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'{{Short description|Archangel in Judaism, Christianity and Islam}} {{Redirect|Saint Michael}} {{Infobox saint |honorific_prefix = [[Saint]] |name = Michael |honorific_suffix = |image = File:Luca Giordano - The Fall of the Rebel Angels - Google Art Project.jpg |imagesize = |caption = Saint Michael in ''The Fall of the Rebel Angels'' by [[Luca Giordano]] |titles = Archangel, Prince of Heavenly Host |feast_day = * '''8 November''' (New Calendar Eastern Orthodox Churches) * '''8 November''' ([[Eastern Catholic Churches]]) * '''21 November''' (Old Calendar Eastern Orthodox Churches) * '''29 September''' ("[[Michaelmas]]") * '''8 May''' ([[Tridentine Calendar]]) * '''12th of each month in [[Coptic calendar]]''' (Coptic Churches) * Many other local and historical feasts |beatified_by = |canonized_place = |canonized_by = |major_shrine = |attributes = [[Archangel]]; treading on a dragon; carrying a banner, [[Scale armour|scales]], sword, and weighing souls |patronage = Protector of the Jewish people,<ref name="Bible gateway, Daniel 12:1">{{cite web|url=http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=daniel%2012;&version=31 |title=Bible gateway, Daniel 12:1 |publisher=Biblegateway.com |access-date=2010-07-21}}</ref> Guardian of the Catholic Church,<ref name=Alban >[[Alban Butler]], ''The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and Other Principal Saints''. 12 vols. B. Dornin, 1821; p. 117</ref> Vatican City,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.news.va/en/news/benedict-xvi-joins-pope-francis-in-consecrating-va |title=Benedict XVI joins Pope Francis in consecrating Vatican to St Michael Archangel |publisher=news.va |access-date=2013-07-05 |archive-date=2017-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709154017/http://www.news.va/en/news/benedict-xvi-joins-pope-francis-in-consecrating-va |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ryTpAgAAQBAJ&q=Michael+patron+police&pg=PA72 |title=The Patron Saints Handbook |publisher=The Word Among Us Press |first=Mitch |last=Finley |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-59325403-2 |page=72 |access-date=2014-05-01}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=June 2019}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=308 |title=St. Michael, the Archangel – Saints & Angels |publisher=Catholic.org |access-date=2012-12-27}}</ref> |issues = |venerated_in = All [[Christian denomination]]s which [[veneration of saints|venerate saints]]<br />[[Judaism]]<br />[[Islam]] }} '''Michael''' ({{IPA-he|mixaˈʔel|lang}}; {{lang-he|מִיכָאֵל|lit=[[Quis ut Deus?|Who is like El?]]|translit=Mīḵāʾēl}}; {{lang-el|Μιχαήλ|translit=Mikhaḗl}}; {{lang-la|Michahel}}; {{lang-ar|ميخائيل ، مِيكَالَ ، ميكائيل|translit=Mīkāʾīl, Mīkāl, Mīkhāʾīl}}), also called '''Saint Michael the Archangel''', '''Saint Michael''', '''Saint Michael the [[Taxiarch]]''' in Orthodoxy<ref>{{cite web|url= https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22St.%20Michael%20the%20Taxiarch%22&sin=TXT/|title= List of books attesting the title of 'Saint Michael the Taxiarch' |language= en, de}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url= https://www.academia.edu/1897792|title= From Lieux de Pouvoir to Lieux de Mémoire: The Monuments of the Medieval Castle of Ioannina through the Centuries|author1= B. Osswald (PhD)|year= 2008|publisher= Edizioni Plus-Pisa University Press|isbn= 978-88-8492-558-9|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180802003211/https://www.academia.edu/1897792/From_Lieux_de_Pouvoir_to_Lieux_de_M%C3%A9moire_The_Monuments_of_the_Medieval_Castle_of_Ioannina_through_the_Centuries|archive-date= 2 August 2018|url-status= live}}</ref> and '''Archangel Michael''' is an [[archangel]] in [[Judaism]], [[Christianity]], and [[Islam]]. The earliest surviving mentions of his name are in 3rd and 2nd century BCE Jewish works, often but not always apocalyptic, where he is the chief of the [[angels]] and [[archangels]] and responsible for the care of Israel. {{sfn|Asale|2020|p=55}}{{sfn|Hannah|2011|p=33-54}}{{sfn|Hannah|2011|p=33}} {{sfn|Barnes|1993|p=54}} Christianity adopted nearly all the Jewish traditions concerning him,{{sfn|Hannah|2011|p=54}} and he is mentioned explicitly in Revelation 12:7–12,<ref>{{bibleverse|Revelation|12:7-12}}</ref> where he does battle with Satan,{{sfn|Bromiley|1971|p=156-157}} and in the [[Epistle of Jude]], where the author denounces heretics by contrasting them with Michael.{{sfn|Hannah|2011|p=46}} He is also mentioned in surah 2:98 of the Quran, where the Jews of Medina challenge Muhammed to tell them the name of the angel from whom he received revelation, and when told that it was [[Gabriel]] they reply that revelations came from Michael.{{sfn|Noegel|Wheeler|2002|p=218}} ==References== ===Second Temple Jewish writings=== <!--THIS ARTICLE USED TO HAVE TOO MANY IMAGES AND THEY WERE CLEANED UP AND AN IMAGE GALLERY WAS CREATED. PLEASE DO NOT ADD ADDITIONAL IMAGES SINCE THAT WAS MAKING THE TEXT HARD TO READ AND CREATED OVERLAP PROBLEMS ON DIFFERENT SCREEN SIZES. IF YOU HAVE NEW (AND "IMPORTANT") IMAGES THEY CAN BE ADDED TO THE GALLERY AT THE END OF THE PAGE, NOT IN THE BODY OF THE ARTICLE. --> [[File:Guido Reni 031.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Guido Reni]]'s Michael (in [[Santa Maria della Concezione dei Cappuccini|Santa Maria della Concezione]] church, Rome, 1636) tramples Satan. A mosaic of the same painting decorates ''St. Michael's Altar'' in [[St. Peter's Basilica]].]] The earliest surviving mention of Michael is in a 3rd century BCE Jewish apocalypse, the [[Book of Enoch]].{{sfn|Hannah|2011|p=33}} This lists him as one of seven archangels (the remaining names are Uriel, Raguel, Raphael, Sariel, Gabriel and Remiel), who, according to a slightly later work, the [[Book of Tobit]], "stand ready and enter before the glory of the Lord".{{sfn|Barnes|1993|p=54}} The fact that Michael is introduced in both works without explanation implies that readers already knew him and the other named angels, which in turn implies that they are earlier than the late 3rd century BCE (the earliest possible date of the relevant passages in the Book of Enoch), but although their origins remain a matter for speculation there is no evidence that they are older than the Hellenistic period.{{sfn|Hannah|2011|p=33}}{{sfn|Collins|1999|p=339}} He is mentioned again in [[Daniel's final vision|last chapters of the Book of Daniel]], a Jewish apocalypse composed in the 2nd century BCE although set in the 6th, in which a man clothed in linen (never identified, but probably the archangel [[Gabriel]]) tells Daniel that he and "Michael, your prince" are engaged in a battle with the "[[Territorial spirit#Daniel 10|prince of Persia]]", after which, at the end-time, "Michael, the great prince who protects your people, will arise".{{sfn|Collins|1984|pp=34-36}}{{sfn|Hill|2008|p=176}} Enoch was instrumental in establishing the pre-eminent place of Michael among the angels or archangels, and in later Jewish works he is said to be their chief, mediating the [[Torah]] (the law of God) and standing at the right hand of the throne of God.{{sfn|Asale|2020|p=55}} In the traditions of the [[Qumran]] community he defends or leads the people of God in the eschatological (i.e., end-time) battle,{{sfn|Fahlbusch|1999|p=674}} and in other writings he is responsible for the care of Israel (and he may be the "one like a son of man" mentioned in Daniel 7:13-14) and the commander of the heavenly armies; he is Israel's advocate contesting Satan's claim to the body of Moses; he intercedes between God and humanity and serves as High Priest in the heavenly sanctuary; and he accompanies the souls of the righteous dead to Paradise.{{sfn|Hannah|2011|p=33-54}} ===New Testament=== [[File:Anónimo - San Miguel Arcángel, 1708.jpg|thumb|Saint Michael, Archangel [[:es:Melchor Pérez de Holguín]], [[Bolivia]], ([[1708]])]] Christianity adopted nearly all the Jewish traditions concerning Michael.{{sfn|Hannah|2011|p=54}} The seven Jewish archangels (or four - the traditions differ but always include Michael) were associated with the branches of the [[Temple menorah|menorah]], the sacred seven-branched lampstand in the Temple as the seven spirits before the throne of God, and this is reflected in the [[Revelation of John]] 4:5 ("From the throne came flashes of lightning, and rumblings and peals of thunder, and before the throne were burning seven torches of fire, which are the seven spirits of God" - ESV).