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{{short description|Archangel in Jewish, Christian and Islamic teachings}}
{{Infobox saint
|honorific_prefix = [[Saint]]
|name = Michael
|image = File:Luca Giordano - The Fall of the Rebel Angels - Google Art Project.jpg
|caption =
|titles = Archangel, Prince of Heavenly Host
|feast_day = *'''8 November''' (New Calendar Eastern Orthodox Churches)
* '''8 November''' ([[Eastern Catholic Churches]])
* '''21 November''' (Old Calendar Eastern Orthodox Churches)
* '''29 September''' ("[[Michaelmas]]")
* '''8 May''' ([[Tridentine Calendar]])
* '''12th of each month in [[Coptic calendar]]''' (Coptic Churches)
* Many other local and historical feasts
|beatified_by=
|canonized_date = [[Pre-Congregation]]
|canonized_place =
|canonized_by=
|major_shrine=
|attributes = [[Archangel]]; Treading on a dragon; carrying a banner, [[Scale armour|scales]], sword, and weighing souls
|patronage = Protector of the Jewish people,<ref name="Bible gateway, Daniel 12:1">{{cite web|url=http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=daniel%2012;&version=31 |title=Bible gateway, Daniel 12:1 |publisher=Biblegateway.com |access-date=2010-07-21}}</ref> Guardian of the Catholic Church,<ref name=Alban >[[Alban Butler]], ''The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and other Principal Saints''. 12 vols. B. Dornin, 1821; p. 117</ref> Vatican City,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news.va/en/news/benedict-xvi-joins-pope-francis-in-consecrating-va |title=Benedict XVI joins Pope Francis in consecrating Vatican to St Michael Archangel |publisher=news.va |access-date=2013-07-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ryTpAgAAQBAJ&q=Michael+patron+police&pg=PA72 |title=The Patron Saints Handbook |publisher=The Word Among Us Press |first=Mitch |last=Finley |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-59325403-2 |page=72 |access-date=2014-05-01}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=June 2019}} sickness, [[police officers]], military<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=308 |title=St. Michael, the Archangel – Saints & Angels |publisher=Catholic.org |access-date=2012-12-27}}</ref>
|issues=
|venerated_in = All [[Christian denomination]]s which [[veneration of saints|venerate saints]]<br>[[Judaism]]<br>[[Islam]]
}}
'''Michael''' ({{IPA-he|mixaˈʔel|lang}}; {{lang-he|מִיכָאֵל|lit=[[Quis ut Deus?|Who is like El?]]|translit=Mīḳā'ēl}}; {{lang-el|Μιχαήλ|translit=Mikhaḗl}}; {{lang-la|Michahel}}; {{lang-cop|ⲙⲓⲭⲁⲏⲗ}}; {{lang-ar|ميخائيل ، مِيكَالَ ، ميكائيل|translit=Mīkā'īl, Mīkāl or Mīkhā'īl|lit=}})<ref>{{cite web | url=https://quran.com/2/98?translations=19,101,85,84,22,21,20,18,17,95 | title=Surah Al-Baqarah [2:98]}}</ref> is an [[archangel]] in [[Judaism]], [[Christianity]], and [[Islam]]. In [[Catholic Church|Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox]], [[Anglican]], and [[Lutheran]] systems of faith, he is called '''Saint Michael the Archangel''' and '''Saint Michael'''. In the [[Oriental Orthodox]] and [[Eastern Orthodox]] religions, he is called '''Saint Michael the Taxiarch'''.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22St.%20Michael%20the%20Taxiarch%22&sin=TXT/|title= List of books attesting the title of "Saint Michael the Taxiarch"|language= en, de}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url= https://www.academia.edu/1897792|title= From Lieux de Pouvoir to Lieux de Mémoire: The Monuments of the Medieval Castle of Ioannina through the Centuries|author1= B. Osswald (PhD)|year= 2008|publisher= Edizioni Plus-Pisa University Press|isbn= 978-88-8492-558-9|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180802003211/https://www.academia.edu/1897792/From_Lieux_de_Pouvoir_to_Lieux_de_M%C3%A9moire_The_Monuments_of_the_Medieval_Castle_of_Ioannina_through_the_Centuries|archive-date= 2 August 2018|url-status= live}}</ref> In other [[Protestant]] churches, he is referred to as '''Archangel Michael'''.
Michael is mentioned three times in the [[Book of Daniel]]. The idea that Michael was the advocate of the Jews became so prevalent that, in spite of the rabbinical prohibition against appealing to angels as intermediaries between [[God]] and his people, Michael came to occupy a certain place in the [[Jewish liturgy]].
In the [[New Testament]], Michael leads God's armies against [[Satan]]'s forces in the [[Book of Revelation]], where during the [[War in Heaven|war in heaven]] he defeats Satan. In the [[Epistle of Jude]], Michael is specifically referred to as "the archangel Michael". Sanctuaries to Michael were built by Christians in the 4th century, when he was first seen as a healing angel. Over time his role became one of a protector and the leader of the army of God against the forces of evil.
==Scriptural references==
===Hebrew Bible===
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[[File:GuidoReni MichaelDefeatsSatan.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Guido Reni]]'s Michael (in [[Santa Maria della Concezione dei Cappuccini|Santa Maria della Concezione]] church, Rome, 1636) tramples Satan. A mosaic of the same painting decorates ''St. Michael's Altar'' in [[St. Peter's Basilica]].]]
Michael is mentioned three times in the [[Hebrew Bible]] (the [[Old Testament]]), all in the [[Book of Daniel]]. The prophet [[Daniel (biblical figure)|Daniel]] has a vision after having undergone a period of fasting. [[s:Bible (American Standard)/Daniel#10:13|Daniel 10:13–21]] describes Daniel's vision of an angel who identifies Michael as the protector of [[Israelites]].<ref>''Who's who in the Jewish Bible'' by David Mandel 2007 {{ISBN|0-8276-0863-2}} p. 270</ref> At [[s:Bible (American Standard)/Daniel#12:1|Daniel 12:1]], Daniel is informed that Michael will arise during the "[[end times|time of the end]]".<ref>''Daniel: Wisdom to the Wise: Commentary on the Book of Daniel'' by Zdravko Stefanovic 2007 {{ISBN|0-8163-2212-0}} p. 391</ref>
===New Testament===
[[File:Anónimo - San Miguel Arcángel, 1708.jpg|thumb|Saint Michael, Archangel [[:es:Melchor Pérez de Holguín]], [[Bolivia]], ([[1708]])]]
The [[Book of Revelation]] ([[s:Bible (American Standard)/Revelation#12:7|12:7–9]]) describes a [[War in Heaven|war in heaven]] in which Michael, being stronger, defeats Satan.<ref name=Art13 >''Revelation 12–22'' by John MacArthur 2000 {{ISBN|0-8024-0774-9}} pp. 13–14</ref> After the conflict, Satan is thrown to Earth along with the [[fallen angel]]s, where he ("that ancient serpent called the devil") still tries to "lead the whole world astray".<ref name=Art13 />
In the [[Epistle of Jude]] [[s:Bible (World English)/Jude#1:9|1:9]], Michael is referred to as an "archangel" when he again confronts Satan.<ref name=Guiley >''The Encyclopedia of Angels'', by Rosemary Guiley, 2004 {{ISBN|0-8160-5023-6}}, p. 49</ref>
===Quran===
Michael ([[Arabic]]: ميخائيل ''Mīkhā‘īl'', ميكائيل ''Mīkā‘īl'' ), is one of the two archangels mentioned in the [[Quran]], alongside [[Jibreel|Jibrail]] (Gabriel). In non-Quranic sources, such as ''Sahih Muslim,''<ref>Sahih Muslim, Book 004, Chapter 118 (supplication in the night prayer), Number 1694, p. 441/1800</ref> "[[Israfil]]" (sometimes spelled, "Israfel") is yet another Islamic 'archangel'.<ref>''Dictionary of Angels'', by Gustav Davidson, [https://books.google.as/books?id=kGXelGEMdWgC&pg=PA152&dq=Israfel&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiPo-udw-LhAhXHITQIHSiVAAYQ6AEIOTAE#v=onepage&q=Israfel&f=false p. 152]</ref><ref>''Angels, A to Z: Who's Who of the Heavenly Host,'' by Matthew Bunson, [https://books.google.as/books?id=9hzyxbMUqHoC&pg=PA145&dq=Israfel+muhammad&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjfnfuPxOLhAhV4JzQIHbi4BsgQ6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=Israfel%20muhammad&f=false p. 145]</ref> In the Quran, Michael is mentioned once only, in [[Sura 2]]:98: "Whoever is an enemy to God, and His angels and His messengers, and Jibrail and Mikhail! Then, God (Himself) is an enemy to the disbelievers."<ref name="autogenerated1">Quran, sura 2 ([[Al-Baqara]]), ayat 98 {{Cite quran|2|98|s=ns}}</ref> Some Muslims {{specify|date=April 2019}}{{vague|date=April 2019}}{{who|date=April 2019}} believe that the reference in [[Sura 11]]:69 is Michael, one of the three angels who visited [[Abraham]].<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
==Religious faiths==
===Judaism===
According to rabbinic Jewish tradition, Michael acted as the advocate of Israel, and sometimes had to fight with the princes of the other nations (cf. 10:13) and particularly with the angel [[Samael]], Israel's accuser. Michael's enmity against Samael dates from the time when the latter was thrown down from heaven. Samael took hold of the wings of Michael, whom he wished to bring down with him in his fall; but Michael was saved by God.<ref>Midrash Pirke R. El. xxvi</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title = Jewish Encyclopedia – Michael | encyclopedia = Jewish Encyclopedia | url = http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=560&letter=M#1833 | access-date=2009-02-18}}</ref> Michael said, "May The Lord rebuke you" to Satan for attempting to claim the body of [[Moses]].<ref>Midrash Deut. Rabbah xi. 6</ref>
[[File:Michael.svg|thumb|150px|Michael in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]]]
The idea that Michael was the advocate of the Jews became so prevalent {{where|date=April 2019}} that in spite of the rabbinical prohibition against appealing to angels as intermediaries between God and his people, Michael came to occupy a certain place in the Jewish liturgy: "When a man is in need he must pray directly to God, and neither to Michael nor to [[Gabriel]]."<ref>Yer. Ber. ix. 13a</ref> Two prayers were written beseeching him as the prince of mercy to intercede in favor of Israel: one composed by Byzantine Jew [[Eliezer ben Kalir|Eliezer ha-Kalir]] (c. 570 – c. 640), and the other by [[Judah ben Samuel of Regensburg|Judah ben Samuel he-Hasid]] (1150 – 22 February 1217), a leader of the [[Chassidei Ashkenaz]] in [[Bavaria]]. But appeal to Michael seems to have been more common in ancient times {{where|date=April 2019}}{{when|date=April 2019}}. [[Jeremiah]] is said to have addressed a prayer to him.<ref>Baruch Apoc. Ethiopic, ix. 5</ref>
The [[rabbi]]s declare that Michael entered upon his role of defender at the time of the biblical patriarchs. Rabbi Eliezer ben Jacob said that Michael rescued [[Abraham]] from the furnace into which he had been thrown by [[Nimrod]] (Midrash Genesis Rabbah xliv. 16). It is claimed that it was Michael, the "one that had escaped" (Genesis [[s:Bible (American Standard)/Genesis#14:13|14:13]]), who told Abraham that Lot had been taken captive (Midrash Pirke R. El.), and who protected Sarah from being defiled by Abimelech.
It is also said that Michael prevented [[Isaac]] from being sacrificed by his father by substituting a ram in his place. He saved [[Jacob]], while yet in his mother's womb, from being killed by Samael.<ref>Midrash Abkir, in Yalḳ., Gen. 110</ref> Later Michael prevented Laban from harming Jacob.(''[[Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer]]'', xxxvi).
The [[midrash]] ''Exodus Rabbah'' holds that Michael exercised his function of advocate of Israel at the time of [[the Exodus]] also. Michael is also said to have destroyed the army of [[Sennacherib]].<ref>Midrash Exodus Rabbah xviii. 5</ref>
===Christianity===
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====Early Christian views and devotions====
[[File:Michael4.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Statue of Archangel Michael at the [[University of Bonn]], slaying Satan as a dragon; ''[[Quis ut Deus]]'' is inscribed on his shield]]
Michael was venerated as a healer in [[Phrygia]] (modern-day Turkey).<ref name="Cathenc">{{cite web|url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10275b.htm|title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: St. Michael the Archangel|website=www.newadvent.org}}</ref>
The earliest and most famous sanctuary to Michael in the ancient Near East was also associated with healing waters. It was the ''[[Michaelion]]'' built in the early 4th century by [[Emperor Constantine]] at [[Chalcedon]], on the site of an earlier temple called ''Sosthenion''.<ref name=Richard >Richard Freeman Johnson (2005), ''Saint Michael the Archangel in Medieval English Legend'' {{ISBN|1-84383-128-7}}; pp. 33–34</ref>
[[Epiphanius of Salamis]] (c. 310–320 – 403) referred in his Coptic-Arabic ''Hexaemeron'' to Michael as a replacement of [[Satan]]. Accordingly, after Satan fell, Michael was appointed to the function Satan served when he was still one of the noble angels.<ref>Monferrer-Sala, J. P. (2014). "One More Time on the Arabized Nominal Form Iblīs", ''Studia Orientalia Electronica,'' 112, 55-70. Retrieved from https://journal.fi/store/article/view/9526</ref>
A painting of the Archangel slaying a serpent became a major art piece at the Michaelion after Constantine defeated [[Licinius]] near there in 324. This contributed to the standard [[iconography]] that developed of Archangel Michael as a [[warrior saint]] slaying a dragon.<ref name=Richard /> The Michaelion was a magnificent church and in time became a model for hundreds of other churches in [[Eastern Christianity]]; these spread devotions to the Archangel.<ref>[[Anna Jameson]] (2004), ''Sacred and Legendary Art'' {{ISBN|0-7661-8144-8}}; p. 92</ref>
In the 4th century, [[Basil the Great|Saint Basil the Great]]'s homily (''De Angelis'') placed Saint Michael over all the angels. He was called ''"Archangel"'' because he heralds other angels, the title Ἀρχαγγέλος (archangelos) being used of him in [[Epistle of Jude|Jude]] 1:9.<ref name=Cathenc /> Into the 6th century, the view of Michael as a healer continued in Rome; after a plague, the sick slept at night in the church of ''[[Castel Sant'Angelo]]'' (dedicated to him for saving Rome), waiting for his manifestation.<ref name=Butler320 >Alban Butler, ''The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and other Principal Saints''. 12 vols. Dublin: James Duffy, 1866; p. 320</ref>
In the 6th century, the growth of devotions to Michael in the [[Western Church]] was expressed by the feasts dedicated to him, as recorded in the [[Leonine Sacramentary]]. The 7th-century [[Gelasian Sacramentary]] included the feast ''"S. Michaelis Archangeli"'', as did the 8th-century [[Sacramentary#The Gregorian Sacramentary|Gregorian Sacramentary]]. Some of these documents refer to a ''Basilica Archangeli'' (no longer extant) on [[via Salaria]] in Rome.<ref name=Cathenc />
The [[angelology]] of [[Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite|Pseudo-Dionysius]], which was widely read as of the 6th century, gave Michael a rank in the [[celestial hierarchy]]. Later, in the 13th century, others such as [[Bonaventure]] believed that he is the prince of the [[Seraphim]], the first of the nine angelic orders. According to [[Thomas Aquinas]] (''[[Summa Theologica|Summa]]'' Ia. 113.3), he is the Prince of the last and lowest choir, the Angels.<ref name=Cathenc />
====Catholicism====
{{For|Roman Catholic views and prayers|Saint Michael (Roman Catholic)}}
[[File:Jacopo vignali, san michele arcangelo libera le anime del purgatorio.jpg|thumb|upright|Archangel Michael ''[[Saint Michael (Roman Catholic)#Saving souls at the hour of death|reaching to save souls in purgatory]]'', by [[Jacopo Vignali]], 17th century]]
[[Catholic Church|Catholic]]s often refer to Michael as "Holy Michael, the Archangel"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.catholic.org/prayers/prayer.php?p=12|title=Holy Michael, the Archangel, Defend Us in Battle - Prayers|first=Catholic|last=Online|website=Catholic Online}}</ref> or "Saint Michael", a title that does not indicate [[Canonization|canonisation]]. He is generally referred to in Christian [[litany|litanies]] as "Saint Michael", as in the [[Litany of the Saints]]. In the shortened version of this litany used in the [[Easter Vigil]], he alone of the angels and archangels is mentioned by name, omitting saints [[Gabriel]] and [[Raphael (archangel)|Raphael]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Cadwallader+Michael+Chonai&btnG= |first=Alan H.|last=Cadwallader|author2=Michael Trainor|title=Colossae in Space and Time|publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht|year=2011 |isbn=978-3-525-53397-0| page=323|access-date=2012-12-27}}</ref>
In [[Saint Michael (Roman Catholic)|Roman Catholic teachings]], Saint Michael has four main roles or offices.<ref name=Cathenc/> His first role is the leader of the Army of God and the leader of heaven's forces in their triumph over the powers of hell.<ref name=Donna60 >Donna-Marie O'Boyle, ''Catholic Saints Prayer Book'' OSV Publishing, 2008 {{ISBN|1-59276-285-9}} p. 60</ref> He is viewed as the angelic model for the virtues of the ''spiritual warrior'', with the conflict against evil at times viewed as the ''battle within''.<ref name=Starr2 >Starr, Mirabai. ''Saint Michael: The Archangel'', Sounds True, 2007 {{ISBN|1-59179-627-X}} p. 2</ref>
[[File:Stift Rein - Bibliothek, Antiphonale Cisterciense, Miniatur Erzengel Michael.jpg|thumb|left|upright|''St. Michael weighing souls during the [[Last Judgement]]'', ''Antiphonale Cisterciense'' (15th century), Abbey Bibliotheca, [[Rein Abbey, Austria]]]]
The second and third roles of Michael in Catholic teachings deal with death. In his second role, Michael is the angel of death, [[psychopomp|carrying the souls]] of all the deceased to heaven. In this role Michael descends at the hour of death, and gives each soul the chance to redeem itself before passing; thus consternating the devil and his minions. Catholic prayers often refer to this role of Michael. In his third role, he weighs souls in his perfectly balanced scales. For this reason, Michael is often depicted holding scales.{{sfn|Starr|p=39}}
In his fourth role, Saint Michael, the special patron of the Chosen People in the Old Testament, is also the guardian of the Church. Saint Michael was revered by the military orders of knights during the [[Middle Ages in history|Middle Ages]]. The names of villages around the [[Bay of Biscay]] express that history. This role also was why he was considered the patron saint of a number of cities and countries.{{sfn|Butler|1821|p=117}}<ref name="ReferenceA">Michael McGrath, ''Patrons and Protectors''. Liturgy Training, 2001. {{ISBN|1-56854-109-0}}.</ref>
Roman Catholicism includes traditions such as the ''[[Prayer to Saint Michael]],'' which specifically asks for the faithful to be "defended" by the saint.<ref>{{cite web|website=[[EWTN]] |title=Prayer to St Michael |url=http://www.ewtn.com/devotionals/prayers/michael.htm}}</ref><ref>Matthew Bunson, ''The Catholic Almanac's Guide to the Church'', OSV Publishing, 2001 {{ISBN|0-87973-914-2}} p. 315</ref><ref>Amy Welborn, ''The Words We Pray''. Loyola Press, 2004. {{ISBN|0-8294-1956-X}}, p. 101.</ref> The ''[[Chaplet of Saint Michael]]'' consists of nine salutations, one for each choir of angels.<ref name="Ann Ball p. 123">Ann Ball, ''2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices'' {{ISBN|0-87973-910-X}} p. 123</ref><ref>[[EWTN]] [http://www.ewtn.com/devotionals/prayers/chaplet-of-st-michael.htm "The Chaplet of St. Michael the Archangel]"</ref>
=====Saint Michael the Archangel prayer=====
{{Main|Prayer to Saint Michael#In the Leonine Prayers}}
<poem>
Blessed Michael, archangel,
defend us in the hour of conflict.
Be our safeguard against the wickedness and snares of the devil
(may God restrain him, we humbly pray):
and do thou, O Prince of the heavenly host,
by the power of God thrust Satan down to hell
and with him those other wicked spirits
who wander through the world for the ruin of souls.
Amen.<ref>{{cite book|author=James Joyce|title=Ulysses|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RFXCBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA80|date=17 April 2008|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-162349-3|page=80}}</ref>
</poem>
====Eastern and Oriental Orthodoxy====
The [[Eastern Orthodox]] accord Michael the title ''Archistrategos'', or "Supreme Commander of the Heavenly Hosts".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Baun+%22Michael+Archistrategos%22&btnG= |first=Jane|last=Baun|title=Tales from Another Byzantium|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-521-82395-1|page=391 et passim |access-date=2012-12-27}}</ref> The Eastern Orthodox pray to their [[guardian angel]]s and above all to Michael and Gabriel.<ref>''Eastern Orthodox Theology: A Contemporary Reader'' by Daniel B. Clendenin (2003) {{ISBN|0801026512}}, p. 75</ref>
The Eastern Orthodox have always had strong devotions to angels. In contemporary times they are referred to by the term of "Bodiless Powers".<ref name="EOEnc" /> A number of feasts dedicated to Archangel Michael are celebrated by the Eastern Orthodox throughout the year.<ref name="EOEnc">''The Encyclopedia of Eastern Orthodox Christianity'', by John Anthony McGuckin (2011) {{ISBN|1405185392}} p. 30</ref>
Archangel Michael is mentioned in a number of Eastern Orthodox hymns and prayer, and his icons are widely used within Eastern Orthodox churches.<ref name="B16">''The Eastern Orthodox Church: Its Thought and Life'', by Ernst Benz (2008) {{ISBN|0202362981}}, p. 16</ref> In many Eastern Orthodox icons, Christ is accompanied by a number of angels, Michael being a predominant figure among them.<ref name="B16" />
In Russia, many monasteries, cathedrals, court and merchant churches are dedicated to the Chief Commander Michael; most Russian cities have a church or chapel dedicated to the Archangel Michael.<ref>''A Geography of Russia and Its Neighbors'', by Mikhail S. Blinnikov (2010) ISBN, p. 203</ref><ref>''Architectures of Russian Identity, 1500 to the Present'', by James Cracraft (2003) {{ISBN|0801488281}}, p. 42</ref>
While in the [[Serbian Orthodox Church]] [[Saint Sava]] has a special role as the establisher of its autocephaly and the largest Belgrade church is devoted to him, the capital [[Belgrade]]'s Orthodox [[cathedral]], the [[St. Michael's Cathedral, Belgrade|see church]] of the patriarch, is devoted to Archangel Michael (in Serbian: ''Арханђел Михаило'' / ''Arhanđel Mihailo'').
The place of Michael in the [[Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria]] is as a [[intercession of saints|saintly intercessor]]. He is the one who presents to God the prayers of the just, who accompanies the souls of the dead to heaven, who defeats the devil. He is celebrated liturgically on the 12th of each [[Coptic calendar|Coptic month]].<ref>''Two Thousand Years of Coptic Christianity'', by Otto Friedrich August Meinardus (2010) {{ISBN|977-424-757-4}} pp. 27, 117, 147</ref> In [[Alexandria]], a church was dedicated to him in the early fourth century on the 12th of the month of [[Paoni]]. The 12th of the month of [[Hathor (month)|Hathor]] is the celebration of Michael's appointment in heaven, where Michael became the chief of the angels.<ref>''Money, Land and Trade: An Economic History of the Muslim Mediterranean'', by Nelly Hanna (2002) {{ISBN|1-86064-699-9}}, p. 226</ref>
====Protestant views====
[[File:Erzengel Michael-Statue über dem Portal der St. Michaeliskirche Hamburg.jpg|thumb|Statue at [[St. Michaelis Church, Hamburg]]]]
Some Protestant denominations recognize Michael as an archangel. Within Protestantism, the [[Anglican]] and [[Methodist]] tradition recognizes four angels as archangels: Michael, [[Raphael (archangel)|Raphael]], [[Gabriel]], and [[Uriel]].<ref name="Armentrout2000">{{cite book|last=Armentrout|first=Don S.|title=An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church|date=1 January 2000|publisher=Church Publishing, Inc.|language=en|isbn=9780898697018|page=14}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Methodist New Connexion Magazine and Evangelical Repository, Volume XXXV, Third Series |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Q8EAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA493|year=1867|publisher=William Cooke|location=London|language=en|page=493}}</ref> The American evangelist [[Billy Graham]] wrote that in Sacred Scripture, there is only one individual explicitly described as an archangel—Michael—in Jude 1:9.<ref name="Billy Graham">[[Billy Graham|Graham, Billy]] (1995). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=sDUbiV92-mIC&pg=PT31#v=twopage&q=archangel&f=false Angels]''. Thomas Nelson. {{ISBN|9780849938719}}. p. PT31.</ref><ref>Graham (1995) p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=sDUbiV92-mIC&pg=PT32#v=twopage&q=Gabriel%20not%20archangel&f=false PT32]</ref>
Citing [[Hengstenberg]], John A. Lees, in ''International Standard Bible Encyclopedia'', states: "The earlier [[Protestant]] scholars usually identified Michael with the [[Pre-existence of Christ|pre-incarnate Christ]], finding support for their view, not only in the juxtaposition of the 'child' and the archangel in {{Bibleverse||Rev|12:1–17|ESV}}, but also in the attributes ascribed to him in [[Book of Daniel|Daniel]]."<ref name="Lees">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalstandardbible.com/M/michael.html |title=John A. Lees, "Michael" in James Orr (editor), ''The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia''(Eerdmans 1939)|publisher=Internationalstandardbible.com |date=2007-07-06 |access-date=2012-12-27}}</ref>
Such scholars include but are not limited to:
# Martin Luther<ref>"The Angels of Michael; Revelation 12:7–12," by Robert W. Bertram, published in ''Cresset'' 21, No. 9 (September, 1958): 1214, [http://www.crossings.org/archive/bob/sermons/TheAngelsofMichael.pdf p. 2]</ref><ref>"Spirituality is for Angels – The Angels of Michael", by Robert W. Bertram, in ''Ecumenism, The Spirit and Worship,'' 126–169. Edited by Leonard J. Swindler. Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press, 1967, [http://www.crossings.org/archive/bob/SPIRITUALITYISFORANGELS.pdf p. 4]</ref>
# Hengstenberg with others<ref>The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia; James Orr, M.A., D.D., General Editor; John L. Nuelsen, D.D., LL.D.; Edgar Y. Mullins, D.D., LL.D. Assistant Editors; Morris O. Evans, D.D., Ph.D., Managing Editor; Volume III. Heresy-Naarah; Chicago, The Howard-Severance Company, 1915., PDF p. 693; Internally [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924095207126#page/n693/mode/1up p. 2048]</ref><ref>''The Imperial Bible-Dictionary,'' by the Rev. Patrick Fairbairn, D.D (1866), [https://archive.org/stream/theimperialbible02unknuoft#page/234/mode/1up p. 234]</ref><ref>''The Zondervan Encyclopedia of the Bible;'' Volume 4; M–P, Revised, Full-Color Edition; Merrill C. Tenney, General Editor/Moises Silva, Revision Editor. 2010 – https://books.google.com/books?id=S4MZREX03u0C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref>
# Dr. W. L. Alexander [in Kitto], Prof. Douglas [in Fairbairn]<ref>''A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Bible'' (1868), by Sir William Smith, [https://archive.org/stream/comprehensivedic00smituoft#page/646/mode/1up pp. 645–646]</ref>
# Jacobus Ode, Campegius Vitringa, Sr.<ref>''Prophecy viewed in respect to its distinctive nature, its special function, and proper interpretation.'' by Patrick Fairbairn, D.D. (1865), PDF p. 344; Internally [https://archive.org/stream/prophecyviewedi00fairgoog#page/n344/mode/1up p. 325]</ref><ref>''The Revelation of St. John, expounded for those who search the Scriptures.'' by E. W. Hengstenberg (1851), pp. 474–475; Internally pp. 466–467, with notations – https://archive.org/stream/revelationstjoh01fairgoog#page/n474/mode/1up
https://archive.org/stream/revelationstjoh01fairgoog#page/n475/mode/1up</ref><ref>A Commentary Of The Holy Scriptures: Critical, Doctrinal And Homiletical, With Special Reference To Ministers And Students, By John Peter Lange, D.D. (1874), p. 248 – https://books.google.com/books?id=g5tBAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref>
# Philip Melanchthon, Broughton, Junius, Calvin, Hävernick<ref>The Preacher's Complete Homiletical Commentary on the Old Testament (1892), pp. 227, 274 – https://archive.org/stream/homileticalcomme27robi#page/227/mode/1up https://archive.org/stream/homileticalcomme27robi#page/274/mode/1up</ref>
# Polanus, Genevens, Oecolampadius & others,<ref>Andrew Willet, Sixfold Commentary (Hexapla in Danielem) (1610), p. 384 – http://rarebooks.dts.edu/viewbook.aspx?bookid=1422</ref> Adam Clarke<ref>William Baxter Godbey's Commentary on the New Testament; Revelation 12, p. 62 – http://www.studylight.org/commentaries/ges/view.cgi?bk=65&ch=12 http://www.enterhisrest.org/history/wg-rev.pdf</ref>
# Samuel Horsley<ref>The London Encyclopedia, or Universal Dictionary, Volume. XIV. Medicine to Mithridates; Edited by Thomas Curtis, of Grove House School, Islington. 1839., p. 483 – https://books.google.com/books?id=5eQqJ-AGK-YC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>The Monthly Review for January, 1806. By Ralph Griffiths., p. 333 – https://books.google.com/books?id=Ff7kAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref>
# Cloppenburgh, Vogelsangius, Pierce and others (Horsely)<ref>Sacred Dissertations, on what is commonly called the Apostles' Creed. By Herman Witsius, D.D. Professor of Divinity in the Universities of Franeker, Utrecht, and Leyden. Translated from the Latin, and followed with Notes, Critical and Explanatory, by Donald Fraser, Minister of the Gospel, Kennoway. In Two Volumes. Volume II. 1823., p. 538 – https://books.google.com/books?id=DKQPAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref>
# John (Jean) Calvin<ref>Who is “The (Arch)angel of the Lord”?; Posted September 6, 2014 by Website Admin, by Francis Nigel Lee, p. 3, Web p. 2 – http://www.dr-fnlee.org/who-is-the-archangel-of-the-lord/2/</ref><ref>The Days of Vengeance, An Exposition of the Book of Revelation, by David Chilton, copyright 1987., p. 312 Notes, No. 27 – https://archive.org/stream/DaysOfVengeance-DavidChilton/Days of Vengeance David Chilton#page/n337/mode/1up</ref>
# Isaac Watts, John Bunyan, Brown's Dictionary, James Wood's Spiritual Dictionary<ref>The Bible Doctrine of God, Jesus Christ, The Holy Spirit, Atonement, Faith, And Election; to which is prefixed some Thoughts of Natural Theology and the Truth of Revelation; by William Kinkade, pp. 152–154 – http://www.archive.org/stream/bibledoctrineofg00kink#page/152/mode/1up http://www.archive.org/stream/bibledoctrineofg00kink#page/153/mode/1up http://www.archive.org/stream/bibledoctrineofg00kink#page/154/mode/1up</ref>
# and many others<ref>"Ezekiel, Daniel" edited by Carl L. Beckwith, p. 405 – https://books.google.com/books?id=gSMDd60ohdkC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref>
# for even before them, the Jewish commentators, such as Wetstein, Surenhusius, etc.<ref>A Cyclopaedia of Biblical literature; Volume III, by John Kitto, D.D., F.S.A. Third Edition (1876), p. 158 – https://books.google.com/books?id=7DAHAQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref>
In the 19th Century, [[Charles Haddon Spurgeon]]<ref name="spurgeon baptist confession of faith">[http://www.spurgeon.org/~phil/creeds/bcof.htm#part2 The Baptist Confession of Faith (1689) – With slight revisions by C. H. Spurgeon] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100407070838/http://www.spurgeon.org/~phil/creeds/bcof.htm |date=2010-04-07 }} – spurgeon.org – Phillip R. Johnson – 2001 – Retrieved 12 September 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.oneplace.com/ministries/spurgeon-sermons/read/devotionals/spurgeons-morning-and-evening/morning-and-evening-5-or-8-pm-551540-551540.html Morning and Evening – Charles Haddon Spurgeon] – Devotionals by Spurgeon Sermons – Spurgeon Sermons with C.H. Spurgeon – Retrieved 12 September 2014.</ref> stated that Jesus is "the true Michael" <ref>Charles Spurgeon; Morning and Evening Daily Readings; Complete and Unabridged Classic KJV Edition; Morning Devotion; October 3 on Hebrews 1:14; 1991., p. 554 – https://books.google.com/books?id=w0pqbDq4F-AC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>Charles Spurgeon; Morning by Morning; or, Daily Readings for the Family or the Closet; New York and Sheldon Company 498 and 500 Broadway. 1866, p. 227 – https://books.google.com/books?id=0SAeAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
http://www.heartlight.org/spurgeon/1003-am.html</ref> and “the only Archangel”,<ref name="spurgeon angelic life michael">[http://www.spurgeongems.org/vols13-15/chs842.pdf The Angelic Life], Charles Haddon Spurgeon, Sermon No. 842.</ref> and that he is God the Son, and co-equal to the Father.<ref name="spurgeon baptist confession of faith"/>
Within [[Anglicanism]], the controversial bishop [[Robert Clayton (bishop)|Robert Clayton]] (died 1758) proposed that Michael was the [[Logos (Christianity)|Logos]] and Gabriel the [[Holy Spirit (Christianity)|Holy Spirit]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/anessayonspirit00clagoog|title=An essay on spirit|first=Robert|last=Clayton|date=February 13, 1751|publisher=London, printed: [etc.]|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Controversy over Clayton's views led the government to order his prosecution, but he died before his scheduled examination.<ref>[[s:Clayton, Robert (1695–1758) (DNB00)|''Dictionary of National Biography'': Clayton, Robert]]</ref><ref>John Walsh, Colin Haydon & Stephen Taylor, eds. (1993) ''The Church of England c. 1689 – c. 1833: from Toleration to Tractarianism''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press {{ISBN|0-521-41732-5}}; p. 47</ref>
Michael continues to be recognized {{Specify|date=April 2019}}{{Vague|date=April 2019}}{{Who|date=April 2019}}among Protestants by key churches dedicated to him, e.g., [[St. Michaelis Church, Hamburg]] and [[St. Michael's Church, Hildesheim]], each of which is of the [[Lutheran Church]] and has appeared in the Bundesländer series of [[€2 commemorative coins]] for 2008 and 2014 respectively.
In Bach's time, the annual feast of Michael and All the Angels on 29 September was regularly celebrated with a festive service, for which Bach composed several cantatas, for example the [[Chorale cantata (Bach)|chorale cantata]] ''[[Herr Gott, dich loben alle wir, BWV 130]]'' in 1724, [[Es erhub sich ein Streit, BWV 19|''Es erhub sich ein Streit'', BWV 19]], in 1726 and [[Man singet mit Freuden vom Sieg, BWV 149|''Man singet mit Freuden vom Sieg'', BWV 149]], in 1728 or 1729.
