] (1934), survivor benefits (1935), training for women (1935), paid vacations (1937), and training for disabled people (1942). IBM hired its first black salesperson in 1946, and in 1952, CEO [[Thomas J. Watson, Jr.]] published the company's first written equal opportunity policy letter, one year before the U.S. Supreme Court decision in [[Brown vs. Board of Education]] and 11 years before the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]]. The [[Human Rights Campaign]] has rated IBM 100% on its index of gay-friendliness every year since 2003,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://w3.hrc.org/Template.cfm?Section=Search_the_Database&Template=/CustomSource/WorkNet/srch_dtl.cfm&srchtype=QS&searchid=34&orgid=1238|title=International Business Machines Corp. (IBM) profile|publisher=HRC Corporate Equality Index Score}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> with IBM providing same-sex partners of its employees with [[Health insurance|health benefits]] and an anti-discrimination clause. Additionally, in 2005, IBM became the first major company in the world to formally commit to not using [[genetic testing|genetic information]] in employment decisions. In 2017, IBM was named to ''[[Working Mother]]''{{'}}s 100 Best Companies List for the 32nd consecutive year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.workingmother.com/best-companies-ibm|title=IBM|website=Working Mother|access-date=April 28, 2018|archive-date=October 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016195433/https://www.workingmother.com/best-companies-ibm|url-status=live}}</ref>
IBM has several leadership development and recognition programs to recognize employee potential and achievements. For early-career high potential employees, IBM sponsors leadership development programs by discipline (e.g., general management (GMLDP), [[human resources management|human resources]] (HRLDP), finance (FLDP)). Each year, the company also selects 500 IBM employees for the IBM Corporate Service Corps (CSC),<ref>{{cite web|title=The IBM Corporate Service Corps|url=https://www.ibm.com/ibm/responsibility/corporateservicecorps/|publisher=IBM CSC|access-date=August 12, 2016|archive-date=November 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191124182604/https://www.ibm.com/ibm/responsibility/corporateservicecorps/|url-status=live}}</ref> which gives top employees a month to do [[humanitarian aid|humanitarian work]] abroad.<ref name="hbr.org"/> For certain [[interns]], IBM also has a program called [[Extreme Blue]] that partners with top business and technical students to develop high-value technology and compete to present their business case to the company's CEO at internship's end.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www-01.ibm.com/employment/us/extremeblue/|title=Extreme Blue web page|publisher=01.ibm.com|date=September 7, 2007|access-date=May 23, 2010|archive-date=February 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213183610/https://www-01.ibm.com/employment/us/extremeblue/|url-status=live}}</ref>
The company also has various designations for exceptional individual contributors such as Senior Technical Staff Member (STSM), Research Staff Member (RSM), Distinguished Engineer (DE), and Distinguished Designer (DD).<ref name="eWeek"/> Prolific inventors can also achieve patent plateaus and earn the designation of [[IBM Master Inventor|Master Inventor]]. The company's most prestigious designation is that of [[IBM Fellow]]. Since 1963, the company names a handful of Fellows each year based on technical achievement. Other programs recognize years of service such as the Quarter Century Club established in 1924, and sellers are eligible to join the Hundred Percent Club, composed of IBM salesmen who meet their quotas, convened in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Each year, the company also selects 1,000 IBM employees annually to award the Best of IBM Award, which includes an all-expenses-paid trip to the awards ceremony in an exotic location.