{{sfn|Barker|2006|p=123}} Michael is mentioned explicitly in Revelation 12:7-12, where he does battle with Satan and casts him out of heaven so that he no longer has access to God as accuser (his formal role in the Old Testament).{{sfn|Bromiley|1971|p=156-157}} The fall of Satan at the coming of Jesus marks the separation of the New Testament from Judaism.{{sfn|Bromiley|1971|p=157}} In [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]] 22:31 Jesus tells Peter that Satan has asked God for permission to "sift" the disciples, the goal being to accuse them, but the accusation is opposed by Jesus, who thus takes on the role played by angels, and especially by Michael, in Judaism.{{sfn|Bromiley|1971|p=156}} Michael is mentioned by name for the second time in the [[Epistle of Jude]], a passionate plea for believers in Christ to do battle against heresy.{{sfn|Green|2008|p=18}} In verses 9-10 the author denounces the heretics by contrasting them with the archangel Michael, who, disputing with Satan over the body of Moses, "did not presume to pronounce the verdict of 'slander' but said, 'The Lord punish you!'{{sfn|Green|2008|p=79}} ===Quran and other Muslim traditions=== Michael is called Mika'il in Muslim works generally, but in the one instance in which he is mentioned in the Quran he is called Mikal.{{sfn|Hughes|1885|p=348}} The single Quranic mention comes in the Q2:98, when the Jews of Medina challenged Muhammed to tell them the name of the angel from whom he received his revelations; when he told them it was Gabriel, the Jews said that Gabriel was their enemy, and that revelations came from Michael.{{sfn|Noegel|Wheeler|2002|p=218}} The [[hadith]] (sayings of and about the Prophet collected by his followers) quote Muhammed mentioning both Gabriel and Michael as two angels who showed him Paradise and hell, and in the early years of Islam the Muslims recited the names of both in the obligatory daily prayers (the salat).{{sfn|Capmak|2017|p=1042}} The place of Michael, and some of the other archangels, is not clearly identified in the major sources, and among ordinary Muslims knowledge of them is drawn from non-Islamic sources, notably Jewish.{{sfn|Capmak|2017|p=1042}} ==Religious views== ===Judaism=== [[File:Michael.svg|thumb|Michael in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]]] According to [[rabbinic literature|rabbinic tradition]], Michael acted as the advocate of Israel, and sometimes had to fight with the princes of the other nations (Daniel 10:13) and particularly with the angel [[Samael]], Israel's accuser. Michael's enmity against Samael dates from the time when the latter was thrown down from heaven. Samael took hold of the wings of Michael, whom he wished to bring down with him in his fall; but Michael was saved by God.<ref>[[Pirkei De-Rabbi Eliezer]] xxvi</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title = Jewish Encyclopedia – Michael | encyclopedia = Jewish Encyclopedia | url = http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=560&letter=M#1833 | access-date=2009-02-18}}</ref> Michael said, "May The Lord rebuke you" to Satan for attempting to claim the body of [[Moses]].<ref>[[Deuteronomy Rabbah]] xi. 6</ref> The idea that Michael was the advocate of the Jews became so prevalent that in spite of the rabbinical prohibition against appealing to angels as intermediaries between God and his people, Michael came to occupy a certain place in the Jewish liturgy: "When a man is in need he must pray directly to God, and neither to Michael nor to [[Gabriel]]."<ref>Yer. Ber. ix. 13a</ref> Two prayers were written beseeching him as the prince of mercy to intercede in favor of Israel: one composed by Byzantine Jew [[Eliezer ben Kalir|Eliezer ha-Kalir]] (c. 570 – c. 640), and the other by [[Judah ben Samuel of Regensburg]] (1150 – 22 February 1217), a leader of the [[Ashkenazi Hasidim]] in [[Bavaria]]. But appeal to Michael seems to have been more common in ancient times.{{cn|date=October 2021}} [[Jeremiah]] addresses a prayer to him.<ref>Baruch Apoc. Ethiopic, ix. 5</ref> The [[rabbi]]s declare that Michael entered into his role of defender at the time of the biblical patriarchs. Rabbi Eliezer ben Jacob said that Michael rescued [[Abraham]] from the furnace into which he had been thrown by [[Nimrod]] (Midrash Genesis Rabbah xliv. 16). It is claimed that it was Michael, the "one that had escaped" (Genesis [[s:Bible (American Standard)/Genesis#14:13|14:13]]), who told Abraham that Lot had been taken captive (Midrash Pirke R. El.), and who protected Sarah from being defiled by Abimelech. It is also said that Michael prevented [[Isaac]] from being sacrificed by his father by substituting a ram in his place. He saved [[Jacob]], while yet in his mother's womb, from being killed by Samael.<ref>Midrash Abkir, in Yalḳ., Gen. 110</ref> Later Michael prevented Laban from harming Jacob.(''[[Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer]]'', xxxvi). The ''[[midrash]]'' ''[[Exodus Rabbah]]'' holds that Michael exercised his function of advocate of Israel at the time of [[the Exodus]] also. Michael is also said to have destroyed the army of [[Sennacherib]].<ref>Midrash Exodus Rabbah xviii. 5</ref> ===Christianity=== <!--THIS ARTICLE USED TO HAVE TOO MANY IMAGES AND THEY WERE CLEANED UP AND AN IMAGE GALLERY WAS CREATED. PLEASE DO NOT ADD ADDITIONAL IMAGES SINCE THAT WAS MAKING THE TEXT HARD TO READ AND CREATED OVERLAP PROBLEMS ON DIFFERENT SCREEN SIZES. IF YOU HAVE NEW (AND "IMPORTANT") IMAGES THEY CAN BE ADDED TO THE GALLERY AT THE END OF THE PAGE, NOT IN THE BODY OF THE ARTICLE.--> ====Early Christian views and devotions==== [[File:Michael4.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Statue of Archangel Michael at the [[University of Bonn]], slaying Satan as a dragon; ''[[Quis ut Deus]]'' is inscribed on his shield]] Michael was venerated as a healer in [[Phrygia]] (modern-day Turkey).<ref name="Cathenc">{{cite web|url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10275b.htm|title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: St. Michael the Archangel|website=www.newadvent.org}}</ref> The earliest and most famous sanctuary to Michael in the ancient Near East was also associated with healing waters. It was the ''[[Michaelion]]'' built in the early 4th century by [[Constantine the Great]] at [[Chalcedon]], on the site of an earlier temple called ''Sosthenion''.<ref name=Richard >Richard Freeman Johnson (2005), ''Saint Michael the Archangel in Medieval English Legend'' {{ISBN|1-84383-128-7}}; pp. 33–34</ref> [[Epiphanius of Salamis]] (c. 310–320 – 403) referred in his Coptic-Arabic ''Hexaemeron'' to Michael as a replacement of [[Satan]]. Accordingly, after Satan fell, Michael was appointed to the function Satan served when he was still one of the noble angels.<ref>Monferrer-Sala, J. P. (2014). "One More Time on the Arabized Nominal Form Iblīs", ''Studia Orientalia Electronica,'' 112, 55-70. Retrieved from https://journal.fi/store/article/view/9526</ref> A painting of the Archangel slaying a serpent became a major art piece at the Michaelion after Constantine defeated [[Licinius]] near there in 324. This contributed to the standard [[iconography]] that developed of Archangel Michael as a [[warrior saint]] slaying a dragon.<ref name=Richard /> The Michaelion was a magnificent church and in time became a model for hundreds of other churches in [[Eastern Christianity]]; these spread devotions to the Archangel.<ref>[[Anna Jameson]] (2004), ''Sacred and Legendary Art'' {{ISBN|0-7661-8144-8}}; p. 92</ref> In the 4th century, [[Basil the Great|Saint Basil the Great]]'s homily (''De Angelis'') placed Saint Michael over all the angels. He was called ''"Archangel"'' because he heralds other angels, the title Ἀρχαγγέλος (archangelos) being used of him in [[Epistle of Jude|Jude]] 1:9.<ref name=Cathenc /> Into the 6th century, the view of Michael as a healer continued in Rome; after a plague, the sick slept at night in the church of ''[[Castel Sant'Angelo]]'' (dedicated to him for saving Rome), waiting for his manifestation.<ref name=Butler320 >Alban Butler, ''The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and other Principal Saints''. 12 vols. Dublin: James Duffy, 1866; p. 320</ref> In the 6th century, the growth of devotions to Michael in the [[Western Church]] was expressed by the feasts dedicated to him, as recorded in the [[Leonine Sacramentary]]. The 7th-century [[Gelasian Sacramentary]] included the feast ''"S. Michaelis Archangeli"'', as did the 8th-century [[Sacramentary#The Gregorian Sacramentary|Gregorian Sacramentary]]. Some of these documents refer to a ''Basilica Archangeli'' (no longer extant) on [[via Salaria]] in Rome.