====Seventh-day Adventists====
{{See also|Seventh-day Adventist theology#Christ and the Archangel Michael|l1=Seventh-day Adventist, beliefs about Michael|Pre-existence of Christ}}
[[File:Le Grand Saint Michel, by Raffaello Sanzio, from C2RMF retouched.jpg|thumb|upright|''Le Grand Saint Michel'', by [[Raphael]] (Raffaello Sanzio), Archangel Michael defeating evil]]
[[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventists]] believe that "Michael" is but one of the many titles applied to the Son of God, the second person of the Godhead. According to Adventists, such a view does not in any way conflict with the belief in his full deity and eternal preexistence, nor does it in the least disparage his person and work.<ref>[http://www.sdanet.org/atissue/books/qod/index.htm Seventh-day Adventists Answer Questions on Doctrine], Review and Herald Publishing Association, Washington, D.C., 1957. Chapter 8 "Christ, and Michael the Archangel".</ref> According to Adventist theology, Michael was considered the "eternal Word", and not a created being or created angel, and the one by whom all things were created. The Word was then born incarnate as Jesus.<ref>''Seventh Day Adventists: What do they believe?'' by Val Waldeck Pilgrim Publications (April 5, 2005) p. 16</ref>
They believe that name "Michael" signifies "One Who Is Like God" and that as the "Archangel" or "chief or head of the angels" he led the angels and thus the statement in [[s:Bible (American Standard)/Revelation 12:7–9|Revelation 12:7–9]] identifies Jesus as Michael.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adventistworld.org/article.php?id=787&search=law |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120724141630/http://www.adventistworld.org/article.php?id=787&search=law |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-07-24 |title=The Remnant |publisher=Adventist World |access-date=2011-12-05}}</ref>
In the Seventh-day Adventist view, the statement in some translations of [[s:Bible (American Standard)/1 Thessalonians#4:13|1 Thessalonians 4:13–18]] and [[s:Bible (American Standard)/John#5:25|John 5:25–29]] confirm that Jesus and Michael are the same.<ref name="AdventistRef">{{cite book|title=Bible readings for the home by 7th Day Adventists|location= London |year=1949 |page=266 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lETMH_kCeJcC&q=John+5:25+adventist+michael&pg=PA266}}</ref>
====Jehovah's Witnesses====
{{See also|Jehovah's witnesses#Jehovah and Jesus Christ|l1=Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs about Jesus}}
[[Jehovah's Witnesses]] believe Michael to be another name for [[Jesus]] in heaven, in his pre-human and post-resurrection existence.<ref name="autogenerated218">Reasoning from the Scriptures, 1985, Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, p. 218</ref> They say the definite article at {{Bibleverse|Jude|9|ESV}}—referring to "Michael the archangel"—identifies Michael as the only archangel. They consider Michael to be synonymous with Christ, described at {{Bibleverse|1|Thessalonians|4:16|ESV}} as descending "with a cry of command, with the voice of an archangel, and with the sound of the trumpet".<ref>{{cite book|url=http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200003035|title=Insight on the Scriptures|volume=2|pages=393–394|publisher=Watch Tower Society|access-date=2013-05-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1102005160|title=What Does the Bible ''Really'' Teach?|pages=218–219 |publisher=Watch Tower Society|access-date=2013-05-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/2007206|title=Angels—How They Affect Mankind|journal=The Watchtower|pages=21–25|publisher=Watch Tower Society|date=March 15, 2007|access-date=2013-05-01}}</ref>
They believe the prominent roles assigned to Michael at {{Bibleverse|Daniel|12:1|ESV}}, {{Bibleverse|Revelation |12:7|ESV}}, {{Bibleverse|Revelation |19:14|ESV}}, and {{Bibleverse|Revelation |16|ESV}} are identical to Jesus' roles, being the one chosen to lead God's people and as the only one who "stands up", identifying the two as the same spirit being. Because they identify Michael with Jesus, he is therefore considered the first and greatest of all God's heavenly sons, God's chief messenger, who takes the lead in vindicating God's [[sovereignty]], sanctifying his name, fighting the wicked forces of Satan and protecting God's covenant people on earth.<ref>{{cite book|title=What Does The Bible ''Really'' Teach?|page=87|publisher=Watch Tower Society}}</ref> Jehovah's Witnesses also identify Michael with the "[[Angel of the Lord]]" who led and protected the Israelites in the wilderness.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Watchtower|title=Your Leader Is One, the Christ|date=September 15, 2010|page=21}}</ref>
====The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints====
{{See also|Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints}}
Members of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (also known informally as Latter-day Saints or [[Mormons]]) believe that Michael is [[Adam and Eve (LDS Church)|Adam]], the [[Ancient of Days]] (Dan. 7), a prince, and the patriarch of the human family. They also hold that Michael assisted [[Jehovah]] (the [[Pre-existence#Latter Day Saints|pre-mortal]] form of [[Jesus]]) in the creation of the world under the direction of [[God the Father]] ([[Elohim#Latter Day Saint movement|Elohim]]); under the direction of the Father, Michael also cast Satan out of heaven.<ref>{{Citation |last= Millet |first= Robert L. |author-link= Robert L. Millet |title= The Man Adam |journal= [[Liahona (magazine)|Liahona]] |date= February 1998 |url= https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/liahona/1998/02/the-man-adam?lang=eng }}</ref><ref>{{lds|Doctrine and Covenants|dc|27|11}}</ref><ref>{{lds|Doctrine and Covenants|dc|107|53|56}}</ref><ref>{{lds|Doctrine and Covenants|dc|128|21}}</ref>
===Islam===
[[File:ميكائيل عليه السلام.png|thumb|Mika'il's name in [[Islamic calligraphy]]]]
In Islam, Michael, also spelled Mika'il ([[ميكيل]]),<ref name="King">{{cite web|title = King, Daniel "A Christian Qur'an? A Study in the Syriac Background of the Qur'an as Presented in the Work of Christoph Luxenberg," JLARC 3, 44–71 (2009)|url = http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/share/research/centres/clarc/jlarc/contents/King%2520A%2520Christian%2520Qur%2527an.pdf|website = School of History, Archaeology and Religion|access-date = 2015-12-17}}</ref> is one of the archangels and said to be responsible for the forces of nature.<ref>Richard Webster ''Michael: Communicating with the Archangel for Guidance & Protection'' Llewellyn Worldwide 2012 {{ISBN|978-0-738-71716-6}}</ref> In Islam,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/002-qmt.php#002.098 |title=Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement |publisher=Usc.edu |access-date=2015-01-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202024354/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/002-qmt.php#002.098 |archive-date=2015-02-02 }}</ref> Michael is one of the four archangels along with [[Jibrail]], [[Israfil]] and [[Azrail]]. [[Quran 2:98]] mentions him.<ref>{{cite quran|2|98|s=ns|b=n}}</ref> He provides nourishments for bodies and souls and is also responsible for universal/environmental events. Mikail is often depicted as the archangel of mercy. Therefore, he is said to be friendly, asking [[God in Islam|God]] for mercy for humans and is said to be one of the first who bowed down before [[Adam in Islam|Adam]].<ref>John L. Esposito ''Oxford Dictionary of Islam'' Oxford University Press {{ISBN|978-0-195-12559-7}} p. 200</ref> Furthermore, he is responsible for the rewards doled out to good persons in this life. From the tears of Michael, angels are created. Such angels are the helpers of Michael.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 20832755|title = The Creation of Man and Angels in the Eschatological Literature: [Translated Excerpts from an Unpublished Collection of Traditions]|last1 = MacDonald|first1 = John|journal = Islamic Studies|year = 1964|volume = 3|issue = 3|pages = 285–308}}</ref>
The [[Quran]] mentions Michael together with [[Rūḥ|Gabriel]] in the [[sura]] [[Al-Baqarah]]:
{{quote|Whoever is an enemy to Allah and His angels and messengers, to Gabriel and Michael, – Lo! Allah is an enemy to those who reject Faith.|Quran, chapter 2 ([[Al-Baqara]]) verse 98<ref>{{Cite quran|2|98|s=ns}}</ref>}}
In [[Shia Islam]], in [[Dua]] Umm Dawood, a supplication reportedly handed down by the 6th [[Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq]], the reciter sends blessing upon Michael (with his name spelled as Mīkā'īl):<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.duas.org/ummedawood.htm |title = Aamal e Umme Dawood}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wilayatmission.org/Duas/UmmDawood.pdf |title=Dua of Umm Dawood |publisher=www.wilayatmission.org |date= |accessdate=2021-02-13}}</ref>
<blockquote>O Allah! Bestow your blessing on Michael-angel of Your mercy and created for kindness and seeker of pardon for and supporter of the obedient people.</blockquote>
===Esoteric beliefs===
The French occultist [[Eliphas Levi]], the German philosopher [[Franz Xaver von Baader|Franz von Baader]], and the [[Theosophy (Boehmian)|Theosophist]] Louis Claude de St. Martin spoke of 1879 as the year in which Michael overcame the dragon. In 1917, [[Rudolf Steiner]], the founder of [[anthroposophy]], similarly stated, "in 1879, in November, a momentous event took place, a battle of the Powers of Darkness against the Powers of Light, ending in the image of Michael overcoming the Dragon".<ref>{{cite book |last = Steiner |first = Rudolf | editor = Christopher Bamford | orig-year = 1917 | year = 1994 | title = The Archangel Michael |publisher = Anthroposophic Press | location = Hudson, NY | isbn = 0-88010-378-7 }}</ref>
Archangel Michael was also mentioned in the older [[Greek Magical Papyri]] (circa 2nd century BC–400 AD), only in these set of texts he goes under the title of a [[deity]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Betz |first=Hans |title=The Greek Magical Papyri In Translation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K0hCj5u3HNQC&q=greek+magical+papyri |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |date=1996 |isbn=9780226044477}} Entries: "Introduction to the Greek Magical Papyri" and "PGM III. 1–164".</ref> In [[Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa]]'s ''[[Three Books of Occult Philosophy]]'' and some other sources, Michael is always mentioned as ruling over the [[planet Mercury]],<ref>{{cite book |last = Agrippa von Nettesheim |first = Heinrich Cornelius |editor = Donald Tyson |orig-year = 1531 |year = 2000 |title = Three Books of Occult Philosophy |publisher = Llewellyn Publications |isbn = 0-87542-832-0 |pages = 274, 285, 289, 469}}</ref> however, in other sources such as the [[Pietro d'Abano#Writings|''Heptameron'' by pseudo-Pietro d'Abano]], Michael rules over the [[Sun]],<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.esotericarchives.com/solomon/heptamer.htm |title = Peter of Abano: Heptameron, or Magical Elements |website = esotericarchives.com}}</ref> and the fourth of the [[seven Heavens]] in [[Judaism]], which is named Machon or Machen.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.esotericarchives.com/solomon/heptamer.htm#h18 |title = Ch. xviii: Considerations of the Lord's Day |website = esotericarchives.com}}</ref> Instead, the [[Archangel Raphael]] rules over Mercury (and the second Heaven, which is listed as Raquie).<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.esotericarchives.com/solomon/heptamer.htm#h21 |title = Ch. xxi: Considerations of Wednesday |website = esotericarchives.com}}</ref> The switch between solar and mercurial associations for Michael and Raphael happens all throughout the Solomonic grimoire tradition, changing practically from book to book depending on the influences and derivations of previous grimoires each is based on. Depending on the time and region of each manuscript, different correspondences may have been passed down, and neither association is ultimately more legitimate than the other.
==Feasts==
[[File:S. Miguel Arcanjo.jpg|thumb|right|Archangel Michael at a Portuguese feast in [[Cabeceiras de Basto]]]]
In the [[General Roman Calendar]], the [[Calendar of saints (Church of England)|Anglican Calendar of Saints]], and the [[Calendar of Saints (Lutheran)|Lutheran Calendar of Saints]], the archangel's feast is celebrated on [[Michaelmas]] Day, 29 September. The day is also considered the feast of Saints Michael, [[Gabriel]], and [[Raphael (archangel)|Raphael]], in the General Roman Calendar and the Feast of Saint Michael and All Angels according to the Church of England.<ref>''Saint Michael the Archangel in Medieval English Legend'' by Richard Freeman Johnson 2005 {{ISBN|1-84383-128-7}} p. 105</ref>
In the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], Saint Michael's principal feast day is 8 November (those that use the [[Julian calendar]] celebrate it on what in the [[Gregorian calendar]] is now 21 November), honouring him along with the rest of the ''"Bodiless Powers of Heaven"'' (i.e. [[angel]]s) as their Supreme Commander, and the ''[[Miracle of the Archangel Michael at Chonae#Miracle of the Archangel Michael|Miracle at Chonae]]'' is commemorated on 6 September.<ref>''Icons and saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church'' by Alfredo Tradigo 2006 {{ISBN|0-89236-845-4}} p. 46</ref><ref>''The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity'' 2010 by Ken Parry {{ISBN|1-4443-3361-5}} p. 242</ref>
In the calendar of the [[Church of England]] [[diocese of Truro]], 8 May is the feast of ''St. Michael, Protector of Cornwall''. The archangel Michael is one of the three patron saints of [[Cornwall]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/cornwall/uncovered/stories/st_piran_background.shtml|title=BBC - Cornwall Uncovered - Story The Legend of St Piran|website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> The feast of the Appearing of S. Michael the Archangel is observed by Anglo-Catholics on 8 May.<ref>''The English Missal for the laity''; 3rd ed. London: W. Knott, 1958; pp. 625–627</ref> From medieval times until 1960 it was also observed on that day in the Roman Catholic Church; the feast commemorates the archangel's apparition on Mount Gargano in Italy.<ref>Cross & Livingstone (eds.) ''ODCC''; p. 613</ref>
In the [[Coptic Orthodox Church]], the main feast day in 12 [[Hathor (month)|Hathor]] and 12 [[Paoni]], and he is celebrated liturgically on the 12th of each Coptic month.
==Patronages and orders==
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In late [[medieval Christianity]], Michael, together with [[Saint George]], became the [[patron saint]] of [[chivalry]] and is now also considered the patron saint of police officers, paramedics and the military.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>{{sfn|Ball|p=586}}
Since the victorious [[Battle of Lechfeld]] against the Hungarians in 955, Michael was the patron saint of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and still is the patron saint of modern Germany and other German-speaking regions formerly covered by the realm.
[[File:COA of Kyiv Kurovskyi.svg|upright|thumb|[[Coat of arms of Kyiv]]]]
[[File:Greater coat of arms of the City of Brussels.svg|upright|thumb|[[Coat of arms of Brussels]]]]
In mid to late 15th century, France was one of only four courts in [[Western Christianity|Western Christendom]] without an order of knighthood.<ref name="Dacre">''The Knights of the Crown: The Monarchical Orders of Knighthood in Later Medieval Europe 1325–1520'' by D'Arcy Jonathan Dacre Boulton 2000 {{ISBN|0-85115-795-5}} pp. 427–428</ref> Later in the 15th century, [[Jean Molinet]] glorified the primordial feat of arms of the archangel as "the first deed of knighthood and chivalrous prowess that was ever achieved."<ref>Noted by [[Johan Huizinga]], ''[[The Autumn of the Middle Ages|The Waning of the Middle Ages]]'' (1919, 1924:56.</ref> Thus Michael was the natural patron of the first [[chivalric order]] of France, the [[Order of Saint Michael]] of 1469.<ref name="Dacre" /> In the [[British honours system]], a chivalric order founded in 1818 is also named for these two saints, the [[Order of St Michael and St George]].<ref>Angels in the early modern world By Alexandra Walsham, Cambridge University Press, 2006 {{ISBN|0-521-84332-4}} p. 2008</ref> The [[Order of Michael the Brave]] is Romania's highest military decoration.
Prior to 1878, the [[Scapular of St. Michael the Archangel]] could be worn as part of a Roman Catholic [[Archconfraternity]]. Presently, enrollment is authorized as this [[Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel|holy scapular]] remains as one of the 18 approved by the Church.
Apart from his being a patron of warriors, the sick and the suffering also consider Archangel Michael their patron saint.<ref>''Patron Saints'' by Michael Freze 1992 {{ISBN|0-87973-464-7}} p. 170</ref> Based on the legend of his 8th-century [[Vision (spirituality)|apparition]] at [[Mont-Saint-Michel]], France, the Archangel is the patron of [[sailors|mariners]] in this famous sanctuary.<ref name=Cathenc /> After the evangelisation of [[Germany]], where mountains were often dedicated to pagan gods, Christians placed many mountains under the patronage of the Archangel, and numerous mountain chapels of St. Michael appeared all over Germany.<ref name=Cathenc />
Similarly, the Sanctuary of St. Michel (San Migel Aralarkoa), the oldest Christian building in Navarre (Spain), lies at the top of a hill on the [[Aralar Range]], and harbours Carolingian remains. St. Michel is an ancient devotion of [[Navarre]] and eastern [[Gipuzkoa]], revered by the [[History of the Basques#Christianization|Basques]], shrouded in legend, and held as a champion against paganism and heresy. It came to symbolize the defense of Catholicism, as well as Basque tradition and values during the early 20th century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dronda |first=Javier |date=2013 |title=Con Cristo o contra Cristo: Religión y movilización antirrepublicana en Navarra (1931–1936)|location=Tafalla |publisher=Txalaparta |pages=54–55 |isbn=978-84-15313-31-1 }}</ref>
He has been the patron saint of [[Brussels]] since the Middle Ages.<ref>''Netherlandish sculpture 1450–1550'' by Paul Williamson 2002 {{ISBN|0-8109-6602-6}} p. 42</ref> The city of [[Arkhangelsk]] in Russia is named for the Archangel. [[Ukraine]] and its capital [[Kyiv]] also consider Michael their patron saint and protector.<ref name="Fairbairn">''Eastern Orthodoxy through Western eyes'' by Donald Fairbairn 2002 {{ISBN|0-664-22497-0}} p. 148</ref> Since the 14th century, Saint Michael has been the patron saint of [[Dumfries]] in Scotland, where a church dedicated to him was built at the southern end of the town, on a mound overlooking the [[River Nith]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.loreburne.co.uk/history_of_dumfries.html|title=History of Dumfries|publisher=loreburne.co.uk|access-date=29 November 2017}}</ref>
An [[Anglican]] sisterhood dedicated to Saint Michael under the title of the [[Community of St Michael and All Angels]] was founded in 1851.<ref>''All Saints Sisters of the Poor: An Anglican Sisterhood in the Nineteenth Century (Church of England Record Society)'' by Susan Mumm 200 {{ISBN|0-85115-728-9}} p. 48</ref> The [[Congregation of Saint Michael the Archangel]] (CSMA), also known as the ''Michaelite Fathers'', is a religious order of the Roman Catholic Church founded in 1897. The Canons Regular of the Order of St Michael the Archangel (OSM) are an Order of [[Profession (religious)|professed]] religious within the [[Anglican Church in North America]], the North American component of the [[Anglican realignment]] movement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orderofstmichaelanglican.com/|title=甘肃快3_官方彩购买|website=www.orderofstmichaelanglican.com}}</ref>
In the United States military Saint Michael is considered to be a patron of paratroopers and, in particular, the [[82nd Airborne Division]].<ref>[https://www.jber.jb.mil/News/Commentaries/Display/Article/772200/chaplains-corner-saint-michael-patron-saint-of-the-airborne-military/ Chaplain's Corner: Saint Michael, patron saint of the airborne, military]. Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson Alaska.</ref> One of the first battles where the unit first was combat christened is the [[Battle of Saint-Mihiel]] during the [[World War I]].
==Legends==
===Judaism===
There is a legend which seems to be of Jewish origin, and which was adopted by the [[Copt]]s, to the effect that Michael was first sent by God to bring [[Nebuchadnezzar]] (c. 600 BC) against Jerusalem, and that Michael was afterward very active in freeing his nation from Babylonian captivity.<ref>[[Émile Amélineau|Amélineau]], "Contes et Romans de l'Egypte Chrétienne", ii. 142 et seq</ref>
According to midrash [[Genesis Rabbah]], Michael saved [[Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego|Hananiah]] and his companions from the [[Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego|Fiery furnace]] though the verse states that the person in the fire was the Son of God (not an angel).<ref>Midrash Genesis Rabbah xliv. 16</ref> Michael was active in the time of [[Esther]]: "The more [[Haman (Bible)|Haman]] accused Israel on earth, the more Michael defended Israel in heaven".<ref>Midrash Esther Rabbah iii. 8</ref> It was Michael who reminded [[Ahasuerus]] that he was [[Mordecai]]'s debtor;<ref>Targum to Esther, vi. 1</ref> and there is a legend that Michael appeared to the high priest [[John Hyrcanus|Hyrcanus]], promising him assistance.<ref>comp. Josephus, "Ant." xiii. 10, § 3</ref>
According to ''[[Legends of the Jews]]'', archangel Michael was the chief of a band of angels who questioned God's decision to create man on Earth; a deeper analysis about Archangel Michael's action here is that Archangel Michael could have also questioned God as to why he did not kill Satan and his rebel horde of djinns/demons the minute Adam and Eve were created, thus removing the parable of evil and the question of the Garden of Eden.<ref name="ginzberg michael">Ginzberg, Louis, [https://philologos.org/__eb-lotj/vol1/two.htm#2 The Legends of the Jews, Vol. I: The Angels and The Creation of Man] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201063745/https://philologos.org/__eb-lotj/vol1/two.htm#2 |date=2017-12-01 }}, (Translated by Henrietta Szold), Johns Hopkins University Press: 1998, {{ISBN|0-8018-5890-9}}</ref> Regardless, the entire band of angels, except for Michael, was then consumed by fire.<ref name="ginzberg michael" />
===Christianity===
[[File:Michael Miracle Icon Sinai 12th century.jpg|thumb|150px|upright|A 12th-century [[icon]] of the ''[[Miracle of the Archangel Michael at Chonae|Miracle at Chonae]]'', from [[Saint Catherine's Monastery]], [[Mount Sinai]].]]
[[File:Antonia astonac rev1.jpg|thumb|150px|The Portuguese Carmelite nun, [[Antónia d'Astónaco]], reported an apparition and [[private revelation]] of the [[Saint Michael in the Catholic Church|Archangel Michael]].]]
The [[Orthodox Church]] celebrates the [[Miracle of the Archangel Michael at Chonae|Miracle at Chonae]] on September 6.<ref>Makarios of Simonos Petra, ''The Synaxarion: the Lives of the Saints of the Orthodox Church'', trans. Christopher Hookway (Holy Convent of the Annunciation of Our Lady 1998 {{ISBN|960-85603-7-3}}), p. 47.</ref> The pious legend surrounding the event states that [[John the Apostle]], when preaching nearby, foretold the appearance of Michael at Cheretopa near [[Lake Salda]], where a healing spring appeared soon after the Apostle left; in gratitude for the healing of his daughter, one pilgrim built a church on the site.<ref>Synaxarion, p. 47.</ref> Local pagans, who are described as jealous of the healing power of the spring and the church, attempt to drown the church by redirecting the river, but the Archangel, "in the likeness of a column of fire", split the bedrock to open up a new bed for the stream, directing the flow away from the church.<ref>Synaxarion, p. 48.</ref> The legend is supposed to have predated the actual events, but the 5th – 7th-century texts that refer to the miracle at Chonae formed the basis of specific paradigms for "properly approaching" angelic intermediaries for more effective prayers within the Christian culture.<ref name=Peers >{{cite book|title=Subtle bodies: representing angels in Byzantium|first=Glenn |last=Peers |year=2001|publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0-520-22405-1 |page= 144 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kaonEi_dCJIC&q=Chonae+michael+miracle+university+california&pg=PA143}}</ref>
There is a late-5th-century legend in [[Cornwall]], UK that the Archangel appeared to fishermen on [[St Michael's Mount]].<ref name=Cornwall /> According to author Richard Freeman Johnson, this legend is likely a nationalistic twist to a myth.<ref name=Cornwall >''Saint Michael the Archangel in medieval English legend'' by Richard Freeman Johnson 2005 {{ISBN|1-84383-128-7}} p. 68</ref> Cornish legends also hold that the mount itself was constructed by giants<ref>''Popular Romances of the West of England'' by Robert Hunt 2009 {{ISBN|0-559-12999-8}} p. 238</ref> and that [[King Arthur]] battled a giant there.<ref>''Myths and Legends of Britain and Ireland'' by Richard Jones 2006 {{ISBN|1-84537-594-7}} p. 17</ref>
The legend of the apparition of the Archangel at around 490 AD at a secluded hilltop cave on [[Monte Gargano]] in Italy gained a following among the [[Lombards]] in the immediate period thereafter, and by the 8th century, pilgrims arrived from as far away as England.<ref>''The Medieval state: essays presented to James Campbell'' by John Robert Maddicott, David Michael Palliser, James Campbell 2003 {{ISBN|1-85285-195-3}} pp. 10–11</ref> The [[Tridentine Calendar]] included a feast of the apparition on 8 May, the date of the 663 victory over the [[Greece|Greek]] [[Naples|Neapolitans]] that the Lombards of [[Manfredonia]] attributed to Saint Michael.<ref name=Cathenc /> The feast [[General Roman Calendar of 1954|remained]] in the Roman liturgical calendar until removed in the [[General Roman Calendar of 1960|revision]] of [[Pope John XXIII]]. The [[Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo]] at Gargano is a major Catholic pilgrimage site.
According to Roman legends, Archangel Michael appeared with a sword over the [[mausoleum]] of [[Hadrian]] while a devastating plague persisted in Rome, in apparent answer to the prayers of Pope [[Gregory I the Great]] (c. 590–604) that the plague should cease. After the plague ended, in honor of the occasion, the pope called the mausoleum ''"[[Castel Sant'Angelo]]"'' (Castle of the Holy Angel), the name by which it is still known.<ref name=Butler320 />
According to [[Normandy|Norman]] legend, Michael is said to have appeared to [[St Aubert]], [[Bishop of Avranches]], in 708, giving instruction to build a church on the rocky islet now known as [[Mont Saint-Michel]].<ref name=MonkM >''Mont-Saint-Michel: a monk talks about his abbey'' by Jean-Pierre Mouton, Olivier Mignon 1998 {{ISBN|2-7082-3351-3}} pp. 55–56</ref><ref name="CathMont">{{cite web|url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10551a.htm|title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Mont-St-Michel|website=www.newadvent.org}}</ref><ref name=pilgrim /> In 960 the [[Duke of Normandy]] commissioned a [[Order of St. Benedict|Benedictine]] abbey on the mount, and it remains a major pilgrimage site.<ref name="pilgrim">''Pilgrimage: from the Ganges to Graceland : an encyclopedia, Volume 1'' by Linda Kay Davidson, David Martin Gitlitz 2002 {{ISBN|1-57607-004-2}} p. 398</ref>
A [[Portugal|Portuguese]] [[Carmelites|Carmelite]] nun, [[Antónia d'Astónaco]], reported an apparition and [[private revelation]] of the [[Saint Michael (Roman Catholic)|Archangel Michael]] who had told to this devoted [[Servant of God#Roman Catholicism|Servant of God]], in 1751, that he would like to be honored, and God glorified, by the praying of nine special invocations. These nine invocations correspond to invocations to the nine choirs of angels and origins the famous [[Chaplet of Saint Michael]]. This private revelation and prayers were approved by [[Pope Pius IX]] in 1851.{{sfn|Ball|p=123}}<ref>[[EWTN]] [http://www.ewtn.com/devotionals/prayers/chaplet-of-st-michael.htm The Chaplet of Saint Michael the Archangel]</ref>
From 1961 to 1965, four young schoolgirls had reported several apparitions of Archangel Michael in the small village of [[San Sebastian de Garabandal|Garabandal]], Spain. At Garabandal, the apparitions of the Archangel Michael were mainly reported as announcing the arrivals of the [[Blessed Virgin Mary|Virgin Mary]]. The [[Catholic Church]] has neither approved nor condemned the [[Garabandal apparitions]].<ref>Michael Freze, 1993, ''Voices, Visions, and Apparitions'', OSV Publishing {{ISBN|0-87973-454-X}} p. 267</ref>
===Islam===
In [[Sunnism|Sunni legends]], Michael appears in the creation narrative of [[Adam in Islam|Adam]]. Accordingly, he was sent to bring a handful of earth, but the Earth did not yield a piece of itself, some of which will burn. This is articulated by [[Al-Tha`labi|Al-Tha'labi]], whose narrative states that God tells Earth that some will obey him and others will not.<ref>The Birth of the Prophet Muḥammad: Devotional Piety in Sunni Islam – p. 21, Marion Holmes Katz – 2007</ref>
==Art and literature==
===In literature===
In the English [[epic poem]] ''[[Paradise Lost]]'' by [[John Milton]], Michael commands the army of angels loyal to God against the rebel forces of [[Satan]]. Armed with a sword from God's armory, he bests Satan in personal combat, wounding his side.<ref>John Milton, ''Paradise Lost'' 1674 [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~milton/reading_room/pl/book_6/index.shtml Book VI line 320]</ref>
In [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]]'s translation of [[The Golden Legend]], Michael is one of the angels of the seven planets. He is the angel of Mercury.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Longfellow |first1=Henry Wadsworth |title=The Golden Legend |date=1851 |publisher=Ticknor, Reed and Fields |location=Boston |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/10490/10490-h/10490-h.htm}}</ref>
===Music===
[[Marc-Antoine Charpentier]], ''Praelium Michaelis Archangeli factum in coelo cum dracone,'' H.410, oratorio for soloists, double chorus, strings and continuo. (1683)
===Artistic depictions===
{{Main|Archangel Michael in Christian art}}
[[File:Meister der Ikone des Erzengels Michael 001 adjusted.jpg|thumb|10th-century gold and enamel Byzantine [[icon]] of [[St Michael]], in the treasury of the St Mark's Basilica ]]
In [[Christian art]], Archangel Michael may be depicted alone or with other angels such as [[Gabriel]]. Some depictions with Gabriel date back to the 8th century, e.g. the stone casket at [[Mortain|Notre Dame de Mortain]] church in France.<ref name=rich141 />
The widely reproduced image of ''[[Our Mother of Perpetual Help]]'', an icon of the [[Cretan school]], depicts Michael on the left carrying the lance and sponge of the [[crucifixion of Jesus]], with Gabriel on the right side of [[Madonna and Child|Mary and Jesus]].<ref>''Icons and saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church'' by Alfredo Tradigo 2006 {{ISBN|0-89236-845-4}} p. 188</ref>
In many depictions, Michael is represented as an angelic warrior, fully armed with helmet, sword, and shield.<ref name=Cathenc /> The shield may bear the Latin inscription ''[[Quis ut Deus]]'' or the Greek inscription ''Christos Dikaios Krites'' or its initials.<ref>Ann Ball, 2003 ''Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices'' {{ISBN|0-87973-910-X}} p. 520</ref> He may be standing over a serpent, a dragon, or the defeated figure of Satan, whom he sometimes pierces with a lance.<ref name=Cathenc /> The iconography of Michael slaying a serpent goes back to the early 4th century, when [[Emperor Constantine]] defeated [[Licinius]] at the [[Battle of Adrianople (324)|Battle of Adrianople]] in 324 AD, not far from the ''[[Michaelion]]'', a church dedicated to Archangel Michael.<ref name=Richard />
Constantine felt that Licinius was an agent of Satan and associated him with the serpent described in the [[Book of Revelation]] ([[s:Bible (American Standard)/Revelation#12:9|12:9]]).<ref>''Constantine and the Christian empire'' by Charles Matson Odahl 2004 {{ISBN|0-415-17485-6}} p. 315</ref> After the victory, Constantine commissioned a depiction of himself and his sons slaying Licinius represented as a serpent – a symbolism borrowed from the Christian teachings on the Archangel to whom he attributed the victory. A similar painting, this time with the Archangel Michael himself slaying a serpent, then became a major art piece at the Michaelion and eventually lead to the standard [[iconography]] of Archangel Michael as a [[warrior saint]].<ref name=Richard />
In other depictions, Michael may be holding a pair of scales in which he weighs the souls of the departed and may hold the [[book of life]] (as in the [[Book of Revelation]]), to show that he takes part in the judgment.<ref name=rich141 /> However, this form of depiction is less common than the slaying of the dragon.<ref name=rich141 >''Saint Michael the Archangel in medieval English legend'' by Richard Freeman Johnson 2005 {{ISBN|1-84383-128-7}} pp. 141–147</ref> [[Michelangelo]] depicted this scene on the altar wall of the [[Sistine Chapel]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vaticanstate.va/EN/Monuments/The_Vatican_Museums/Sistine_Chapel--p--5.htm |title=Vatican website: Sistine Chapel |publisher=Vaticanstate.va |access-date=2010-07-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526031746/http://www.vaticanstate.va/EN/Monuments/The_Vatican_Museums/Sistine_Chapel--p--5.htm |archive-date=2010-05-26 }}</ref>
In [[Byzantine art]], Michael was often shown as a princely court dignitary rather than a warrior who battled Satan or with scales for weighing souls on the [[Day of Judgement]].<ref>''Saints in art'' by Rosa Giorgi, Stefano Zuffi 2003 {{ISBN|0-89236-717-2}} pp. 274–276</ref>
<gallery>
File:Faras - Archangel Michael with a horn trumpet and an orb - Google Art Project.jpg|Archangel Michael on a 9th-century [[Makuria]]n mural
File:Rublev Arhangel Mikhail.jpg|[[Andrei Rublev]]'s standalone depiction c. 1408
File:Francesco Botticini - I tre Arcangeli e Tobias.jpg|Michael (left) with archangels [[Raphael (archangel)|Raphael]] and [[Gabriel]], by [[Francesco Botticini|Botticini]], 1470
File:MemlingJudgmentCenter-crop.jpg|''Weighing souls'' on [[Last Judgment|Judgement Day]] by [[Hans Memling]], 15th century
File:GIORDANO, Luca fallen angels.jpg|Michael defeating the [[fallen angel]]s, by [[Luca Giordano]] c. 1660–65
Image:Angel Van Verschaffelt SantAngelo.jpg|Bronze statue of Archangel Michael, standing on top of the [[Castel Sant'Angelo]], modelled in 1753 by [[Peter Anton von Verschaffelt]] (1710–1793).
File:Archangel Michael Hajdudorog.JPG|Michael's icon on the northern ''deacons' door'' on the [[iconostasis of Hajdúdorog]]. The archangel is often depicted on iconostases' doors as a defender of the sanctuary.
File:Archangel Michael, St Pancras New Church, London.JPG|''Archangel Michael'' by [[Emily Young]] in the grounds of [[St Pancras New Church]]. Plaque inscription: "In memory of the victims of the [[7 July 2005 London bombings|7th July 2005 bombings]] and all victims of violence. 'I will lift up my eyes unto the hills' [[Psalm 121]]"
File:St. Michael the Archangel.jpg|St. Michael the Archangel and the Dragon. Queen of Archangels Roman Catholic Parish, Clarence, PA
File:St Michael's victory over the Devil by Sir Jacob Epstein, Coventry Cathedral.jpg|''[[St Michael's Victory over the Devil]]'', a sculpture by [[Jacob Epstein]].