IBM's culture has evolved significantly over its century of operations. In its early days, a dark (or gray) suit, white shirt, and a "sincere" tie constituted the public uniform for IBM employees.<ref name="Strategic Marketing">{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Paul Russell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HYvbeQLf_gEC&q=%22sincere+tie%22+ibm&pg=PA24 |title=Strategic Marketing Communications: New Ways to Build and Integrate Communications |publisher=Kogan Page |year=1999 |isbn=0-7494-2918-6 |page=24 |access-date=October 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109161210/https://books.google.com/books?id=HYvbeQLf_gEC&q=%22sincere+tie%22+ibm&pg=PA24 |archive-date=January 9, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> During IBM's management transformation in the 1990s, CEO [[Louis V. Gerstner Jr.]] relaxed these codes, normalizing the dress and behavior of IBM employees.<ref name="IBM Attire">{{cite web |date=January 23, 2003 |title=IBM Attire |url=https://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/waywewore/waywewore_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814154040/https://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/waywewore/waywewore_1.html |archive-date=August 14, 2018 |access-date=May 31, 2012 |work=IBM Archives |publisher=IBM Corp.}}</ref> The company's culture has also given to different plays on the company acronym (IBM), with some saying it stands for "I've Been Moved" due to relocations and layoffs,<ref name="IBM stands for 'I've Been Moved'">{{cite web |last1=Goldman |first1=David |title=IBM stands for 'I've Been Moved' |url=https://money.cnn.com/2009/03/31/technology/ibm/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106015406/https://money.cnn.com/2009/03/31/technology/ibm/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=August 12, 2016 |publisher=CNN Money}}</ref> others saying it stands for "I'm By Myself" pursuant to a prevalent work-from-anywhere norm,<ref>{{cite web|title=IBM stands for "I'm by myself' for teleworkers of the blue giant|url=https://www.africanamerica.org/topic/ibm-stands-for-im-by-myself-for-teleworkers-of-the-blue-giant|publisher=African America|access-date=August 12, 2016|archive-date=February 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202011500/https://www.africanamerica.org/topic/ibm-stands-for-im-by-myself-for-teleworkers-of-the-blue-giant|url-status=live}}</ref> and others saying it stands for "I'm Being Mentored" due to the company's open door policy and encouragement for mentoring at all levels.<ref name="Intelligent Mentoring">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SyVxNfJ94pMC&q=IBM+%22I%27m+by+myself%22&pg=PT44 |title=Intelligent Mentoring |date=November 11, 2008 |publisher=IBM Press |isbn=9780137009497 |access-date=August 12, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109164300/https://books.google.com/books?id=SyVxNfJ94pMC&q=IBM+%22I%27m+by+myself%22&pg=PT44 |archive-date=January 9, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> In terms of labor relations, the company has traditionally resisted labor union organizing,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Logan|first=John|title=The Union Avoidance Industry in the United States|journal=British Journal of Industrial Relations|volume=44|issue=4|date=December 2006|pages=651–675|url=https://www.newunionism.net/library/organizing/Logan%20-%20The%20Union%20Avoidance%20Industry%20in%20the%20United%20States%20-%202006.pdf|access-date=December 17, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817122539/https://www.newunionism.net/library/organizing/Logan%20-%20The%20Union%20Avoidance%20Industry%20in%20the%20United%20States%20-%202006.pdf|archive-date=August 17, 2016|url-status=dead|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8543.2006.00518.x|s2cid=155066215}}</ref> although unions represent some IBM workers outside the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.endicottalliance.org/iwiswebsite/iwis-ibmgua-links.htm|title=IBM Global Unions Links|publisher=EndicottAlliance.org|access-date=October 12, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014040215/https://www.endicottalliance.org/iwiswebsite/iwis-ibmgua-links.htm|archive-date=October 14, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Japan, IBM employees also have an [[American football]] team complete with pro stadium, cheerleaders and televised games, competing in the Japanese [[X-League (Japan)|X-League]] as the "[[IBM Big Blue (X-League)|Big Blue]]".<ref name="Business Insider">{{cite web |last1=Bort |first1=Julie |title=In Japan, IBM employees have formed a football team complete with pro stadium, cheerleaders and televised games |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/ibm-employees-form-football-team-2015-5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109185713/https://www.businessinsider.com/ibm-employees-form-football-team-2015-5 |archive-date=January 9, 2021 |access-date=August 12, 2016 |publisher=Business Insider}}</ref>