<ref name=Cathenc /> The [[angelology]] of [[Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite|Pseudo-Dionysius]], which was widely read as of the 6th century, gave Michael a rank in the [[celestial hierarchy]]. Later, in the 13th century, others such as [[Bonaventure]] believed that he is the prince of the [[Seraphim]], the first of the nine angelic orders. According to [[Thomas Aquinas]] (''[[Summa Theologica|Summa]]'' Ia. 113.3), he is the Prince of the last and lowest choir, the Angels.<ref name=Cathenc /> ====Catholicism==== {{For|Roman Catholic views and prayers|Saint Michael (Roman Catholic)}} [[File:Jacopo vignali, san michele arcangelo libera le anime del purgatorio.jpg|thumb|upright|Archangel Michael ''[[Saint Michael (Roman Catholic)#Saving souls at the hour of death|reaching to save souls in purgatory]]'', by [[Jacopo Vignali]], 17th century]] [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]s often refer to Michael as "Holy Michael, the Archangel"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.catholic.org/prayers/prayer.php?p=12|title=Holy Michael, the Archangel, Defend Us in Battle - Prayers|first=Catholic|last=Online|website=Catholic Online}}</ref> or "Saint Michael", a title that does not indicate [[Canonization|canonisation]]. He is generally referred to in Christian [[litany|litanies]] as "Saint Michael", as in the [[Litany of the Saints]]. In the shortened version of this litany used in the [[Easter Vigil]], he alone of the angels and archangels is mentioned by name, omitting saints [[Gabriel]] and [[Raphael (archangel)|Raphael]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Cadwallader+Michael+Chonai&btnG= |first=Alan H.|last=Cadwallader|author2=Michael Trainor|title=Colossae in Space and Time|publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht|year=2011 |isbn=978-3-525-53397-0| page=323|access-date=2012-12-27}}</ref> In [[Saint Michael (Roman Catholic)|Roman Catholic teachings]], Saint Michael has four main roles or offices.<ref name=Cathenc/> His first role is the leader of the Army of God and the leader of heaven's forces in their triumph over the powers of hell.<ref name=Donna60 >Donna-Marie O'Boyle, ''Catholic Saints Prayer Book'' OSV Publishing, 2008 {{ISBN|1-59276-285-9}} p. 60</ref> He is viewed as the angelic model for the virtues of the ''spiritual warrior'', with the conflict against evil at times viewed as the ''battle within''.<ref name=Starr2 >Starr, Mirabai. ''Saint Michael: The Archangel'', Sounds True, 2007 {{ISBN|1-59179-627-X}} p. 2</ref> [[File:Stift Rein - Bibliothek, Antiphonale Cisterciense, Miniatur Erzengel Michael.jpg|thumb|left|upright|''St. Michael weighing souls during the [[Last Judgement]]'', ''Antiphonale Cisterciense'' (15th century), Abbey Bibliotheca, [[Rein Abbey, Austria]]]] The second and third roles of Michael in Catholic teachings deal with death. In his second role, Michael is the angel of death, [[psychopomp|carrying the souls]] of all the deceased to heaven. In this role Michael descends at the hour of death, and gives each soul the chance to redeem itself before passing; thus consternating the devil and his minions. Catholic prayers often refer to this role of Michael. In his third role, he weighs souls on his perfectly balanced scales. For this reason, Michael is often depicted holding scales.{{sfn|Starr|p=39}} In his fourth role, Saint Michael, the special patron of the Chosen People in the Old Testament, is also the guardian of the Church. Saint Michael was revered by the military orders of knights during the [[Middle Ages in history|Middle Ages]]. The names of villages around the [[Bay of Biscay]] express that history. This role also was why he was considered the patron saint of a number of cities and countries.{{sfn|Butler|1821|p=117}}<ref name="ReferenceA">Michael McGrath, ''Patrons and Protectors''. Liturgy Training, 2001. {{ISBN|1-56854-109-0}}.</ref> Roman Catholicism includes traditions such as the ''[[Prayer to Saint Michael]],'' which specifically asks for the faithful to be "defended" by the saint.<ref>{{cite web|website=[[EWTN]] |title=Prayer to St Michael |url=http://www.ewtn.com/devotionals/prayers/michael.htm}}</ref><ref>Matthew Bunson, ''The Catholic Almanac's Guide to the Church'', OSV Publishing, 2001 {{ISBN|0-87973-914-2}} p. 315</ref><ref>Amy Welborn, ''The Words We Pray''. Loyola Press, 2004. {{ISBN|0-8294-1956-X}}, p. 101.</ref> The ''[[Chaplet of Saint Michael]]'' consists of nine salutations, one for each choir of angels.<ref name="Ann Ball p. 123">Ann Ball, ''2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices'' {{ISBN|0-87973-910-X}} p. 123</ref><ref>[[EWTN]] [http://www.ewtn.com/devotionals/prayers/chaplet-of-st-michael.htm "The Chaplet of St. Michael the Archangel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029165706/http://www.ewtn.com/Devotionals/prayers/chaplet-of-st-michael.htm |date=2010-10-29 }}"</ref> =====Saint Michael the Archangel prayer===== {{Main|Prayer to Saint Michael#In the Leonine Prayers}} {{quote|<poem> Blessed Michael, archangel, defend us in the hour of conflict. Be our safeguard against the wickedness and snares of the devil (may God restrain him, we humbly pray): and do thou, O Prince of the heavenly host, by the power of God thrust Satan down to hell and with him those other wicked spirits who wander through the world for the ruin of souls. Amen.<ref>{{cite book|author=James Joyce|title=Ulysses|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RFXCBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA80|date=17 April 2008|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-162349-3|page=80}}</ref> </poem>}} ====Eastern and Oriental Orthodoxy==== The [[Eastern Orthodox]] accord Michael the title ''Archistrategos'', or "Supreme Commander of the Heavenly Hosts".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Baun+%22Michael+Archistrategos%22&btnG= |first=Jane|last=Baun|title=Tales from Another Byzantium|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-521-82395-1|page=391 et passim |access-date=2012-12-27}}</ref> The Eastern Orthodox pray to their [[guardian angel]]s and above all to Michael and Gabriel.<ref>''Eastern Orthodox Theology: A Contemporary Reader'' by Daniel B. Clendenin (2003) {{ISBN|0801026512}}, p. 75</ref> The Eastern Orthodox have always had strong devotions to angels. In contemporary times they are referred to by the term of "Bodiless Powers".<ref name="EOEnc" /> A number of feasts dedicated to Archangel Michael are celebrated by the Eastern Orthodox throughout the year.<ref name="EOEnc">''The Encyclopedia of Eastern Orthodox Christianity'', by John Anthony McGuckin (2011) {{ISBN|1405185392}} p. 30</ref> Archangel Michael is mentioned in a number of Eastern Orthodox hymns and prayer, and his icons are widely used within Eastern Orthodox churches.<ref name="B16">''The Eastern Orthodox Church: Its Thought and Life'', by Ernst Benz (2008) {{ISBN|0202362981}}, p. 16</ref> In many Eastern Orthodox icons, Christ is accompanied by a number of angels, Michael being a predominant figure among them.<ref name="B16" /> In Russia, many monasteries, cathedrals, court and merchant churches are dedicated to the Chief Commander Michael; most Russian cities have a church or chapel dedicated to the Archangel Michael.<ref>''A Geography of Russia and Its Neighbors'', by Mikhail S. Blinnikov (2010) ISBN, p. 203</ref><ref>''Architectures of Russian Identity, 1500 to the Present'', by James Cracraft (2003) {{ISBN|0801488281}}, p. 42</ref> While in the [[Serbian Orthodox Church]] [[Saint Sava]] has a special role as the establisher of its autocephaly and the largest Belgrade church is devoted to him, the capital [[Belgrade]]'s Orthodox [[cathedral]], the [[St. Michael's Cathedral, Belgrade|see church]] of the patriarch, is devoted to Archangel Michael (in Serbian: ''Арханђел Михаило'' / ''Arhanđel Mihailo''). The place of Michael in the [[Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria]] is as a [[intercession of saints|saintly intercessor]]. He is the one who presents to God the prayers of the just, who accompanies the souls of the dead to heaven, who defeats the devil. He is celebrated liturgically on the 12th of each [[Coptic calendar|Coptic month]].<ref>''Two Thousand Years of Coptic Christianity'', by Otto Friedrich August Meinardus (2010) {{ISBN|977-424-757-4}} pp. 27, 117, 147</ref> In [[Alexandria]], a church was dedicated to him in the early fourth century on the 12th of the month of [[Paoni]]. The 12th of the month of [[Hathor (month)|Hathor]] is the celebration of Michael's appointment in heaven, where Michael became the chief of the angels.