</gallery>
==Churches named after Michael==
* [[St. Michael's Church (disambiguation)]]
{{commons|Structured gallery of churches dedicated to Archangel Michael}}
[[File:Mont Saint-Michel France.jpg|thumb|The [[Mont-Saint-Michel]] in [[Normandy]], France]]
[[File:20060416-Michaelskirche Muenchen.jpg|thumb|[[St. Michael's Church, Munich|St. Michael's]] [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] church, [[Munich]], [[Bavaria]], [[Germany]]]]
<!--DO NOT ADD SMALL PARISH CHURCHES TO THIS SECTION. IT IS FOR MAJOR SHRINES. -->
* Parroquia de San Miguel Arcángel ([[:es:Parroquia de San Miguel Arcángel (San Miguel el Alto)|es]]), [[San Miguel de Allende]], [[Guanajuato]] Mexico [[World Heritage Site]]
* [[Sacra di San Michele]] (Saint Michael's Abbey), near [[Turin]], Italy
* Pfarrei Brixen St. Michael with the [[White Tower (Brixen)|White Tower]], [[Brixen]], Italy
* [[Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula]], in [[Brussels]], Belgium
* [[Mont-Saint-Michel]], [[Normandy]], France – a [[World Heritage Site]]
* [[St. Michael's Cathedral Basilica (Toronto)]], Canada
* [[St. Michael's Cathedral (Izhevsk)]], Russia
* [[St. Michael's Cathedral, Qingdao]], China
* [[Chudov Monastery]] in the [[Moscow Kremlin]]
* [[Cathedral of the Archangel]] in the Moscow Kremlin – a World Heritage Site
* [[Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo]], [[Gargano]], Italy – a World Heritage Site
* [[St Michael's Mount]], [[Cornwall]], UK
* [[St. Michael's Basilica, Miramichi]], Canada
* [[Skellig Michael]], off the [[Ireland|Irish]] west coast – a World Heritage Site
* [[Coventry Cathedral|St Michael's Cathedral]], [[Coventry]], UK
* [[St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery]], [[Kyiv]], [[Ukraine]]
* Basilica of St Michael the Archangel, [[Pensacola, Florida]], United States
* [[St. Michael's Church, Vienna]] in [[Vienna]], Austria
* [[Tayabas Basilica]], Tayabas, Quezon, [[Philippines]]
* [[St. Michael's Church, Berlin]], Germany
* [[St. Michael's Church, Munich|St. Michael's]] [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] church, [[Munich]], Germany
* [[St. Michael's Cathedral, Belgrade]] in [[Belgrade]], [[Serbia]]
* [[Gamu Cathedral|Cathedral of St. Michael the Archangel]] in [[Gamu, Isabela]], Philippines
* [[Mission San Miguel Arcángel]], Sann Miguel, California, United States, one of the California Missions
* [[St Michael at the North Gate]], [[Oxford]], UK
* [[St. Michael's Church, Mumbai|St. Michael’s Church, Mumbai]], India
* [[Church of St. Michael, Štip]], Republic of Macedonia
==See also==
* [[Angelus]]
* [[Biblical cosmology]]
* [[Christian angelic hierarchy]]
* [[Guardian Angel of Portugal]]
* [[Hierarchy of angels]]
* [[List of angels in theology]]
* [[Metatron]]
* [[Portal:Catholicism/Patron Archive/September 29|Saint Michael, patron saint archive]]
* [[Saint Michael in the Catholic Church]]
* [[Seraph]]
* [[Theophory in the Bible]]
* [[Uriel]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Sources==
* Ball, Ann. ''2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices'' {{ISBN|0-87973-910-X}}
* Butler, Alban. ''The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and other Principal Saints''. 12 vols. B. Dornin, 1821
* Starr, Mirabai. ''Saint Michael: The Archangel'', Sounds True, 2007 {{ISBN|1-59179-627-X}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Archangel Michael}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=560&letter=M ''Jewish Encyclopedia'': Michael]
{{Angels in Abrahamic Religions}}
{{Catholic saints}}
{{Quranic people}}
{{Book of Daniel}}
{{Book of Revelation}}
{{Private revelation}}
{{Coptic saints}}
{{Portalbar|Saints}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Michael (Archangel)}}
[[Category:Michael (archangel)| ]]
[[Category:Angels in the Book of Enoch]]
[[Category:Archangels in Christianity]]
[[Category:Archangels in Islam]]
[[Category:Archangel in Judaism]]
[[Category:Christian saints from the New Testament|Michael]]
[[Category:Christian saints from the Old Testament]]
[[Category:Individual angels]]
[[Category:Patron saints of France]]
[[Category:Quranic figures]]
[[Category:Angels of death]]
[[Category:Adam and Eve in Mormonism]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Redirect|Saint Michael}}
{{short description|Archangel in Jewish, Christian.
{{Infobox saint
|honorific_prefix = [[Saint]]
|name = Michael
|image = File:Luca Giordano - The Fall of the Rebel Angels - Google Art Project.jpg
|caption =
|titles = Archangel, Prince of Heavenly Host
|feast_day = *'''8 November''' (New Calendar Eastern Orthodox Churches)
* '''8 November''' ([[Eastern Catholic Churches]])
* '''21 November''' (Old Calendar Eastern Orthodox Churches)
* '''29 September''' ("[[Michaelmas]]")
* '''8 May''' ([[Tridentine Calendar]])
* '''12th of each month in [[Coptic calendar]]''' (Coptic Churches)
* Many other local and historical feasts
|beatified_by=
|canonized_date = [[Pre-Congregation]]
|canonized_place =
|canonized_by=
|major_shrine=
|attributes = [[Archangel]]; Treading on a dragon; carrying a banner, [[Scale armour|scales]], sword, and weighing souls
|patronage = Protector of the Jewish people,<ref name="Bible gateway, Daniel 12:1">{{cite web|url=http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=daniel%2012;&version=31 |title=Bible gateway, Daniel 12:1 |publisher=Biblegateway.com |access-date=2010-07-21}}</ref> Guardian of the Catholic Church,<ref name=Alban >[[Alban Butler]], ''The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and other Principal Saints''. 12 vols. B. Dornin, 1821; p. 117</ref> Vatican City,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news.va/en/news/benedict-xvi-joins-pope-francis-in-consecrating-va |title=Benedict XVI joins Pope Francis in consecrating Vatican to St Michael Archangel |publisher=news.va |access-date=2013-07-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ryTpAgAAQBAJ&q=Michael+patron+police&pg=PA72 |title=The Patron Saints Handbook |publisher=The Word Among Us Press |first=Mitch |last=Finley |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-59325403-2 |page=72 |access-date=2014-05-01}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=June 2019}} sickness, [[police officers]], military<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=308 |title=St. Michael, the Archangel – Saints & Angels |publisher=Catholic.org |access-date=2012-12-27}}</ref>
|issues=
|venerated_in = All [[Christian denomination]]s which [[veneration of saints|venerate saints]]<br>[[Judaism]]<br>[[Islam]]
}}
'''Michael''' ({{IPA-he|mixaˈʔel|lang}}; {{lang-he|מִיכָאֵל|lit=[[Quis ut Deus?|Who is like El?]]|translit=Mīḳā'ēl}}; {{lang-el|Μιχαήλ|translit=Mikhaḗl}}; {{lang-la|Michahel}}; {{lang-cop|ⲙⲓⲭⲁⲏⲗ}}; {{lang-ar|ميخائيل ، مِيكَالَ ، ميكائيل|translit=Mīkā'īl, Mīkāl or Mīkhā'īl|lit=}})<ref>{{cite web | url=https://quran.com/2/98?translations=19,101,85,84,22,21,20,18,17,95 | title=Surah Al-Baqarah [2:98]}}</ref> is an [[archangel]] in [[Judaism]], [[Christianity]], and [[Islam]]. In [[Catholic Church|Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox]], [[Anglican]], and [[Lutheran]] systems of faith, he is called '''Saint Michael the Archangel''' and '''Saint Michael'''. In the [[Oriental Orthodox]] and [[Eastern Orthodox]] religions, he is called '''Saint Michael the Taxiarch'''.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22St.%20Michael%20the%20Taxiarch%22&sin=TXT/|title= List of books attesting the title of "Saint Michael the Taxiarch"|language= en, de}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url= https://www.academia.edu/1897792|title= From Lieux de Pouvoir to Lieux de Mémoire: The Monuments of the Medieval Castle of Ioannina through the Centuries|author1= B. Osswald (PhD)|year= 2008|publisher= Edizioni Plus-Pisa University Press|isbn= 978-88-8492-558-9|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180802003211/https://www.academia.edu/1897792/From_Lieux_de_Pouvoir_to_Lieux_de_M%C3%A9moire_The_Monuments_of_the_Medieval_Castle_of_Ioannina_through_the_Centuries|archive-date= 2 August 2018|url-status= live}}</ref> In other [[Protestant]] churches, he is referred to as '''Archangel Michael'''.
Michael is mentioned three times in the [[Book of Daniel]]. The idea that Michael was the advocate of the Jews became so prevalent that, in spite of the rabbinical prohibition against appealing to angels as intermediaries between [[God]] and his people, Michael came to occupy a certain place in the [[Jewish liturgy]].
In the [[New Testament]], Michael leads God's armies against [[Satan]]'s forces in the [[Book of Revelation]], where during the [[War in Heaven|war in heaven]] he defeats Satan. In the [[Epistle of Jude]], Michael is specifically referred to as "the archangel Michael". Sanctuaries to Michael were built by Christians in the 4th century, when he was first seen as a healing angel. Over time his role became one of a protector and the leader of the army of God against the forces of evil.
==Scriptural references==
===Hebrew Bible===
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[[File:GuidoReni MichaelDefeatsSatan.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Guido Reni]]'s Michael (in [[Santa Maria della Concezione dei Cappuccini|Santa Maria della Concezione]] church, Rome, 1636) tramples Satan. A mosaic of the same painting decorates ''St. Michael's Altar'' in [[St. Peter's Basilica]].]]
Michael is mentioned three times in the [[Hebrew Bible]] (the [[Old Testament]]), all in the [[Book of Daniel]]. The prophet [[Daniel (biblical figure)|Daniel]] has a vision after having undergone a period of fasting. [[s:Bible (American Standard)/Daniel#10:13|Daniel 10:13–21]] describes Daniel's vision of an angel who identifies Michael as the protector of [[Israelites]].<ref>''Who's who in the Jewish Bible'' by David Mandel 2007 {{ISBN|0-8276-0863-2}} p. 270</ref> At [[s:Bible (American Standard)/Daniel#12:1|Daniel 12:1]], Daniel is informed that Michael will arise during the "[[end times|time of the end]]".<ref>''Daniel: Wisdom to the Wise: Commentary on the Book of Daniel'' by Zdravko Stefanovic 2007 {{ISBN|0-8163-2212-0}} p. 391</ref>
===New Testament===
[[File:Anónimo - San Miguel Arcángel, 1708.jpg|thumb|Saint Michael, Archangel [[:es:Melchor Pérez de Holguín]], [[Bolivia]], ([[1708]])]]
The [[Book of Revelation]] ([[s:Bible (American Standard)/Revelation#12:7|12:7–9]]) describes a [[War in Heaven|war in heaven]] in which Michael, being stronger, defeats Satan.<ref name=Art13 >''Revelation 12–22'' by John MacArthur 2000 {{ISBN|0-8024-0774-9}} pp. 13–14</ref> After the conflict, Satan is thrown to Earth along with the [[fallen angel]]s, where he ("that ancient serpent called the devil") still tries to "lead the whole world astray".<ref name=Art13 />
In the [[Epistle of Jude]] [[s:Bible (World English)/Jude#1:9|1:9]], Michael is referred to as an "archangel" when he again confronts Satan.<ref name=Guiley >''The Encyclopedia of Angels'', by Rosemary Guiley, 2004 {{ISBN|0-8160-5023-6}}, p. 49</ref>
==Religious faiths==
===Judaism===
According to rabbinic Jewish tradition, Michael acted as the advocate of Israel, and sometimes had to fight with the princes of the other nations (cf. 10:13) and particularly with the angel [[Samael]], Israel's accuser. Michael's enmity against Samael dates from the time when the latter was thrown down from heaven. Samael took hold of the wings of Michael, whom he wished to bring down with him in his fall; but Michael was saved by God.<ref>Midrash Pirke R. El. xxvi</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title = Jewish Encyclopedia – Michael | encyclopedia = Jewish Encyclopedia | url = http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=560&letter=M#1833 | access-date=2009-02-18}}</ref> Michael said, "May The Lord rebuke you" to Satan for attempting to claim the body of [[Moses]].<ref>Midrash Deut. Rabbah xi. 6</ref>
[[File:Michael.svg|thumb|150px|Michael in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]]]
The idea that Michael was the advocate of the Jews became so prevalent {{where|date=April 2019}} that in spite of the rabbinical prohibition against appealing to angels as intermediaries between God and his people, Michael came to occupy a certain place in the Jewish liturgy: "When a man is in need he must pray directly to God, and neither to Michael nor to [[Gabriel]]."<ref>Yer. Ber. ix. 13a</ref> Two prayers were written beseeching him as the prince of mercy to intercede in favor of Israel: one composed by Byzantine Jew [[Eliezer ben Kalir|Eliezer ha-Kalir]] (c. 570 – c. 640), and the other by [[Judah ben Samuel of Regensburg|Judah ben Samuel he-Hasid]] (1150 – 22 February 1217), a leader of the [[Chassidei Ashkenaz]] in [[Bavaria]]. But appeal to Michael seems to have been more common in ancient times {{where|date=April 2019}}{{when|date=April 2019}}. [[Jeremiah]] is said to have addressed a prayer to him.<ref>Baruch Apoc. Ethiopic, ix. 5</ref>
The [[rabbi]]s declare that Michael entered upon his role of defender at the time of the biblical patriarchs. Rabbi Eliezer ben Jacob said that Michael rescued [[Abraham]] from the furnace into which he had been thrown by [[Nimrod]] (Midrash Genesis Rabbah xliv. 16). It is claimed that it was Michael, the "one that had escaped" (Genesis [[s:Bible (American Standard)/Genesis#14:13|14:13]]), who told Abraham that Lot had been taken captive (Midrash Pirke R. El.), and who protected Sarah from being defiled by Abimelech.
It is also said that Michael prevented [[Isaac]] from being sacrificed by his father by substituting a ram in his place. He saved [[Jacob]], while yet in his mother's womb, from being killed by Samael.<ref>Midrash Abkir, in Yalḳ., Gen. 110</ref> Later Michael prevented Laban from harming Jacob.(''[[Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer]]'', xxxvi).
The [[midrash]] ''Exodus Rabbah'' holds that Michael exercised his function of advocate of Israel at the time of [[the Exodus]] also. Michael is also said to have destroyed the army of [[Sennacherib]].<ref>Midrash Exodus Rabbah xviii. 5</ref>
===Christianity===
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====Early Christian views and devotions====
[[File:Michael4.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Statue of Archangel Michael at the [[University of Bonn]], slaying Satan as a dragon; ''[[Quis ut Deus]]'' is inscribed on his shield]]
Michael was venerated as a healer in [[Phrygia]] (modern-day Turkey).<ref name="Cathenc">{{cite web|url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10275b.htm|title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: St. Michael the Archangel|website=www.newadvent.org}}</ref>
The earliest and most famous sanctuary to Michael in the ancient Near East was also associated with healing waters. It was the ''[[Michaelion]]'' built in the early 4th century by [[Emperor Constantine]] at [[Chalcedon]], on the site of an earlier temple called ''Sosthenion''.<ref name=Richard >Richard Freeman Johnson (2005), ''Saint Michael the Archangel in Medieval English Legend'' {{ISBN|1-84383-128-7}}; pp. 33–34</ref>
A painting of the Archangel slaying a serpent became a major art piece at the Michaelion after Constantine defeated [[Licinius]] near there in 324. This contributed to the standard [[iconography]] that developed of Archangel Michael as a [[warrior saint]] slaying a dragon.<ref name=Richard /> The Michaelion was a magnificent church and in time became a model for hundreds of other churches in [[Eastern Christianity]]; these spread devotions to the Archangel.<ref>[[Anna Jameson]] (2004), ''Sacred and Legendary Art'' {{ISBN|0-7661-8144-8}}; p. 92</ref>
In the 4th century, [[Basil the Great|Saint Basil the Great]]'s homily (''De Angelis'') placed Saint Michael over all the angels. He was called ''"Archangel"'' because he heralds other angels, the title Ἀρχαγγέλος (archangelos) being used of him in [[Epistle of Jude|Jude]] 1:9.<ref name=Cathenc /> Into the 6th century, the view of Michael as a healer continued in Rome; after a plague, the sick slept at night in the church of ''[[Castel Sant'Angelo]]'' (dedicated to him for saving Rome), waiting for his manifestation.<ref name=Butler320 >Alban Butler, ''The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and other Principal Saints''. 12 vols. Dublin: James Duffy, 1866; p. 320</ref>
In the 6th century, the growth of devotions to Michael in the [[Western Church]] was expressed by the feasts dedicated to him, as recorded in the [[Leonine Sacramentary]]. The 7th-century [[Gelasian Sacramentary]] included the feast ''"S. Michaelis Archangeli"'', as did the 8th-century [[Sacramentary#The Gregorian Sacramentary|Gregorian Sacramentary]]. Some of these documents refer to a ''Basilica Archangeli'' (no longer extant) on [[via Salaria]] in Rome.<ref name=Cathenc />
The [[angelology]] of [[Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite|Pseudo-Dionysius]], which was widely read as of the 6th century, gave Michael a rank in the [[celestial hierarchy]]. Later, in the 13th century, others such as [[Bonaventure]] believed that he is the prince of the [[Seraphim]], the first of the nine angelic orders. According to [[Thomas Aquinas]] (''[[Summa Theologica|Summa]]'' Ia. 113.3), he is the Prince of the last and lowest choir, the Angels.<ref name=Cathenc />
====Catholicism====
{{For|Roman Catholic views and prayers|Saint Michael (Roman Catholic)}}
[[File:Jacopo vignali, san michele arcangelo libera le anime del purgatorio.jpg|thumb|upright|Archangel Michael ''[[Saint Michael (Roman Catholic)#Saving souls at the hour of death|reaching to save souls in purgatory]]'', by [[Jacopo Vignali]], 17th century]]
[[Catholic Church|Catholic]]s often refer to Michael as "Holy Michael, the Archangel"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.catholic.org/prayers/prayer.php?p=12|title=Holy Michael, the Archangel, Defend Us in Battle - Prayers|first=Catholic|last=Online|website=Catholic Online}}</ref> or "Saint Michael", a title that does not indicate [[Canonization|canonisation]]. He is generally referred to in Christian [[litany|litanies]] as "Saint Michael", as in the [[Litany of the Saints]]. In the shortened version of this litany used in the [[Easter Vigil]], he alone of the angels and archangels is mentioned by name, omitting saints [[Gabriel]] and [[Raphael (archangel)|Raphael]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Cadwallader+Michael+Chonai&btnG= |first=Alan H.|last=Cadwallader|author2=Michael Trainor|title=Colossae in Space and Time|publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht|year=2011 |isbn=978-3-525-53397-0| page=323|access-date=2012-12-27}}</ref>
In [[Saint Michael (Roman Catholic)|Roman Catholic teachings]], Saint Michael has four main roles or offices.<ref name=Cathenc/> His first role is the leader of the Army of God and the leader of heaven's forces in their triumph over the powers of hell.<ref name=Donna60 >Donna-Marie O'Boyle, ''Catholic Saints Prayer Book'' OSV Publishing, 2008 {{ISBN|1-59276-285-9}} p. 60</ref> He is viewed as the angelic model for the virtues of the ''spiritual warrior'', with the conflict against evil at times viewed as the ''battle within''.<ref name=Starr2 >Starr, Mirabai. ''Saint Michael: The Archangel'', Sounds True, 2007 {{ISBN|1-59179-627-X}} p. 2</ref>
[[File:Stift Rein - Bibliothek, Antiphonale Cisterciense, Miniatur Erzengel Michael.jpg|thumb|left|upright|''St. Michael weighing souls during the [[Last Judgement]]'', ''Antiphonale Cisterciense'' (15th century), Abbey Bibliotheca, [[Rein Abbey, Austria]]]]
The second and third roles of Michael in Catholic teachings deal with death. In his second role, Michael is the angel of death, [[psychopomp|carrying the souls]] of all the deceased to heaven. In this role Michael descends at the hour of death, and gives each soul the chance to redeem itself before passing; thus consternating the devil and his minions. Catholic prayers often refer to this role of Michael. In his third role, he weighs souls in his perfectly balanced scales. For this reason, Michael is often depicted holding scales.{{sfn|Starr|p=39}}
In his fourth role, Saint Michael, the special patron of the Chosen People in the Old Testament, is also the guardian of the Church. Saint Michael was revered by the military orders of knights during the [[Middle Ages in history|Middle Ages]]. The names of villages around the [[Bay of Biscay]] express that history. This role also was why he was considered the patron saint of a number of cities and countries.{{sfn|Butler|1821|p=117}}<ref name="ReferenceA">Michael McGrath, ''Patrons and Protectors''. Liturgy Training, 2001. {{ISBN|1-56854-109-0}}.</ref>
Roman Catholicism includes traditions such as the ''[[Prayer to Saint Michael]],'' which specifically asks for the faithful to be "defended" by the saint.<ref>{{cite web|website=[[EWTN]] |title=Prayer to St Michael |url=http://www.ewtn.com/devotionals/prayers/michael.htm}}</ref><ref>Matthew Bunson, ''The Catholic Almanac's Guide to the Church'', OSV Publishing, 2001 {{ISBN|0-87973-914-2}} p. 315</ref><ref>Amy Welborn, ''The Words We Pray''. Loyola Press, 2004. {{ISBN|0-8294-1956-X}}, p. 101.</ref> The ''[[Chaplet of Saint Michael]]'' consists of nine salutations, one for each choir of angels.<ref name="Ann Ball p. 123">Ann Ball, ''2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices'' {{ISBN|0-87973-910-X}} p. 123</ref><ref>[[EWTN]] [http://www.ewtn.com/devotionals/prayers/chaplet-of-st-michael.htm "The Chaplet of St. Michael the Archangel]"</ref>
=====Saint Michael the Archangel prayer=====
{{Main|Prayer to Saint Michael#In the Leonine Prayers}}
<poem>
Blessed Michael, archangel,
defend us in the hour of conflict.
Be our safeguard against the wickedness and snares of the devil
(may God restrain him, we humbly pray):
and do thou, O Prince of the heavenly host,
by the power of God thrust Satan down to hell
and with him those other wicked spirits
who wander through the world for the ruin of souls.
Amen.<ref>{{cite book|author=James Joyce|title=Ulysses|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RFXCBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA80|date=17 April 2008|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-162349-3|page=80}}</ref>
</poem>
====Eastern and Oriental Orthodoxy====
The [[Eastern Orthodox]] accord Michael the title ''Archistrategos'', or "Supreme Commander of the Heavenly Hosts".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Baun+%22Michael+Archistrategos%22&btnG= |first=Jane|last=Baun|title=Tales from Another Byzantium|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-521-82395-1|page=391 et passim |access-date=2012-12-27}}</ref> The Eastern Orthodox pray to their [[guardian angel]]s and above all to Michael and Gabriel.<ref>''Eastern Orthodox Theology: A Contemporary Reader'' by Daniel B. Clendenin (2003) {{ISBN|0801026512}}, p. 75</ref>
The Eastern Orthodox have always had strong devotions to angels. In contemporary times they are referred to by the term of "Bodiless Powers".<ref name="EOEnc" /> A number of feasts dedicated to Archangel Michael are celebrated by the Eastern Orthodox throughout the year.<ref name="EOEnc">''The Encyclopedia of Eastern Orthodox Christianity'', by John Anthony McGuckin (2011) {{ISBN|1405185392}} p. 30</ref>
Archangel Michael is mentioned in a number of Eastern Orthodox hymns and prayer, and his icons are widely used within Eastern Orthodox churches.<ref name="B16">''The Eastern Orthodox Church: Its Thought and Life'', by Ernst Benz (2008) {{ISBN|0202362981}}, p. 16</ref> In many Eastern Orthodox icons, Christ is accompanied by a number of angels, Michael being a predominant figure among them.<ref name="B16" />
In Russia, many monasteries, cathedrals, court and merchant churches are dedicated to the Chief Commander Michael; most Russian cities have a church or chapel dedicated to the Archangel Michael.<ref>''A Geography of Russia and Its Neighbors'', by Mikhail S. Blinnikov (2010) ISBN, p. 203</ref><ref>''Architectures of Russian Identity, 1500 to the Present'', by James Cracraft (2003) {{ISBN|0801488281}}, p. 42</ref>
While in the [[Serbian Orthodox Church]] [[Saint Sava]] has a special role as the establisher of its autocephaly and the largest Belgrade church is devoted to him, the capital [[Belgrade]]'s Orthodox [[cathedral]], the [[St. Michael's Cathedral, Belgrade|see church]] of the patriarch, is devoted to Archangel Michael (in Serbian: ''Арханђел Михаило'' / ''Arhanđel Mihailo'').
The place of Michael in the [[Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria]] is as a [[intercession of saints|saintly intercessor]]. He is the one who presents to God the prayers of the just, who accompanies the souls of the dead to heaven, who defeats the devil. He is celebrated liturgically on the 12th of each [[Coptic calendar|Coptic month]].<ref>''Two Thousand Years of Coptic Christianity'', by Otto Friedrich August Meinardus (2010) {{ISBN|977-424-757-4}} pp. 27, 117, 147</ref> In [[Alexandria]], a church was dedicated to him in the early fourth century on the 12th of the month of [[Paoni]]. The 12th of the month of [[Hathor (month)|Hathor]] is the celebration of Michael's appointment in heaven, where Michael became the chief of the angels.<ref>''Money, Land and Trade: An Economic History of the Muslim Mediterranean'', by Nelly Hanna (2002) {{ISBN|1-86064-699-9}}, p. 226</ref>
====Protestant views====
[[File:Erzengel Michael-Statue über dem Portal der St. Michaeliskirche Hamburg.jpg|thumb|Statue at [[St. Michaelis Church, Hamburg]]]]
Some Protestant denominations recognize Michael as an archangel. Within Protestantism, the [[Anglican]] and [[Methodist]] tradition recognizes four angels as archangels: Michael, [[Raphael (archangel)|Raphael]], [[Gabriel]], and [[Uriel]].<ref name="Armentrout2000">{{cite book|last=Armentrout|first=Don S.|title=An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church|date=1 January 2000|publisher=Church Publishing, Inc.|language=en|isbn=9780898697018|page=14}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Methodist New Connexion Magazine and Evangelical Repository, Volume XXXV, Third Series |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Q8EAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA493|year=1867|publisher=William Cooke|location=London|language=en|page=493}}</ref> The American evangelist [[Billy Graham]] wrote that in Sacred Scripture, there is only one individual explicitly described as an archangel—Michael—in Jude 1:9.<ref name="Billy Graham">[[Billy Graham|Graham, Billy]] (1995). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=sDUbiV92-mIC&pg=PT31#v=twopage&q=archangel&f=false Angels]''. Thomas Nelson. {{ISBN|9780849938719}}. p. PT31.</ref><ref>Graham (1995) p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=sDUbiV92-mIC&pg=PT32#v=twopage&q=Gabriel%20not%20archangel&f=false PT32]</ref>
Citing [[Hengstenberg]], John A. Lees, in ''International Standard Bible Encyclopedia'', states: "The earlier [[Protestant]] scholars usually identified Michael with the [[Pre-existence of Christ|pre-incarnate Christ]], finding support for their view, not only in the juxtaposition of the 'child' and the archangel in {{Bibleverse||Rev|12:1–17|ESV}}, but also in the attributes ascribed to him in [[Book of Daniel|Daniel]]."<ref name="Lees">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalstandardbible.com/M/michael.html |title=John A. Lees, "Michael" in James Orr (editor), ''The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia''(Eerdmans 1939)|publisher=Internationalstandardbible.com |date=2007-07-06 |access-date=2012-12-27}}</ref>
Such scholars include but are not limited to:
# Martin Luther<ref>"The Angels of Michael; Revelation 12:7–12," by Robert W. Bertram, published in ''Cresset'' 21, No. 9 (September, 1958): 1214, [http://www.crossings.org/archive/bob/sermons/TheAngelsofMichael.pdf p. 2]</ref><ref>"Spirituality is for Angels – The Angels of Michael", by Robert W. Bertram, in ''Ecumenism, The Spirit and Worship,'' 126–169. Edited by Leonard J. Swindler. Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press, 1967, [http://www.crossings.org/archive/bob/SPIRITUALITYISFORANGELS.pdf p. 4]</ref>
# Hengstenberg with others<ref>The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia; James Orr, M.A., D.D., General Editor; John L. Nuelsen, D.D., LL.D.; Edgar Y. Mullins, D.D., LL.D. Assistant Editors; Morris O. Evans, D.D., Ph.D., Managing Editor; Volume III. Heresy-Naarah; Chicago, The Howard-Severance Company, 1915., PDF p. 693; Internally [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924095207126#page/n693/mode/1up p. 2048]</ref><ref>''The Imperial Bible-Dictionary,'' by the Rev. Patrick Fairbairn, D.D (1866), [https://archive.org/stream/theimperialbible02unknuoft#page/234/mode/1up p. 234]</ref><ref>''The Zondervan Encyclopedia of the Bible;'' Volume 4; M–P, Revised, Full-Color Edition; Merrill C. Tenney, General Editor/Moises Silva, Revision Editor. 2010 – https://books.google.com/books?id=S4MZREX03u0C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref>
# Dr. W. L. Alexander [in Kitto], Prof. Douglas [in Fairbairn]<ref>''A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Bible'' (1868), by Sir William Smith, [https://archive.org/stream/comprehensivedic00smituoft#page/646/mode/1up pp. 645–646]</ref>
# Jacobus Ode, Campegius Vitringa, Sr.<ref>''Prophecy viewed in respect to its distinctive nature, its special function, and proper interpretation.'' by Patrick Fairbairn, D.D. (1865), PDF p. 344; Internally [https://archive.org/stream/prophecyviewedi00fairgoog#page/n344/mode/1up p. 325]</ref><ref>''The Revelation of St. John, expounded for those who search the Scriptures.'' by E. W. Hengstenberg (1851), pp. 474–475; Internally pp. 466–467, with notations – https://archive.org/stream/revelationstjoh01fairgoog#page/n474/mode/1up
https://archive.org/stream/revelationstjoh01fairgoog#page/n475/mode/1up</ref><ref>A Commentary Of The Holy Scriptures: Critical, Doctrinal And Homiletical, With Special Reference To Ministers And Students, By John Peter Lange, D.D. (1874), p. 248 – https://books.google.com/books?id=g5tBAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref>
# Philip Melanchthon, Broughton, Junius, Calvin, Hävernick<ref>The Preacher's Complete Homiletical Commentary on the Old Testament (1892), pp. 227, 274 – https://archive.org/stream/homileticalcomme27robi#page/227/mode/1up https://archive.org/stream/homileticalcomme27robi#page/274/mode/1up</ref>
# Polanus, Genevens, Oecolampadius & others,<ref>Andrew Willet, Sixfold Commentary (Hexapla in Danielem) (1610), p. 384 – http://rarebooks.dts.edu/viewbook.aspx?bookid=1422</ref> Adam Clarke<ref>William Baxter Godbey's Commentary on the New Testament; Revelation 12, p. 62 – http://www.studylight.org/commentaries/ges/view.cgi?bk=65&ch=12 http://www.enterhisrest.org/history/wg-rev.pdf</ref>
# Samuel Horsley<ref>The London Encyclopedia, or Universal Dictionary, Volume. XIV. Medicine to Mithridates; Edited by Thomas Curtis, of Grove House School, Islington. 1839., p. 483 – https://books.google.com/books?id=5eQqJ-AGK-YC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>The Monthly Review for January, 1806. By Ralph Griffiths., p. 333 – https://books.google.com/books?id=Ff7kAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref>
# Cloppenburgh, Vogelsangius, Pierce and others (Horsely)<ref>Sacred Dissertations, on what is commonly called the Apostles' Creed. By Herman Witsius, D.D. Professor of Divinity in the Universities of Franeker, Utrecht, and Leyden. Translated from the Latin, and followed with Notes, Critical and Explanatory, by Donald Fraser, Minister of the Gospel, Kennoway. In Two Volumes. Volume II. 1823., p. 538 – https://books.google.com/books?id=DKQPAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref>
# John (Jean) Calvin<ref>Who is “The (Arch)angel of the Lord”?; Posted September 6, 2014 by Website Admin, by Francis Nigel Lee, p. 3, Web p. 2 – http://www.dr-fnlee.org/who-is-the-archangel-of-the-lord/2/</ref><ref>The Days of Vengeance, An Exposition of the Book of Revelation, by David Chilton, copyright 1987., p. 312 Notes, No. 27 – https://archive.org/stream/DaysOfVengeance-DavidChilton/Days of Vengeance David Chilton#page/n337/mode/1up</ref>
# Isaac Watts, John Bunyan, Brown's Dictionary, James Wood's Spiritual Dictionary<ref>The Bible Doctrine of God, Jesus Christ, The Holy Spirit, Atonement, Faith, And Election; to which is prefixed some Thoughts of Natural Theology and the Truth of Revelation; by William Kinkade, pp. 152–154 – http://www.archive.org/stream/bibledoctrineofg00kink#page/152/mode/1up http://www.archive.org/stream/bibledoctrineofg00kink#page/153/mode/1up http://www.archive.org/stream/bibledoctrineofg00kink#page/154/mode/1up</ref>
# and many others<ref>"Ezekiel, Daniel" edited by Carl L. Beckwith, p. 405 – https://books.google.com/books?id=gSMDd60ohdkC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref>
# for even before them, the Jewish commentators, such as Wetstein, Surenhusius, etc.<ref>A Cyclopaedia of Biblical literature; Volume III, by John Kitto, D.D., F.S.A. Third Edition (1876), p. 158 – https://books.google.com/books?id=7DAHAQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref>
In the 19th Century, [[Charles Haddon Spurgeon]]<ref name="spurgeon baptist confession of faith">[http://www.spurgeon.org/~phil/creeds/bcof.htm#part2 The Baptist Confession of Faith (1689) – With slight revisions by C. H. Spurgeon] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100407070838/http://www.spurgeon.org/~phil/creeds/bcof.htm |date=2010-04-07 }} – spurgeon.org – Phillip R. Johnson – 2001 – Retrieved 12 September 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.oneplace.com/ministries/spurgeon-sermons/read/devotionals/spurgeons-morning-and-evening/morning-and-evening-5-or-8-pm-551540-551540.html Morning and Evening – Charles Haddon Spurgeon] – Devotionals by Spurgeon Sermons – Spurgeon Sermons with C.H. Spurgeon – Retrieved 12 September 2014.</ref> stated that Jesus is "the true Michael" <ref>Charles Spurgeon; Morning and Evening Daily Readings; Complete and Unabridged Classic KJV Edition; Morning Devotion; October 3 on Hebrews 1:14; 1991., p. 554 – https://books.google.com/books?id=w0pqbDq4F-AC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>Charles Spurgeon; Morning by Morning; or, Daily Readings for the Family or the Closet; New York and Sheldon Company 498 and 500 Broadway. 1866, p. 227 – https://books.google.com/books?id=0SAeAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
http://www.heartlight.org/spurgeon/1003-am.html</ref> and “the only Archangel”,<ref name="spurgeon angelic life michael">[http://www.spurgeongems.org/vols13-15/chs842.pdf The Angelic Life], Charles Haddon Spurgeon, Sermon No. 842.</ref> and that he is God the Son, and co-equal to the Father.<ref name="spurgeon baptist confession of faith"/>
Within [[Anglicanism]], the controversial bishop [[Robert Clayton (bishop)|Robert Clayton]] (died 1758) proposed that Michael was the [[Logos (Christianity)|Logos]] and Gabriel the [[Holy Spirit (Christianity)|Holy Spirit]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/anessayonspirit00clagoog|title=An essay on spirit|first=Robert|last=Clayton|date=February 13, 1751|publisher=London, printed: [etc.]|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> Controversy over Clayton's views led the government to order his prosecution, but he died before his scheduled examination.<ref>[[s:Clayton, Robert (1695–1758) (DNB00)|''Dictionary of National Biography'': Clayton, Robert]]</ref><ref>John Walsh, Colin Haydon & Stephen Taylor, eds. (1993) ''The Church of England c. 1689 – c. 1833: from Toleration to Tractarianism''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press {{ISBN|0-521-41732-5}}; p. 47</ref>
Michael continues to be recognized {{Specify|date=April 2019}}{{Vague|date=April 2019}}{{Who|date=April 2019}}among Protestants by key churches dedicated to him, e.g., [[St. Michaelis Church, Hamburg]] and [[St. Michael's Church, Hildesheim]], each of which is of the [[Lutheran Church]] and has appeared in the Bundesländer series of [[€2 commemorative coins]] for 2008 and 2014 respectively.