In 2015, IBM started giving employees the option of choosing [[Macintosh|Mac]] as their primary work device, next to the option of a [[personal computer|PC]] or a [[Linux distribution]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Switch to Macs from PCs reportedly saves IBM $270 per user|date=November 5, 2015|url=https://www.cio.com/article/3001871/macbook/switch-to-macs-from-pcs-reportedly-saves-ibm-270-per-user.html|publisher=CIO|access-date=August 12, 2016|archive-date=August 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820174201/https://www.cio.com/article/3001871/macbook/switch-to-macs-from-pcs-reportedly-saves-ibm-270-per-user.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2016, IBM eliminated forced rankings and changed its annual performance review system to focus more on frequent feedback, coaching, and skills development.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/ibm-now-uses-the-ace-app-to-give-and-receive-real-time-feedback-2016-5|title=After overhauling its performance review system, IBM now uses an app to give and receive real-time feedback|first=Shana|last=Lebowitz|work=Business Insider|date=May 20, 2016|access-date=May 20, 2016|archive-date=October 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012033007/https://www.businessinsider.com/ibm-now-uses-the-ace-app-to-give-and-receive-real-time-feedback-2016-5|url-status=live}}</ref>
====IBM alumni====<!-- ONLY NOTABLE PEOPLE IN THIS LIST, ALL OTHERS CAN BE TAGGED WITH CATEGORY-->
Many IBM employees have achieved notability outside of work and after leaving IBM. In business, former IBM employees include [[Apple Inc.]] CEO [[Tim Cook]],<ref name="people.forbes.com">{{cite news|url=https://people.forbes.com/profile/timothy-d-cook/6607|work=Forbes|title=Timothy D. Cook Profile|access-date=November 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518015746/https://people.forbes.com/profile/timothy-d-cook/6607|archive-date=May 18, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> former [[Electronic Data Systems|EDS]] CEO and politician [[Ross Perot]], [[Microsoft]] chairman [[John W. Thompson]], [[SAP SE|SAP]] co-founder [[Hasso Plattner]], [[Gartner]] founder [[Gideon Gartner]], [[Advanced Micro Devices|Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)]] CEO [[Lisa Su]],<ref name=AMDExecBio>{{cite web|url=https://www.amd.com/en-us/who-we-are/corporate-information/leadership/lisa-su|title=Executive Biographies – Lisa Su|publisher=Amd.com|access-date=October 10, 2014|archive-date=January 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103221544/https://www.amd.com/en-us/who-we-are/corporate-information/leadership/lisa-su|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Cadence Design Systems]] CEO [[Anirudh Devgan]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Leadership Team|url=https://www.cadence.com/en_US/home/company/leadership-team.html|access-date=December 25, 2021|website=www.cadence.com|language=en|archive-date=December 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225033256/https://www.cadence.com/en_US/home/company/leadership-team.html|url-status=live}}</ref> former [[Citizens Financial Group]] CEO [[Ellen Alemany]], former [[Yahoo!]] chairman [[Alfred Amoroso]], former [[AT&T]] CEO [[C. Michael Armstrong]], former [[Xerox Corporation]] CEOs [[David T. Kearns]] and [[G. Richard Thoman]],<ref name="crossing">{{cite news|last=Kearns|first=David T|title=Crossing the Bridge: Family, Business, Education, Cancer, and the Lessons Learned|date=May 31, 2005|publisher=Meliora Press}}</ref> former [[Fair Isaac Corporation]] CEO [[Mark N. Greene]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/2008/02/08/markets/morningbuzz/index.htm|title=Fair Isaac CEO: FICO criticism isn't 'fair'|first=Paul R.|last=La Monica|website=CNN Money|date=February 8, 2008|access-date=December 28, 2017|archive-date=October 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022163826/https://money.cnn.com/2008/02/08/markets/morningbuzz/index.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Citrix Systems]] co-founder [[Ed Iacobucci]], [[ASOS.com]] chairman Brian McBride, former [[Lenovo]] CEO [[Steve Ward (businessman)|Steve Ward]], and former [[Teradata]] CEO [[Kenneth Simonds]].