<ref>''Money, Land and Trade: An Economic History of the Muslim Mediterranean'', by Nelly Hanna (2002) {{ISBN|1-86064-699-9}}, p. 226</ref> ====Protestant views==== [[File:West Window, Church of the Good Shepherd (Rosemont, Pennsylvania).jpg|left|thumb|200px|West window showing Michael in armour, Anglo-Catholic [[Church of the Good Shepherd (Rosemont, Pennsylvania)]] United States]] [[File:Erzengel Michael-Statue über dem Portal der St. Michaeliskirche Hamburg.jpg|thumb|Statue at [[St. Michaelis Church, Hamburg]]]] Protestant denominations recognize Michael as an archangel. Within Protestantism, the [[Anglican]] and [[Methodist]] tradition recognizes four angels as archangels: Michael, [[Raphael (archangel)|Raphael]], [[Gabriel]], and [[Uriel]].<ref name="Armentrout2000">{{cite book|last=Armentrout|first=Don S.|title=An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church|date=1 January 2000|publisher=Church Publishing, Inc.|language=en|isbn=9780898697018|page=14}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Methodist New Connexion Magazine and Evangelical Repository, Volume XXXV, Third Series |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Q8EAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA493|year=1867|publisher=William Cooke|location=London|language=en|page=493}}</ref> Within [[Anglicanism]], the controversial bishop [[Robert Clayton (bishop)|Robert Clayton]] (died 1758) proposed that Michael was the [[Logos (Christianity)|Logos]] and Gabriel the [[Holy Spirit (Christianity)|Holy Spirit]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/anessayonspirit00clagoog|title=An essay on spirit|first=Robert|last=Clayton|date=February 13, 1751|publisher=London, printed: [etc.]|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Controversy over Clayton's views led the government to order his prosecution, but he died before his scheduled examination.<ref>[[s:Clayton, Robert (1695–1758) (DNB00)|''Dictionary of National Biography'': Clayton, Robert]]</ref><ref>John Walsh, Colin Haydon & Stephen Taylor, eds. (1993) ''The Church of England c. 1689 – c. 1833: from Toleration to Tractarianism''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press {{ISBN|0-521-41732-5}}; p. 47</ref> The [[Lutheran Church]]es of [[St. Michael's Church, Hamburg]] and [[St. Michael's Church, Hildesheim]] are named for him. In [[Johann Sebastian Bach|Bach]]'s time, the annual feast of Michael and All the Angels on 29 September was regularly celebrated with a festive service in Lutheran churches, for which Bach composed several cantatas, for example the [[Chorale cantata (Bach)|chorale cantata]] ''[[Herr Gott, dich loben alle wir, BWV 130]]'' in 1724, [[Es erhub sich ein Streit, BWV 19|''Es erhub sich ein Streit'', BWV 19]], in 1726 and [[Man singet mit Freuden vom Sieg, BWV 149|''Man singet mit Freuden vom Sieg'', BWV 149]], in 1728 or 1729. ====Seventh-day Adventists==== {{See also|Seventh-day Adventist theology#Christ and the Archangel Michael|l1=Seventh-day Adventist, beliefs about Michael|Pre-existence of Christ}} [[File:Le Grand Saint Michel, by Raffaello Sanzio, from C2RMF retouched.jpg|thumb|upright|''Le Grand Saint Michel'', by [[Raphael]] (Raffaello Sanzio), Archangel Michael defeating evil]] [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventists]] believe that "Michael" is but one of the many titles applied to Jesus. According to Adventists, such a view does not in any way conflict with the belief in his full deity and eternal preexistence, nor does it in the least disparage his person and work.<ref>[http://www.sdanet.org/atissue/books/qod/index.htm Seventh-day Adventists Answer Questions on Doctrine], Review and Herald Publishing Association, Washington, D.C., 1957. Chapter 8 "Christ, and Michael the Archangel".</ref> According to Adventist theology, Michael was considered the "eternal Word", and the one by whom all things were created. The Word was then born incarnate as Jesus.<ref>''Seventh Day Adventists: What do they believe?'' by Val Waldeck Pilgrim Publications (April 5, 2005) p. 16</ref> They believe that name "Michael" signifies "One Who Is Like God" and that as the "Archangel" or "chief or head of the angels" he led the angels and thus the statement in [[s:Bible (American Standard)/Revelation 12:7–9|Revelation 12:7–9]] identifies Jesus as Michael.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adventistworld.org/article.php?id=787&search=law |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120724141630/http://www.adventistworld.org/article.php?id=787&search=law |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-07-24 |title=The Remnant |publisher=Adventist World |access-date=2011-12-05}}</ref> ====Jehovah's Witnesses==== {{See also|Jehovah's witnesses#Jehovah and Jesus Christ|l1=Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs about Jesus}} [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] believe Michael to be another name for [[Pre-existence of Christ|Jesus in heaven]], in his pre-human and post-resurrection existence.<ref name="autogenerated218">Reasoning from the Scriptures, 1985, Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, p. 218</ref> They say the definite article at Jude 9<ref>{{Bibleverse|Jude|9|ESV}}</ref>—referring to "Michael the archangel"—identifies Michael as the only archangel. They consider Michael to be synonymous with Christ, described at 1 Thessalonians 4:16<ref>{{Bibleverse|1|Thessalonians|4:16|ESV}}</ref> as descending "with a cry of command, with the voice of an archangel, and with the sound of the trumpet".<ref>{{cite book|url=http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200003035|title=Insight on the Scriptures|volume=2|pages=393–394|publisher=Watch Tower Society|access-date=2013-05-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1102005160|title=What Does the Bible ''Really'' Teach?|pages=218–219 |publisher=Watch Tower Society|access-date=2013-05-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/2007206|title=Angels—How They Affect Mankind|journal=The Watchtower|pages=21–25|publisher=Watch Tower Society|date=March 15, 2007|access-date=2013-05-01}}</ref> They believe the prominent roles assigned to Michael at Daniel 12:1,<ref>{{Bibleverse|Daniel|12:1|ESV}}</ref> Revelation 12:7,<ref>{{Bibleverse|Revelation |12:7|ESV}}</ref> Revelation 19:14,<ref>{{Bibleverse|Revelation |19:14|ESV}}</ref> and Revelation 16<ref>{{Bibleverse|Revelation|16|ESV}}</ref> are identical to Jesus' roles, being the one chosen to lead God's people and as the only one who "stands up", identifying the two as the same spirit being. Because they identify Michael with Jesus, he is therefore considered the first and greatest of all God's heavenly sons, God's chief messenger, who takes the lead in vindicating God's [[sovereignty]], sanctifying his name, fighting the wicked forces of Satan and protecting God's covenant people on earth.<ref>{{cite book|title=What Does The Bible ''Really'' Teach?|page=87|publisher=Watch Tower Society}}</ref> Jehovah's Witnesses also identify Michael with the "[[Angel of the Lord]]" who led and protected the Israelites in the wilderness.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Watchtower|title=Your Leader Is One, the Christ|date=September 15, 2010|page=21}}</ref> Their earliest teachings stated that Archangel Michael was not to be worshipped and was distinct from Jesus.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://ia600902.us.archive.org/5/items/WatchtowerLibrary/magazines/w/w1879_E.pdf|page=48|title=THE NAME OF JESUS|work=The Watchtower|date=November 1879|year=1879|volume=1|issue=4}}</ref> <!-- JW's changing core beliefs is part of their doctrine that humans make mistakes. https://christianity.stackexchange.com/questions/77680/the-founder-of-zions-watch-tower-charles-taze-russell-made-the-following-statem --> ====The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints==== {{See also|Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints}} Members of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (also known informally as Latter-day Saints or [[Mormons]]) believe that Michael is [[Adam and Eve (LDS Church)|Adam]], the [[Ancient of Days]] (Dan. 7), a prince, and the patriarch of the human family. They also hold that Michael assisted [[Jehovah]] (the [[Pre-existence#Latter Day Saints|pre-mortal]] form of [[Jesus]]) in the creation of the world under the direction of [[God the Father]] ([[Elohim#Latter Day Saint movement|Elohim]]); under the direction of the Father, Michael also cast Satan out of heaven.