In Bach's time, the annual feast of Michael and All the Angels on 29 September was regularly celebrated with a festive service, for which Bach composed several cantatas, for example the [[Chorale cantata (Bach)|chorale cantata]] ''[[Herr Gott, dich loben alle wir, BWV 130]]'' in 1724, [[Es erhub sich ein Streit, BWV 19|''Es erhub sich ein Streit'', BWV 19]], in 1726 and [[Man singet mit Freuden vom Sieg, BWV 149|''Man singet mit Freuden vom Sieg'', BWV 149]], in 1728 or 1729.
====Seventh-day Adventists====
{{See also|Seventh-day Adventist theology#Christ and the Archangel Michael|l1=Seventh-day Adventist, beliefs about Michael|Pre-existence of Christ}}
[[File:Le Grand Saint Michel, by Raffaello Sanzio, from C2RMF retouched.jpg|thumb|upright|''Le Grand Saint Michel'', by [[Raphael]] (Raffaello Sanzio), Archangel Michael defeating evil]]
[[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventists]] believe that "Michael" is but one of the many titles applied to the Son of God, the second person of the Godhead. According to Adventists, such a view does not in any way conflict with the belief in his full deity and eternal preexistence, nor does it in the least disparage his person and work.<ref>[http://www.sdanet.org/atissue/books/qod/index.htm Seventh-day Adventists Answer Questions on Doctrine], Review and Herald Publishing Association, Washington, D.C., 1957. Chapter 8 "Christ, and Michael the Archangel".</ref> According to Adventist theology, Michael was considered the "eternal Word", and not a created being or created angel, and the one by whom all things were created. The Word was then born incarnate as Jesus.<ref>''Seventh Day Adventists: What do they believe?'' by Val Waldeck Pilgrim Publications (April 5, 2005) p. 16</ref>
They believe that name "Michael" signifies "One Who Is Like God" and that as the "Archangel" or "chief or head of the angels" he led the angels and thus the statement in [[s:Bible (American Standard)/Revelation 12:7–9|Revelation 12:7–9]] identifies Jesus as Michael.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adventistworld.org/article.php?id=787&search=law |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120724141630/http://www.adventistworld.org/article.php?id=787&search=law |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-07-24 |title=The Remnant |publisher=Adventist World |access-date=2011-12-05}}</ref>
In the Seventh-day Adventist view, the statement in some translations of [[s:Bible (American Standard)/1 Thessalonians#4:13|1 Thessalonians 4:13–18]] and [[s:Bible (American Standard)/John#5:25|John 5:25–29]] confirm that Jesus and Michael are the same.<ref name="AdventistRef">{{cite book|title=Bible readings for the home by 7th Day Adventists|location= London |year=1949 |page=266 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lETMH_kCeJcC&q=John+5:25+adventist+michael&pg=PA266}}</ref>
====Jehovah's Witnesses====
{{See also|Jehovah's witnesses#Jehovah and Jesus Christ|l1=Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs about Jesus}}
[[Jehovah's Witnesses]] believe Michael to be another name for [[Jesus]] in heaven, in his pre-human and post-resurrection existence.<ref name="autogenerated218">Reasoning from the Scriptures, 1985, Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, p. 218</ref> They say the definite article at {{Bibleverse|Jude|9|ESV}}—referring to "Michael the archangel"—identifies Michael as the only archangel. They consider Michael to be synonymous with Christ, described at {{Bibleverse|1|Thessalonians|4:16|ESV}} as descending "with a cry of command, with the voice of an archangel, and with the sound of the trumpet".<ref>{{cite book|url=http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200003035|title=Insight on the Scriptures|volume=2|pages=393–394|publisher=Watch Tower Society|access-date=2013-05-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1102005160|title=What Does the Bible ''Really'' Teach?|pages=218–219 |publisher=Watch Tower Society|access-date=2013-05-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/2007206|title=Angels—How They Affect Mankind|journal=The Watchtower|pages=21–25|publisher=Watch Tower Society|date=March 15, 2007|access-date=2013-05-01}}</ref>
They believe the prominent roles assigned to Michael at {{Bibleverse|Daniel|12:1|ESV}}, {{Bibleverse|Revelation |12:7|ESV}}, {{Bibleverse|Revelation |19:14|ESV}}, and {{Bibleverse|Revelation |16|ESV}} are identical to Jesus' roles, being the one chosen to lead God's people and as the only one who "stands up", identifying the two as the same spirit being. Because they identify Michael with Jesus, he is therefore considered the first and greatest of all God's heavenly sons, God's chief messenger, who takes the lead in vindicating God's [[sovereignty]], sanctifying his name, fighting the wicked forces of Satan and protecting God's covenant people on earth.<ref>{{cite book|title=What Does The Bible ''Really'' Teach?|page=87|publisher=Watch Tower Society}}</ref> Jehovah's Witnesses also identify Michael with the "[[Angel of the Lord]]" who led and protected the Israelites in the wilderness.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Watchtower|title=Your Leader Is One, the Christ|date=September 15, 2010|page=21}}</ref>
====The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints====
{{See also|Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints}}
Members of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (also known informally as Latter-day Saints or [[Mormons]]) believe that Michael is [[Adam and Eve (LDS Church)|Adam]], the [[Ancient of Days]] (Dan. 7), a prince, and the patriarch of the human family. They also hold that Michael assisted [[Jehovah]] (the [[Pre-existence#Latter Day Saints|pre-mortal]] form of [[Jesus]]) in the creation of the world under the direction of [[God the Father]] ([[Elohim#Latter Day Saint movement|Elohim]]); under the direction of the Father, Michael also cast Satan out of heaven.<ref>{{Citation |last= Millet |first= Robert L. |author-link= Robert L. Millet |title= The Man Adam |journal= [[Liahona (magazine)|Liahona]] |date= February 1998 |url= https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/liahona/1998/02/the-man-adam?lang=eng }}</ref><ref>{{lds|Doctrine and Covenants|dc|27|11}}</ref><ref>{{lds|Doctrine and Covenants|dc|107|53|56}}</ref><ref>{{lds|Doctrine and Covenants|dc|128|21}}</ref>
===Esoteric beliefs===
The French occultist [[Eliphas Levi]], the German philosopher [[Franz Xaver von Baader|Franz von Baader]], and the [[Theosophy (Boehmian)|Theosophist]] Louis Claude de St. Martin spoke of 1879 as the year in which Michael overcame the dragon. In 1917, [[Rudolf Steiner]], the founder of [[anthroposophy]], similarly stated, "in 1879, in November, a momentous event took place, a battle of the Powers of Darkness against the Powers of Light, ending in the image of Michael overcoming the Dragon".<ref>{{cite book |last = Steiner |first = Rudolf | editor = Christopher Bamford | orig-year = 1917 | year = 1994 | title = The Archangel Michael |publisher = Anthroposophic Press | location = Hudson, NY | isbn = 0-88010-378-7 }}</ref>
Archangel Michael was also mentioned in the older [[Greek Magical Papyri]] (circa 2nd century BC–400 AD), only in these set of texts he goes under the title of a [[deity]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Betz |first=Hans |title=The Greek Magical Papyri In Translation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K0hCj5u3HNQC&q=greek+magical+papyri |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |date=1996 |isbn=9780226044477}} Entries: "Introduction to the Greek Magical Papyri" and "PGM III. 1–164".</ref> In [[Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa]]'s ''[[Three Books of Occult Philosophy]]'' and some other sources, Michael is always mentioned as ruling over the [[planet Mercury]],<ref>{{cite book |last = Agrippa von Nettesheim |first = Heinrich Cornelius |editor = Donald Tyson |orig-year = 1531 |year = 2000 |title = Three Books of Occult Philosophy |publisher = Llewellyn Publications |isbn = 0-87542-832-0 |pages = 274, 285, 289, 469}}</ref> however, in other sources such as the [[Pietro d'Abano#Writings|''Heptameron'' by pseudo-Pietro d'Abano]], Michael rules over the [[Sun]],<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.esotericarchives.com/solomon/heptamer.htm |title = Peter of Abano: Heptameron, or Magical Elements |website = esotericarchives.com}}</ref> and the fourth of the [[seven Heavens]] in [[Judaism]], which is named Machon or Machen.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.esotericarchives.com/solomon/heptamer.htm#h18 |title = Ch. xviii: Considerations of the Lord's Day |website = esotericarchives.com}}</ref> Instead, the [[Archangel Raphael]] rules over Mercury (and the second Heaven, which is listed as Raquie).<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.esotericarchives.com/solomon/heptamer.htm#h21 |title = Ch. xxi: Considerations of Wednesday |website = esotericarchives.com}}</ref> The switch between solar and mercurial associations for Michael and Raphael happens all throughout the Solomonic grimoire tradition, changing practically from book to book depending on the influences and derivations of previous grimoires each is based on. Depending on the time and region of each manuscript, different correspondences may have been passed down, and neither association is ultimately more legitimate than the other.
==Feasts==
[[File:S. Miguel Arcanjo.jpg|thumb|right|Archangel Michael at a Portuguese feast in [[Cabeceiras de Basto]]]]
In the [[General Roman Calendar]], the [[Calendar of saints (Church of England)|Anglican Calendar of Saints]], and the [[Calendar of Saints (Lutheran)|Lutheran Calendar of Saints]], the archangel's feast is celebrated on [[Michaelmas]] Day, 29 September. The day is also considered the feast of Saints Michael, [[Gabriel]], and [[Raphael (archangel)|Raphael]], in the General Roman Calendar and the Feast of Saint Michael and All Angels according to the Church of England.<ref>''Saint Michael the Archangel in Medieval English Legend'' by Richard Freeman Johnson 2005 {{ISBN|1-84383-128-7}} p. 105</ref>
In the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], Saint Michael's principal feast day is 8 November (those that use the [[Julian calendar]] celebrate it on what in the [[Gregorian calendar]] is now 21 November), honouring him along with the rest of the ''"Bodiless Powers of Heaven"'' (i.e. [[angel]]s) as their Supreme Commander, and the ''[[Miracle of the Archangel Michael at Chonae#Miracle of the Archangel Michael|Miracle at Chonae]]'' is commemorated on 6 September.<ref>''Icons and saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church'' by Alfredo Tradigo 2006 {{ISBN|0-89236-845-4}} p. 46</ref><ref>''The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity'' 2010 by Ken Parry {{ISBN|1-4443-3361-5}} p. 242</ref>
In the calendar of the [[Church of England]] [[diocese of Truro]], 8 May is the feast of ''St. Michael, Protector of Cornwall''. The archangel Michael is one of the three patron saints of [[Cornwall]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/cornwall/uncovered/stories/st_piran_background.shtml|title=BBC - Cornwall Uncovered - Story The Legend of St Piran|website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> The feast of the Appearing of S. Michael the Archangel is observed by Anglo-Catholics on 8 May.<ref>''The English Missal for the laity''; 3rd ed. London: W. Knott, 1958; pp. 625–627</ref> From medieval times until 1960 it was also observed on that day in the Roman Catholic Church; the feast commemorates the archangel's apparition on Mount Gargano in Italy.<ref>Cross & Livingstone (eds.) ''ODCC''; p. 613</ref>
In the [[Coptic Orthodox Church]], the main feast day in 12 [[Hathor (month)|Hathor]] and 12 [[Paoni]], and he is celebrated liturgically on the 12th of each Coptic month.
==Patronages and orders==
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In late [[medieval Christianity]], Michael, together with [[Saint George]], became the [[patron saint]] of [[chivalry]] and is now also considered the patron saint of police officers, paramedics and the military.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>{{sfn|Ball|p=586}}
Since the victorious [[Battle of Lechfeld]] against the Hungarians in 955, Michael was the patron saint of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and still is the patron saint of modern Germany and other German-speaking regions formerly covered by the realm.
[[File:COA of Kyiv Kurovskyi.svg|upright|thumb|[[Coat of arms of Kyiv]]]]
[[File:Greater coat of arms of the City of Brussels.svg|upright|thumb|[[Coat of arms of Brussels]]]]
In mid to late 15th century, France was one of only four courts in [[Western Christianity|Western Christendom]] without an order of knighthood.<ref name="Dacre">''The Knights of the Crown: The Monarchical Orders of Knighthood in Later Medieval Europe 1325–1520'' by D'Arcy Jonathan Dacre Boulton 2000 {{ISBN|0-85115-795-5}} pp. 427–428</ref> Later in the 15th century, [[Jean Molinet]] glorified the primordial feat of arms of the archangel as "the first deed of knighthood and chivalrous prowess that was ever achieved."<ref>Noted by [[Johan Huizinga]], ''[[The Autumn of the Middle Ages|The Waning of the Middle Ages]]'' (1919, 1924:56.</ref> Thus Michael was the natural patron of the first [[chivalric order]] of France, the [[Order of Saint Michael]] of 1469.<ref name="Dacre" /> In the [[British honours system]], a chivalric order founded in 1818 is also named for these two saints, the [[Order of St Michael and St George]].<ref>Angels in the early modern world By Alexandra Walsham, Cambridge University Press, 2006 {{ISBN|0-521-84332-4}} p. 2008</ref> The [[Order of Michael the Brave]] is Romania's highest military decoration.
Prior to 1878, the [[Scapular of St. Michael the Archangel]] could be worn as part of a Roman Catholic [[Archconfraternity]]. Presently, enrollment is authorized as this [[Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel|holy scapular]] remains as one of the 18 approved by the Church.
Apart from his being a patron of warriors, the sick and the suffering also consider Archangel Michael their patron saint.<ref>''Patron Saints'' by Michael Freze 1992 {{ISBN|0-87973-464-7}} p. 170</ref> Based on the legend of his 8th-century [[Vision (spirituality)|apparition]] at [[Mont-Saint-Michel]], France, the Archangel is the patron of [[sailors|mariners]] in this famous sanctuary.<ref name=Cathenc /> After the evangelisation of [[Germany]], where mountains were often dedicated to pagan gods, Christians placed many mountains under the patronage of the Archangel, and numerous mountain chapels of St. Michael appeared all over Germany.<ref name=Cathenc />
Similarly, the Sanctuary of St. Michel (San Migel Aralarkoa), the oldest Christian building in Navarre (Spain), lies at the top of a hill on the [[Aralar Range]], and harbours Carolingian remains. St. Michel is an ancient devotion of [[Navarre]] and eastern [[Gipuzkoa]], revered by the [[History of the Basques#Christianization|Basques]], shrouded in legend, and held as a champion against paganism and heresy. It came to symbolize the defense of Catholicism, as well as Basque tradition and values during the early 20th century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dronda |first=Javier |date=2013 |title=Con Cristo o contra Cristo: Religión y movilización antirrepublicana en Navarra (1931–1936)|location=Tafalla |publisher=Txalaparta |pages=54–55 |isbn=978-84-15313-31-1 }}</ref>
He has been the patron saint of [[Brussels]] since the Middle Ages.<ref>''Netherlandish sculpture 1450–1550'' by Paul Williamson 2002 {{ISBN|0-8109-6602-6}} p. 42</ref> The city of [[Arkhangelsk]] in Russia is named for the Archangel. [[Ukraine]] and its capital [[Kyiv]] also consider Michael their patron saint and protector.<ref name="Fairbairn">''Eastern Orthodoxy through Western eyes'' by Donald Fairbairn 2002 {{ISBN|0-664-22497-0}} p. 148</ref> Since the 14th century, Saint Michael has been the patron saint of [[Dumfries]] in Scotland, where a church dedicated to him was built at the southern end of the town, on a mound overlooking the [[River Nith]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.loreburne.co.uk/history_of_dumfries.html|title=History of Dumfries|publisher=loreburne.co.uk|access-date=29 November 2017}}</ref>
An [[Anglican]] sisterhood dedicated to Saint Michael under the title of the [[Community of St Michael and All Angels]] was founded in 1851.<ref>''All Saints Sisters of the Poor: An Anglican Sisterhood in the Nineteenth Century (Church of England Record Society)'' by Susan Mumm 200 {{ISBN|0-85115-728-9}} p. 48</ref> The [[Congregation of Saint Michael the Archangel]] (CSMA), also known as the ''Michaelite Fathers'', is a religious order of the Roman Catholic Church founded in 1897. The Canons Regular of the Order of St Michael the Archangel (OSM) are an Order of [[Profession (religious)|professed]] religious within the [[Anglican Church in North America]], the North American component of the [[Anglican realignment]] movement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orderofstmichaelanglican.com/|title=甘肃快3_官方彩购买|website=www.orderofstmichaelanglican.com}}</ref>
In the United States military Saint Michael is considered to be a patron of paratroopers and, in particular, the [[82nd Airborne Division]].<ref>[https://www.jber.jb.mil/News/Commentaries/Display/Article/772200/chaplains-corner-saint-michael-patron-saint-of-the-airborne-military/ Chaplain's Corner: Saint Michael, patron saint of the airborne, military]. Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson Alaska.</ref> One of the first battles where the unit first was combat christened is the [[Battle of Saint-Mihiel]] during the [[World War I]].
==Legends==
===Judaism===
There is a legend which seems to be of Jewish origin, and which was adopted by the [[Copt]]s, to the effect that Michael was first sent by God to bring [[Nebuchadnezzar]] (c. 600 BC) against Jerusalem, and that Michael was afterward very active in freeing his nation from Babylonian captivity.<ref>[[Émile Amélineau|Amélineau]], "Contes et Romans de l'Egypte Chrétienne", ii. 142 et seq</ref>
According to midrash [[Genesis Rabbah]], Michael saved [[Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego|Hananiah]] and his companions from the [[Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego|Fiery furnace]] though the verse states that the person in the fire was the Son of God (not an angel).<ref>Midrash Genesis Rabbah xliv. 16</ref> Michael was active in the time of [[Esther]]: "The more [[Haman (Bible)|Haman]] accused Israel on earth, the more Michael defended Israel in heaven".<ref>Midrash Esther Rabbah iii. 8</ref> It was Michael who reminded [[Ahasuerus]] that he was [[Mordecai]]'s debtor;<ref>Targum to Esther, vi. 1</ref> and there is a legend that Michael appeared to the high priest [[John Hyrcanus|Hyrcanus]], promising him assistance.<ref>comp. Josephus, "Ant." xiii. 10, § 3</ref>
According to ''[[Legends of the Jews]]'', archangel Michael was the chief of a band of angels who questioned God's decision to create man on Earth; a deeper analysis about Archangel Michael's action here is that Archangel Michael could have also questioned God as to why he did not kill Satan and his rebel horde of djinns/demons the minute Adam and Eve were created, thus removing the parable of evil and the question of the Garden of Eden.<ref name="ginzberg michael">Ginzberg, Louis, [https://philologos.org/__eb-lotj/vol1/two.htm#2 The Legends of the Jews, Vol. I: The Angels and The Creation of Man] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201063745/https://philologos.org/__eb-lotj/vol1/two.htm#2 |date=2017-12-01 }}, (Translated by Henrietta Szold), Johns Hopkins University Press: 1998, {{ISBN|0-8018-5890-9}}</ref> Regardless, the entire band of angels, except for Michael, was then consumed by fire.<ref name="ginzberg michael" />
===Christianity===
[[File:Michael Miracle Icon Sinai 12th century.jpg|thumb|150px|upright|A 12th-century [[icon]] of the ''[[Miracle of the Archangel Michael at Chonae|Miracle at Chonae]]'', from [[Saint Catherine's Monastery]], [[Mount Sinai]].]]
[[File:Antonia astonac rev1.jpg|thumb|150px|The Portuguese Carmelite nun, [[Antónia d'Astónaco]], reported an apparition and [[private revelation]] of the [[Saint Michael in the Catholic Church|Archangel Michael]].]]
The [[Orthodox Church]] celebrates the [[Miracle of the Archangel Michael at Chonae|Miracle at Chonae]] on September 6.<ref>Makarios of Simonos Petra, ''The Synaxarion: the Lives of the Saints of the Orthodox Church'', trans. Christopher Hookway (Holy Convent of the Annunciation of Our Lady 1998 {{ISBN|960-85603-7-3}}), p. 47.</ref> The pious legend surrounding the event states that [[John the Apostle]], when preaching nearby, foretold the appearance of Michael at Cheretopa near [[Lake Salda]], where a healing spring appeared soon after the Apostle left; in gratitude for the healing of his daughter, one pilgrim built a church on the site.<ref>Synaxarion, p. 47.</ref> Local pagans, who are described as jealous of the healing power of the spring and the church, attempt to drown the church by redirecting the river, but the Archangel, "in the likeness of a column of fire", split the bedrock to open up a new bed for the stream, directing the flow away from the church.<ref>Synaxarion, p. 48.</ref> The legend is supposed to have predated the actual events, but the 5th – 7th-century texts that refer to the miracle at Chonae formed the basis of specific paradigms for "properly approaching" angelic intermediaries for more effective prayers within the Christian culture.<ref name=Peers >{{cite book|title=Subtle bodies: representing angels in Byzantium|first=Glenn |last=Peers |year=2001|publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0-520-22405-1 |page= 144 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kaonEi_dCJIC&q=Chonae+michael+miracle+university+california&pg=PA143}}</ref>
There is a late-5th-century legend in [[Cornwall]], UK that the Archangel appeared to fishermen on [[St Michael's Mount]].<ref name=Cornwall /> According to author Richard Freeman Johnson, this legend is likely a nationalistic twist to a myth.<ref name=Cornwall >''Saint Michael the Archangel in medieval English legend'' by Richard Freeman Johnson 2005 {{ISBN|1-84383-128-7}} p. 68</ref> Cornish legends also hold that the mount itself was constructed by giants<ref>''Popular Romances of the West of England'' by Robert Hunt 2009 {{ISBN|0-559-12999-8}} p. 238</ref> and that [[King Arthur]] battled a giant there.<ref>''Myths and Legends of Britain and Ireland'' by Richard Jones 2006 {{ISBN|1-84537-594-7}} p. 17</ref>
The legend of the apparition of the Archangel at around 490 AD at a secluded hilltop cave on [[Monte Gargano]] in Italy gained a following among the [[Lombards]] in the immediate period thereafter, and by the 8th century, pilgrims arrived from as far away as England.<ref>''The Medieval state: essays presented to James Campbell'' by John Robert Maddicott, David Michael Palliser, James Campbell 2003 {{ISBN|1-85285-195-3}} pp. 10–11</ref> The [[Tridentine Calendar]] included a feast of the apparition on 8 May, the date of the 663 victory over the [[Greece|Greek]] [[Naples|Neapolitans]] that the Lombards of [[Manfredonia]] attributed to Saint Michael.<ref name=Cathenc /> The feast [[General Roman Calendar of 1954|remained]] in the Roman liturgical calendar until removed in the [[General Roman Calendar of 1960|revision]] of [[Pope John XXIII]]. The [[Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo]] at Gargano is a major Catholic pilgrimage site.
According to Roman legends, Archangel Michael appeared with a sword over the [[mausoleum]] of [[Hadrian]] while a devastating plague persisted in Rome, in apparent answer to the prayers of Pope [[Gregory I the Great]] (c. 590–604) that the plague should cease. After the plague ended, in honor of the occasion, the pope called the mausoleum ''"[[Castel Sant'Angelo]]"'' (Castle of the Holy Angel), the name by which it is still known.<ref name=Butler320 />
According to [[Normandy|Norman]] legend, Michael is said to have appeared to [[St Aubert]], [[Bishop of Avranches]], in 708, giving instruction to build a church on the rocky islet now known as [[Mont Saint-Michel]].<ref name=MonkM >''Mont-Saint-Michel: a monk talks about his abbey'' by Jean-Pierre Mouton, Olivier Mignon 1998 {{ISBN|2-7082-3351-3}} pp. 55–56</ref><ref name="CathMont">{{cite web|url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10551a.htm|title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Mont-St-Michel|website=www.newadvent.org}}</ref><ref name=pilgrim /> In 960 the [[Duke of Normandy]] commissioned a [[Order of St. Benedict|Benedictine]] abbey on the mount, and it remains a major pilgrimage site.<ref name="pilgrim">''Pilgrimage: from the Ganges to Graceland : an encyclopedia, Volume 1'' by Linda Kay Davidson, David Martin Gitlitz 2002 {{ISBN|1-57607-004-2}} p. 398</ref>
A [[Portugal|Portuguese]] [[Carmelites|Carmelite]] nun, [[Antónia d'Astónaco]], reported an apparition and [[private revelation]] of the [[Saint Michael (Roman Catholic)|Archangel Michael]] who had told to this devoted [[Servant of God#Roman Catholicism|Servant of God]], in 1751, that he would like to be honored, and God glorified, by the praying of nine special invocations. These nine invocations correspond to invocations to the nine choirs of angels and origins the famous [[Chaplet of Saint Michael]]. This private revelation and prayers were approved by [[Pope Pius IX]] in 1851.{{sfn|Ball|p=123}}<ref>[[EWTN]] [http://www.ewtn.com/devotionals/prayers/chaplet-of-st-michael.htm The Chaplet of Saint Michael the Archangel]</ref>
From 1961 to 1965, four young schoolgirls had reported several apparitions of Archangel Michael in the small village of [[San Sebastian de Garabandal|Garabandal]], Spain. At Garabandal, the apparitions of the Archangel Michael were mainly reported as announcing the arrivals of the [[Blessed Virgin Mary|Virgin Mary]]. The [[Catholic Church]] has neither approved nor condemned the [[Garabandal apparitions]].<ref>Michael Freze, 1993, ''Voices, Visions, and Apparitions'', OSV Publishing {{ISBN|0-87973-454-X}} p. 267</ref>
==Art and literature==
===In literature===
In the English [[epic poem]] ''[[Paradise Lost]]'' by [[John Milton]], Michael commands the army of angels loyal to God against the rebel forces of [[Satan]]. Armed with a sword from God's armory, he beats Satan in personal combat, wounding his side.<ref>John Milton, ''Paradise Lost'' 1674 [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~milton/reading_room/pl/book_6/index.shtml Book VI line 320]</ref>
In [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]]'s translation of [[The Golden Legend]], Michael is one of the angels of the seven planets. He is the angel of Mercury.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Longfellow |first1=Henry Wadsworth |title=The Golden Legend |date=1851 |publisher=Ticknor, Reed and Fields |location=Boston |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/10490/10490-h/10490-h.htm}}</ref>
===Music===
[[Marc-Antoine Charpentier]], ''Praelium Michaelis Archangeli factum in coelo cum dracone,'' H.410, oratorio for soloists, double chorus, strings and continuo. (1683)
===Artistic depictions===
{{Main|Archangel Michael in Christian art}}
[[File:Meister der Ikone des Erzengels Michael 001 adjusted.jpg|thumb|10th-century gold and enamel Byzantine [[icon]] of [[St Michael]], in the treasury of the St Mark's Basilica ]]
In [[Christian art]], Archangel Michael may be depicted alone or with other angels such as [[Gabriel]]. Some depictions with Gabriel date back to the 8th century, e.g. the stone casket at [[Mortain|Notre Dame de Mortain]] church in France.<ref name=rich141 />
The widely reproduced image of ''[[Our Mother of Perpetual Help]]'', an icon of the [[Cretan school]], depicts Michael on the left carrying the lance and sponge of the [[crucifixion of Jesus]], with Gabriel on the right side of [[Madonna and Child|Mary and Jesus]].<ref>''Icons and saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church'' by Alfredo Tradigo 2006 {{ISBN|0-89236-845-4}} p. 188</ref>
In many depictions, Michael is represented as an angelic warrior, fully armed with helmet, sword, and shield.<ref name=Cathenc /> The shield may bear the Latin inscription ''[[Quis ut Deus]]'' or the Greek inscription ''Christos Dikaios Krites'' or its initials.<ref>Ann Ball, 2003 ''Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices'' {{ISBN|0-87973-910-X}} p. 520</ref> He may be standing over a serpent, a dragon, or the defeated figure of Satan, whom he sometimes pierces with a lance.<ref name=Cathenc /> The iconography of Michael slaying a serpent goes back to the early 4th century, when [[Emperor Constantine]] defeated [[Licinius]] at the [[Battle of Adrianople (324)|Battle of Adrianople]] in 324 AD, not far from the ''[[Michaelion]]'', a church dedicated to Archangel Michael.<ref name=Richard />
Constantine felt that Licinius was an agent of Satan and associated him with the serpent described in the [[Book of Revelation]] ([[s:Bible (American Standard)/Revelation#12:9|12:9]]).<ref>''Constantine and the Christian empire'' by Charles Matson Odahl 2004 {{ISBN|0-415-17485-6}} p. 315</ref> After the victory, Constantine commissioned a depiction of himself and his sons slaying Licinius represented as a serpent – a symbolism borrowed from the Christian teachings on the Archangel to whom he attributed the victory. A similar painting, this time with the Archangel Michael himself slaying a serpent, then became a major art piece at the Michaelion and eventually lead to the standard [[iconography]] of Archangel Michael as a [[warrior saint]].<ref name=Richard />
In other depictions, Michael may be holding a pair of scales in which he weighs the souls of the departed and may hold the [[book of life]] (as in the [[Book of Revelation]]), to show that he takes part in the judgment.<ref name=rich141 /> However, this form of depiction is less common than the slaying of the dragon.<ref name=rich141 >''Saint Michael the Archangel in medieval English legend'' by Richard Freeman Johnson 2005 {{ISBN|1-84383-128-7}} pp. 141–147</ref> [[Michelangelo]] depicted this scene on the altar wall of the [[Sistine Chapel]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vaticanstate.va/EN/Monuments/The_Vatican_Museums/Sistine_Chapel--p--5.htm |title=Vatican website: Sistine Chapel |publisher=Vaticanstate.va |access-date=2010-07-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526031746/http://www.vaticanstate.va/EN/Monuments/The_Vatican_Museums/Sistine_Chapel--p--5.htm |archive-date=2010-05-26 }}</ref>
In [[Byzantine art]], Michael was often shown as a princely court dignitary rather than a warrior who battled Satan or with scales for weighing souls on the [[Day of Judgement]].<ref>''Saints in art'' by Rosa Giorgi, Stefano Zuffi 2003 {{ISBN|0-89236-717-2}} pp. 274–276</ref>
<gallery>
File:Faras - Archangel Michael with a horn trumpet and an orb - Google Art Project.jpg|Archangel Michael on a 9th-century [[Makuria]]n mural
File:Rublev Arhangel Mikhail.jpg|[[Andrei Rublev]]'s standalone depiction c. 1408
File:Francesco Botticini - I tre Arcangeli e Tobias.jpg|Michael (left) with archangels [[Raphael (archangel)|Raphael]] and [[Gabriel]], by [[Francesco Botticini|Botticini]], 1470
File:MemlingJudgmentCenter-crop.jpg|''Weighing souls'' on [[Last Judgment|Judgement Day]] by [[Hans Memling]], 15th century
File:GIORDANO, Luca fallen angels.jpg|Michael defeating the [[fallen angel]]s, by [[Luca Giordano]] c. 1660–65
Image:Angel Van Verschaffelt SantAngelo.jpg|Bronze statue of Archangel Michael, standing on top of the [[Castel Sant'Angelo]], modelled in 1753 by [[Peter Anton von Verschaffelt]] (1710–1793).
File:Archangel Michael Hajdudorog.JPG|Michael's icon on the northern ''deacons' door'' on the [[iconostasis of Hajdúdorog]]. The archangel is often depicted on iconostases' doors as a defender of the sanctuary.
File:Archangel Michael, St Pancras New Church, London.JPG|''Archangel Michael'' by [[Emily Young]] in the grounds of [[St Pancras New Church]]. Plaque inscription: "In memory of the victims of the [[7 July 2005 London bombings|7th July 2005 bombings]] and all victims of violence. 'I will lift up my eyes unto the hills' [[Psalm 121]]"
File:St. Michael the Archangel.jpg|St. Michael the Archangel and the Dragon. Queen of Archangels Roman Catholic Parish, Clarence, PA
File:St Michael's victory over the Devil by Sir Jacob Epstein, Coventry Cathedral.jpg|''[[St Michael's Victory over the Devil]]'', a sculpture by [[Jacob Epstein]].
</gallery>
==Churches named after Michael==
* [[St. Michael's Church (disambiguation)]]
{{commons|Structured gallery of churches dedicated to Archangel Michael}}
[[File:Mont Saint-Michel France.jpg|thumb|The [[Mont-Saint-Michel]] in [[Normandy]], France]]
[[File:20060416-Michaelskirche Muenchen.jpg|thumb|[[St. Michael's Church, Munich|St. Michael's]] [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] church, [[Munich]], [[Bavaria]], [[Germany]]]]
<!--DO NOT ADD SMALL PARISH CHURCHES TO THIS SECTION. IT IS FOR MAJOR SHRINES. -->
* Parroquia de San Miguel Arcángel ([[:es:Parroquia de San Miguel Arcángel (San Miguel el Alto)|es]]), [[San Miguel de Allende]], [[Guanajuato]] Mexico [[World Heritage Site]]
* [[Sacra di San Michele]] (Saint Michael's Abbey), near [[Turin]], Italy
* Pfarrei Brixen St. Michael with the [[White Tower (Brixen)|White Tower]], [[Brixen]], Italy
* [[Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula]], in [[Brussels]], Belgium
* [[Mont-Saint-Michel]], [[Normandy]], France – a [[World Heritage Site]]
* [[St. Michael's Cathedral Basilica (Toronto)]], Canada
* [[St. Michael's Cathedral (Izhevsk)]], Russia
* [[St. Michael's Cathedral, Qingdao]], China
* [[Chudov Monastery]] in the [[Moscow Kremlin]]
* [[Cathedral of the Archangel]] in the Moscow Kremlin – a World Heritage Site
* [[Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo]], [[Gargano]], Italy – a World Heritage Site
* [[St Michael's Mount]], [[Cornwall]], UK
* [[St. Michael's Basilica, Miramichi]], Canada
* [[Skellig Michael]], off the [[Ireland|Irish]] west coast – a World Heritage Site
* [[Coventry Cathedral|St Michael's Cathedral]], [[Coventry]], UK
* [[St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery]], [[Kyiv]], [[Ukraine]]
* Basilica of St Michael the Archangel, [[Pensacola, Florida]], United States
* [[St. Michael's Church, Vienna]] in [[Vienna]], Austria
* [[Tayabas Basilica]], Tayabas, Quezon, [[Philippines]]
* [[St. Michael's Church, Berlin]], Germany
* [[St. Michael's Church, Munich|St. Michael's]] [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] church, [[Munich]], Germany
* [[St. Michael's Cathedral, Belgrade]] in [[Belgrade]], [[Serbia]]
* [[Gamu Cathedral|Cathedral of St. Michael the Archangel]] in [[Gamu, Isabela]], Philippines
* [[Mission San Miguel Arcángel]], Sann Miguel, California, United States, one of the California Missions
* [[St Michael at the North Gate]], [[Oxford]], UK
* [[St. Michael's Church, Mumbai|St. Michael’s Church, Mumbai]], India
* [[Church of St. Michael, Štip]], Republic of Macedonia
==See also==
* [[Angelus]]
* [[Biblical cosmology]]
* [[Christian angelic hierarchy]]
* [[Guardian Angel of Portugal]]
* [[Hierarchy of angels]]
* [[List of angels in theology]]
* [[Metatron]]
* [[Portal:Catholicism/Patron Archive/September 29|Saint Michael, patron saint archive]]
* [[Saint Michael in the Catholic Church]]
* [[Seraph]]
* [[Theophory in the Bible]]
* [[Uriel]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Sources==
* Ball, Ann. ''2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices'' {{ISBN|0-87973-910-X}}
* Butler, Alban. ''The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and other Principal Saints''. 12 vols. B. Dornin, 1821
* Starr, Mirabai. ''Saint Michael: The Archangel'', Sounds True, 2007 {{ISBN|1-59179-627-X}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Archangel Michael}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=560&letter=M ''Jewish Encyclopedia'': Michael]
{{Angels in Abrahamic Religions}}
{{Catholic saints}}
{{Quranic people}}
{{Book of Daniel}}
{{Book of Revelation}}
{{Private revelation}}
{{Coptic saints}}
{{Portalbar|Saints}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Michael (Archangel)}}
[[Category:Michael (archangel)| ]]
[[Category:Angels in the Book of Enoch]]
[[Category:Archangels in Christianity]]
[[Category:Archangels in Islam]]
[[Category:Archangel in Judaism]]
[[Category:Christian saints from the New Testament|Michael]]
[[Category:Christian saints from the Old Testament]]
[[Category:Individual angels]]
[[Category:Patron saints of France]]
[[Category:Quranic figures]]
[[Category:Angels of death]]
[[Category:Adam and Eve in Mormonism]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
{{Redirect|Saint Michael}}
-{{short description|Archangel in Jewish, Christian and Islamic teachings}}
+{{short description|Archangel in Jewish, Christian.