In government, alumna [[Patricia Roberts Harris]] served as [[United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development]], the first [[List of African American United States Cabinet Secretaries|African American]] [[List of female United States Cabinet Secretaries|woman]] to serve in the [[United States Cabinet]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Women in World History, Vol. 7: Harr-I|year=2000|publisher=Yorkin Publications|location=Waterford, CT|isbn=0-7876-4066-2|pages=14–17|last=DeLaat|first=Jacqueline|author-link=Jacqueline DeLaat|chapter=Harris, Patricia Roberts|title-link=Women in World History}}</ref> [[Samuel K. Skinner]] served as [[U.S. Secretary of Transportation]] and as the [[White House Chief of Staff]]. Alumni also include [[U.S. Senator]]s [[Mack Mattingly]] and [[Thom Tillis]]; [[Wisconsin]] governor [[Scott Walker (politician)|Scott Walker]];<ref>{{cite news|last1=Miller|first1=Zeke J.|title=Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker: A 2016 Contender But Not A College Graduate|url=https://swampland.time.com/2013/11/19/wisconsin-gov-scott-walker-a-2016-contender-but-not-a-college-graduate|access-date=May 1, 2015|publisher=TIME|date=November 19, 2013|archive-date=December 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209230121/https://swampland.time.com/2013/11/19/wisconsin-gov-scott-walker-a-2016-contender-but-not-a-college-graduate/|url-status=live}}</ref> former [[U.S. Ambassador]]s [[Vincent Obsitnik]] ([[U.S. Ambassador to Slovakia|Slovakia]]), [[Arthur K. Watson]] ([[U.S. Ambassador to France|France]]), and [[Thomas Watson Jr.]] ([[U.S. Ambassador to Russia|Soviet Union]]); and former [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]]s [[Todd Akin]],<ref name="bluebook 1993.1">{{cite web|url=https://cdm.sos.mo.gov/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/statepub&CISOPTR=99477&REC=17&CISOBOX=akin|title=Official Manual of the State of Missouri, 1993–1994|page=157}}{{dead link|date=March 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> [[Glenn Andrews]], [[Robert Garcia (New York politician)|Robert Garcia]], [[Katherine Harris]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://votesmart.org/candidate/biography/1617/katherine-harris|title=Katherine Harris' Biography|work=[[Project Vote Smart]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124035354/https://www.votesmart.org/candidate/biography/1617/katherine-harris|archive-date=January 24, 2012|access-date=April 30, 2006}}</ref> [[Amo Houghton]], [[Jim Ross Lightfoot]], [[Thomas J. Manton]], [[Donald W. Riegle Jr.]], and [[Ed Zschau]].
Other former IBM employees include [[NASA]] astronaut [[Michael J. Massimino]], [[Canadian Astronaut Corps|Canadian astronaut]] and former [[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]] [[Julie Payette]], noted musician [[Dave Matthews]],<ref name=nyt>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/31/arts/pop-jazz-a-band-that-built-a-career-from-the-ground-up.html?pagewanted=2 |title=''New York Times (May 31, 1998) |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=May 31, 1998 |access-date=October 30, 2020 |archive-date=October 10, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010074833/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/31/arts/pop-jazz-a-band-that-built-a-career-from-the-ground-up.html?pagewanted=2 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Harvey Mudd College]] president [[Maria Klawe]], [[Western Governors University]] president emeritus [[Robert Mendenhall]], former [[University of Kentucky]] president [[Lee T. Todd Jr.]], [[NFL]] referee [[Bill Carollo]],<ref name=NASO>{{cite web|title=Board of Directors — Officers|url=https://www.naso.org/board.htm|publisher=National Association of Sports Officials|access-date=September 27, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070915040843/https://www.naso.org/board.htm|archive-date=September 15, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> former [[Rangers F.C.]] chairman [[John McClelland (businessman)|John McClelland]], and recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] [[J. M. Coetzee]]. [[Thomas Watson Jr.]] also served as the [[List of national presidents of the Boy Scouts of America|11th national president]] of the [[Boy Scouts of America]]. <!-- ONLY SUPER NOTABLE PEOPLE IN THIS LIST, ALL OTHERS CAN BE TAGGED WITH CATEGORY-->