<ref>{{Citation |last= Millet |first= Robert L. |author-link= Robert L. Millet |title= The Man Adam |journal= [[Liahona (magazine)|Liahona]] |date= February 1998 |url= https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/liahona/1998/02/the-man-adam?lang=eng }}</ref><ref>{{lds|Doctrine and Covenants|dc|27|11}}</ref><ref>{{lds|Doctrine and Covenants|dc|107|53|56}}</ref><ref>{{lds|Doctrine and Covenants|dc|128|21}}</ref> ===Islam=== [[File:ميكائيل عليه السلام.png|thumb|Mīkāʾīl's name in [[Islamic calligraphy]]]] In Islam, Michael, or Mīkāʾīl,<ref name="King">{{cite web|title = King, Daniel "A Christian Qur'an? A Study in the Syriac Background of the Qur'an as Presented in the Work of Christoph Luxenberg," JLARC 3, 44–71 (2009)|url = http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/share/research/centres/clarc/jlarc/contents/King%2520A%2520Christian%2520Qur%2527an.pdf|website = School of History, Archaeology and Religion|access-date = 2015-12-17}}</ref> is the angel said to effectuate God's providence as well as natural phenomena, such as rain.<ref name=britannica>{{cite web |title=Mikal - Angel, Meaning, & Islam |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mikal |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=5 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref> He is one of the four archangels along with [[Gabriel#Islam|Jebreel]] (Gabriel, whom he is often paired with), [[Israfil|ʾIsrāfīl]] (trumpeter angel) and [[Azrael|ʿAzrāʾīl]] (angel of death).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/002-qmt.php#002.098 |title=Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement |publisher=Usc.edu |access-date=2015-01-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202024354/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/002-qmt.php#002.098 |archive-date=2015-02-02 }}</ref> Michael in Islam is tasked with providing nourishment for bodies and souls and is also responsible for universal or environmental events, and is often depicted as the archangel of mercy. He is said{{By whom|date=June 2021}} to be friendly, asking [[God in Islam|God]] for mercy toward humans and is, according to Muslim legends, one of the first to obey God's orders to bow before [[Adam in Islam|Adam]].<ref>John L. Esposito ''Oxford Dictionary of Islam'' Oxford University Press {{ISBN|978-0-195-12559-7}} p. 200</ref><ref name=britannica/> He is also responsible for the rewards doled out to good persons in this life. From the tears of Michael, angels are created as his helpers.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 20832755|title = The Creation of Man and Angels in the Eschatological Literature: &#91;Translated Excerpts from an Unpublished Collection of Traditions&#93;|last1 = MacDonald|first1 = John|journal = Islamic Studies|year = 1964|volume = 3|issue = 3|pages = 285–308}}</ref> In a [[Sunan an-Nasa'i|version]] of a [[hadith]] by [[Al-Nasa'i|an-Nasāʾi]], [[Muhammad]] is quoted as saying that Gabriel and Michael came to him, and when Gabriel had sat down at his right and Michael at his left, Gabriel told him to recite the Qurʾān in one mode, and Michael told him to ask more, till he reached seven modes, each mode being sufficiently health-giving.<ref>{{cite book |last1=At-Tabrizi |first1=Khatib |title=Mishkat al-Masabih 2215 - The Excellent Qualities of the Qur'an - كتاب فضائل القرآن, Hadith 2215 - Sunnah.com |url=https://sunnah.com/mishkat:2215 |access-date=5 August 2021}}</ref> According to another hadith in [[Sahih Muslim]], Michael, along with Gabriel both dressed in white, were reported to have accompanied Muhammad on the day of the [[Battle of Uhud]].<ref>Sahih Muslim, Book of Virtues (#43), Hadith 63 (reference: Sahih Muslim 2306a)</ref> In [[Shia Islam]], in [[Dua]] Umm Dawood, a supplication reportedly handed down by the 6th [[Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq]], the reciter sends blessing upon Michael (with his name spelled as Mīkā'īl):<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.duas.org/ummedawood.htm |title = Aamal e Umme Dawood}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wilayatmission.org/Duas/UmmDawood.pdf |title=Dua of Umm Dawood |publisher=www.wilayatmission.org |date= |access-date=2021-02-13}}</ref> <blockquote>O Allah! Bestow your blessing on Michael-angel of Your mercy and created for kindness and seeker of pardon for and supporter of the obedient people.</blockquote> Michael appears in the creation narrative of [[Adam in Islam|Adam]]. Accordingly, he was sent to bring a handful of earth, but the Earth did not yield a piece of itself, some of which will burn. This is articulated by [[Al-Tha`labi|Al-Tha'labi]], whose narrative states that God tells Earth that some will obey him and others will not.<ref>The Birth of the Prophet Muḥammad: Devotional Piety in Sunni Islam – p. 21, Marion Holmes Katz – 2007</ref> ===Baha'i Faith=== The archangel Michael seems to have never been mentioned publicly by [[Baha'u'llah]], [['Abdu'l-Baha]], [[Shoghi Effendi]], or even the [[Universal House of Justice]]. However, in Baha'i publishing about the interpretation of the [[Book of Revelation]] from the [[New Testament]], Baha'is have claimed that Baha'u'llah was ""one of the chief princes" of Persia"<ref>The Logic of The Revelation of St. John|Stephen Beebe|Baha'i Publishing Trust|2001|pgs. 103-104</ref><ref>Daniel 10:7-13</ref> foretold as Michael who would win "final victory over the dragon". Or, Michael, "One like God", is thought to be Baha'u'llah, as archangel Michael is thought to be an emanation of [[Hod (Kabbalah)|Hod]] or "glory" in [[Jewish Mysticism]]<ref>The Apocalypse Unsealed|Robert F. Riggs|Philosophical Library, Inc.|1982|pgs. 160,164</ref> - because "Baha'u'llah" means splendor or glory of God. ==Feasts== [[File:S. Miguel Arcanjo.jpg|thumb|right|Archangel Michael at a Portuguese feast in [[Cabeceiras de Basto]]]] In the [[General Roman Calendar]], the [[Calendar of saints (Church of England)|Anglican Calendar of Saints]], and the [[Calendar of Saints (Lutheran)|Lutheran Calendar of Saints]], the archangel's feast is celebrated on [[Michaelmas]] Day, 29 September. The day is also considered the feast of Saints Michael, [[Gabriel]], and [[Raphael (archangel)|Raphael]], in the General Roman Calendar and the Feast of Saint Michael and All Angels according to the Church of England.<ref>''Saint Michael the Archangel in Medieval English Legend'' by Richard Freeman Johnson 2005 {{ISBN|1-84383-128-7}} p. 105</ref> In the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], Saint Michael's principal feast day is 8 November (those that use the [[Julian calendar]] celebrate it on what in the [[Gregorian calendar]] is now 21 November), honouring him along with the rest of the ''"Bodiless Powers of Heaven"'' (i.e. [[angel]]s) as their Supreme Commander, and the ''[[Miracle of the Archangel Michael at Chonae#Miracle of the Archangel Michael|Miracle at Chonae]]'' is commemorated on 6 September.<ref>''Icons and saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church'' by Alfredo Tradigo 2006 {{ISBN|0-89236-845-4}} p. 46</ref><ref>''The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity'' 2010 by Ken Parry {{ISBN|1-4443-3361-5}} p. 242</ref> In the calendar of the [[Church of England]] [[diocese of Truro]], 8 May is the feast of ''St. Michael, Protector of Cornwall''. The archangel Michael is one of the three patron saints of [[Cornwall]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/cornwall/uncovered/stories/st_piran_background.shtml|title=BBC - Cornwall Uncovered - Story The Legend of St Piran|website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> The feast of the Appearing of S. Michael the Archangel is observed by Anglo-Catholics on 8 May.<ref>''The English Missal for the laity''; 3rd ed. London: W. Knott, 1958; pp. 625–627</ref> From medieval times until 1960 it was also observed on that day in the Roman Catholic Church; the feast commemorates the archangel's apparition on [[Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo|Mount Gargano in Italy]].<ref>Cross & Livingstone (eds.) ''ODCC''; p. 613</ref> In the [[Coptic Orthodox Church]], the main feast day in 12 [[Hathor (month)|Hathor]] and 12 [[Paoni]], and he is celebrated liturgically on the 12th of each Coptic month. ==Patronages and orders== <!-- If you want to add patronages here, be SURE to add [[WP:RS]] references, and not just claim them, if you do not want them deleted soon. --> In late [[medieval Christianity]], Michael, together with [[Saint George]], became the [[patron saint]] of [[chivalry]] and is now also considered the patron saint of police officers, paramedics and the military.