{{Infobox saint
|honorific_prefix = [[Saint]]
@@ -50,6 +50,4 @@
In the [[Epistle of Jude]] [[s:Bible (World English)/Jude#1:9|1:9]], Michael is referred to as an "archangel" when he again confronts Satan.<ref name=Guiley >''The Encyclopedia of Angels'', by Rosemary Guiley, 2004 {{ISBN|0-8160-5023-6}}, p. 49</ref>
-===Quran===
-Michael ([[Arabic]]: ميخائيل ''Mīkhā‘īl'', ميكائيل ''Mīkā‘īl'' ), is one of the two archangels mentioned in the [[Quran]], alongside [[Jibreel|Jibrail]] (Gabriel). In non-Quranic sources, such as ''Sahih Muslim,''<ref>Sahih Muslim, Book 004, Chapter 118 (supplication in the night prayer), Number 1694, p. 441/1800</ref> "[[Israfil]]" (sometimes spelled, "Israfel") is yet another Islamic 'archangel'.<ref>''Dictionary of Angels'', by Gustav Davidson, [https://books.google.as/books?id=kGXelGEMdWgC&pg=PA152&dq=Israfel&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiPo-udw-LhAhXHITQIHSiVAAYQ6AEIOTAE#v=onepage&q=Israfel&f=false p. 152]</ref><ref>''Angels, A to Z: Who's Who of the Heavenly Host,'' by Matthew Bunson, [https://books.google.as/books?id=9hzyxbMUqHoC&pg=PA145&dq=Israfel+muhammad&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjfnfuPxOLhAhV4JzQIHbi4BsgQ6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=Israfel%20muhammad&f=false p. 145]</ref> In the Quran, Michael is mentioned once only, in [[Sura 2]]:98: "Whoever is an enemy to God, and His angels and His messengers, and Jibrail and Mikhail! Then, God (Himself) is an enemy to the disbelievers."<ref name="autogenerated1">Quran, sura 2 ([[Al-Baqara]]), ayat 98 {{Cite quran|2|98|s=ns}}</ref> Some Muslims {{specify|date=April 2019}}{{vague|date=April 2019}}{{who|date=April 2019}} believe that the reference in [[Sura 11]]:69 is Michael, one of the three angels who visited [[Abraham]].<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
==Religious faiths==
@@ -80,5 +78,4 @@
The earliest and most famous sanctuary to Michael in the ancient Near East was also associated with healing waters. It was the ''[[Michaelion]]'' built in the early 4th century by [[Emperor Constantine]] at [[Chalcedon]], on the site of an earlier temple called ''Sosthenion''.<ref name=Richard >Richard Freeman Johnson (2005), ''Saint Michael the Archangel in Medieval English Legend'' {{ISBN|1-84383-128-7}}; pp. 33–34</ref>
-[[Epiphanius of Salamis]] (c. 310–320 – 403) referred in his Coptic-Arabic ''Hexaemeron'' to Michael as a replacement of [[Satan]]. Accordingly, after Satan fell, Michael was appointed to the function Satan served when he was still one of the noble angels.<ref>Monferrer-Sala, J. P. (2014). "One More Time on the Arabized Nominal Form Iblīs", ''Studia Orientalia Electronica,'' 112, 55-70. Retrieved from https://journal.fi/store/article/view/9526</ref>
A painting of the Archangel slaying a serpent became a major art piece at the Michaelion after Constantine defeated [[Licinius]] near there in 324. This contributed to the standard [[iconography]] that developed of Archangel Michael as a [[warrior saint]] slaying a dragon.<ref name=Richard /> The Michaelion was a magnificent church and in time became a model for hundreds of other churches in [[Eastern Christianity]]; these spread devotions to the Archangel.<ref>[[Anna Jameson]] (2004), ''Sacred and Legendary Art'' {{ISBN|0-7661-8144-8}}; p. 92</ref>
@@ -183,15 +180,4 @@
Members of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (also known informally as Latter-day Saints or [[Mormons]]) believe that Michael is [[Adam and Eve (LDS Church)|Adam]], the [[Ancient of Days]] (Dan. 7), a prince, and the patriarch of the human family. They also hold that Michael assisted [[Jehovah]] (the [[Pre-existence#Latter Day Saints|pre-mortal]] form of [[Jesus]]) in the creation of the world under the direction of [[God the Father]] ([[Elohim#Latter Day Saint movement|Elohim]]); under the direction of the Father, Michael also cast Satan out of heaven.<ref>{{Citation |last= Millet |first= Robert L. |author-link= Robert L. Millet |title= The Man Adam |journal= [[Liahona (magazine)|Liahona]] |date= February 1998 |url= https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/liahona/1998/02/the-man-adam?lang=eng }}</ref><ref>{{lds|Doctrine and Covenants|dc|27|11}}</ref><ref>{{lds|Doctrine and Covenants|dc|107|53|56}}</ref><ref>{{lds|Doctrine and Covenants|dc|128|21}}</ref>
-===Islam===
-[[File:ميكائيل عليه السلام.png|thumb|Mika'il's name in [[Islamic calligraphy]]]]
-In Islam, Michael, also spelled Mika'il ([[ميكيل]]),<ref name="King">{{cite web|title = King, Daniel "A Christian Qur'an? A Study in the Syriac Background of the Qur'an as Presented in the Work of Christoph Luxenberg," JLARC 3, 44–71 (2009)|url = http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/share/research/centres/clarc/jlarc/contents/King%2520A%2520Christian%2520Qur%2527an.pdf|website = School of History, Archaeology and Religion|access-date = 2015-12-17}}</ref> is one of the archangels and said to be responsible for the forces of nature.<ref>Richard Webster ''Michael: Communicating with the Archangel for Guidance & Protection'' Llewellyn Worldwide 2012 {{ISBN|978-0-738-71716-6}}</ref> In Islam,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/002-qmt.php#002.098 |title=Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement |publisher=Usc.edu |access-date=2015-01-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202024354/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/002-qmt.php#002.098 |archive-date=2015-02-02 }}</ref> Michael is one of the four archangels along with [[Jibrail]], [[Israfil]] and [[Azrail]]. [[Quran 2:98]] mentions him.<ref>{{cite quran|2|98|s=ns|b=n}}</ref> He provides nourishments for bodies and souls and is also responsible for universal/environmental events. Mikail is often depicted as the archangel of mercy. Therefore, he is said to be friendly, asking [[God in Islam|God]] for mercy for humans and is said to be one of the first who bowed down before [[Adam in Islam|Adam]].<ref>John L. Esposito ''Oxford Dictionary of Islam'' Oxford University Press {{ISBN|978-0-195-12559-7}} p. 200</ref> Furthermore, he is responsible for the rewards doled out to good persons in this life. From the tears of Michael, angels are created. Such angels are the helpers of Michael.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 20832755|title = The Creation of Man and Angels in the Eschatological Literature: [Translated Excerpts from an Unpublished Collection of Traditions]|last1 = MacDonald|first1 = John|journal = Islamic Studies|year = 1964|volume = 3|issue = 3|pages = 285–308}}</ref>
-
-The [[Quran]] mentions Michael together with [[Rūḥ|Gabriel]] in the [[sura]] [[Al-Baqarah]]:
-
-{{quote|Whoever is an enemy to Allah and His angels and messengers, to Gabriel and Michael, – Lo! Allah is an enemy to those who reject Faith.|Quran, chapter 2 ([[Al-Baqara]]) verse 98<ref>{{Cite quran|2|98|s=ns}}</ref>}}
-
-In [[Shia Islam]], in [[Dua]] Umm Dawood, a supplication reportedly handed down by the 6th [[Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq]], the reciter sends blessing upon Michael (with his name spelled as Mīkā'īl):<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.duas.org/ummedawood.htm |title = Aamal e Umme Dawood}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wilayatmission.org/Duas/UmmDawood.pdf |title=Dua of Umm Dawood |publisher=www.wilayatmission.org |date= |accessdate=2021-02-13}}</ref>
-
-<blockquote>O Allah! Bestow your blessing on Michael-angel of Your mercy and created for kindness and seeker of pardon for and supporter of the obedient people.</blockquote>
===Esoteric beliefs===
@@ -260,11 +246,10 @@
From 1961 to 1965, four young schoolgirls had reported several apparitions of Archangel Michael in the small village of [[San Sebastian de Garabandal|Garabandal]], Spain. At Garabandal, the apparitions of the Archangel Michael were mainly reported as announcing the arrivals of the [[Blessed Virgin Mary|Virgin Mary]]. The [[Catholic Church]] has neither approved nor condemned the [[Garabandal apparitions]].<ref>Michael Freze, 1993, ''Voices, Visions, and Apparitions'', OSV Publishing {{ISBN|0-87973-454-X}} p. 267</ref>
-===Islam===
-In [[Sunnism|Sunni legends]], Michael appears in the creation narrative of [[Adam in Islam|Adam]]. Accordingly, he was sent to bring a handful of earth, but the Earth did not yield a piece of itself, some of which will burn. This is articulated by [[Al-Tha`labi|Al-Tha'labi]], whose narrative states that God tells Earth that some will obey him and others will not.<ref>The Birth of the Prophet Muḥammad: Devotional Piety in Sunni Islam – p. 21, Marion Holmes Katz – 2007</ref>
+
==Art and literature==
===In literature===
-In the English [[epic poem]] ''[[Paradise Lost]]'' by [[John Milton]], Michael commands the army of angels loyal to God against the rebel forces of [[Satan]]. Armed with a sword from God's armory, he bests Satan in personal combat, wounding his side.<ref>John Milton, ''Paradise Lost'' 1674 [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~milton/reading_room/pl/book_6/index.shtml Book VI line 320]</ref>
+In the English [[epic poem]] ''[[Paradise Lost]]'' by [[John Milton]], Michael commands the army of angels loyal to God against the rebel forces of [[Satan]]. Armed with a sword from God's armory, he beats Satan in personal combat, wounding his side.<ref>John Milton, ''Paradise Lost'' 1674 [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~milton/reading_room/pl/book_6/index.shtml Book VI line 320]</ref>
In [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]]'s translation of [[The Golden Legend]], Michael is one of the angels of the seven planets. He is the angel of Mercury.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Longfellow |first1=Henry Wadsworth |title=The Golden Legend |date=1851 |publisher=Ticknor, Reed and Fields |location=Boston |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/10490/10490-h/10490-h.htm}}</ref>
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0 => '{{short description|Archangel in Jewish, Christian and Islamic teachings}}',
1 => '===Quran===',
2 => 'Michael ([[Arabic]]: ميخائيل ''Mīkhā‘īl'', ميكائيل ''Mīkā‘īl'' ), is one of the two archangels mentioned in the [[Quran]], alongside [[Jibreel|Jibrail]] (Gabriel). In non-Quranic sources, such as ''Sahih Muslim,''<ref>Sahih Muslim, Book 004, Chapter 118 (supplication in the night prayer), Number 1694, p. 441/1800</ref> "[[Israfil]]" (sometimes spelled, "Israfel") is yet another Islamic 'archangel'.<ref>''Dictionary of Angels'', by Gustav Davidson, [https://books.google.as/books?id=kGXelGEMdWgC&pg=PA152&dq=Israfel&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiPo-udw-LhAhXHITQIHSiVAAYQ6AEIOTAE#v=onepage&q=Israfel&f=false p. 152]</ref><ref>''Angels, A to Z: Who's Who of the Heavenly Host,'' by Matthew Bunson, [https://books.google.as/books?id=9hzyxbMUqHoC&pg=PA145&dq=Israfel+muhammad&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjfnfuPxOLhAhV4JzQIHbi4BsgQ6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=Israfel%20muhammad&f=false p. 145]</ref> In the Quran, Michael is mentioned once only, in [[Sura 2]]:98: "Whoever is an enemy to God, and His angels and His messengers, and Jibrail and Mikhail! Then, God (Himself) is an enemy to the disbelievers."<ref name="autogenerated1">Quran, sura 2 ([[Al-Baqara]]), ayat 98 {{Cite quran|2|98|s=ns}}</ref> Some Muslims {{specify|date=April 2019}}{{vague|date=April 2019}}{{who|date=April 2019}} believe that the reference in [[Sura 11]]:69 is Michael, one of the three angels who visited [[Abraham]].<ref name="autogenerated1"/>',
3 => '[[Epiphanius of Salamis]] (c. 310–320 – 403) referred in his Coptic-Arabic ''Hexaemeron'' to Michael as a replacement of [[Satan]]. Accordingly, after Satan fell, Michael was appointed to the function Satan served when he was still one of the noble angels.<ref>Monferrer-Sala, J. P. (2014). "One More Time on the Arabized Nominal Form Iblīs", ''Studia Orientalia Electronica,'' 112, 55-70. Retrieved from https://journal.fi/store/article/view/9526</ref>',
4 => '===Islam===',
5 => '[[File:ميكائيل عليه السلام.png|thumb|Mika'il's name in [[Islamic calligraphy]]]]',
6 => 'In Islam, Michael, also spelled Mika'il ([[ميكيل]]),<ref name="King">{{cite web|title = King, Daniel "A Christian Qur'an? A Study in the Syriac Background of the Qur'an as Presented in the Work of Christoph Luxenberg," JLARC 3, 44–71 (2009)|url = http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/share/research/centres/clarc/jlarc/contents/King%2520A%2520Christian%2520Qur%2527an.pdf|website = School of History, Archaeology and Religion|access-date = 2015-12-17}}</ref> is one of the archangels and said to be responsible for the forces of nature.<ref>Richard Webster ''Michael: Communicating with the Archangel for Guidance & Protection'' Llewellyn Worldwide 2012 {{ISBN|978-0-738-71716-6}}</ref> In Islam,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/002-qmt.php#002.098 |title=Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement |publisher=Usc.edu |access-date=2015-01-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202024354/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/002-qmt.php#002.098 |archive-date=2015-02-02 }}</ref> Michael is one of the four archangels along with [[Jibrail]], [[Israfil]] and [[Azrail]]. [[Quran 2:98]] mentions him.<ref>{{cite quran|2|98|s=ns|b=n}}</ref> He provides nourishments for bodies and souls and is also responsible for universal/environmental events. Mikail is often depicted as the archangel of mercy. Therefore, he is said to be friendly, asking [[God in Islam|God]] for mercy for humans and is said to be one of the first who bowed down before [[Adam in Islam|Adam]].<ref>John L. Esposito ''Oxford Dictionary of Islam'' Oxford University Press {{ISBN|978-0-195-12559-7}} p. 200</ref> Furthermore, he is responsible for the rewards doled out to good persons in this life. From the tears of Michael, angels are created. Such angels are the helpers of Michael.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 20832755|title = The Creation of Man and Angels in the Eschatological Literature: [Translated Excerpts from an Unpublished Collection of Traditions]|last1 = MacDonald|first1 = John|journal = Islamic Studies|year = 1964|volume = 3|issue = 3|pages = 285–308}}</ref>',
7 => '',
8 => 'The [[Quran]] mentions Michael together with [[Rūḥ|Gabriel]] in the [[sura]] [[Al-Baqarah]]:',
9 => '',
10 => '{{quote|Whoever is an enemy to Allah and His angels and messengers, to Gabriel and Michael, – Lo! Allah is an enemy to those who reject Faith.|Quran, chapter 2 ([[Al-Baqara]]) verse 98<ref>{{Cite quran|2|98|s=ns}}</ref>}}',
11 => '',
12 => 'In [[Shia Islam]], in [[Dua]] Umm Dawood, a supplication reportedly handed down by the 6th [[Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq]], the reciter sends blessing upon Michael (with his name spelled as Mīkā'īl):<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.duas.org/ummedawood.htm |title = Aamal e Umme Dawood}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wilayatmission.org/Duas/UmmDawood.pdf |title=Dua of Umm Dawood |publisher=www.wilayatmission.org |date= |accessdate=2021-02-13}}</ref>',
13 => '',
14 => '<blockquote>O Allah! Bestow your blessing on Michael-angel of Your mercy and created for kindness and seeker of pardon for and supporter of the obedient people.</blockquote>',
15 => '===Islam===',
16 => 'In [[Sunnism|Sunni legends]], Michael appears in the creation narrative of [[Adam in Islam|Adam]]. Accordingly, he was sent to bring a handful of earth, but the Earth did not yield a piece of itself, some of which will burn. This is articulated by [[Al-Tha`labi|Al-Tha'labi]], whose narrative states that God tells Earth that some will obey him and others will not.<ref>The Birth of the Prophet Muḥammad: Devotional Piety in Sunni Islam – p. 21, Marion Holmes Katz – 2007</ref>',
17 => 'In the English [[epic poem]] ''[[Paradise Lost]]'' by [[John Milton]], Michael commands the army of angels loyal to God against the rebel forces of [[Satan]]. Armed with a sword from God's armory, he bests Satan in personal combat, wounding his side.<ref>John Milton, ''Paradise Lost'' 1674 [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~milton/reading_room/pl/book_6/index.shtml Book VI line 320]</ref>'
] |
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29 => 'http://www.spurgeongems.org/vols13-15/chs842.pdf',
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31 => 'http://www.sdanet.org/atissue/books/qod/index.htm',
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34 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=lETMH_kCeJcC&q=John+5:25+adventist+michael&pg=PA266',
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39 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=K0hCj5u3HNQC&q=greek+magical+papyri',
40 => 'http://www.esotericarchives.com/solomon/heptamer.htm',
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68 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=kaonEi_dCJIC&q=Chonae+michael+miracle+university+california&pg=PA143',
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79 => 'https://journal.fi/store/article/view/9526',
80 => 'https://philologos.org/__eb-lotj/vol1/two.htm#2',
81 => 'https://quran.com/2/98?translations=19,101,85,84,22,21,20,18,17,95',
82 => 'https://viaf.org/viaf/49524228',
83 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20100407070838/http://www.spurgeon.org/~phil/creeds/bcof.htm',
84 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20100526031746/http://www.vaticanstate.va/EN/Monuments/The_Vatican_Museums/Sistine_Chapel--p--5.htm',
85 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150202024354/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/quran/verses/002-qmt.php#002.098',
86 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20171201063745/https://philologos.org/__eb-lotj/vol1/two.htm#2',
87 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180802003211/https://www.academia.edu/1897792/From_Lieux_de_Pouvoir_to_Lieux_de_M%C3%A9moire_The_Monuments_of_the_Medieval_Castle_of_Ioannina_through_the_Centuries',
88 => 'https://www.academia.edu/1897792',
89 => 'https://www.catholic.org/prayers/prayer.php?p=12',
90 => 'https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/liahona/1998/02/the-man-adam?lang=eng',
91 => 'https://www.esv.org/1+Thessalonians+4:16',
92 => 'https://www.esv.org/Daniel+12:1',
93 => 'https://www.esv.org/Jude+1:9',
94 => 'https://www.esv.org/Revelation+12:1',
95 => 'https://www.esv.org/Revelation+12:7',
96 => 'https://www.esv.org/Revelation+16:1',
97 => 'https://www.esv.org/Revelation+19:14',
98 => 'https://www.google.com/search?q=Baun+%22Michael+Archistrategos%22&btnG=',
99 => 'https://www.google.com/search?q=Cadwallader+Michael+Chonai&btnG=',
100 => 'https://www.idref.fr/165119047',
101 => 'https://www.jber.jb.mil/News/Commentaries/Display/Article/772200/chaplains-corner-saint-michael-patron-saint-of-the-airborne-military/',
102 => 'https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10275b.htm',
103 => 'https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10551a.htm',
104 => 'https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2002.02.0006:sura%3D2:verse%3D98',
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Saint Michael" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Saint Michael (disambiguation)">Saint Michael (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<p>{{short description|Archangel in Jewish, Christian.
</p>
<table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="background-color:gold;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div><br /><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Michael</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Luca_Giordano_-_The_Fall_of_the_Rebel_Angels_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Luca Giordano - The Fall of the Rebel Angels - Google Art Project.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Luca_Giordano_-_The_Fall_of_the_Rebel_Angels_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Luca_Giordano_-_The_Fall_of_the_Rebel_Angels_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Luca_Giordano_-_The_Fall_of_the_Rebel_Angels_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Luca_Giordano_-_The_Fall_of_the_Rebel_Angels_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Luca_Giordano_-_The_Fall_of_the_Rebel_Angels_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Luca_Giordano_-_The_Fall_of_the_Rebel_Angels_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4665" data-file-height="6957" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:gold;">Archangel, Prince of Heavenly Host</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data">All <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denominations</a> which <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Veneration of saints">venerate saints</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">Canonized</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Congregation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Congregation">Pre-Congregation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast</a></th><td class="infobox-data">
<ul><li><b>8 November</b> (New Calendar Eastern Orthodox Churches)</li>
<li><b>8 November</b> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a>)</li>
<li><b>21 November</b> (Old Calendar Eastern Orthodox Churches)</li>
<li><b>29 September</b> ("<a href="/wiki/Michaelmas" title="Michaelmas">Michaelmas</a>")</li>
<li><b>8 May</b> (<a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Calendar" title="Tridentine Calendar">Tridentine Calendar</a>)</li>
<li><b>12th of each month in <a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic calendar</a></b> (Coptic Churches)</li>
<li>Many other local and historical feasts</li></ul>
</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Saint_symbolism" title="Saint symbolism">Attributes</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangel</a>; Treading on a dragon; carrying a banner, <a href="/wiki/Scale_armour" title="Scale armour">scales</a>, sword, and weighing souls</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">Patronage</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Protector of the Jewish people,<sup id="cite_ref-Bible_gateway,_Daniel_12:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bible_gateway,_Daniel_12:1-1">[1]</a></sup> Guardian of the Catholic Church,<sup id="cite_ref-Alban_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alban-2">[2]</a></sup> Vatican City,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (June 2019)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> sickness, <a href="/wiki/Police_officers" class="mw-redirect" title="Police officers">police officers</a>, military<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Michael</b> (<small>Hebrew: </small><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[mixaˈʔel]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">מִיכָאֵל</span>‎, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><i lang="he-Latn" title="Hebrew-language romanization">Mīḳā'ēl</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'<a href="/wiki/Quis_ut_Deus%3F" title="Quis ut Deus?">Who is like El?</a>'; <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Μιχαήλ</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: </small><i lang="el-Latn" title="Greek-language romanization">Mikhaḗl</i>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Michahel</i>; <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>: <span lang="cop">ⲙⲓⲭⲁⲏⲗ</span>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ميخائيل ، مِيكَالَ ، ميكائيل</span>‎, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><i lang="ar-Latn" title="Arabic-language romanization">Mīkā'īl, Mīkāl or Mīkhā'īl</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> is an <a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">archangel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> systems of faith, he is called <b>Saint Michael the Archangel</b> and <b>Saint Michael</b>. In the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> religions, he is called <b>Saint Michael the Taxiarch</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> In other <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> churches, he is referred to as <b>Archangel Michael</b>.
</p><p>Michael is mentioned three times in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a>. The idea that Michael was the advocate of the Jews became so prevalent that, in spite of the rabbinical prohibition against appealing to angels as intermediaries between <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> and his people, Michael came to occupy a certain place in the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_liturgy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish liturgy">Jewish liturgy</a>.
</p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, Michael leads God's armies against <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>'s forces in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>, where during the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">war in heaven</a> he defeats Satan. In the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Epistle of Jude</a>, Michael is specifically referred to as "the archangel Michael". Sanctuaries to Michael were built by Christians in the 4th century, when he was first seen as a healing angel. Over time his role became one of a protector and the leader of the army of God against the forces of evil.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Scriptural_references"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Scriptural references</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Hebrew_Bible"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Hebrew Bible</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#New_Testament"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">New Testament</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Religious_faiths"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Religious faiths</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Judaism"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Judaism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Christianity"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Christianity</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Early_Christian_views_and_devotions"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early Christian views and devotions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Catholicism"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Catholicism</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-9"><a href="#Saint_Michael_the_Archangel_prayer"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Saint Michael the Archangel prayer</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Eastern_and_Oriental_Orthodoxy"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Eastern and Oriental Orthodoxy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Protestant_views"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Protestant views</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Seventh-day_Adventists"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Seventh-day Adventists</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Jehovah's_Witnesses"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Jehovah's Witnesses</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.7</span> <span class="toctext">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Esoteric_beliefs"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Esoteric beliefs</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Feasts"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Feasts</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Patronages_and_orders"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Patronages and orders</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Legends"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Legends</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Judaism_2"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Judaism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Christianity_2"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Christianity</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Art_and_literature"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Art and literature</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#In_literature"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">In literature</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Music"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Music</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Artistic_depictions"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Artistic depictions</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Churches_named_after_Michael"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Churches named after Michael</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Scriptural_references">Scriptural references</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Scriptural references">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Hebrew_Bible">Hebrew Bible</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Hebrew Bible">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:GuidoReni_MichaelDefeatsSatan.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/GuidoReni_MichaelDefeatsSatan.jpg/170px-GuidoReni_MichaelDefeatsSatan.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/GuidoReni_MichaelDefeatsSatan.jpg/255px-GuidoReni_MichaelDefeatsSatan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/GuidoReni_MichaelDefeatsSatan.jpg/340px-GuidoReni_MichaelDefeatsSatan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1657" data-file-height="2441" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:GuidoReni_MichaelDefeatsSatan.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Guido_Reni" title="Guido Reni">Guido Reni</a>'s Michael (in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_della_Concezione_dei_Cappuccini" title="Santa Maria della Concezione dei Cappuccini">Santa Maria della Concezione</a> church, Rome, 1636) tramples Satan. A mosaic of the same painting decorates <i>St. Michael's Altar</i> in <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>.</div></div></div>
<p>Michael is mentioned three times in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>), all in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a>. The prophet <a href="/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)" title="Daniel (biblical figure)">Daniel</a> has a vision after having undergone a period of fasting. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Daniel#10:13" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Daniel">Daniel 10:13–21</a> describes Daniel's vision of an angel who identifies Michael as the protector of <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> At <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Daniel#12:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Daniel">Daniel 12:1</a>, Daniel is informed that Michael will arise during the "<a href="/wiki/End_times" class="mw-redirect" title="End times">time of the end</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="New_Testament">New Testament</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: New Testament">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:An%C3%B3nimo_-_San_Miguel_Arc%C3%A1ngel,_1708.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/An%C3%B3nimo_-_San_Miguel_Arc%C3%A1ngel%2C_1708.jpg/220px-An%C3%B3nimo_-_San_Miguel_Arc%C3%A1ngel%2C_1708.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/An%C3%B3nimo_-_San_Miguel_Arc%C3%A1ngel%2C_1708.jpg/330px-An%C3%B3nimo_-_San_Miguel_Arc%C3%A1ngel%2C_1708.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/An%C3%B3nimo_-_San_Miguel_Arc%C3%A1ngel%2C_1708.jpg 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="500" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:An%C3%B3nimo_-_San_Miguel_Arc%C3%A1ngel,_1708.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Saint Michael, Archangel <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melchor_P%C3%A9rez_de_Holgu%C3%ADn" class="extiw" title="es:Melchor Pérez de Holguín">es:Melchor Pérez de Holguín</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, (<a href="/wiki/1708" title="1708">1708</a>)</div></div></div>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Revelation#12:7" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Revelation">12:7–9</a>) describes a <a href="/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">war in heaven</a> in which Michael, being stronger, defeats Satan.<sup id="cite_ref-Art13_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Art13-11">[11]</a></sup> After the conflict, Satan is thrown to Earth along with the <a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">fallen angels</a>, where he ("that ancient serpent called the devil") still tries to "lead the whole world astray".<sup id="cite_ref-Art13_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Art13-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Epistle of Jude</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/Jude#1:9" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (World English)/Jude">1:9</a>, Michael is referred to as an "archangel" when he again confronts Satan.<sup id="cite_ref-Guiley_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guiley-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p><p><br />
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Religious_faiths">Religious faiths</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Religious faiths">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Judaism">Judaism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Judaism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>According to rabbinic Jewish tradition, Michael acted as the advocate of Israel, and sometimes had to fight with the princes of the other nations (cf. 10:13) and particularly with the angel <a href="/wiki/Samael" title="Samael">Samael</a>, Israel's accuser. Michael's enmity against Samael dates from the time when the latter was thrown down from heaven. Samael took hold of the wings of Michael, whom he wished to bring down with him in his fall; but Michael was saved by God.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> Michael said, "May The Lord rebuke you" to Satan for attempting to claim the body of <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:152px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Michael.svg/150px-Michael.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="67" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Michael.svg/225px-Michael.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Michael.svg/300px-Michael.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="81" data-file-height="36" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Michael in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></div></div></div>
<p>The idea that Michael was the advocate of the Jews became so prevalent<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)"><span title="The geographic scope near this tag is ambiguous. (April 2019)">where?</span></a></i>]</sup> that in spite of the rabbinical prohibition against appealing to angels as intermediaries between God and his people, Michael came to occupy a certain place in the Jewish liturgy: "When a man is in need he must pray directly to God, and neither to Michael nor to <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> Two prayers were written beseeching him as the prince of mercy to intercede in favor of Israel: one composed by Byzantine Jew <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eliezer_ben_Kalir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eliezer ben Kalir (page does not exist)">Eliezer ha-Kalir</a> (c. 570 – c. 640), and the other by <a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Samuel_of_Regensburg" title="Judah ben Samuel of Regensburg">Judah ben Samuel he-Hasid</a> (1150 – 22 February 1217), a leader of the <a href="/wiki/Chassidei_Ashkenaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Chassidei Ashkenaz">Chassidei Ashkenaz</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>. But appeal to Michael seems to have been more common in ancient times<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)"><span title="The geographic scope near this tag is ambiguous. (April 2019)">where?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (April 2019)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup>. <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a> is said to have addressed a prayer to him.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbis</a> declare that Michael entered upon his role of defender at the time of the biblical patriarchs. Rabbi Eliezer ben Jacob said that Michael rescued <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> from the furnace into which he had been thrown by <a href="/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod">Nimrod</a> (Midrash Genesis Rabbah xliv. 16). It is claimed that it was Michael, the "one that had escaped" (Genesis <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Genesis#14:13" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Genesis">14:13</a>), who told Abraham that Lot had been taken captive (Midrash Pirke R. El.), and who protected Sarah from being defiled by Abimelech.
</p><p>It is also said that Michael prevented <a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a> from being sacrificed by his father by substituting a ram in his place. He saved <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>, while yet in his mother's womb, from being killed by Samael.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> Later Michael prevented Laban from harming Jacob.(<i><a href="/wiki/Pirke_De-Rabbi_Eliezer" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer">Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer</a></i>, xxxvi).