===Board and shareholders===
The company's 15-member board of directors are responsible for overall corporate management and includes the current or former CEOs of [[Anthem (company)|Anthem]], [[Dow Chemical Company|Dow Chemical]], [[Johnson and Johnson]], [[Royal Dutch Shell]], [[United Parcel Service|UPS]], and [[The Vanguard Group|Vanguard]] as well as the president of [[Cornell University]] and a retired [[Admiral (United States)|U.S. Navy admiral]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibm.com/investor/governance/board-of-directors.html|title=Board of Directors|date=March 9, 2020|publisher=IBM|access-date=March 11, 2020|archive-date=July 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708010734/https://www.ibm.com/investor/governance/board-of-directors.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2011, IBM became the first technology company [[Warren Buffett]]'s [[holding company]] [[Berkshire Hathaway]] invested in.<ref>{{cite news|last1=McFarland|first1=Matt|title=Warren Buffett never liked tech stocks. So why does he own Apple?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/innovations/wp/2016/05/16/warren-buffett-never-liked-tech-stocks-so-why-does-he-own-apple/|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=August 11, 2016|archive-date=November 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108103122/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/innovations/wp/2016/05/16/warren-buffett-never-liked-tech-stocks-so-why-does-he-own-apple/|url-status=live}}</ref> Initially he bought 64 million shares costing $10.5 billion. Over the years, Buffet increased his IBM holdings, but by the end of 2017 had reduced them by 94.5% to 2.05 million shares; by May 2018, he was completely out of IBM.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/04/warren-buffett-says-berkshire-hathaway-has-sold-completely-out-of-ibm.html|title=Warren Buffett says Berkshire Hathaway has sold completely out of IBM|first=Matthew J.|last=Belvedere|date=May 4, 2018|publisher=CNBC|access-date=May 4, 2018|archive-date=May 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504195836/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/04/warren-buffett-says-berkshire-hathaway-has-sold-completely-out-of-ibm.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|Companies}}
* [[List of electronics brands]]
* [[List of largest Internet companies]]
* [[List of largest manufacturing companies by revenue]]
* [[Tech companies in the New York City metropolitan region]]
* [[Top 100 US Federal Contractors]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
<!--- if you delete a book from this section, please add that book to History of IBM#Further reading --->
{{for|additional books about IBM, biographies, memoirs, technology and more|History of IBM#Further reading}}
{{Refbegin}}
<!----- Books listed here are mostly less than 25 years old ----------------->
* {{cite book|author-first=Henry|author-last=Bakis|editor=F. E. Ian Hamilton|year=1987|title=Industrial change in advanced economies|publisher=Croom Helm|location=London|chapter=Telecommunications and the Global Firm|pages=130–160|isbn=9780709938286}}
* {{cite book|first=Roy A.|last=Bauer|year=1992|title=The Silverlake Project: Transformation at IBM (AS/400)|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|display-authors=etal}}
* {{cite book|first=Edwin|last=Black|author-link=Edwin Black|year=2001|title=IBM and the Holocaust: The Strategic Alliance Between Nazi Germany and America's Most Powerful Corporation|title-link=IBM and the Holocaust|publisher=Dialog Press |isbn=0-914153-10-2}}
* {{cite book|first=Paul|last=Carroll|year=1993|title=Big Blues: The Unmaking of IBM|url=https://archive.org/details/bigbluesunmaking00carr|url-access=registration|publisher=Crown Publishers|isbn=9780517591970}}