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>{{sfn|Ball|p=586}} Since the victorious [[Battle of Lechfeld]] against the Hungarians in 955, Michael was the patron saint of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and still is the patron saint of modern Germany and other German-speaking regions formerly covered by the realm. [[File:COA of Kyiv Kurovskyi.svg|upright|thumb|[[Coat of arms of Kyiv]]]] [[File:Greater coat of arms of the City of Brussels.svg|upright|thumb|[[Coat of arms of Brussels]]]] In mid to late 15th century, France was one of only four courts in [[Western Christianity|Western Christendom]] without an order of knighthood.<ref name="Dacre">''The Knights of the Crown: The Monarchical Orders of Knighthood in Later Medieval Europe 1325–1520'' by D'Arcy Jonathan Dacre Boulton 2000 {{ISBN|0-85115-795-5}} pp. 427–428</ref> Later in the 15th century, [[Jean Molinet]] glorified the primordial feat of arms of the archangel as "the first deed of knighthood and chivalrous prowess that was ever achieved."<ref>Noted by [[Johan Huizinga]], ''[[The Autumn of the Middle Ages|The Waning of the Middle Ages]]'' (1919, 1924:56.</ref> Thus Michael was the natural patron of the first [[chivalric order]] of France, the [[Order of Saint Michael]] of 1469.<ref name="Dacre" /> In the [[British honours system]], a chivalric order founded in 1818 is also named for these two saints, the [[Order of St Michael and St George]].<ref>Angels in the early modern world By Alexandra Walsham, Cambridge University Press, 2006 {{ISBN|0-521-84332-4}} p. 2008</ref> Prior to 1878, the [[Scapular of St. Michael the Archangel]] could be worn as part of a Roman Catholic [[Archconfraternity]]. Presently, enrollment is authorized as this [[Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel|holy scapular]] remains as one of the 18 approved by the Church. Apart from his being a patron of warriors, the sick and the suffering also consider Archangel Michael their patron saint.<ref>''Patron Saints'' by Michael Freze 1992 {{ISBN|0-87973-464-7}} p. 170</ref> Based on the legend of his 8th-century [[Vision (spirituality)|apparition]] at [[Mont-Saint-Michel]], France, the Archangel is the patron of [[sailors|mariners]] in this famous sanctuary.<ref name=Cathenc /> After the evangelisation of Germany, where mountains were often dedicated to pagan gods, Christians placed many mountains under the patronage of the Archangel, and numerous mountain chapels of St. Michael appeared all over Germany.<ref name=Cathenc /> Similarly, the Sanctuary of St. Michel (San Migel Aralarkoa), the oldest Christian building in Navarre (Spain), lies at the top of a hill on the [[Aralar Range]], and harbours Carolingian remains. St. Michel is an ancient devotion of [[Navarre]] and eastern [[Gipuzkoa]], revered by the [[History of the Basques#Christianization|Basques]], shrouded in legend, and held as a champion against paganism and heresy. It came to symbolize the defense of Catholicism, as well as Basque tradition and values during the early 20th century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dronda |first=Javier |date=2013 |title=Con Cristo o contra Cristo: Religión y movilización antirrepublicana en Navarra (1931–1936)|location=Tafalla |publisher=Txalaparta |pages=54–55 |isbn=978-84-15313-31-1 }}</ref> He has been the patron saint of [[Brussels]] since the Middle Ages.<ref>''Netherlandish sculpture 1450–1550'' by Paul Williamson 2002 {{ISBN|0-8109-6602-6}} p. 42</ref> The city of [[Arkhangelsk]] in Russia is named for the Archangel. Ukraine and its capital [[Kyiv]] also consider Michael their patron saint and protector.<ref name="Fairbairn">''Eastern Orthodoxy through Western eyes'' by Donald Fairbairn 2002 {{ISBN|0-664-22497-0}} p. 148</ref> In [[Linlithgow]], Scotland, St. Michael has been the patron saint of the town since the 13th century, with [[St. Michael's Parish Church]] being originally constructed in 1134. Since the 14th century, Saint Michael has been the patron saint of [[Dumfries]] in Scotland, where a church dedicated to him was built at the southern end of the town, on a mound overlooking the [[River Nith]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.loreburne.co.uk/history_of_dumfries.html|title=History of Dumfries|publisher=loreburne.co.uk|access-date=29 November 2017}}</ref> An [[Anglican]] sisterhood dedicated to Saint Michael under the title of the [[Community of St Michael and All Angels]] was founded in 1851.<ref>''All Saints Sisters of the Poor: An Anglican Sisterhood in the Nineteenth Century (Church of England Record Society)'' by Susan Mumm 200 {{ISBN|0-85115-728-9}} p. 48</ref> The [[Congregation of Saint Michael the Archangel]] (CSMA), also known as the ''Michaelite Fathers'', is a religious order of the Roman Catholic Church founded in 1897. The Canons Regular of the Order of St Michael the Archangel (OSM) are an Order of [[Profession (religious)|professed]] religious within the [[Anglican Church in North America]], the North American component of the [[Anglican realignment]] movement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orderofstmichaelanglican.com/|title=甘肃快3_官方彩购买|website=www.orderofstmichaelanglican.com}}</ref> In the United States military Saint Michael is considered to be a patron of paratroopers and, in particular, the [[82nd Airborne Division]].<ref>[https://www.jber.jb.mil/News/Commentaries/Display/Article/772200/chaplains-corner-saint-michael-patron-saint-of-the-airborne-military/ Chaplain's Corner: Saint Michael, patron saint of the airborne, military]. Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson Alaska.</ref> One of the first battles where the unit first was combat christened is the [[Battle of Saint-Mihiel]] during World War I. The beret insignia of The 2nd Foreign Legion Parachute Regiment (French: 2 e Régiment étranger de parachutistes, 2 e REP) is a winged arm grasping a dagger, representing Saint Michael.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://foreignlegion.info/history/2rep/|title=History: 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment &#124; French Foreign Legion Information}}</ref> ==Legends== ===Judaism=== There is a legend which seems to be of Jewish origin, and which was adopted by the [[Copt]]s, to the effect that Michael was first sent by God to bring [[Nebuchadnezzar]] (c. 600 BC) against Jerusalem, and that Michael was afterward very active in freeing his nation from Babylonian captivity.<ref>[[Émile Amélineau|Amélineau]], "Contes et Romans de l'Egypte Chrétienne", ii. 142 et seq</ref> According to midrash [[Genesis Rabbah]], Michael saved [[Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego|Hananiah]] and his companions from the [[Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego|Fiery furnace]].<ref>Midrash Genesis Rabbah xliv. 16</ref> Michael was active in the time of [[Esther]]: "The more [[Haman (Bible)|Haman]] accused Israel on earth, the more Michael defended Israel in heaven".<ref>Midrash Esther Rabbah iii. 8</ref> It was Michael who reminded [[Ahasuerus]] that he was [[Mordecai]]'s debtor;<ref>Targum to Esther, vi. 1</ref> and there is a legend that Michael appeared to the high priest [[John Hyrcanus|Hyrcanus]], promising him assistance.<ref>comp. Josephus, "Ant." xiii. 10, § 3</ref> According to ''[[Legends of the Jews]]'', archangel Michael was the chief of a band of angels who questioned God's decision to create man on Earth; a deeper analysis about Archangel Michael's action here is that Archangel Michael could have also questioned God as to why he did not kill Satan and his rebel horde of djinns/demons the minute Adam and Eve were created, thus removing the parable of evil and the question of the Garden of Eden.<ref name="ginzberg michael">Ginzberg, Louis, [https://philologos.org/__eb-lotj/vol1/two.htm#2 The Legends of the Jews, Vol. I: The Angels and The Creation of Man] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201063745/https://philologos.org/__eb-lotj/vol1/two.htm#2 |date=2017-12-01 }}, (Translated by Henrietta Szold), Johns Hopkins University Press: 1998, {{ISBN|0-8018-5890-9}}</ref> Regardless, the entire band of angels, except for Michael, was then consumed by fire.<ref name="ginzberg michael" /> ===Christianity=== [[File:Michael Miracle Icon Sinai 12th century.jpg|thumb|150px|upright|A 12th-century [[icon]] of the ''[[Miracle of the Archangel Michael at Chonae|Miracle at Chonae]]'', from [[Saint Catherine's Monastery]], [[Mount Sinai]].]] [[File:Antonia astonac rev1.jpg|thumb|150px|The Portuguese Carmelite nun, [[Antónia d'Astónaco]], reported an apparition and [[private revelation]] of the [[Saint Michael in the Catholic Church|Archangel Michael]].]] The [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] celebrates the [[Miracle of the Archangel Michael at Chonae|Miracle at Chonae]] on September 6.