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">midrash</a> <i>Exodus Rabbah</i> holds that Michael exercised his function of advocate of Israel at the time of <a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">the Exodus</a> also. Michael is also said to have destroyed the army of <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Christianity">Christianity</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Christianity">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_Christian_views_and_devotions">Early Christian views and devotions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early Christian views and devotions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael4.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Michael4.jpg/170px-Michael4.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="284" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Michael4.jpg/255px-Michael4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Michael4.jpg/340px-Michael4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="600" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael4.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Statue of Archangel Michael at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bonn" title="University of Bonn">University of Bonn</a>, slaying Satan as a dragon; <i><a href="/wiki/Quis_ut_Deus" class="mw-redirect" title="Quis ut Deus">Quis ut Deus</a></i> is inscribed on his shield</div></div></div>
<p>Michael was venerated as a healer in <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a> (modern-day Turkey).<sup id="cite_ref-Cathenc_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cathenc-20">[20]</a></sup>
</p><p>The earliest and most famous sanctuary to Michael in the ancient Near East was also associated with healing waters. It was the <i><a href="/wiki/Michaelion" title="Michaelion">Michaelion</a></i> built in the early 4th century by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Constantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Constantine">Emperor Constantine</a> at <a href="/wiki/Chalcedon" title="Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a>, on the site of an earlier temple called <i>Sosthenion</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Richard_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richard-21">[21]</a></sup>
</p><p><br />
A painting of the Archangel slaying a serpent became a major art piece at the Michaelion after Constantine defeated <a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a> near there in 324. This contributed to the standard <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a> that developed of Archangel Michael as a <a href="/wiki/Warrior_saint" class="mw-redirect" title="Warrior saint">warrior saint</a> slaying a dragon.<sup id="cite_ref-Richard_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richard-21">[21]</a></sup> The Michaelion was a magnificent church and in time became a model for hundreds of other churches in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a>; these spread devotions to the Archangel.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the 4th century, <a href="/wiki/Basil_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Basil the Great">Saint Basil the Great</a>'s homily (<i>De Angelis</i>) placed Saint Michael over all the angels. He was called <i>"Archangel"</i> because he heralds other angels, the title Ἀρχαγγέλος (archangelos) being used of him in <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude</a> 1:9.<sup id="cite_ref-Cathenc_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cathenc-20">[20]</a></sup> Into the 6th century, the view of Michael as a healer continued in Rome; after a plague, the sick slept at night in the church of <i><a href="/wiki/Castel_Sant%27Angelo" title="Castel Sant'Angelo">Castel Sant'Angelo</a></i> (dedicated to him for saving Rome), waiting for his manifestation.<sup id="cite_ref-Butler320_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler320-23">[23]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the 6th century, the growth of devotions to Michael in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Church">Western Church</a> was expressed by the feasts dedicated to him, as recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Leonine_Sacramentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonine Sacramentary">Leonine Sacramentary</a>. The 7th-century <a href="/wiki/Gelasian_Sacramentary" title="Gelasian Sacramentary">Gelasian Sacramentary</a> included the feast <i>"S. Michaelis Archangeli"</i>, as did the 8th-century <a href="/wiki/Sacramentary#The_Gregorian_Sacramentary" title="Sacramentary">Gregorian Sacramentary</a>. Some of these documents refer to a <i>Basilica Archangeli</i> (no longer extant) on <a href="/wiki/Via_Salaria" title="Via Salaria">via Salaria</a> in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-Cathenc_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cathenc-20">[20]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Angelology">angelology</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius</a>, which was widely read as of the 6th century, gave Michael a rank in the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Celestial hierarchy">celestial hierarchy</a>. Later, in the 13th century, others such as <a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a> believed that he is the prince of the <a href="/wiki/Seraphim" class="mw-redirect" title="Seraphim">Seraphim</a>, the first of the nine angelic orders. According to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa</a></i> Ia. 113.3), he is the Prince of the last and lowest choir, the Angels.<sup id="cite_ref-Cathenc_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cathenc-20">[20]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Catholicism">Catholicism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Catholicism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For Roman Catholic views and prayers, see <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael_(Roman_Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Michael (Roman Catholic)">Saint Michael (Roman Catholic)</a>.</div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacopo_vignali,_san_michele_arcangelo_libera_le_anime_del_purgatorio.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Jacopo_vignali%2C_san_michele_arcangelo_libera_le_anime_del_purgatorio.jpg/170px-Jacopo_vignali%2C_san_michele_arcangelo_libera_le_anime_del_purgatorio.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="264" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Jacopo_vignali%2C_san_michele_arcangelo_libera_le_anime_del_purgatorio.jpg/255px-Jacopo_vignali%2C_san_michele_arcangelo_libera_le_anime_del_purgatorio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Jacopo_vignali%2C_san_michele_arcangelo_libera_le_anime_del_purgatorio.jpg/340px-Jacopo_vignali%2C_san_michele_arcangelo_libera_le_anime_del_purgatorio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1685" data-file-height="2621" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacopo_vignali,_san_michele_arcangelo_libera_le_anime_del_purgatorio.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Archangel Michael <i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael_(Roman_Catholic)#Saving_souls_at_the_hour_of_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Michael (Roman Catholic)">reaching to save souls in purgatory</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Vignali" title="Jacopo Vignali">Jacopo Vignali</a>, 17th century</div></div></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a> often refer to Michael as "Holy Michael, the Archangel"<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> or "Saint Michael", a title that does not indicate <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonisation</a>. He is generally referred to in Christian <a href="/wiki/Litany" title="Litany">litanies</a> as "Saint Michael", as in the <a href="/wiki/Litany_of_the_Saints" title="Litany of the Saints">Litany of the Saints</a>. In the shortened version of this litany used in the <a href="/wiki/Easter_Vigil" title="Easter Vigil">Easter Vigil</a>, he alone of the angels and archangels is mentioned by name, omitting saints <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup>
</p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael_(Roman_Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Michael (Roman Catholic)">Roman Catholic teachings</a>, Saint Michael has four main roles or offices.<sup id="cite_ref-Cathenc_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cathenc-20">[20]</a></sup> His first role is the leader of the Army of God and the leader of heaven's forces in their triumph over the powers of hell.<sup id="cite_ref-Donna60_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donna60-26">[26]</a></sup> He is viewed as the angelic model for the virtues of the <i>spiritual warrior</i>, with the conflict against evil at times viewed as the <i>battle within</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Starr2_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Starr2-27">[27]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Stift_Rein_-_Bibliothek,_Antiphonale_Cisterciense,_Miniatur_Erzengel_Michael.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Stift_Rein_-_Bibliothek%2C_Antiphonale_Cisterciense%2C_Miniatur_Erzengel_Michael.jpg/170px-Stift_Rein_-_Bibliothek%2C_Antiphonale_Cisterciense%2C_Miniatur_Erzengel_Michael.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Stift_Rein_-_Bibliothek%2C_Antiphonale_Cisterciense%2C_Miniatur_Erzengel_Michael.jpg/255px-Stift_Rein_-_Bibliothek%2C_Antiphonale_Cisterciense%2C_Miniatur_Erzengel_Michael.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Stift_Rein_-_Bibliothek%2C_Antiphonale_Cisterciense%2C_Miniatur_Erzengel_Michael.jpg/340px-Stift_Rein_-_Bibliothek%2C_Antiphonale_Cisterciense%2C_Miniatur_Erzengel_Michael.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3770" data-file-height="2510" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Stift_Rein_-_Bibliothek,_Antiphonale_Cisterciense,_Miniatur_Erzengel_Michael.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><i>St. Michael weighing souls during the <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Last Judgement">Last Judgement</a></i>, <i>Antiphonale Cisterciense</i> (15th century), Abbey Bibliotheca, <a href="/wiki/Rein_Abbey,_Austria" title="Rein Abbey, Austria">Rein Abbey, Austria</a></div></div></div>
<p>The second and third roles of Michael in Catholic teachings deal with death. In his second role, Michael is the angel of death, <a href="/wiki/Psychopomp" title="Psychopomp">carrying the souls</a> of all the deceased to heaven. In this role Michael descends at the hour of death, and gives each soul the chance to redeem itself before passing; thus consternating the devil and his minions. Catholic prayers often refer to this role of Michael. In his third role, he weighs souls in his perfectly balanced scales. For this reason, Michael is often depicted holding scales.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarr39_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarr39-28">[28]</a></sup>
</p><p>In his fourth role, Saint Michael, the special patron of the Chosen People in the Old Testament, is also the guardian of the Church. Saint Michael was revered by the military orders of knights during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ages in history">Middle Ages</a>. The names of villages around the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a> express that history. This role also was why he was considered the patron saint of a number of cities and countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler1821117_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler1821117-29">[29]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-30">[30]</a></sup>
</p><p>Roman Catholicism includes traditions such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Prayer_to_Saint_Michael" title="Prayer to Saint Michael">Prayer to Saint Michael</a>,</i> which specifically asks for the faithful to be "defended" by the saint.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Chaplet_of_Saint_Michael" title="Chaplet of Saint Michael">Chaplet of Saint Michael</a></i> consists of nine salutations, one for each choir of angels.<sup id="cite_ref-Ann_Ball_p._123_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ann_Ball_p._123-34">[34]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup>
</p>
<h5><span class="mw-headline" id="Saint_Michael_the_Archangel_prayer">Saint Michael the Archangel prayer</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Saint Michael the Archangel prayer">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h5>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prayer_to_Saint_Michael#In_the_Leonine_Prayers" title="Prayer to Saint Michael">Prayer to Saint Michael § In the Leonine Prayers</a></div>
<div class="poem">
<p>Blessed Michael, archangel,<br />
defend us in the hour of conflict.<br />
Be our safeguard against the wickedness and snares of the devil<br />
(may God restrain him, we humbly pray):<br />
and do thou, O Prince of the heavenly host,<br />
by the power of God thrust Satan down to hell<br />
and with him those other wicked spirits<br />
who wander through the world for the ruin of souls.<br />
Amen.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup>
</p>
</div>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Eastern_and_Oriental_Orthodoxy">Eastern and Oriental Orthodoxy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Eastern and Oriental Orthodoxy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> accord Michael the title <i>Archistrategos</i>, or "Supreme Commander of the Heavenly Hosts".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup> The Eastern Orthodox pray to their <a href="/wiki/Guardian_angel" title="Guardian angel">guardian angels</a> and above all to Michael and Gabriel.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Eastern Orthodox have always had strong devotions to angels. In contemporary times they are referred to by the term of "Bodiless Powers".<sup id="cite_ref-EOEnc_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOEnc-39">[39]</a></sup> A number of feasts dedicated to Archangel Michael are celebrated by the Eastern Orthodox throughout the year.<sup id="cite_ref-EOEnc_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOEnc-39">[39]</a></sup>
</p><p>Archangel Michael is mentioned in a number of Eastern Orthodox hymns and prayer, and his icons are widely used within Eastern Orthodox churches.<sup id="cite_ref-B16_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B16-40">[40]</a></sup> In many Eastern Orthodox icons, Christ is accompanied by a number of angels, Michael being a predominant figure among them.<sup id="cite_ref-B16_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B16-40">[40]</a></sup>
</p><p>In Russia, many monasteries, cathedrals, court and merchant churches are dedicated to the Chief Commander Michael; most Russian cities have a church or chapel dedicated to the Archangel Michael.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup>
</p><p>While in the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian Orthodox Church</a> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sava" title="Saint Sava">Saint Sava</a> has a special role as the establisher of its autocephaly and the largest Belgrade church is devoted to him, the capital <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>'s Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">cathedral</a>, the <a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Cathedral,_Belgrade" title="St. Michael's Cathedral, Belgrade">see church</a> of the patriarch, is devoted to Archangel Michael (in Serbian: <i>Арханђел Михаило</i> / <i>Arhanđel Mihailo</i>).
</p><p>The place of Michael in the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria</a> is as a <a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_saints" title="Intercession of saints">saintly intercessor</a>. He is the one who presents to God the prayers of the just, who accompanies the souls of the dead to heaven, who defeats the devil. He is celebrated liturgically on the 12th of each <a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic month</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, a church was dedicated to him in the early fourth century on the 12th of the month of <a href="/wiki/Paoni" title="Paoni">Paoni</a>. The 12th of the month of <a href="/wiki/Hathor_(month)" title="Hathor (month)">Hathor</a> is the celebration of Michael's appointment in heaven, where Michael became the chief of the angels.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Protestant_views">Protestant views</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Protestant views">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Erzengel_Michael-Statue_%C3%BCber_dem_Portal_der_St._Michaeliskirche_Hamburg.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Erzengel_Michael-Statue_%C3%BCber_dem_Portal_der_St._Michaeliskirche_Hamburg.jpg/220px-Erzengel_Michael-Statue_%C3%BCber_dem_Portal_der_St._Michaeliskirche_Hamburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Erzengel_Michael-Statue_%C3%BCber_dem_Portal_der_St._Michaeliskirche_Hamburg.jpg/330px-Erzengel_Michael-Statue_%C3%BCber_dem_Portal_der_St._Michaeliskirche_Hamburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Erzengel_Michael-Statue_%C3%BCber_dem_Portal_der_St._Michaeliskirche_Hamburg.jpg/440px-Erzengel_Michael-Statue_%C3%BCber_dem_Portal_der_St._Michaeliskirche_Hamburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="1140" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Erzengel_Michael-Statue_%C3%BCber_dem_Portal_der_St._Michaeliskirche_Hamburg.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Statue at <a href="/wiki/St._Michaelis_Church,_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Michaelis Church, Hamburg">St. Michaelis Church, Hamburg</a></div></div></div>
<p>Some Protestant denominations recognize Michael as an archangel. Within Protestantism, the <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> tradition recognizes four angels as archangels: Michael, <a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uriel" title="Uriel">Uriel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Armentrout2000_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armentrout2000-45">[45]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup> The American evangelist <a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a> wrote that in Sacred Scripture, there is only one individual explicitly described as an archangel—Michael—in Jude 1:9.<sup id="cite_ref-Billy_Graham_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Billy_Graham-47">[47]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup>
</p><p>Citing <a href="/wiki/Hengstenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Hengstenberg">Hengstenberg</a>, John A. Lees, in <i>International Standard Bible Encyclopedia</i>, states: "The earlier <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> scholars usually identified Michael with the <a href="/wiki/Pre-existence_of_Christ" title="Pre-existence of Christ">pre-incarnate Christ</a>, finding support for their view, not only in the juxtaposition of the 'child' and the archangel in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Revelation+12:1">Rev 12:1–17</a>, but also in the attributes ascribed to him in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Lees_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lees-49">[49]</a></sup>
</p><p>Such scholars include but are not limited to:
</p>
<ol><li>Martin Luther<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup></li>
<li>Hengstenberg with others<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup></li>
<li>Dr. W. L. Alexander [in Kitto], Prof. Douglas [in Fairbairn]<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup></li>
<li>Jacobus Ode, Campegius Vitringa, Sr.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup></li>
<li>Philip Melanchthon, Broughton, Junius, Calvin, Hävernick<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup></li>
<li>Polanus, Genevens, Oecolampadius & others,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup> Adam Clarke<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup></li>
<li>Samuel Horsley<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup></li>
<li>Cloppenburgh, Vogelsangius, Pierce and others (Horsely)<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup></li>
<li>John (Jean) Calvin<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup></li>
<li>Isaac Watts, John Bunyan, Brown's Dictionary, James Wood's Spiritual Dictionary<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup></li>
<li>and many others<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup></li>
<li>for even before them, the Jewish commentators, such as Wetstein, Surenhusius, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></sup></li></ol>
<p>In the 19th Century, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Haddon_Spurgeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Haddon Spurgeon">Charles Haddon Spurgeon</a><sup id="cite_ref-spurgeon_baptist_confession_of_faith_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spurgeon_baptist_confession_of_faith-70">[70]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></sup> stated that Jesus is "the true Michael" <sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></sup> and “the only Archangel”,<sup id="cite_ref-spurgeon_angelic_life_michael_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spurgeon_angelic_life_michael-74">[74]</a></sup> and that he is God the Son, and co-equal to the Father.<sup id="cite_ref-spurgeon_baptist_confession_of_faith_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spurgeon_baptist_confession_of_faith-70">[70]</a></sup>
</p><p>Within <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>, the controversial bishop <a href="/wiki/Robert_Clayton_(bishop)" title="Robert Clayton (bishop)">Robert Clayton</a> (died 1758) proposed that Michael was the <a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">Logos</a> and Gabriel the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Spirit (Christianity)">Holy Spirit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></sup> Controversy over Clayton's views led the government to order his prosecution, but he died before his scheduled examination.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></sup>
</p><p>Michael continues to be recognized<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Statement needs to be more specific about the content to which it refers. (April 2019)">specify</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (April 2019)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (April 2019)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup>among Protestants by key churches dedicated to him, e.g., <a href="/wiki/St._Michaelis_Church,_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Michaelis Church, Hamburg">St. Michaelis Church, Hamburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Church,_Hildesheim" title="St. Michael's Church, Hildesheim">St. Michael's Church, Hildesheim</a>, each of which is of the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church">Lutheran Church</a> and has appeared in the Bundesländer series of <a href="/wiki/%E2%82%AC2_commemorative_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="€2 commemorative coins">€2 commemorative coins</a> for 2008 and 2014 respectively.
</p><p>In Bach's time, the annual feast of Michael and All the Angels on 29 September was regularly celebrated with a festive service, for which Bach composed several cantatas, for example the <a href="/wiki/Chorale_cantata_(Bach)" title="Chorale cantata (Bach)">chorale cantata</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Herr_Gott,_dich_loben_alle_wir,_BWV_130" title="Herr Gott, dich loben alle wir, BWV 130">Herr Gott, dich loben alle wir, BWV 130</a></i> in 1724, <a href="/wiki/Es_erhub_sich_ein_Streit,_BWV_19" title="Es erhub sich ein Streit, BWV 19"><i>Es erhub sich ein Streit</i>, BWV 19</a>, in 1726 and <a href="/wiki/Man_singet_mit_Freuden_vom_Sieg,_BWV_149" title="Man singet mit Freuden vom Sieg, BWV 149"><i>Man singet mit Freuden vom Sieg</i>, BWV 149</a>, in 1728 or 1729.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Seventh-day_Adventists">Seventh-day Adventists</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Seventh-day Adventists">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_theology#Christ_and_the_Archangel_Michael" title="Seventh-day Adventist theology">Seventh-day Adventist, beliefs about Michael</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pre-existence_of_Christ" title="Pre-existence of Christ">Pre-existence of Christ</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Grand_Saint_Michel,_by_Raffaello_Sanzio,_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Le_Grand_Saint_Michel%2C_by_Raffaello_Sanzio%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg/170px-Le_Grand_Saint_Michel%2C_by_Raffaello_Sanzio%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="287" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Le_Grand_Saint_Michel%2C_by_Raffaello_Sanzio%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg/255px-Le_Grand_Saint_Michel%2C_by_Raffaello_Sanzio%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Le_Grand_Saint_Michel%2C_by_Raffaello_Sanzio%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg/340px-Le_Grand_Saint_Michel%2C_by_Raffaello_Sanzio%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12542" data-file-height="21200" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Grand_Saint_Michel,_by_Raffaello_Sanzio,_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><i>Le Grand Saint Michel</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a> (Raffaello Sanzio), Archangel Michael defeating evil</div></div></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventists</a> believe that "Michael" is but one of the many titles applied to the Son of God, the second person of the Godhead. According to Adventists, such a view does not in any way conflict with the belief in his full deity and eternal preexistence, nor does it in the least disparage his person and work.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></sup> According to Adventist theology, Michael was considered the "eternal Word", and not a created being or created angel, and the one by whom all things were created. The Word was then born incarnate as Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></sup>
</p><p>They believe that name "Michael" signifies "One Who Is Like God" and that as the "Archangel" or "chief or head of the angels" he led the angels and thus the statement in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Revelation_12:7%E2%80%939" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Revelation 12:7–9">Revelation 12:7–9</a> identifies Jesus as Michael.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the Seventh-day Adventist view, the statement in some translations of <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/1_Thessalonians#4:13" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/1 Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians 4:13–18</a> and <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John#5:25" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/John">John 5:25–29</a> confirm that Jesus and Michael are the same.<sup id="cite_ref-AdventistRef_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AdventistRef-81">[81]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span id="Jehovah.27s_Witnesses"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Jehovah's_Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Jehovah's Witnesses">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_witnesses#Jehovah_and_Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jehovah's witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs about Jesus</a></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> believe Michael to be another name for <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> in heaven, in his pre-human and post-resurrection existence.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated218_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated218-82">[82]</a></sup> They say the definite article at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Jude+1:9">Jude 9</a>—referring to "Michael the archangel"—identifies Michael as the only archangel. They consider Michael to be synonymous with Christ, described at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/1+Thessalonians+4:16">1 Thessalonians 4:16</a> as descending "with a cry of command, with the voice of an archangel, and with the sound of the trumpet".<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></sup>
</p><p>They believe the prominent roles assigned to Michael at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Daniel+12:1">Daniel 12:1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Revelation+12:7">Revelation 12:7</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Revelation+19:14">Revelation 19:14</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Revelation+16:1">Revelation 16</a> are identical to Jesus' roles, being the one chosen to lead God's people and as the only one who "stands up", identifying the two as the same spirit being. Because they identify Michael with Jesus, he is therefore considered the first and greatest of all God's heavenly sons, God's chief messenger, who takes the lead in vindicating God's <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a>, sanctifying his name, fighting the wicked forces of Satan and protecting God's covenant people on earth.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></sup> Jehovah's Witnesses also identify Michael with the "<a href="/wiki/Angel_of_the_Lord" title="Angel of the Lord">Angel of the Lord</a>" who led and protected the Israelites in the wilderness.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Beliefs_and_practices_of_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></div>
<p>Members of <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (also known informally as Latter-day Saints or <a href="/wiki/Mormons" title="Mormons">Mormons</a>) believe that Michael is <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve_(LDS_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam and Eve (LDS Church)">Adam</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_of_Days" title="Ancient of Days">Ancient of Days</a> (Dan. 7), a prince, and the patriarch of the human family. They also hold that Michael assisted <a href="/wiki/Jehovah" title="Jehovah">Jehovah</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Pre-existence#Latter_Day_Saints" title="Pre-existence">pre-mortal</a> form of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>) in the creation of the world under the direction of <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a> (<a href="/wiki/Elohim#Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Elohim">Elohim</a>); under the direction of the Father, Michael also cast Satan out of heaven.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></sup>
</p><p><br />
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Esoteric_beliefs">Esoteric beliefs</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Esoteric beliefs">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The French occultist <a href="/wiki/Eliphas_Levi" class="mw-redirect" title="Eliphas Levi">Eliphas Levi</a>, the German philosopher <a href="/wiki/Franz_Xaver_von_Baader" title="Franz Xaver von Baader">Franz von Baader</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Theosophy_(Boehmian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophy (Boehmian)">Theosophist</a> Louis Claude de St. Martin spoke of 1879 as the year in which Michael overcame the dragon. In 1917, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">anthroposophy</a>, similarly stated, "in 1879, in November, a momentous event took place, a battle of the Powers of Darkness against the Powers of Light, ending in the image of Michael overcoming the Dragon".<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></sup>
</p><p>Archangel Michael was also mentioned in the older <a href="/wiki/Greek_Magical_Papyri" title="Greek Magical Papyri">Greek Magical Papyri</a> (circa 2nd century BC–400 AD), only in these set of texts he goes under the title of a <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Cornelius_Agrippa" title="Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa">Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Three_Books_of_Occult_Philosophy" title="Three Books of Occult Philosophy">Three Books of Occult Philosophy</a></i> and some other sources, Michael is always mentioned as ruling over the <a href="/wiki/Planet_Mercury" class="mw-redirect" title="Planet Mercury">planet Mercury</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></sup> however, in other sources such as the <a href="/wiki/Pietro_d%27Abano#Writings" title="Pietro d'Abano"><i>Heptameron</i> by pseudo-Pietro d'Abano</a>, Michael rules over the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></sup> and the fourth of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Heavens" title="Seven Heavens">seven Heavens</a> in <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, which is named Machon or Machen.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></sup> Instead, the <a href="/wiki/Archangel_Raphael" class="mw-redirect" title="Archangel Raphael">Archangel Raphael</a> rules over Mercury (and the second Heaven, which is listed as Raquie).<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></sup> The switch between solar and mercurial associations for Michael and Raphael happens all throughout the Solomonic grimoire tradition, changing practically from book to book depending on the influences and derivations of previous grimoires each is based on. Depending on the time and region of each manuscript, different correspondences may have been passed down, and neither association is ultimately more legitimate than the other.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Feasts">Feasts</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Feasts">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:S._Miguel_Arcanjo.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/S._Miguel_Arcanjo.jpg/220px-S._Miguel_Arcanjo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/S._Miguel_Arcanjo.jpg/330px-S._Miguel_Arcanjo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/S._Miguel_Arcanjo.jpg/440px-S._Miguel_Arcanjo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="960" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:S._Miguel_Arcanjo.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Archangel Michael at a Portuguese feast in <a href="/wiki/Cabeceiras_de_Basto" title="Cabeceiras de Basto">Cabeceiras de Basto</a></div></div></div>
<p>In the <a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar" title="General Roman Calendar">General Roman Calendar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Church_of_England)" title="Calendar of saints (Church of England)">Anglican Calendar of Saints</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_Saints_(Lutheran)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar of Saints (Lutheran)">Lutheran Calendar of Saints</a>, the archangel's feast is celebrated on <a href="/wiki/Michaelmas" title="Michaelmas">Michaelmas</a> Day, 29 September. The day is also considered the feast of Saints Michael, <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a>, in the General Roman Calendar and the Feast of Saint Michael and All Angels according to the Church of England.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, Saint Michael's principal feast day is 8 November (those that use the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a> celebrate it on what in the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> is now 21 November), honouring him along with the rest of the <i>"Bodiless Powers of Heaven"</i> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angels</a>) as their Supreme Commander, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Miracle_of_the_Archangel_Michael_at_Chonae#Miracle_of_the_Archangel_Michael" class="mw-redirect" title="Miracle of the Archangel Michael at Chonae">Miracle at Chonae</a></i> is commemorated on 6 September.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the calendar of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Truro" title="Diocese of Truro">diocese of Truro</a>, 8 May is the feast of <i>St. Michael, Protector of Cornwall</i>. The archangel Michael is one of the three patron saints of <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></sup> The feast of the Appearing of S. Michael the Archangel is observed by Anglo-Catholics on 8 May.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></sup> From medieval times until 1960 it was also observed on that day in the Roman Catholic Church; the feast commemorates the archangel's apparition on Mount Gargano in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox Church</a>, the main feast day in 12 <a href="/wiki/Hathor_(month)" title="Hathor (month)">Hathor</a> and 12 <a href="/wiki/Paoni" title="Paoni">Paoni</a>, and he is celebrated liturgically on the 12th of each Coptic month.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Patronages_and_orders">Patronages and orders</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Patronages and orders">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>In late <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Christianity">medieval Christianity</a>, Michael, together with <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a>, became the <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">chivalry</a> and is now also considered the patron saint of police officers, paramedics and the military.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-30">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBall586_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBall586-104">[104]</a></sup>
</p><p>Since the victorious <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lechfeld" title="Battle of Lechfeld">Battle of Lechfeld</a> against the Hungarians in 955, Michael was the patron saint of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> and still is the patron saint of modern Germany and other German-speaking regions formerly covered by the realm.
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<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:COA_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/COA_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg/170px-COA_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/COA_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg/255px-COA_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/COA_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg/340px-COA_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="683" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:COA_of_Kyiv_Kurovskyi.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Kyiv" title="Coat of arms of Kyiv">Coat of arms of Kyiv</a></div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_City_of_Brussels.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_City_of_Brussels.svg/170px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_City_of_Brussels.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="183" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_City_of_Brussels.svg/255px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_City_of_Brussels.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_City_of_Brussels.svg/340px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_City_of_Brussels.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="742" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_City_of_Brussels.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Brussels" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Brussels">Coat of arms of Brussels</a></div></div></div>
<p>In mid to late 15th century, France was one of only four courts in <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christendom</a> without an order of knighthood.<sup id="cite_ref-Dacre_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dacre-105">[105]</a></sup> Later in the 15th century, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Molinet" title="Jean Molinet">Jean Molinet</a> glorified the primordial feat of arms of the archangel as "the first deed of knighthood and chivalrous prowess that was ever achieved."<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></sup> Thus Michael was the natural patron of the first <a href="/wiki/Chivalric_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Chivalric order">chivalric order</a> of France, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Michael" title="Order of Saint Michael">Order of Saint Michael</a> of 1469.<sup id="cite_ref-Dacre_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dacre-105">[105]</a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/British_honours_system" class="mw-redirect" title="British honours system">British honours system</a>, a chivalric order founded in 1818 is also named for these two saints, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" title="Order of St Michael and St George">Order of St Michael and St George</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Michael_the_Brave" title="Order of Michael the Brave">Order of Michael the Brave</a> is Romania's highest military decoration.
</p><p>Prior to 1878, the <a href="/wiki/Scapular_of_St._Michael_the_Archangel" class="mw-redirect" title="Scapular of St. Michael the Archangel">Scapular of St. Michael the Archangel</a> could be worn as part of a Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Archconfraternity" title="Archconfraternity">Archconfraternity</a>. Presently, enrollment is authorized as this <a href="/wiki/Scapular_of_Our_Lady_of_Mount_Carmel" title="Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel">holy scapular</a> remains as one of the 18 approved by the Church.
</p><p>Apart from his being a patron of warriors, the sick and the suffering also consider Archangel Michael their patron saint.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></sup> Based on the legend of his 8th-century <a href="/wiki/Vision_(spirituality)" title="Vision (spirituality)">apparition</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mont-Saint-Michel" title="Mont-Saint-Michel">Mont-Saint-Michel</a>, France, the Archangel is the patron of <a href="/wiki/Sailors" class="mw-redirect" title="Sailors">mariners</a> in this famous sanctuary.<sup id="cite_ref-Cathenc_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cathenc-20">[20]</a></sup> After the evangelisation of <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, where mountains were often dedicated to pagan gods, Christians placed many mountains under the patronage of the Archangel, and numerous mountain chapels of St. Michael appeared all over Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-Cathenc_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cathenc-20">[20]</a></sup>
</p><p>Similarly, the Sanctuary of St. Michel (San Migel Aralarkoa), the oldest Christian building in Navarre (Spain), lies at the top of a hill on the <a href="/wiki/Aralar_Range" title="Aralar Range">Aralar Range</a>, and harbours Carolingian remains. St. Michel is an ancient devotion of <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Gipuzkoa" title="Gipuzkoa">Gipuzkoa</a>, revered by the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Basques#Christianization" title="History of the Basques">Basques</a>, shrouded in legend, and held as a champion against paganism and heresy. It came to symbolize the defense of Catholicism, as well as Basque tradition and values during the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></sup>
</p><p>He has been the patron saint of <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> since the Middle Ages.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></sup> The city of <a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a> in Russia is named for the Archangel. <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and its capital <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> also consider Michael their patron saint and protector.<sup id="cite_ref-Fairbairn_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fairbairn-111">[111]</a></sup> Since the 14th century, Saint Michael has been the patron saint of <a href="/wiki/Dumfries" title="Dumfries">Dumfries</a> in Scotland, where a church dedicated to him was built at the southern end of the town, on a mound overlooking the <a href="/wiki/River_Nith" title="River Nith">River Nith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></sup>
</p><p>An <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> sisterhood dedicated to Saint Michael under the title of the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_St_Michael_and_All_Angels" title="Community of St Michael and All Angels">Community of St Michael and All Angels</a> was founded in 1851.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Saint_Michael_the_Archangel" title="Congregation of Saint Michael the Archangel">Congregation of Saint Michael the Archangel</a> (CSMA), also known as the <i>Michaelite Fathers</i>, is a religious order of the Roman Catholic Church founded in 1897. The Canons Regular of the Order of St Michael the Archangel (OSM) are an Order of <a href="/wiki/Profession_(religious)" class="mw-redirect" title="Profession (religious)">professed</a> religious within the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_in_North_America" title="Anglican Church in North America">Anglican Church in North America</a>, the North American component of the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_realignment" title="Anglican realignment">Anglican realignment</a> movement.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the United States military Saint Michael is considered to be a patron of paratroopers and, in particular, the <a href="/wiki/82nd_Airborne_Division" title="82nd Airborne Division">82nd Airborne Division</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></sup> One of the first battles where the unit first was combat christened is the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Mihiel" title="Battle of Saint-Mihiel">Battle of Saint-Mihiel</a> during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Legends">Legends</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Legends">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Judaism_2">Judaism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Judaism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>There is a legend which seems to be of Jewish origin, and which was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Copt" class="mw-redirect" title="Copt">Copts</a>, to the effect that Michael was first sent by God to bring <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebuchadnezzar">Nebuchadnezzar</a> (c. 600 BC) against Jerusalem, and that Michael was afterward very active in freeing his nation from Babylonian captivity.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></sup>
According to midrash <a href="/wiki/Genesis_Rabbah" title="Genesis Rabbah">Genesis Rabbah</a>, Michael saved <a href="/wiki/Shadrach,_Meshach,_and_Abednego" title="Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego">Hananiah</a> and his companions from the <a href="/wiki/Shadrach,_Meshach,_and_Abednego" title="Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego">Fiery furnace</a> though the verse states that the person in the fire was the Son of God (not an angel).<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></sup> Michael was active in the time of <a href="/wiki/Esther" title="Esther">Esther</a>: "The more <a href="/wiki/Haman_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haman (Bible)">Haman</a> accused Israel on earth, the more Michael defended Israel in heaven".<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></sup> It was Michael who reminded <a href="/wiki/Ahasuerus" title="Ahasuerus">Ahasuerus</a> that he was <a href="/wiki/Mordecai" title="Mordecai">Mordecai</a>'s debtor;<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></sup> and there is a legend that Michael appeared to the high priest <a href="/wiki/John_Hyrcanus" title="John Hyrcanus">Hyrcanus</a>, promising him assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to <i><a href="/wiki/Legends_of_the_Jews" title="Legends of the Jews">Legends of the Jews</a></i>, archangel Michael was the chief of a band of angels who questioned God's decision to create man on Earth; a deeper analysis about Archangel Michael's action here is that Archangel Michael could have also questioned God as to why he did not kill Satan and his rebel horde of djinns/demons the minute Adam and Eve were created, thus removing the parable of evil and the question of the Garden of Eden.<sup id="cite_ref-ginzberg_michael_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ginzberg_michael-121">[121]</a></sup> Regardless, the entire band of angels, except for Michael, was then consumed by fire.<sup id="cite_ref-ginzberg_michael_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ginzberg_michael-121">[121]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Christianity_2">Christianity</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Christianity">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:152px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Miracle_Icon_Sinai_12th_century.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Michael_Miracle_Icon_Sinai_12th_century.jpg/150px-Michael_Miracle_Icon_Sinai_12th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="183" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Michael_Miracle_Icon_Sinai_12th_century.jpg/225px-Michael_Miracle_Icon_Sinai_12th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Michael_Miracle_Icon_Sinai_12th_century.jpg/300px-Michael_Miracle_Icon_Sinai_12th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1060" data-file-height="1296" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Miracle_Icon_Sinai_12th_century.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icon</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Miracle_of_the_Archangel_Michael_at_Chonae" class="mw-redirect" title="Miracle of the Archangel Michael at Chonae">Miracle at Chonae</a></i>, from <a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a>.</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:152px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Antonia_astonac_rev1.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Antonia_astonac_rev1.jpg/150px-Antonia_astonac_rev1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="144" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Antonia_astonac_rev1.jpg/225px-Antonia_astonac_rev1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Antonia_astonac_rev1.jpg/300px-Antonia_astonac_rev1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="485" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Antonia_astonac_rev1.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The Portuguese Carmelite nun, <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nia_d%27Ast%C3%B3naco" class="mw-redirect" title="Antónia d'Astónaco">Antónia d'Astónaco</a>, reported an apparition and <a href="/wiki/Private_revelation" title="Private revelation">private revelation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Saint Michael in the Catholic Church">Archangel Michael</a>.</div></div></div>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church" title="Orthodox Church">Orthodox Church</a> celebrates the <a href="/wiki/Miracle_of_the_Archangel_Michael_at_Chonae" class="mw-redirect" title="Miracle of the Archangel Michael at Chonae">Miracle at Chonae</a> on September 6.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></sup> The pious legend surrounding the event states that <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John the Apostle</a>, when preaching nearby, foretold the appearance of Michael at Cheretopa near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Salda" title="Lake Salda">Lake Salda</a>, where a healing spring appeared soon after the Apostle left; in gratitude for the healing of his daughter, one pilgrim built a church on the site.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a></sup> Local pagans, who are described as jealous of the healing power of the spring and the church, attempt to drown the church by redirecting the river, but the Archangel, "in the likeness of a column of fire", split the bedrock to open up a new bed for the stream, directing the flow away from the church.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></sup> The legend is supposed to have predated the actual events, but the 5th – 7th-century texts that refer to the miracle at Chonae formed the basis of specific paradigms for "properly approaching" angelic intermediaries for more effective prayers within the Christian culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Peers_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peers-125">[125]</a></sup>
</p><p>There is a late-5th-century legend in <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, UK that the Archangel appeared to fishermen on <a href="/wiki/St_Michael%27s_Mount" title="St Michael's Mount">St Michael's Mount</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cornwall_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornwall-126">[126]</a></sup> According to author Richard Freeman Johnson, this legend is likely a nationalistic twist to a myth.<sup id="cite_ref-Cornwall_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornwall-126">[126]</a></sup> Cornish legends also hold that the mount itself was constructed by giants<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a></sup> and that <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a> battled a giant there.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a></sup>
</p><p>The legend of the apparition of the Archangel at around 490 AD at a secluded hilltop cave on <a href="/wiki/Monte_Gargano" class="mw-redirect" title="Monte Gargano">Monte Gargano</a> in Italy gained a following among the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> in the immediate period thereafter, and by the 8th century, pilgrims arrived from as far away as England.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Calendar" title="Tridentine Calendar">Tridentine Calendar</a> included a feast of the apparition on 8 May, the date of the 663 victory over the <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neapolitans</a> that the Lombards of <a href="/wiki/Manfredonia" title="Manfredonia">Manfredonia</a> attributed to Saint Michael.<sup id="cite_ref-Cathenc_20-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cathenc-20">[20]</a></sup> The feast <a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar_of_1954" title="General Roman Calendar of 1954">remained</a> in the Roman liturgical calendar until removed in the <a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar_of_1960" title="General Roman Calendar of 1960">revision</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Monte_Sant%27Angelo" title="Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo">Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo</a> at Gargano is a major Catholic pilgrimage site.