* {{cite book|first=Doug|last=Garr|year=1999|title=IBM Redux: Lou Gerstner & The Business Turnaround of the Decade|publisher=Harper Business}}
* {{cite book|first=Louis V. Jr.|last=Gerstner|author-link=Louis V. Gerstner, Jr.|year=2002|title=Who Says Elephants can't Dance?|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=0-00-715448-8}}
* {{cite book|first=Peter E.|last=Greulich|year=2014|title=A View from Beneath the Dancing Elephant: Rediscovering IBM's Corporate Constitution|publisher=MBI Concepts Corporation|isbn=978-0-9833734-6-9}}
* {{cite book|first=John|last=Harwood|year=2011|title=The Interface: IBM and the Transformation of Corporate Design, 1945–1976|publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-0-8166-7039-0}}
* {{cite book|first=Robert|last=Heller|year=1994|title=The Fate of IBM|publisher=Little Brown}}
* {{cite book|first=David|last=Mercer|year=1987|title=IBM: How the World's Most Successful Corporation is Managed|publisher=Kogan Page}}
* {{cite book|first=David|last=Mercer|year=1988|title=The Global IBM: Leadership in Multinational Management|url=https://archive.org/details/globalibmleaders00merc_0|url-access=registration|publisher=Dodd, Mead|page=[https://archive.org/details/globalibmleaders00merc_0/page/374 374]|isbn=9780396092599}}
* {{cite book|first1=D. Quinn|last1=Mills|first2=G. Bruce|last2=Friesen|year=1996|title=Broken Promises: An Unconventional View of What Went Wrong at IBM|publisher=Harvard Business School|isbn=0-87584-654-8}}.
* {{cite book|first=Emerson W.|last=Pugh|year=1996|title=Building IBM: Shaping an Industry|publisher=[[MIT Press]]}}
* {{cite book|first=Robert|last=Slater|year=1999|title=Saving Big Blue: IBM's Lou Gerstner|publisher=McGraw Hill}}
* {{cite book|first=Ulrich|last=Steinhilper|author-link=Ulrich Steinhilper|year=2006|title=Don't Talk – Do It! From Flying To Word Processing|publisher=Independent Books |isbn=1-872836-75-5}}
* {{cite book|first=Ernest|last=von Simson|year=2009|title=The Limits of Strategy: Lessons in Leadership from the Computer Industry|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-1-4401-9258-6}}
* {{cite book|first=Thomas Jr.|last=Watson|author-link=Thomas Watson, Jr.|year=1990|title=Father, Son & Co: My Life at IBM and Beyond|publisher=Bantam Books |url=https://archive.org/details/fathersoncomylif00wats_0|url-access=registration|isbn=0-553-29023-1}}
{{Refend}}
==External links==
{{Sister project links}}
* {{official website}}
* {{OpenCorp|IBM}}
{{Finance links
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361 => 'https://www.moma.org/artists/7636',
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364 => 'https://www.cnbc.com/2023/04/20/globalfoundries-sues-ibm-says-unlawfully-gave-rapidus-trade-secrets.html',
365 => 'https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79142877',
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378 => 'https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2004/08/30/economy/LG-IBM-to-split-by-end-of-year/2462587.html',
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381 => 'https://www.theregister.com/2004/01/05/south_korea_slams_ibm/',
382 => 'https://laptopretrospective.com/author/laptopretrospective_azusy3/',
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387 => 'https://archive.today/20230512002255/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1992/09/03/ibm-plans-division-for-its-pc-business/f732f4c5-ead6-4867-a911-c75bd6ad7ef3/',
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389 => 'https://www.rankingthebrands.com/Brand-detail.aspx?brandID=6',
390 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=YzlDdhWK3IsC&q=julius+e.+pitrap+computing+scale&pg=PA39',
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392 => 'https://newsroom.ibm.com/2021-01-12-IBM-Tops-U-S-Patent-List-for-28th-Consecutive-Year-with-Innovations-in-Artificial-Intelligence-Hybrid-Cloud-Quantum-Computing-and-Cyber-Security',
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398 => 'https://archive.today/20061217220450/http://www.ibm.com/chips/news/2005/1025_xbox.html'
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