<ref>Makarios of Simonos Petra, ''The Synaxarion: the Lives of the Saints of the Orthodox Church'', trans. Christopher Hookway (Holy Convent of the Annunciation of Our Lady 1998 {{ISBN|960-85603-7-3}}), p. 47.</ref> The pious legend surrounding the event states that [[John the Apostle]], when preaching nearby, foretold the appearance of Michael at Cheretopa near [[Lake Salda]], where a healing spring appeared soon after the Apostle left; in gratitude for the healing of his daughter, one pilgrim built a church on the site.<ref>Synaxarion, p. 47.</ref> Local pagans, who are described as jealous of the healing power of the spring and the church, attempt to drown the church by redirecting the river, but the Archangel, "in the likeness of a column of fire", split the bedrock to open up a new bed for the stream, directing the flow away from the church.<ref>Synaxarion, p. 48.</ref> The legend is supposed to have predated the actual events, but the 5th – 7th-century texts that refer to the miracle at Chonae formed the basis of specific paradigms for "properly approaching" angelic intermediaries for more effective prayers within the Christian culture.<ref name=Peers >{{cite book|title=Subtle bodies: representing angels in Byzantium|first=Glenn |last=Peers |year=2001|publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0-520-22405-1 |page= 144 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kaonEi_dCJIC&q=Chonae+michael+miracle+university+california&pg=PA143}}</ref> {{visible anchor|There is a late-5th-century legend}} in [[Cornwall]], UK that the Archangel appeared to fishermen on [[St Michael's Mount]].<ref name=Cornwall /> According to author Richard Freeman Johnson, this legend is likely a nationalistic twist to a myth.<ref name=Cornwall >''Saint Michael the Archangel in medieval English legend'' by Richard Freeman Johnson 2005 {{ISBN|1-84383-128-7}} p. 68</ref> Cornish legends also hold that the mount itself was constructed by giants<ref>''Popular Romances of the West of England'' by Robert Hunt 2009 {{ISBN|0-559-12999-8}} p. 238</ref> and that [[King Arthur]] battled a giant there.<ref>''Myths and Legends of Britain and Ireland'' by Richard Jones 2006 {{ISBN|1-84537-594-7}} p. 17</ref> The legend of the apparition of the Archangel at around 490 AD at a secluded hilltop cave on [[Monte Gargano]] in Italy gained a following among the [[Lombards]] in the immediate period thereafter, and by the 8th century, pilgrims arrived from as far away as England.<ref>''The Medieval state: essays presented to James Campbell'' by John Robert Maddicott, David Michael Palliser, James Campbell 2003 {{ISBN|1-85285-195-3}} pp. 10–11</ref> The [[Tridentine Calendar]] included a feast of the apparition on 8 May, the date of the 663 victory over the [[Greece|Greek]] [[Naples|Neapolitans]] that the Lombards of [[Manfredonia]] attributed to Saint Michael.<ref name=Cathenc /> The feast [[General Roman Calendar of 1954|remained]] in the Roman liturgical calendar until removed in the [[General Roman Calendar of 1960|revision]] of [[Pope John XXIII]]. The [[Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo]] at Gargano is a major Catholic pilgrimage site. According to Roman legends, Archangel Michael appeared with a sword over the [[mausoleum]] of [[Hadrian]] while a devastating plague persisted in Rome, in apparent answer to the prayers of Pope [[Gregory I the Great]] (c. 590–604) that the plague should cease. After the plague ended, in honor of the occasion, the pope called the mausoleum ''"[[Castel Sant'Angelo]]"'' (Castle of the Holy Angel), the name by which it is still known.<ref name=Butler320 /> According to [[Normandy|Norman]] legend, Michael is said to have appeared to [[St Aubert]], [[Bishop of Avranches]], in 708, giving instruction to build a church on the rocky islet now known as [[Mont Saint-Michel]].<ref name=MonkM >''Mont-Saint-Michel: a monk talks about his abbey'' by Jean-Pierre Mouton, Olivier Mignon 1998 {{ISBN|2-7082-3351-3}} pp. 55–56</ref><ref name="CathMont">{{cite web|url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10551a.htm|title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Mont-St-Michel|website=www.newadvent.org}}</ref><ref name=pilgrim /> In 960 the [[Duke of Normandy]] commissioned a [[Order of St. Benedict|Benedictine]] abbey on the mount, and it remains a major pilgrimage site.<ref name="pilgrim">''Pilgrimage: from the Ganges to Graceland : an encyclopedia, Volume 1'' by Linda Kay Davidson, David Martin Gitlitz 2002 {{ISBN|1-57607-004-2}} p. 398</ref> A [[Portugal|Portuguese]] [[Carmelites|Carmelite]] nun, [[Antónia d'Astónaco]], reported an apparition and [[private revelation]] of the [[Saint Michael (Roman Catholic)|Archangel Michael]] who had told to this devoted [[Servant of God#Roman Catholicism|Servant of God]], in 1751, that he would like to be honored, and God glorified, by the praying of nine special invocations. These nine invocations correspond to invocations to the nine choirs of angels and origins the famous [[Chaplet of Saint Michael]]. This private revelation and prayers were approved by [[Pope Pius IX]] in 1851.{{sfn|Ball|p=123}}<ref>[[EWTN]] [http://www.ewtn.com/devotionals/prayers/chaplet-of-st-michael.htm The Chaplet of Saint Michael the Archangel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029165706/http://www.ewtn.com/Devotionals/prayers/chaplet-of-st-michael.htm |date=2010-10-29 }}</ref> From 1961 to 1965, four young schoolgirls had reported several apparitions of Archangel Michael in the small village of [[San Sebastian de Garabandal|Garabandal]], Spain. At Garabandal, the apparitions of the Archangel Michael were mainly reported as announcing the arrivals of the [[Blessed Virgin Mary|Virgin Mary]]. The [[Catholic Church]] has neither approved nor condemned the [[Garabandal apparitions]].<ref>Michael Freze, 1993, ''Voices, Visions, and Apparitions'', OSV Publishing {{ISBN|0-87973-454-X}} p. 267</ref> ==Art and literature== ===In literature=== In the English [[epic poem]] ''[[Paradise Lost]]'' by [[John Milton]], Michael commands the army of angels loyal to God against the rebel forces of [[Satan]]. Armed with a sword from God's armory, he bests Satan in personal combat, wounding his side.<ref>John Milton, ''Paradise Lost'' 1674 [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~milton/reading_room/pl/book_6/index.shtml Book VI line 320]</ref> In [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]]'s translation of [[The Golden Legend]], Michael is one of the angels of the seven planets. He is the angel of Mercury.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Longfellow |first1=Henry Wadsworth |title=The Golden Legend |date=1851 |publisher=Ticknor, Reed and Fields |location=Boston |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/10490/10490-h/10490-h.htm}}</ref> ===Music=== [[Marc-Antoine Charpentier]], ''Praelium Michaelis Archangeli factum in coelo cum dracone,'' H.410, oratorio for soloists, double chorus, strings and continuo. (1683) ===Artistic depictions=== {{Main|Archangel Michael in Christian art}} [[File:Meister der Ikone des Erzengels Michael 001 adjusted.jpg|thumb|10th-century gold and enamel Byzantine [[icon]] of [[St Michael]], in the treasury of the St Mark's Basilica ]] In [[Christian art]], Archangel Michael may be depicted alone or with other angels such as [[Gabriel]]. Some depictions with Gabriel date back to the 8th century, e.g. the stone casket at [[Mortain|Notre Dame de Mortain]] church in France.<ref name=rich141 /> The widely reproduced image of ''[[Our Mother of Perpetual Help]]'', an icon of the [[Cretan school]], depicts Michael on the left carrying the lance and sponge of the [[crucifixion of Jesus]], with Gabriel on the right side of [[Madonna and Child|Mary and Jesus]].<ref>''Icons and saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church'' by Alfredo Tradigo 2006 {{ISBN|0-89236-845-4}} p. 188</ref> In many depictions, Michael is represented as an angelic warrior, fully armed with helmet, sword, and shield.<ref name=Cathenc /> The shield may bear the Latin inscription ''[[Quis ut Deus]]'' or the Greek inscription ''Christos Dikaios Krites'' or its initials.<ref>Ann Ball, 2003 ''Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices'' {{ISBN|0-87973-910-X}} p. 520</ref> He may be standing over a serpent, a dragon, or the defeated figure of Satan, whom he sometimes pierces with a lance.