</p><p>According to Roman legends, Archangel Michael appeared with a sword over the <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausoleum</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> while a devastating plague persisted in Rome, in apparent answer to the prayers of Pope <a href="/wiki/Gregory_I_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory I the Great">Gregory I the Great</a> (c. 590–604) that the plague should cease. After the plague ended, in honor of the occasion, the pope called the mausoleum <i>"<a href="/wiki/Castel_Sant%27Angelo" title="Castel Sant'Angelo">Castel Sant'Angelo</a>"</i> (Castle of the Holy Angel), the name by which it is still known.<sup id="cite_ref-Butler320_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler320-23">[23]</a></sup>
</p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Norman</a> legend, Michael is said to have appeared to <a href="/wiki/St_Aubert" class="mw-redirect" title="St Aubert">St Aubert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Avranches" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Avranches">Bishop of Avranches</a>, in 708, giving instruction to build a church on the rocky islet now known as <a href="/wiki/Mont_Saint-Michel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mont Saint-Michel">Mont Saint-Michel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MonkM_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MonkM-130">[130]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CathMont_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CathMont-131">[131]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pilgrim_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pilgrim-132">[132]</a></sup> In 960 the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Normandy" title="Duke of Normandy">Duke of Normandy</a> commissioned a <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Benedict" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Benedict">Benedictine</a> abbey on the mount, and it remains a major pilgrimage site.<sup id="cite_ref-pilgrim_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pilgrim-132">[132]</a></sup>
</p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> <a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelite</a> nun, <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nia_d%27Ast%C3%B3naco" class="mw-redirect" title="Antónia d'Astónaco">Antónia d'Astónaco</a>, reported an apparition and <a href="/wiki/Private_revelation" title="Private revelation">private revelation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael_(Roman_Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Michael (Roman Catholic)">Archangel Michael</a> who had told to this devoted <a href="/wiki/Servant_of_God#Roman_Catholicism" title="Servant of God">Servant of God</a>, in 1751, that he would like to be honored, and God glorified, by the praying of nine special invocations. These nine invocations correspond to invocations to the nine choirs of angels and origins the famous <a href="/wiki/Chaplet_of_Saint_Michael" title="Chaplet of Saint Michael">Chaplet of Saint Michael</a>. This private revelation and prayers were approved by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> in 1851.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBall123_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBall123-133">[133]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a></sup>
</p><p>From 1961 to 1965, four young schoolgirls had reported several apparitions of Archangel Michael in the small village of <a href="/wiki/San_Sebastian_de_Garabandal" class="mw-redirect" title="San Sebastian de Garabandal">Garabandal</a>, Spain. At Garabandal, the apparitions of the Archangel Michael were mainly reported as announcing the arrivals of the <a href="/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> has neither approved nor condemned the <a href="/wiki/Garabandal_apparitions" title="Garabandal apparitions">Garabandal apparitions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Art_and_literature">Art and literature</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Art and literature">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="In_literature">In literature</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: In literature">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In the English <a href="/wiki/Epic_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic poem">epic poem</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>, Michael commands the army of angels loyal to God against the rebel forces of <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>. Armed with a sword from God's armory, he beats Satan in personal combat, wounding his side.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a></sup>
</p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a>'s translation of <a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Legend" class="mw-redirect" title="The Golden Legend">The Golden Legend</a>, Michael is one of the angels of the seven planets. He is the angel of Mercury.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Music">Music</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p><a href="/wiki/Marc-Antoine_Charpentier" title="Marc-Antoine Charpentier">Marc-Antoine Charpentier</a>, <i>Praelium Michaelis Archangeli factum in coelo cum dracone,</i> H.410, oratorio for soloists, double chorus, strings and continuo. (1683)
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Artistic_depictions">Artistic depictions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Artistic depictions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Archangel_Michael_in_Christian_art" title="Archangel Michael in Christian art">Archangel Michael in Christian art</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Meister_der_Ikone_des_Erzengels_Michael_001_adjusted.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Meister_der_Ikone_des_Erzengels_Michael_001_adjusted.jpg/220px-Meister_der_Ikone_des_Erzengels_Michael_001_adjusted.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Meister_der_Ikone_des_Erzengels_Michael_001_adjusted.jpg/330px-Meister_der_Ikone_des_Erzengels_Michael_001_adjusted.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Meister_der_Ikone_des_Erzengels_Michael_001_adjusted.jpg/440px-Meister_der_Ikone_des_Erzengels_Michael_001_adjusted.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2358" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Meister_der_Ikone_des_Erzengels_Michael_001_adjusted.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>10th-century gold and enamel Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icon</a> of <a href="/wiki/St_Michael" class="mw-redirect" title="St Michael">St Michael</a>, in the treasury of the St Mark's Basilica</div></div></div>
<p>In <a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian art</a>, Archangel Michael may be depicted alone or with other angels such as <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a>. Some depictions with Gabriel date back to the 8th century, e.g. the stone casket at <a href="/wiki/Mortain" title="Mortain">Notre Dame de Mortain</a> church in France.<sup id="cite_ref-rich141_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rich141-138">[138]</a></sup>
</p><p>The widely reproduced image of <i><a href="/wiki/Our_Mother_of_Perpetual_Help" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Mother of Perpetual Help">Our Mother of Perpetual Help</a></i>, an icon of the <a href="/wiki/Cretan_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan school">Cretan school</a>, depicts Michael on the left carrying the lance and sponge of the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucifixion of Jesus</a>, with Gabriel on the right side of <a href="/wiki/Madonna_and_Child" class="mw-redirect" title="Madonna and Child">Mary and Jesus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a></sup>
</p><p>In many depictions, Michael is represented as an angelic warrior, fully armed with helmet, sword, and shield.<sup id="cite_ref-Cathenc_20-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cathenc-20">[20]</a></sup> The shield may bear the Latin inscription <i><a href="/wiki/Quis_ut_Deus" class="mw-redirect" title="Quis ut Deus">Quis ut Deus</a></i> or the Greek inscription <i>Christos Dikaios Krites</i> or its initials.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a></sup> He may be standing over a serpent, a dragon, or the defeated figure of Satan, whom he sometimes pierces with a lance.<sup id="cite_ref-Cathenc_20-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cathenc-20">[20]</a></sup> The iconography of Michael slaying a serpent goes back to the early 4th century, when <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Constantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Constantine">Emperor Constantine</a> defeated <a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianople_(324)" title="Battle of Adrianople (324)">Battle of Adrianople</a> in 324 AD, not far from the <i><a href="/wiki/Michaelion" title="Michaelion">Michaelion</a></i>, a church dedicated to Archangel Michael.<sup id="cite_ref-Richard_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richard-21">[21]</a></sup>
</p><p>Constantine felt that Licinius was an agent of Satan and associated him with the serpent described in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Revelation#12:9" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/Revelation">12:9</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a></sup> After the victory, Constantine commissioned a depiction of himself and his sons slaying Licinius represented as a serpent – a symbolism borrowed from the Christian teachings on the Archangel to whom he attributed the victory. A similar painting, this time with the Archangel Michael himself slaying a serpent, then became a major art piece at the Michaelion and eventually lead to the standard <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a> of Archangel Michael as a <a href="/wiki/Warrior_saint" class="mw-redirect" title="Warrior saint">warrior saint</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Richard_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richard-21">[21]</a></sup>
</p><p>In other depictions, Michael may be holding a pair of scales in which he weighs the souls of the departed and may hold the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of life">book of life</a> (as in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>), to show that he takes part in the judgment.<sup id="cite_ref-rich141_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rich141-138">[138]</a></sup> However, this form of depiction is less common than the slaying of the dragon.<sup id="cite_ref-rich141_138-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rich141-138">[138]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a> depicted this scene on the altar wall of the <a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a></sup>
</p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine art</a>, Michael was often shown as a princely court dignitary rather than a warrior who battled Satan or with scales for weighing souls on the <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Judgement">Day of Judgement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a></sup>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Faras_-_Archangel_Michael_with_a_horn_trumpet_and_an_orb_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Faras_-_Archangel_Michael_with_a_horn_trumpet_and_an_orb_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/75px-Faras_-_Archangel_Michael_with_a_horn_trumpet_and_an_orb_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Faras_-_Archangel_Michael_with_a_horn_trumpet_and_an_orb_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/112px-Faras_-_Archangel_Michael_with_a_horn_trumpet_and_an_orb_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Faras_-_Archangel_Michael_with_a_horn_trumpet_and_an_orb_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/150px-Faras_-_Archangel_Michael_with_a_horn_trumpet_and_an_orb_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2598" data-file-height="4150" /></a></div></div>
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<p>Archangel Michael on a 9th-century <a href="/wiki/Makuria" title="Makuria">Makurian</a> mural
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rublev_Arhangel_Mikhail.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Rublev_Arhangel_Mikhail.jpg/79px-Rublev_Arhangel_Mikhail.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Rublev_Arhangel_Mikhail.jpg/119px-Rublev_Arhangel_Mikhail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Rublev_Arhangel_Mikhail.jpg/159px-Rublev_Arhangel_Mikhail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1963" /></a></div></div>
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<p><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Rublev" title="Andrei Rublev">Andrei Rublev</a>'s standalone depiction c. 1408
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:23px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Francesco_Botticini_-_I_tre_Arcangeli_e_Tobias.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Francesco_Botticini_-_I_tre_Arcangeli_e_Tobias.jpg/120px-Francesco_Botticini_-_I_tre_Arcangeli_e_Tobias.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Francesco_Botticini_-_I_tre_Arcangeli_e_Tobias.jpg/180px-Francesco_Botticini_-_I_tre_Arcangeli_e_Tobias.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Francesco_Botticini_-_I_tre_Arcangeli_e_Tobias.jpg/240px-Francesco_Botticini_-_I_tre_Arcangeli_e_Tobias.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1741" /></a></div></div>
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<p>Michael (left) with archangels <a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Botticini" title="Francesco Botticini">Botticini</a>, 1470
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:MemlingJudgmentCenter-crop.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/MemlingJudgmentCenter-crop.jpg/95px-MemlingJudgmentCenter-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/MemlingJudgmentCenter-crop.jpg/143px-MemlingJudgmentCenter-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/MemlingJudgmentCenter-crop.jpg/191px-MemlingJudgmentCenter-crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="579" /></a></div></div>
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<p><i>Weighing souls</i> on <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Judgement Day</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Memling" title="Hans Memling">Hans Memling</a>, 15th century
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:GIORDANO,_Luca_fallen_angels.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/GIORDANO%2C_Luca_fallen_angels.jpg/79px-GIORDANO%2C_Luca_fallen_angels.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/GIORDANO%2C_Luca_fallen_angels.jpg/119px-GIORDANO%2C_Luca_fallen_angels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/GIORDANO%2C_Luca_fallen_angels.jpg/159px-GIORDANO%2C_Luca_fallen_angels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2825" data-file-height="4259" /></a></div></div>
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<p>Michael defeating the <a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">fallen angels</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Luca_Giordano" title="Luca Giordano">Luca Giordano</a> c. 1660–65
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Angel_Van_Verschaffelt_SantAngelo.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Angel_Van_Verschaffelt_SantAngelo.jpg/90px-Angel_Van_Verschaffelt_SantAngelo.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Angel_Van_Verschaffelt_SantAngelo.jpg/135px-Angel_Van_Verschaffelt_SantAngelo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Angel_Van_Verschaffelt_SantAngelo.jpg/181px-Angel_Van_Verschaffelt_SantAngelo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="884" /></a></div></div>
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<p>Bronze statue of Archangel Michael, standing on top of the <a href="/wiki/Castel_Sant%27Angelo" title="Castel Sant'Angelo">Castel Sant'Angelo</a>, modelled in 1753 by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Anton_von_Verschaffelt" title="Peter Anton von Verschaffelt">Peter Anton von Verschaffelt</a> (1710–1793).
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Archangel_Michael_Hajdudorog.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Archangel_Michael_Hajdudorog.JPG/90px-Archangel_Michael_Hajdudorog.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Archangel_Michael_Hajdudorog.JPG/135px-Archangel_Michael_Hajdudorog.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Archangel_Michael_Hajdudorog.JPG/180px-Archangel_Michael_Hajdudorog.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div></div>
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<p>Michael's icon on the northern <i>deacons' door</i> on the <a href="/wiki/Iconostasis_of_Hajd%C3%BAdorog" class="mw-redirect" title="Iconostasis of Hajdúdorog">iconostasis of Hajdúdorog</a>. The archangel is often depicted on iconostases' doors as a defender of the sanctuary.
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:30px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Archangel_Michael,_St_Pancras_New_Church,_London.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Archangel_Michael%2C_St_Pancras_New_Church%2C_London.JPG/120px-Archangel_Michael%2C_St_Pancras_New_Church%2C_London.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Archangel_Michael%2C_St_Pancras_New_Church%2C_London.JPG/180px-Archangel_Michael%2C_St_Pancras_New_Church%2C_London.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Archangel_Michael%2C_St_Pancras_New_Church%2C_London.JPG/240px-Archangel_Michael%2C_St_Pancras_New_Church%2C_London.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div></div>
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<p><i>Archangel Michael</i> by <a href="/wiki/Emily_Young" title="Emily Young">Emily Young</a> in the grounds of <a href="/wiki/St_Pancras_New_Church" title="St Pancras New Church">St Pancras New Church</a>. Plaque inscription: "In memory of the victims of the <a href="/wiki/7_July_2005_London_bombings" title="7 July 2005 London bombings">7th July 2005 bombings</a> and all victims of violence. 'I will lift up my eyes unto the hills' <a href="/wiki/Psalm_121" title="Psalm 121">Psalm 121</a>"
</p>
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</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Michael_the_Archangel.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/St._Michael_the_Archangel.jpg/120px-St._Michael_the_Archangel.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/St._Michael_the_Archangel.jpg/180px-St._Michael_the_Archangel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/St._Michael_the_Archangel.jpg/240px-St._Michael_the_Archangel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3421" data-file-height="3421" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>St. Michael the Archangel and the Dragon. Queen of Archangels Roman Catholic Parish, Clarence, PA
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Michael%27s_victory_over_the_Devil_by_Sir_Jacob_Epstein,_Coventry_Cathedral.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/St_Michael%27s_victory_over_the_Devil_by_Sir_Jacob_Epstein%2C_Coventry_Cathedral.jpg/68px-St_Michael%27s_victory_over_the_Devil_by_Sir_Jacob_Epstein%2C_Coventry_Cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="68" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/St_Michael%27s_victory_over_the_Devil_by_Sir_Jacob_Epstein%2C_Coventry_Cathedral.jpg/102px-St_Michael%27s_victory_over_the_Devil_by_Sir_Jacob_Epstein%2C_Coventry_Cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/St_Michael%27s_victory_over_the_Devil_by_Sir_Jacob_Epstein%2C_Coventry_Cathedral.jpg/137px-St_Michael%27s_victory_over_the_Devil_by_Sir_Jacob_Epstein%2C_Coventry_Cathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2349" data-file-height="4120" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p><i><a href="/wiki/St_Michael%27s_Victory_over_the_Devil" title="St Michael's Victory over the Devil">St Michael's Victory over the Devil</a></i>, a sculpture by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Epstein" title="Jacob Epstein">Jacob Epstein</a>.
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</div></li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Churches_named_after_Michael">Churches named after Michael</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Churches named after Michael">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Church_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="St. Michael's Church (disambiguation)">St. Michael's Church (disambiguation)</a></li></ul>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Structured_gallery_of_churches_dedicated_to_Archangel_Michael" class="extiw" title="commons:Structured gallery of churches dedicated to Archangel Michael"><b><i>Structured gallery of churches dedicated to Archangel Michael</i></b></a>.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mont_Saint-Michel_France.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Mont_Saint-Michel_France.jpg/220px-Mont_Saint-Michel_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Mont_Saint-Michel_France.jpg/330px-Mont_Saint-Michel_France.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Mont_Saint-Michel_France.jpg/440px-Mont_Saint-Michel_France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Mont_Saint-Michel_France.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The <a href="/wiki/Mont-Saint-Michel" title="Mont-Saint-Michel">Mont-Saint-Michel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, France</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:20060416-Michaelskirche_Muenchen.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/20060416-Michaelskirche_Muenchen.jpg/220px-20060416-Michaelskirche_Muenchen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/20060416-Michaelskirche_Muenchen.jpg/330px-20060416-Michaelskirche_Muenchen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/20060416-Michaelskirche_Muenchen.jpg/440px-20060416-Michaelskirche_Muenchen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:20060416-Michaelskirche_Muenchen.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Church,_Munich" title="St. Michael's Church, Munich">St. Michael's</a> <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> church, <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></div></div></div>
<ul><li>Parroquia de San Miguel Arcángel (<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parroquia_de_San_Miguel_Arc%C3%A1ngel_(San_Miguel_el_Alto)" class="extiw" title="es:Parroquia de San Miguel Arcángel (San Miguel el Alto)">es</a>), <a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_de_Allende" title="San Miguel de Allende">San Miguel de Allende</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guanajuato" title="Guanajuato">Guanajuato</a> Mexico <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sacra_di_San_Michele" title="Sacra di San Michele">Sacra di San Michele</a> (Saint Michael's Abbey), near <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, Italy</li>
<li>Pfarrei Brixen St. Michael with the <a href="/wiki/White_Tower_(Brixen)" title="White Tower (Brixen)">White Tower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brixen" title="Brixen">Brixen</a>, Italy</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._Michael_and_St._Gudula" title="Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula">Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, Belgium</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mont-Saint-Michel" title="Mont-Saint-Michel">Mont-Saint-Michel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, France – a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Cathedral_Basilica_(Toronto)" title="St. Michael's Cathedral Basilica (Toronto)">St. Michael's Cathedral Basilica (Toronto)</a>, Canada</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Cathedral_(Izhevsk)" title="St. Michael's Cathedral (Izhevsk)">St. Michael's Cathedral (Izhevsk)</a>, Russia</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Cathedral,_Qingdao" title="St. Michael's Cathedral, Qingdao">St. Michael's Cathedral, Qingdao</a>, China</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chudov_Monastery" title="Chudov Monastery">Chudov Monastery</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin" title="Moscow Kremlin">Moscow Kremlin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Archangel" title="Cathedral of the Archangel">Cathedral of the Archangel</a> in the Moscow Kremlin – a World Heritage Site</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Monte_Sant%27Angelo" title="Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo">Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gargano" title="Gargano">Gargano</a>, Italy – a World Heritage Site</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/St_Michael%27s_Mount" title="St Michael's Mount">St Michael's Mount</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, UK</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Basilica,_Miramichi" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Michael's Basilica, Miramichi">St. Michael's Basilica, Miramichi</a>, Canada</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Skellig_Michael" title="Skellig Michael">Skellig Michael</a>, off the <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Irish</a> west coast – a World Heritage Site</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Coventry_Cathedral" title="Coventry Cathedral">St Michael's Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a>, UK</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Golden-Domed_Monastery" title="St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery">St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li>
<li>Basilica of St Michael the Archangel, <a href="/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida" title="Pensacola, Florida">Pensacola, Florida</a>, United States</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Church,_Vienna" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Michael's Church, Vienna">St. Michael's Church, Vienna</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Austria</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tayabas_Basilica" title="Tayabas Basilica">Tayabas Basilica</a>, Tayabas, Quezon, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Church,_Berlin" title="St. Michael's Church, Berlin">St. Michael's Church, Berlin</a>, Germany</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Church,_Munich" title="St. Michael's Church, Munich">St. Michael's</a> <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> church, <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, Germany</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Cathedral,_Belgrade" title="St. Michael's Cathedral, Belgrade">St. Michael's Cathedral, Belgrade</a> in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gamu_Cathedral" title="Gamu Cathedral">Cathedral of St. Michael the Archangel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gamu,_Isabela" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamu, Isabela">Gamu, Isabela</a>, Philippines</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mission_San_Miguel_Arc%C3%A1ngel" title="Mission San Miguel Arcángel">Mission San Miguel Arcángel</a>, Sann Miguel, California, United States, one of the California Missions</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/St_Michael_at_the_North_Gate" title="St Michael at the North Gate">St Michael at the North Gate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, UK</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Church,_Mumbai" title="St. Michael's Church, Mumbai">St. Michael’s Church, Mumbai</a>, India</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Michael,_%C5%A0tip" title="Church of St. Michael, Štip">Church of St. Michael, Štip</a>, Republic of Macedonia</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelus" title="Angelus">Angelus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_cosmology" title="Biblical cosmology">Biblical cosmology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_angelic_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelic hierarchy">Christian angelic hierarchy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_Angel_of_Portugal" title="Guardian Angel of Portugal">Guardian Angel of Portugal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_angels" title="Hierarchy of angels">Hierarchy of angels</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_angels_in_theology" title="List of angels in theology">List of angels in theology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Metatron" title="Metatron">Metatron</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism/Patron_Archive/September_29" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism/Patron Archive/September 29">Saint Michael, patron saint archive</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Saint Michael in the Catholic Church">Saint Michael in the Catholic Church</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seraph" title="Seraph">Seraph</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theophory_in_the_Bible" title="Theophory in the Bible">Theophory in the Bible</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uriel" title="Uriel">Uriel</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Bible_gateway,_Daniel_12:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bible_gateway,_Daniel_12:1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r999302996">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=daniel%2012;&version=31">"Bible gateway, Daniel 12:1"</a>. Biblegateway.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bible+gateway%2C+Daniel+12%3A1&rft.pub=Biblegateway.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3Ddaniel%252012%3B%26version%3D31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Alban-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alban_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alban_Butler" title="Alban Butler">Alban Butler</a>, <i>The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and other Principal Saints</i>. 12 vols. B. Dornin, 1821; p. 117</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.va/en/news/benedict-xvi-joins-pope-francis-in-consecrating-va">"Benedict XVI joins Pope Francis in consecrating Vatican to St Michael Archangel"</a>. news.va<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Benedict+XVI+joins+Pope+Francis+in+consecrating+Vatican+to+St+Michael+Archangel&rft.pub=news.va&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.va%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fbenedict-xvi-joins-pope-francis-in-consecrating-va&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFFinley2011" class="citation book cs1">Finley, Mitch (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ryTpAgAAQBAJ&q=Michael+patron+police&pg=PA72"><i>The Patron Saints Handbook</i></a>. The Word Among Us Press. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59325403-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59325403-2"><bdi>978-1-59325403-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Patron+Saints+Handbook&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=The+Word+Among+Us+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59325403-2&rft.aulast=Finley&rft.aufirst=Mitch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DryTpAgAAQBAJ%26q%3DMichael%2Bpatron%2Bpolice%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=308">"St. Michael, the Archangel – Saints & Angels"</a>. Catholic.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+Michael%2C+the+Archangel+%E2%80%93+Saints+%26+Angels&rft.pub=Catholic.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic.org%2Fsaints%2Fsaint.php%3Fsaint_id%3D308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/2/98?translations=19,101,85,84,22,21,20,18,17,95">"Surah Al-Baqarah [2:98]"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Surah+Al-Baqarah+%26%2391%3B2%3A98%26%2393%3B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquran.com%2F2%2F98%3Ftranslations%3D19%2C101%2C85%2C84%2C22%2C21%2C20%2C18%2C17%2C95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22St.%20Michael%20the%20Taxiarch%22&sin=TXT/">"List of books attesting the title of "Saint Michael the Taxiarch<span class="cs1-kern-right">"</span>"</a> (in English and German).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+books+attesting+the+title+of+%22Saint+Michael+the+Taxiarch%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fsearch.php%3Fquery%3D%2522St.%2520Michael%2520the%2520Taxiarch%2522%26sin%3DTXT%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFB._Osswald_(PhD)2008" class="citation book cs1">B. Osswald (PhD) (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1897792"><i>From Lieux de Pouvoir to Lieux de Mémoire: The Monuments of the Medieval Castle of Ioannina through the Centuries</i></a>. Edizioni Plus-Pisa University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8492-558-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-8492-558-9"><bdi>978-88-8492-558-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180802003211/https://www.academia.edu/1897792/From_Lieux_de_Pouvoir_to_Lieux_de_M%C3%A9moire_The_Monuments_of_the_Medieval_Castle_of_Ioannina_through_the_Centuries">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Lieux+de+Pouvoir+to+Lieux+de+M%C3%A9moire%3A+The+Monuments+of+the+Medieval+Castle+of+Ioannina+through+the+Centuries&rft.pub=Edizioni+Plus-Pisa+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-88-8492-558-9&rft.au=B.+Osswald+%28PhD%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1897792&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Who's who in the Jewish Bible</i> by David Mandel 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8276-0863-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8276-0863-2">0-8276-0863-2</a> p. 270</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Daniel: Wisdom to the Wise: Commentary on the Book of Daniel</i> by Zdravko Stefanovic 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8163-2212-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8163-2212-0">0-8163-2212-0</a> p. 391</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Art13-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Art13_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Art13_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Revelation 12–22</i> by John MacArthur 2000 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8024-0774-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8024-0774-9">0-8024-0774-9</a> pp. 13–14</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Guiley-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guiley_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Encyclopedia of Angels</i>, by Rosemary Guiley, 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-5023-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-5023-6">0-8160-5023-6</a>, p. 49</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Midrash Pirke R. El. xxvi</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=560&letter=M#1833">"Jewish Encyclopedia – Michael"</a>. <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-02-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia+%E2%80%93+Michael&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D560%26letter%3DM%231833&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Midrash Deut. Rabbah xi. 6</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yer. Ber. ix. 13a</span>
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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baruch Apoc. Ethiopic, ix. 5</span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Midrash Abkir, in Yalḳ., Gen. 110</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Midrash Exodus Rabbah xviii. 5</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Cathenc-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cathenc_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cathenc_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cathenc_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cathenc_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cathenc_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cathenc_20-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cathenc_20-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cathenc_20-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cathenc_20-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cathenc_20-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10275b.htm">"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: St. Michael the Archangel"</a>. <i>www.newadvent.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=CATHOLIC+ENCYCLOPEDIA%3A+St.+Michael+the+Archangel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F10275b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Richard-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richard_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richard_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richard_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richard_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Freeman Johnson (2005), <i>Saint Michael the Archangel in Medieval English Legend</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84383-128-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-84383-128-7">1-84383-128-7</a>; pp. 33–34</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Jameson" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna Jameson">Anna Jameson</a> (2004), <i>Sacred and Legendary Art</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7661-8144-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7661-8144-8">0-7661-8144-8</a>; p. 92</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Butler320-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Butler320_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Butler320_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alban Butler, <i>The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and other Principal Saints</i>. 12 vols. Dublin: James Duffy, 1866; p. 320</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFOnline" class="citation web cs1">Online, Catholic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholic.org/prayers/prayer.php?p=12">"Holy Michael, the Archangel, Defend Us in Battle - Prayers"</a>. <i>Catholic Online</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Online&rft.atitle=Holy+Michael%2C+the+Archangel%2C+Defend+Us+in+Battle+-+Prayers&rft.aulast=Online&rft.aufirst=Catholic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic.org%2Fprayers%2Fprayer.php%3Fp%3D12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFCadwalladerMichael_Trainor2011" class="citation book cs1">Cadwallader, Alan H.; Michael Trainor (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Cadwallader+Michael+Chonai&btnG="><i>Colossae in Space and Time</i></a>. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 323. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-525-53397-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-525-53397-0"><bdi>978-3-525-53397-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colossae+in+Space+and+Time&rft.pages=323&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-525-53397-0&rft.aulast=Cadwallader&rft.aufirst=Alan+H.&rft.au=Michael+Trainor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DCadwallader%2BMichael%2BChonai%26btnG%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Donna60-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Donna60_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donna-Marie O'Boyle, <i>Catholic Saints Prayer Book</i> OSV Publishing, 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59276-285-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-59276-285-9">1-59276-285-9</a> p. 60</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Starr2-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Starr2_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Starr, Mirabai. <i>Saint Michael: The Archangel</i>, Sounds True, 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59179-627-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-59179-627-X">1-59179-627-X</a> p. 2</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarr39-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarr39_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStarr">Starr</a>, p. 39.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFStarr (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler1821117-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler1821117_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFButler1821">Butler 1821</a>, p. 117.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFButler1821 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael McGrath, <i>Patrons and Protectors</i>. Liturgy Training, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56854-109-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-56854-109-0">1-56854-109-0</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/devotionals/prayers/michael.htm">"Prayer to St Michael"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/EWTN" title="EWTN">EWTN</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EWTN&rft.atitle=Prayer+to+St+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Fdevotionals%2Fprayers%2Fmichael.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew Bunson, <i>The Catholic Almanac's Guide to the Church</i>, OSV Publishing, 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87973-914-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87973-914-2">0-87973-914-2</a> p. 315</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amy Welborn, <i>The Words We Pray</i>. Loyola Press, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8294-1956-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8294-1956-X">0-8294-1956-X</a>, p. 101.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Ann_Ball_p._123-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ann_Ball_p._123_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ann Ball, <i>2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87973-910-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87973-910-X">0-87973-910-X</a> p. 123</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/EWTN" title="EWTN">EWTN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/devotionals/prayers/chaplet-of-st-michael.htm">"The Chaplet of St. Michael the Archangel</a>"</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFJames_Joyce2008" class="citation book cs1">James Joyce (17 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RFXCBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA80"><i>Ulysses</i></a>. OUP Oxford. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-162349-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-162349-3"><bdi>978-0-19-162349-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ulysses&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2008-04-17&rft.isbn=978-0-19-162349-3&rft.au=James+Joyce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRFXCBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFBaun2007" class="citation book cs1">Baun, Jane (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Baun+%22Michael+Archistrategos%22&btnG="><i>Tales from Another Byzantium</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 391 et passim. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82395-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82395-1"><bdi>978-0-521-82395-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tales+from+Another+Byzantium&rft.pages=391+et+passim&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-82395-1&rft.aulast=Baun&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DBaun%2B%2522Michael%2BArchistrategos%2522%26btnG%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Eastern Orthodox Theology: A Contemporary Reader</i> by Daniel B. Clendenin (2003) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801026512" title="Special:BookSources/0801026512">0801026512</a>, p. 75</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-EOEnc-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EOEnc_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EOEnc_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Encyclopedia of Eastern Orthodox Christianity</i>, by John Anthony McGuckin (2011) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1405185392" title="Special:BookSources/1405185392">1405185392</a> p. 30</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-B16-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-B16_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-B16_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Eastern Orthodox Church: Its Thought and Life</i>, by Ernst Benz (2008) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0202362981" title="Special:BookSources/0202362981">0202362981</a>, p. 16</span>
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<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Geography of Russia and Its Neighbors</i>, by Mikhail S. Blinnikov (2010) ISBN, p. 203</span>
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<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Architectures of Russian Identity, 1500 to the Present</i>, by James Cracraft (2003) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801488281" title="Special:BookSources/0801488281">0801488281</a>, p. 42</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Two Thousand Years of Coptic Christianity</i>, by Otto Friedrich August Meinardus (2010) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/977-424-757-4" title="Special:BookSources/977-424-757-4">977-424-757-4</a> pp. 27, 117, 147</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Money, Land and Trade: An Economic History of the Muslim Mediterranean</i>, by Nelly Hanna (2002) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-699-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-86064-699-9">1-86064-699-9</a>, p. 226</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Armentrout2000-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Armentrout2000_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFArmentrout2000" class="citation book cs1">Armentrout, Don S. (1 January 2000). <i>An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church</i>. Church Publishing, Inc. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780898697018" title="Special:BookSources/9780898697018"><bdi>9780898697018</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Episcopal+Dictionary+of+the+Church&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Church+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft.isbn=9780898697018&rft.aulast=Armentrout&rft.aufirst=Don+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7Q8EAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA493"><i>The Methodist New Connexion Magazine and Evangelical Repository, Volume XXXV, Third Series</i></a>. London: William Cooke. 1867. p. 493.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Methodist+New+Connexion+Magazine+and+Evangelical+Repository%2C+Volume+XXXV%2C+Third+Series&rft.place=London&rft.pages=493&rft.pub=William+Cooke&rft.date=1867&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7Q8EAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Billy_Graham-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Billy_Graham_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Graham, Billy</a> (1995). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sDUbiV92-mIC&pg=PT31#v=twopage&q=archangel&f=false">Angels</a></i>. Thomas Nelson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780849938719" title="Special:BookSources/9780849938719">9780849938719</a>. p. PT31.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Graham (1995) p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sDUbiV92-mIC&pg=PT32#v=twopage&q=Gabriel%20not%20archangel&f=false">PT32</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Lees-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lees_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internationalstandardbible.com/M/michael.html">"John A. Lees, "Michael" in James Orr (editor), <i>The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia</i>(Eerdmans 1939)"</a>. Internationalstandardbible.com. 2007-07-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+A.+Lees%2C+%22Michael%22+in+James+Orr+%28editor%29%2C+The+International+Standard+Bible+Encyclopedia%28Eerdmans+1939%29&rft.pub=Internationalstandardbible.com&rft.date=2007-07-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internationalstandardbible.com%2FM%2Fmichael.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Angels of Michael; Revelation 12:7–12," by Robert W. Bertram, published in <i>Cresset</i> 21, No. 9 (September, 1958): 1214, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crossings.org/archive/bob/sermons/TheAngelsofMichael.pdf">p. 2</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Spirituality is for Angels – The Angels of Michael", by Robert W. Bertram, in <i>Ecumenism, The Spirit and Worship,</i> 126–169. Edited by Leonard J. Swindler. Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press, 1967, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crossings.org/archive/bob/SPIRITUALITYISFORANGELS.pdf">p. 4</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia; James Orr, M.A., D.D., General Editor; John L. Nuelsen, D.D., LL.D.; Edgar Y. Mullins, D.D., LL.D. Assistant Editors; Morris O. Evans, D.D., Ph.D., Managing Editor; Volume III. Heresy-Naarah; Chicago, The Howard-Severance Company, 1915., PDF p. 693; Internally <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924095207126#page/n693/mode/1up">p. 2048</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Imperial Bible-Dictionary,</i> by the Rev. Patrick Fairbairn, D.D (1866), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/theimperialbible02unknuoft#page/234/mode/1up">p. 234</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Zondervan Encyclopedia of the Bible;</i> Volume 4; M–P, Revised, Full-Color Edition; Merrill C. Tenney, General Editor/Moises Silva, Revision Editor. 2010 – <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S4MZREX03u0C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false">https://books.google.com/books?id=S4MZREX03u0C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Bible</i> (1868), by Sir William Smith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/comprehensivedic00smituoft#page/646/mode/1up">pp. 645–646</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Prophecy viewed in respect to its distinctive nature, its special function, and proper interpretation.</i> by Patrick Fairbairn, D.D. (1865), PDF p. 344; Internally <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/prophecyviewedi00fairgoog#page/n344/mode/1up">p. 325</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Revelation of St. John, expounded for those who search the Scriptures.</i> by E. W. Hengstenberg (1851), pp. 474–475; Internally pp. 466–467, with notations – <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/stream/revelationstjoh01fairgoog#page/n474/mode/1up">https://archive.org/stream/revelationstjoh01fairgoog#page/n474/mode/1up</a>
<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/stream/revelationstjoh01fairgoog#page/n475/mode/1up">https://archive.org/stream/revelationstjoh01fairgoog#page/n475/mode/1up</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Commentary Of The Holy Scriptures: Critical, Doctrinal And Homiletical, With Special Reference To Ministers And Students, By John Peter Lange, D.D. (1874), p. 248 – <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g5tBAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false">https://books.google.com/books?id=g5tBAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Preacher's Complete Homiletical Commentary on the Old Testament (1892), pp. 227, 274 – <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/stream/homileticalcomme27robi#page/227/mode/1up">https://archive.org/stream/homileticalcomme27robi#page/227/mode/1up</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/stream/homileticalcomme27robi#page/274/mode/1up">https://archive.org/stream/homileticalcomme27robi#page/274/mode/1up</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Willet, Sixfold Commentary (Hexapla in Danielem) (1610), p. 384 – <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://rarebooks.dts.edu/viewbook.aspx?bookid=1422">http://rarebooks.dts.edu/viewbook.aspx?bookid=1422</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Baxter Godbey's Commentary on the New Testament; Revelation 12, p. 62 – <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.studylight.org/commentaries/ges/view.cgi?bk=65&ch=12">http://www.studylight.org/commentaries/ges/view.cgi?bk=65&ch=12</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.enterhisrest.org/history/wg-rev.pdf">http://www.enterhisrest.org/history/wg-rev.pdf</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The London Encyclopedia, or Universal Dictionary, Volume. XIV. Medicine to Mithridates; Edited by Thomas Curtis, of Grove House School, Islington. 1839., p. 483 – <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5eQqJ-AGK-YC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false">https://books.google.com/books?id=5eQqJ-AGK-YC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Monthly Review for January, 1806. By Ralph Griffiths., p. 333 – <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ff7kAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false">https://books.google.com/books?id=Ff7kAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sacred Dissertations, on what is commonly called the Apostles' Creed. By Herman Witsius, D.D. Professor of Divinity in the Universities of Franeker, Utrecht, and Leyden. Translated from the Latin, and followed with Notes, Critical and Explanatory, by Donald Fraser, Minister of the Gospel, Kennoway. In Two Volumes. Volume II. 1823., p. 538 – <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DKQPAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false">https://books.google.com/books?id=DKQPAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Who is “The (Arch)angel of the Lord”?; Posted September 6, 2014 by Website Admin, by Francis Nigel Lee, p. 3, Web p. 2 – <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.dr-fnlee.org/who-is-the-archangel-of-the-lord/2/">http://www.dr-fnlee.org/who-is-the-archangel-of-the-lord/2/</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Days of Vengeance, An Exposition of the Book of Revelation, by David Chilton, copyright 1987., p. 312 Notes, No. 27 – <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/stream/DaysOfVengeance-DavidChilton/Days">https://archive.org/stream/DaysOfVengeance-DavidChilton/Days</a> of Vengeance David Chilton#page/n337/mode/1up</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Bible Doctrine of God, Jesus Christ, The Holy Spirit, Atonement, Faith, And Election; to which is prefixed some Thoughts of Natural Theology and the Truth of Revelation; by William Kinkade, pp. 152–154 – <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.archive.org/stream/bibledoctrineofg00kink#page/152/mode/1up">http://www.archive.org/stream/bibledoctrineofg00kink#page/152/mode/1up</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.archive.org/stream/bibledoctrineofg00kink#page/153/mode/1up">http://www.archive.org/stream/bibledoctrineofg00kink#page/153/mode/1up</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.archive.org/stream/bibledoctrineofg00kink#page/154/mode/1up">http://www.archive.org/stream/bibledoctrineofg00kink#page/154/mode/1up</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Ezekiel, Daniel" edited by Carl L. Beckwith, p. 405 – <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gSMDd60ohdkC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false">https://books.google.com/books?id=gSMDd60ohdkC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Cyclopaedia of Biblical literature; Volume III, by John Kitto, D.D., F.S.A. Third Edition (1876), p. 158 – <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7DAHAQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false">https://books.google.com/books?id=7DAHAQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-spurgeon_baptist_confession_of_faith-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spurgeon_baptist_confession_of_faith_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spurgeon_baptist_confession_of_faith_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spurgeon.org/~phil/creeds/bcof.htm#part2">The Baptist Confession of Faith (1689) – With slight revisions by C. H. Spurgeon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100407070838/http://www.spurgeon.org/~phil/creeds/bcof.htm">Archived</a> 2010-04-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – spurgeon.org – Phillip R. Johnson – 2001 – Retrieved 12 September 2014.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oneplace.com/ministries/spurgeon-sermons/read/devotionals/spurgeons-morning-and-evening/morning-and-evening-5-or-8-pm-551540-551540.html">Morning and Evening – Charles Haddon Spurgeon</a> – Devotionals by Spurgeon Sermons – Spurgeon Sermons with C.H. Spurgeon – Retrieved 12 September 2014.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Spurgeon; Morning and Evening Daily Readings; Complete and Unabridged Classic KJV Edition; Morning Devotion; October 3 on Hebrews 1:14; 1991., p. 554 – <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w0pqbDq4F-AC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false">https://books.google.com/books?id=w0pqbDq4F-AC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Spurgeon; Morning by Morning; or, Daily Readings for the Family or the Closet; New York and Sheldon Company 498 and 500 Broadway. 1866, p. 227 – <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0SAeAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false">https://books.google.com/books?id=0SAeAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false</a>