<ref name=Cathenc /> The iconography of Michael slaying a serpent goes back to the early 4th century, when [[Emperor Constantine]] defeated [[Licinius]] at the [[Battle of Adrianople (324)|Battle of Adrianople]] in 324 AD, not far from the ''[[Michaelion]]'', a church dedicated to Archangel Michael.<ref name=Richard /> Constantine felt that Licinius was an agent of Satan and associated him with the serpent described in the [[Book of Revelation]] ([[s:Bible (American Standard)/Revelation#12:9|12:9]]).<ref>''Constantine and the Christian empire'' by Charles Matson Odahl 2004 {{ISBN|0-415-17485-6}} p. 315</ref> After the victory, Constantine commissioned a depiction of himself and his sons slaying Licinius represented as a serpent – a symbolism borrowed from the Christian teachings on the Archangel to whom he attributed the victory. A similar painting, this time with the Archangel Michael himself slaying a serpent, then became a major art piece at the Michaelion and eventually lead to the standard [[iconography]] of Archangel Michael as a [[warrior saint]].<ref name=Richard /> In other depictions, Michael may be holding a pair of scales in which he weighs the souls of the departed and may hold the [[book of life]] (as in the [[Book of Revelation]]), to show that he takes part in the judgment.<ref name=rich141 /> However, this form of depiction is less common than the slaying of the dragon.<ref name=rich141 >''Saint Michael the Archangel in medieval English legend'' by Richard Freeman Johnson 2005 {{ISBN|1-84383-128-7}} pp. 141–147</ref> [[Michelangelo]] depicted this scene on the altar wall of the [[Sistine Chapel]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vaticanstate.va/EN/Monuments/The_Vatican_Museums/Sistine_Chapel--p--5.htm |title=Vatican website: Sistine Chapel |publisher=Vaticanstate.va |access-date=2010-07-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526031746/http://www.vaticanstate.va/EN/Monuments/The_Vatican_Museums/Sistine_Chapel--p--5.htm |archive-date=2010-05-26 }}</ref> In [[Byzantine art]], Michael was often shown as a princely court dignitary rather than a warrior who battled Satan or with scales for weighing souls on the [[Day of Judgement]].<ref>''Saints in art'' by Rosa Giorgi, Stefano Zuffi 2003 {{ISBN|0-89236-717-2}} pp. 274–276</ref> <gallery> File:Faras - Archangel Michael with a horn trumpet and an orb - Google Art Project.jpg|Archangel Michael on a 9th-century [[Makuria]]n mural File:Rublev Arhangel Mikhail.jpg|[[Andrei Rublev]]'s standalone depiction c. 1408 File:Francesco Botticini - I tre Arcangeli e Tobias.jpg|Michael (left) with archangels [[Raphael (archangel)|Raphael]] and [[Gabriel]], by [[Francesco Botticini|Botticini]], 1470 File:MemlingJudgmentCenter-crop.jpg|''Weighing souls'' on [[Last Judgment|Judgement Day]] by [[Hans Memling]], 15th century File:GIORDANO, Luca fallen angels.jpg|Michael defeating the [[fallen angel]]s, by [[Luca Giordano]] c. 1660–65 Image:Angel Van Verschaffelt SantAngelo.jpg|Bronze statue of Archangel Michael, standing on top of the [[Castel Sant'Angelo]], modelled in 1753 by [[Peter Anton von Verschaffelt]] (1710–1793). File:Archangel Michael Hajdudorog.JPG|Michael's icon on the northern ''deacons' door'' on the [[iconostasis of Hajdúdorog]]. The archangel is often depicted on iconostases' doors as a defender of the sanctuary. File:Archangel Michael, St Pancras New Church, London.JPG|''Archangel Michael'' by [[Emily Young]] in the grounds of [[St Pancras New Church]]. Plaque inscription: "In memory of the victims of the [[7 July 2005 London bombings|7th July 2005 bombings]] and all victims of violence. 'I will lift up my eyes unto the hills' [[Psalm 121]]" File:St. Michael the Archangel.jpg|St. Michael the Archangel and the Dragon. Queen of Archangels Roman Catholic Parish, Clarence, PA File:St Michael's victory over the Devil by Sir Jacob Epstein, Coventry Cathedral.jpg|''[[St Michael's Victory over the Devil]]'', a sculpture by [[Jacob Epstein]]. </gallery> ==Churches named after Michael== * [[St. Michael's Church (disambiguation)]] {{commons|Structured gallery of churches dedicated to Archangel Michael}} [[File:Mont Saint-Michel France.jpg|thumb|The [[Mont-Saint-Michel]] in [[Normandy]], France]] [[File:20060416-Michaelskirche Muenchen.jpg|thumb|[[St. Michael's Church, Munich|St. Michael's]] [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] church, [[Munich]], [[Bavaria]], Germany]] <!--DO NOT ADD SMALL PARISH CHURCHES TO THIS SECTION. IT IS FOR MAJOR SHRINES. --> * Parroquia de San Miguel Arcángel ([[:es:Parroquia de San Miguel Arcángel (San Miguel el Alto)|es]]), [[San Miguel de Allende]], [[Guanajuato]] Mexico [[World Heritage Site]] * [[Sacra di San Michele]] (Saint Michael's Abbey), near [[Turin]], Italy * Pfarrei Brixen St. Michael with the [[White Tower (Brixen)|White Tower]], [[Brixen]], Italy * [[Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula]], in [[Brussels]], Belgium * [[Mont-Saint-Michel]], [[Normandy]], France – a [[World Heritage Site]] * [[St. Michael's Cathedral Basilica (Toronto)]], Canada * [[St. Michael's Cathedral (Izhevsk)]], Russia * [[St. Michael's Cathedral, Qingdao]], China * [[Chudov Monastery]] in the [[Moscow Kremlin]] * [[Cathedral of the Archangel]] in the Moscow Kremlin – a World Heritage Site * [[Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo]], [[Gargano]], Italy – a World Heritage Site * [[St Michael's Mount]], [[Cornwall]], UK * [[St. Michael's Basilica, Miramichi]], Canada * [[Skellig Michael]], off the [[Ireland|Irish]] west coast – a World Heritage Site * [[Coventry Cathedral|St Michael's Cathedral]], [[Coventry]], UK * [[St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery]], [[Kyiv]], Ukraine * Basilica of St Michael the Archangel, [[Pensacola, Florida]], United States * [[St. Michael's Church, Vienna]] in [[Vienna]], Austria * [[Tayabas Basilica]], Tayabas, Quezon, [[Philippines]] * [[St. Michael the Archangel Parish Church]], Pontevedra, Negros Occidental, [[Philippines]] * [[St. Michael's Church, Berlin]], Germany * [[St. Michael's Church, Munich|St. Michael's]] [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] church, [[Munich]], Germany * [[St. Michael's Cathedral, Belgrade]] in [[Belgrade]], [[Serbia]] * [[Gamu Cathedral|Cathedral of St. Michael the Archangel]] in [[Gamu, Isabela]], Philippines * [[Mission San Miguel Arcángel]], San Miguel, California, United States, one of the California Missions * [[St Michael at the North Gate]], [[Oxford]], UK * [[St. Michael's Church, Mumbai]], India * [[Church of St. Michael, Štip]], Republic of Macedonia * [[St Michael and All Angels Church, Polwatte]] ==See also== * [[Angelus]] * [[Biblical cosmology]] * [[Christian angelic hierarchy]] * [[Guardian Angel of Portugal]] * [[Hierarchy of angels]] * [[List of angels in theology]] * [[Metatron]] * [[Portal:Catholicism/Patron Archive/September 29|Saint Michael, patron saint archive]] * [[Saint Michael in the Catholic Church]] * [[Saureil]] * [[Seraph]] * [[Theophory in the Bible]] * [[Uriel]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliography== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book |last1 = Asale |first1 = Bruk Ayele |title = 1 Enoch as Christian Scripture |publisher = Pickwick |year = 2020 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fQLtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA55 }} * {{Cite book |last1 = Barker |first1 = Margaret |chapter = The Angel Raphael in the Book of Tobit |editor1-last = Bredin |editor1-first = Mark |title = Studies in the Book of Tobit |publisher = A&C Black |year = 2006 |isbn = 9780567082299 |chapter-url = 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''Saint Michael: The Archangel'', Sounds True, 2007 {{ISBN|1-59179-627-X}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Archangel Michael}} {{Wikiquote}} * [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=560&letter=M ''Jewish Encyclopedia'': Michael] {{Angels in Abrahamic Religions}} {{Catholic saints}} {{Quranic people}} {{Book of Daniel}} {{Book of Revelation}} {{Private revelation}} {{Coptic saints}} {{Portalbar|Saints}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Michael (Archangel)}} [[Category:Michael (archangel)| ]] [[Category:Angels in the Book of Enoch]] [[Category:Archangels in Christianity]] [[Category:Archangels in Islam]] [[Category:Archangel in Judaism]] [[Category:Archangels]] [[Category:Christian saints from the New Testament|Michael]] [[Category:Christian saints from the Old Testament]] [[Category:Individual angels]] [[Category:Patron saints of France]] [[Category:Quranic figures]] [[Category:Angels of death]] [[Category:Adam and Eve in Mormonism]]'