<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.heartlight.org/spurgeon/1003-am.html">http://www.heartlight.org/spurgeon/1003-am.html</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-spurgeon_angelic_life_michael-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-spurgeon_angelic_life_michael_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spurgeongems.org/vols13-15/chs842.pdf">The Angelic Life</a>, Charles Haddon Spurgeon, Sermon No. 842.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFClayton1751" class="citation web cs1">Clayton, Robert (February 13, 1751). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/anessayonspirit00clagoog">"An essay on spirit"</a>. London, printed: [etc.] – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+essay+on+spirit&rft.pub=London%2C+printed%3A+%5Betc.%5D&rft.date=1751-02-13&rft.aulast=Clayton&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanessayonspirit00clagoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Clayton,_Robert_(1695%E2%80%931758)_(DNB00)" class="extiw" title="s:Clayton, Robert (1695–1758) (DNB00)"><i>Dictionary of National Biography</i>: Clayton, Robert</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Walsh, Colin Haydon & Stephen Taylor, eds. (1993) <i>The Church of England c. 1689 – c. 1833: from Toleration to Tractarianism</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-41732-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-41732-5">0-521-41732-5</a>; p. 47</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sdanet.org/atissue/books/qod/index.htm">Seventh-day Adventists Answer Questions on Doctrine</a>, Review and Herald Publishing Association, Washington, D.C., 1957. Chapter 8 "Christ, and Michael the Archangel".</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Seventh Day Adventists: What do they believe?</i> by Val Waldeck Pilgrim Publications (April 5, 2005) p. 16</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120724141630/http://www.adventistworld.org/article.php?id=787&search=law">"The Remnant"</a>. Adventist World. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adventistworld.org/article.php?id=787&search=law">the original</a> on 2012-07-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Remnant&rft.pub=Adventist+World&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adventistworld.org%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D787%26search%3Dlaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-AdventistRef-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AdventistRef_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lETMH_kCeJcC&q=John+5:25+adventist+michael&pg=PA266"><i>Bible readings for the home by 7th Day Adventists</i></a>. London. 1949. p. 266.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bible+readings+for+the+home+by+7th+Day+Adventists&rft.place=London&rft.pages=266&rft.date=1949&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlETMH_kCeJcC%26q%3DJohn%2B5%3A25%2Badventist%2Bmichael%26pg%3DPA266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-autogenerated218-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated218_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reasoning from the Scriptures, 1985, Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, p. 218</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200003035"><i>Insight on the Scriptures</i></a>. <b>2</b>. Watch Tower Society. pp. 393–394<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insight+on+the+Scriptures&rft.pages=393-394&rft.pub=Watch+Tower+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwol.jw.org%2Fen%2Fwol%2Fd%2Fr1%2Flp-e%2F1200003035&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1102005160"><i>What Does the Bible </i>Really<i> Teach?</i></a>. Watch Tower Society. pp. 218–219<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Does+the+Bible+Really+Teach%3F&rft.pages=218-219&rft.pub=Watch+Tower+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwol.jw.org%2Fen%2Fwol%2Fd%2Fr1%2Flp-e%2F1102005160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/2007206">"Angels—How They Affect Mankind"</a>. <i>The Watchtower</i>. Watch Tower Society: 21–25. March 15, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Watchtower&rft.atitle=Angels%E2%80%94How+They+Affect+Mankind&rft.pages=21-25&rft.date=2007-03-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwol.jw.org%2Fen%2Fwol%2Fd%2Fr1%2Flp-e%2F2007206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>What Does The Bible </i>Really<i> Teach?</i>. Watch Tower Society. p. 87.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Does+The+Bible+Really+Teach%3F&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Watch+Tower+Society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Your Leader Is One, the Christ". <i>The Watchtower</i>: 21. September 15, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Watchtower&rft.atitle=Your+Leader+Is+One%2C+the+Christ&rft.pages=21&rft.date=2010-09-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFMillet1998" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Millet" title="Robert L. Millet">Millet, Robert L.</a> (February 1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/liahona/1998/02/the-man-adam?lang=eng">"The Man Adam"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Liahona_(magazine)" title="Liahona (magazine)">Liahona</a></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Liahona&rft.atitle=The+Man+Adam&rft.date=1998-02&rft.aulast=Millet&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fliahona%2F1998%2F02%2Fthe-man-adam%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Doctrine_and_Covenants/Section_27#11" class="extiw" title="s:The Doctrine and Covenants/Section 27">Doctrine and Covenants 27:11</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Doctrine_and_Covenants/Section_107#53" class="extiw" title="s:The Doctrine and Covenants/Section 107">Doctrine and Covenants 107:53–56</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Doctrine_and_Covenants/Section_128#21" class="extiw" title="s:The Doctrine and Covenants/Section 128">Doctrine and Covenants 128:21</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFSteiner1994" class="citation book cs1">Steiner, Rudolf (1994) [1917]. Christopher Bamford (ed.). <i>The Archangel Michael</i>. Hudson, NY: Anthroposophic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88010-378-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-88010-378-7"><bdi>0-88010-378-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archangel+Michael&rft.place=Hudson%2C+NY&rft.pub=Anthroposophic+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-88010-378-7&rft.aulast=Steiner&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFBetz1996" class="citation book cs1">Betz, Hans (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K0hCj5u3HNQC&q=greek+magical+papyri"><i>The Greek Magical Papyri In Translation</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226044477" title="Special:BookSources/9780226044477"><bdi>9780226044477</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Magical+Papyri+In+Translation&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780226044477&rft.aulast=Betz&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK0hCj5u3HNQC%26q%3Dgreek%2Bmagical%2Bpapyri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span> Entries: "Introduction to the Greek Magical Papyri" and "PGM III. 1–164".</span>
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<li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFAgrippa_von_Nettesheim2000" class="citation book cs1">Agrippa von Nettesheim, Heinrich Cornelius (2000) [1531]. Donald Tyson (ed.). <i>Three Books of Occult Philosophy</i>. Llewellyn Publications. pp. 274, 285, 289, 469. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87542-832-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87542-832-0"><bdi>0-87542-832-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+Books+of+Occult+Philosophy&rft.pages=274%2C+285%2C+289%2C+469&rft.pub=Llewellyn+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-87542-832-0&rft.aulast=Agrippa+von+Nettesheim&rft.aufirst=Heinrich+Cornelius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esotericarchives.com/solomon/heptamer.htm">"Peter of Abano: Heptameron, or Magical Elements"</a>. <i>esotericarchives.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=esotericarchives.com&rft.atitle=Peter+of+Abano%3A+Heptameron%2C+or+Magical+Elements&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esotericarchives.com%2Fsolomon%2Fheptamer.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esotericarchives.com/solomon/heptamer.htm#h18">"Ch. xviii: Considerations of the Lord's Day"</a>. <i>esotericarchives.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=esotericarchives.com&rft.atitle=Ch.+xviii%3A+Considerations+of+the+Lord%27s+Day&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esotericarchives.com%2Fsolomon%2Fheptamer.htm%23h18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esotericarchives.com/solomon/heptamer.htm#h21">"Ch. xxi: Considerations of Wednesday"</a>. <i>esotericarchives.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=esotericarchives.com&rft.atitle=Ch.+xxi%3A+Considerations+of+Wednesday&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esotericarchives.com%2Fsolomon%2Fheptamer.htm%23h21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Saint Michael the Archangel in Medieval English Legend</i> by Richard Freeman Johnson 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84383-128-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-84383-128-7">1-84383-128-7</a> p. 105</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Icons and saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church</i> by Alfredo Tradigo 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89236-845-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-89236-845-4">0-89236-845-4</a> p. 46</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity</i> 2010 by Ken Parry <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4443-3361-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-4443-3361-5">1-4443-3361-5</a> p. 242</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/cornwall/uncovered/stories/st_piran_background.shtml">"BBC - Cornwall Uncovered - Story The Legend of St Piran"</a>. <i>www.bbc.co.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=BBC+-+Cornwall+Uncovered+-+Story+The+Legend+of+St+Piran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fcornwall%2Funcovered%2Fstories%2Fst_piran_background.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The English Missal for the laity</i>; 3rd ed. London: W. Knott, 1958; pp. 625–627</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cross & Livingstone (eds.) <i>ODCC</i>; p. 613</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBall586-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBall586_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBall">Ball</a>, p. 586.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFBall (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Dacre-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dacre_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dacre_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Knights of the Crown: The Monarchical Orders of Knighthood in Later Medieval Europe 1325–1520</i> by D'Arcy Jonathan Dacre Boulton 2000 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85115-795-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-85115-795-5">0-85115-795-5</a> pp. 427–428</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Noted by <a href="/wiki/Johan_Huizinga" title="Johan Huizinga">Johan Huizinga</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Autumn_of_the_Middle_Ages" title="The Autumn of the Middle Ages">The Waning of the Middle Ages</a></i> (1919, 1924:56.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Angels in the early modern world By Alexandra Walsham, Cambridge University Press, 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-84332-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-84332-4">0-521-84332-4</a> p. 2008</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Patron Saints</i> by Michael Freze 1992 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87973-464-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87973-464-7">0-87973-464-7</a> p. 170</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFDronda2013" class="citation book cs1">Dronda, Javier (2013). <i>Con Cristo o contra Cristo: Religión y movilización antirrepublicana en Navarra (1931–1936)</i>. Tafalla: Txalaparta. pp. 54–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-15313-31-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-15313-31-1"><bdi>978-84-15313-31-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Con+Cristo+o+contra+Cristo%3A+Religi%C3%B3n+y+movilizaci%C3%B3n+antirrepublicana+en+Navarra+%281931%E2%80%931936%29&rft.place=Tafalla&rft.pages=54-55&rft.pub=Txalaparta&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-84-15313-31-1&rft.aulast=Dronda&rft.aufirst=Javier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Netherlandish sculpture 1450–1550</i> by Paul Williamson 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8109-6602-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8109-6602-6">0-8109-6602-6</a> p. 42</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Fairbairn-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fairbairn_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Eastern Orthodoxy through Western eyes</i> by Donald Fairbairn 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-22497-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-22497-0">0-664-22497-0</a> p. 148</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loreburne.co.uk/history_of_dumfries.html">"History of Dumfries"</a>. loreburne.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Dumfries&rft.pub=loreburne.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.loreburne.co.uk%2Fhistory_of_dumfries.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>All Saints Sisters of the Poor: An Anglican Sisterhood in the Nineteenth Century (Church of England Record Society)</i> by Susan Mumm 200 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85115-728-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85115-728-9">0-85115-728-9</a> p. 48</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orderofstmichaelanglican.com/">"甘肃快3_官方彩购买"</a>. <i>www.orderofstmichaelanglican.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.orderofstmichaelanglican.com&rft.atitle=%E7%94%98%E8%82%83%E5%BF%AB3_%E5%AE%98%E6%96%B9%E5%BD%A9%E8%B4%AD%E4%B9%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orderofstmichaelanglican.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jber.jb.mil/News/Commentaries/Display/Article/772200/chaplains-corner-saint-michael-patron-saint-of-the-airborne-military/">Chaplain's Corner: Saint Michael, patron saint of the airborne, military</a>. Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson Alaska.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Am%C3%A9lineau" title="Émile Amélineau">Amélineau</a>, "Contes et Romans de l'Egypte Chrétienne", ii. 142 et seq</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Midrash Genesis Rabbah xliv. 16</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Midrash Esther Rabbah iii. 8</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Targum to Esther, vi. 1</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">comp. Josephus, "Ant." xiii. 10, § 3</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ginzberg_michael-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ginzberg_michael_121-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ginzberg_michael_121-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ginzberg, Louis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philologos.org/__eb-lotj/vol1/two.htm#2">The Legends of the Jews, Vol. I: The Angels and The Creation of Man</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201063745/https://philologos.org/__eb-lotj/vol1/two.htm#2">Archived</a> 2017-12-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, (Translated by Henrietta Szold), Johns Hopkins University Press: 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-5890-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-5890-9">0-8018-5890-9</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Makarios of Simonos Petra, <i>The Synaxarion: the Lives of the Saints of the Orthodox Church</i>, trans. Christopher Hookway (Holy Convent of the Annunciation of Our Lady 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/960-85603-7-3" title="Special:BookSources/960-85603-7-3">960-85603-7-3</a>), p. 47.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Synaxarion, p. 47.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Synaxarion, p. 48.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Peers-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peers_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFPeers2001" class="citation book cs1">Peers, Glenn (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kaonEi_dCJIC&q=Chonae+michael+miracle+university+california&pg=PA143"><i>Subtle bodies: representing angels in Byzantium</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-22405-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-22405-1"><bdi>0-520-22405-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Subtle+bodies%3A+representing+angels+in+Byzantium&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-520-22405-1&rft.aulast=Peers&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkaonEi_dCJIC%26q%3DChonae%2Bmichael%2Bmiracle%2Buniversity%2Bcalifornia%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Cornwall-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cornwall_126-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cornwall_126-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Saint Michael the Archangel in medieval English legend</i> by Richard Freeman Johnson 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84383-128-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-84383-128-7">1-84383-128-7</a> p. 68</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Popular Romances of the West of England</i> by Robert Hunt 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-559-12999-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-559-12999-8">0-559-12999-8</a> p. 238</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Myths and Legends of Britain and Ireland</i> by Richard Jones 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84537-594-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-84537-594-7">1-84537-594-7</a> p. 17</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Medieval state: essays presented to James Campbell</i> by John Robert Maddicott, David Michael Palliser, James Campbell 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85285-195-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85285-195-3">1-85285-195-3</a> pp. 10–11</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-MonkM-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MonkM_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mont-Saint-Michel: a monk talks about his abbey</i> by Jean-Pierre Mouton, Olivier Mignon 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7082-3351-3" title="Special:BookSources/2-7082-3351-3">2-7082-3351-3</a> pp. 55–56</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-CathMont-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CathMont_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10551a.htm">"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Mont-St-Michel"</a>. <i>www.newadvent.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=CATHOLIC+ENCYCLOPEDIA%3A+Mont-St-Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F10551a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-pilgrim-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pilgrim_132-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pilgrim_132-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Pilgrimage: from the Ganges to Graceland : an encyclopedia, Volume 1</i> by Linda Kay Davidson, David Martin Gitlitz 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-004-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-004-2">1-57607-004-2</a> p. 398</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBall123-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBall123_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBall">Ball</a>, p. 123.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFBall (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/EWTN" title="EWTN">EWTN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/devotionals/prayers/chaplet-of-st-michael.htm">The Chaplet of Saint Michael the Archangel</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Freze, 1993, <i>Voices, Visions, and Apparitions</i>, OSV Publishing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87973-454-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87973-454-X">0-87973-454-X</a> p. 267</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Milton, <i>Paradise Lost</i> 1674 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dartmouth.edu/~milton/reading_room/pl/book_6/index.shtml">Book VI line 320</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFLongfellow1851" class="citation book cs1">Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth (1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/10490/10490-h/10490-h.htm"><i>The Golden Legend</i></a>. Boston: Ticknor, Reed and Fields.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Legend&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Ticknor%2C+Reed+and+Fields&rft.date=1851&rft.aulast=Longfellow&rft.aufirst=Henry+Wadsworth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F10490%2F10490-h%2F10490-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-rich141-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rich141_138-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rich141_138-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rich141_138-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Saint Michael the Archangel in medieval English legend</i> by Richard Freeman Johnson 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84383-128-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-84383-128-7">1-84383-128-7</a> pp. 141–147</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Icons and saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church</i> by Alfredo Tradigo 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89236-845-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-89236-845-4">0-89236-845-4</a> p. 188</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ann Ball, 2003 <i>Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87973-910-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87973-910-X">0-87973-910-X</a> p. 520</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Constantine and the Christian empire</i> by Charles Matson Odahl 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-17485-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-17485-6">0-415-17485-6</a> p. 315</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100526031746/http://www.vaticanstate.va/EN/Monuments/The_Vatican_Museums/Sistine_Chapel--p--5.htm">"Vatican website: Sistine Chapel"</a>. Vaticanstate.va. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vaticanstate.va/EN/Monuments/The_Vatican_Museums/Sistine_Chapel--p--5.htm">the original</a> on 2010-05-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vatican+website%3A+Sistine+Chapel&rft.pub=Vaticanstate.va&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vaticanstate.va%2FEN%2FMonuments%2FThe_Vatican_Museums%2FSistine_Chapel--p--5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+%28archangel%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Saints in art</i> by Rosa Giorgi, Stefano Zuffi 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89236-717-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-89236-717-2">0-89236-717-2</a> pp. 274–276</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Sources">Sources</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li>Ball, Ann. <i>2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87973-910-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87973-910-X">0-87973-910-X</a></li>
<li>Butler, Alban. <i>The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and other Principal Saints</i>. 12 vols. B. Dornin, 1821</li>
<li>Starr, Mirabai. <i>Saint Michael: The Archangel</i>, Sounds True, 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59179-627-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-59179-627-X">1-59179-627-X</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_(archangel)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Archangel_Michael" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Archangel Michael">Archangel Michael</a></span>.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
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<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Michael_(archangel)" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Michael (archangel)">Michael (archangel)</a></b></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=560&letter=M"><i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i>: Michael</a></li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Angels_in_Abrahamic_religions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r992953826">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Angels_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="Template:Angels in Abrahamic religions"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Angels_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="Template talk:Angels in Abrahamic religions"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Angels_in_Abrahamic_religions&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Angels_in_Abrahamic_religions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a> in <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Judaism" title="Angels in Judaism">Angels in<br />Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Michael</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uriel" title="Uriel">Uriel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Angel_of_the_Lord" title="Angel of the Lord">Angel of the Lord</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Azrael" title="Azrael">Azrael</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Archangel_Ariel" class="mw-redirect" title="Archangel Ariel">Ariel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arariel" title="Arariel">Arariel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Azazel" title="Azazel">Azazel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Camael" title="Camael">Camael</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cassiel" title="Cassiel">Cassiel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dobiel" title="Dobiel">Dobiel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dumah_(angel)" title="Dumah (angel)">Dumah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eisheth" title="Eisheth">Eisheth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hadraniel" title="Hadraniel">Hadraniel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Haniel" title="Haniel">Haniel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jerahmeel_(archangel)" title="Jerahmeel (archangel)">Jerahmeel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jophiel" title="Jophiel">Jophiel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kushiel" title="Kushiel">Kushiel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mastema" title="Mastema">Mastema</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Metatron" title="Metatron">Metatron</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nuriel" title="Nuriel">Nuriel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pravuil_(angel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pravuil (angel)">Pravuil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Raziel" title="Raziel">Raziel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sachiel" title="Sachiel">Sachiel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Samael" title="Samael">Samael</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Samyaza" title="Samyaza">Samyaza</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tzaphqiel" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzaphqiel">Tzaphqiel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yahoel" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoel">Yahoel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zadkiel" title="Zadkiel">Zadkiel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zerachiel" title="Zerachiel">Zerachiel</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seraph" title="Seraph">Seraphim</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chayot" class="mw-redirect" title="Chayot">Chayot</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ophanim" title="Ophanim">Ophanim</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cherubim" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherubim">Cherubim</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ishim_(angel)" title="Ishim (angel)">Ishim</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Recording_angel" title="Recording angel">Recording angels</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" title="Christian angelology">Angels in<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Michael</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abaddon" title="Abaddon">Abaddon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uriel" title="Uriel">Uriel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Archangel_Ariel" class="mw-redirect" title="Archangel Ariel">Ariel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Azazel" title="Azazel">Azazel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sariel" title="Sariel">Sariel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sandalphon" title="Sandalphon">Sandalphon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Raguel_(angel)" title="Raguel (angel)">Raguel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ramiel" title="Ramiel">Ramiel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Selaphiel" title="Selaphiel">Selaphiel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Barachiel" title="Barachiel">Barachiel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jegudiel" title="Jegudiel">Jegudiel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Camael" title="Camael">Camael</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_Angel_of_Portugal" title="Guardian Angel of Portugal">Guardian Angel of Portugal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jerahmeel_(archangel)" title="Jerahmeel (archangel)">Jerahmeel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jophiel" title="Jophiel">Jophiel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Metatron" title="Metatron">Metatron</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Samyaza" title="Samyaza">Samyaza</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pravuil_(angel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pravuil (angel)">Pravuil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sachiel" title="Sachiel">Sachiel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zadkiel" title="Zadkiel">Zadkiel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sarathiel" title="Sarathiel">Sarathiel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zerachiel" title="Zerachiel">Zerachiel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phanuel_(angel)" title="Phanuel (angel)">Phanuel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aker_(angel)" title="Aker (angel)">Aker</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gabuthelon" title="Gabuthelon">Gabuthelon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arphugitonos" title="Arphugitonos">Arphugitonos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Beburos" title="Beburos">Beburos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zebuleon" title="Zebuleon">Zebuleon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_(angel)" title="Daniel (angel)">Daniel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kerubiel" title="Kerubiel">Kerubiel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kokabiel" title="Kokabiel">Kokabiel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kushiel" title="Kushiel">Kushiel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leliel" class="mw-redirect" title="Leliel">Leliel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_(angel)" title="Muriel (angel)">Muriel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pahaliah" title="Pahaliah">Pahaliah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seraphiel" title="Seraphiel">Seraphiel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shamsiel" title="Shamsiel">Shamsiel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chazaqiel" title="Chazaqiel">Chazaqiel</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seraphim" class="mw-redirect" title="Seraphim">Seraphim</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ophanim" title="Ophanim">Ophanim</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cherubim" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherubim">Cherubim</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Throne_(angel)" title="Throne (angel)">Thrones</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_(angel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominion (angel)">Dominions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_angelic_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelic hierarchy">Virtues</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_angelic_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelic hierarchy">Powers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_angelic_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelic hierarchy">Principalities</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Recording_angel" title="Recording angel">Recording angels</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_angel" title="Guardian angel">Guardian angels</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels in <br />Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mikha'il</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Jibra'il</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Spirit (Islam)">Holy Spirit</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Israfil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Azazil" title="Azazil">Azazil</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Azrael#In_Islam" title="Azrael">Azra'il</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Artiya%27il" title="Artiya'il">Artiya'il</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Darda%27il" title="Darda'il">Darda'il</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dumah_(angel)" title="Dumah (angel)">Dumah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ishim_(angel)" title="Ishim (angel)">Habib</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Harut_and_Marut" title="Harut and Marut">Harut and Marut</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kalqa%27il" title="Kalqa'il">Kalqa'il</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maalik" title="Maalik">Maalik</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Munkar_and_Nakir" title="Munkar and Nakir">Munkar and Nakir</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ri%E1%B8%8Dwan" title="Riḍwan">Riḍwan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bearers_of_the_Throne" title="Bearers of the Throne">Bearers of the Throne</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cherubim" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherubim">Cherubim</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Darda%27il" title="Darda'il">Darda'il</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hafaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafaza">Hafaza</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27aqqibat" title="Mu'aqqibat">Mu'aqqibat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81zi%27%C4%81t_and_N%C4%81shi%E1%B9%AD%C4%81t" title="Nāzi'āt and Nāshiṭāt">Nāzi'āt and Nāshiṭāt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zabaniyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Zabaniyya">Nineteen Angels of Hell</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Praying angels</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kiraman_Katibin" title="Kiraman Katibin">Recording angels</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seraphim" class="mw-redirect" title="Seraphim">Seraphim</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Moroni" title="Angel Moroni">Angel Moroni</a><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">*</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_angels" title="Hierarchy of angels">Hierarchy of angels</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_host" title="Heavenly host">Heavenly host</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Archangels" title="Seven Archangels">Seven Archangels</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Three_Angels%27_Messages" title="Three Angels' Messages">Three Angels' Messages</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Watcher_(angel)" title="Watcher (angel)">Watcher</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">Fallen angels</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_angels_in_theology" title="List of angels in theology">List of angels in theology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_art" title="Angels in art">Angels in art</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_angels" title="List of films about angels">Films about angels</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Saints_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_saints" title="Template:Catholic saints"><abbr title="View this template" style="background-color: gold;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_saints" title="Template talk:Catholic saints"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="background-color: gold;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Catholic_saints&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="background-color: gold;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Saints_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div id="Congregation_for_the_Causes_of_SaintsStages_of_canonization:_Servant_of_God_→_Venerable_→_Blessed_→_Saint"><a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Causes_of_Saints" title="Congregation for the Causes of Saints">Congregation for the Causes of Saints</a><br />Stages of <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonization</a>: <a href="/wiki/Servant_of_God#Catholic_Church" title="Servant of God">Servant of God</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/The_Venerable#Christianity" title="The Venerable">Venerable</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">Blessed</a>   →   <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Virgin Mary</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God (Theotokos)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Marian apparition</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" title="Titles of Mary">Titles of Mary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph (husband)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_Christianity" title="Apostles in Christianity">Apostles</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James of Alphaeus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James the Great</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Jude</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Matthias" title="Saint Matthias">Matthias</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Michael</a>  <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Saint Michael in the Catholic Church">in the Catholic Church</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Kiev" title="Anthony of Kiev">Anthony of Kiev</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius the Confessor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chariton_the_Confessor" title="Chariton the Confessor">Chariton the Confessor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Borgia,_4th_Duke_of_Gand%C3%ADa" title="Francis Borgia, 4th Duke of Gandía">Francis Borgia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bertrand_(saint)" title="Louis Bertrand (saint)">Louis Bertrand</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Synnada" title="Michael of Synnada">Michael of Synnada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paphnutius_of_Thebes" title="Paphnutius of Thebes">Paphnutius the Confessor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Constantinople" title="Paul I of Constantinople">Paul I of Constantinople</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Claver" title="Peter Claver">Peter Claver</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Salonius" title="Salonius">Salonius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seraphim_of_Sarov" title="Seraphim of Sarov">Seraphim of Sarov</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes the Confessor</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla and Aquila</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silvanus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede the Venerable</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo the Great</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church<br />Fathers</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Alexander I of Alexandria">Alexander of Alexandria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Jerusalem" title="Alexander of Jerusalem">Alexander of Jerusalem</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose of Milan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Caesarius_of_Arles" title="Caesarius of Arles">Caesarius of Arles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Caius_(presbyter)" title="Caius (presbyter)">Caius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" title="Pope Clement I">Clement of Rome</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian of Carthage</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Fathers" title="Desert Fathers">Desert Fathers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Mothers" title="Desert Mothers">Desert Mothers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dionysius of Alexandria">Dionysius of Alexandria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Corinth" title="Dionysius of Corinth">Dionysius of Corinth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fulgentius_of_Ruspe" title="Fulgentius of Ruspe">Fulgentius of Ruspe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus of Lyons</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome of Stridonium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Melito_of_Sardis" title="Melito of Sardis">Melito of Sardis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Quadratus_of_Athens" title="Quadratus of Athens">Quadratus of Athens</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Papias_of_Hierapolis" title="Papias of Hierapolis">Papias of Hierapolis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp of Smyrna</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_of_Antioch" title="Theophilus of Antioch">Theophilus of Antioch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Victorinus_of_Pettau" title="Victorinus of Pettau">Victorinus of Pettau</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_of_L%C3%A9rins" title="Vincent of Lérins">Vincent of Lérins</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Martyrs" title="Canadian Martyrs">Canadian Martyrs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carthusian_Martyrs" title="Carthusian Martyrs">Carthusian Martyrs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Child_Martyrs_of_Tlaxcala" title="Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala">Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christina_of_Persia" title="Christina of Persia">Christina of Persia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Penitent_thief" title="Penitent thief">Dismas the Good Thief</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Martyrs_of_England_and_Wales" title="Forty Martyrs of England and Wales">Forty Martyrs of England and Wales</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Four_Crowned_Martyrs" title="Four Crowned Martyrs">Four Crowned Martyrs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_of_Csan%C3%A1d" title="Gerard of Csanád">Gerard of Csanád</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Great_martyr" title="Great martyr">Great Martyr</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">The Holy Innocents</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholic_Martyrs" title="Irish Catholic Martyrs">Irish Martyrs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Martyrs" title="Korean Martyrs">Korean Martyrs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ruiz" title="Lorenzo Ruiz">Lorenzo Ruiz</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck_martyrs" title="Lübeck martyrs">Lübeck martyrs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Versiglia" title="Luigi Versiglia">Luigi Versiglia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martyrology" title="Martyrology">Martyrology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Albania" title="Martyrs of Albania">Martyrs of Albania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_Saints_of_China" title="Martyr Saints of China">Martyrs of China</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Japan" title="Martyrs of Japan">Martyrs of Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Laos" title="Martyrs of Laos">Martyrs of Laos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Natal" title="Martyrs of Natal">Martyrs of Natal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Otranto" title="Martyrs of Otranto">Martyrs of Otranto</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War">Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Kolbe" title="Maximilian Kolbe">Maximilian Kolbe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Romero" title="Óscar Romero">Óscar Romero</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Calungsod" title="Pedro Calungsod">Pedro Calungsod</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Perpetua_and_Felicity" title="Perpetua and Felicity">Perpetua and Felicity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chanel" title="Peter Chanel">Peter Chanel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Parenzo" title="Pietro Parenzo">Pietro Parenzo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philomena" title="Philomena">Philomena</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saints_of_the_Cristero_War" title="Saints of the Cristero War">Saints of the Cristero War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Teresa Benedicta of the Cross</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Three_Martyrs_of_Chimbote" title="Three Martyrs of Chimbote">Three Martyrs of Chimbote</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Martyrs" title="Uganda Martyrs">Uganda Martyrs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Martyrs" title="Vietnamese Martyrs">Vietnamese Martyrs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Valentine" title="Saint Valentine">Valentine of Rome</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Victor_and_Corona" title="Victor and Corona">Victor and Corona</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_missions" title="Catholic missions">Missionaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Boniface</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Father_Damien" title="Father Damien">Damien of Molokai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Laval" title="François de Laval">François de Laval</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Illuminator" title="Gregory the Illuminator">Gregory the Illuminator</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Junípero Serra</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nino" title="Saint Nino">Nico of Georgia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Patrick of Ireland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Remigius" title="Saint Remigius">Remigius</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">Abel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph (father of Jesus)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Matriarchs_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriarchs (Bible)">Matriarchs</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_I" title="Pope Adeodatus I">Adeodatus I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_II" title="Pope Adeodatus II">Adeodatus II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_III" title="Pope Adrian III">Adrian III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_I" title="Pope Agapetus I">Agapetus I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agatho" title="Pope Agatho">Agatho</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I" title="Pope Alexander I">Alexander I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anacletus" title="Pope Anacletus">Anacletus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_I" title="Pope Anastasius I">Anastasius I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anicetus" title="Pope Anicetus">Anicetus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anterus" title="Pope Anterus">Anterus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_II" title="Pope Benedict II">Benedict II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_I" title="Pope Boniface I">Boniface I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IV" title="Pope Boniface IV">Boniface IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Caius" title="Pope Caius">Caius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_I" title="Pope Callixtus I">Callixtus I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_I" title="Pope Celestine I">Celestine I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V" title="Pope Celestine V">Celestine V</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" title="Pope Clement I">Clement I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cornelius" title="Pope Cornelius">Cornelius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eleutherius" title="Pope Eleutherius">Eleuterus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_I" title="Pope Eugene I">Eugene I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eusebius" title="Pope Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eutychian" title="Pope Eutychian">Eutychian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Evaristus" title="Pope Evaristus">Evaristus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Fabian" title="Pope Fabian">Fabian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_I" title="Pope Felix I">Felix I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_III" title="Pope Felix III">Felix III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_IV" title="Pope Felix IV">Felix IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_II" title="Pope Gregory II">Gregory II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Gregory III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory VII</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hilarius" title="Pope Hilarius">Hilarius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hormisdas" title="Pope Hormisdas">Hormisdas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hyginus" title="Pope Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I" title="Pope Innocent I">Innocent I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_I" title="Pope John I">John I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">John XXIII</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_I" title="Pope Julius I">Julius I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_II" title="Pope Leo II">Leo II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Leo III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV" title="Pope Leo IV">Leo IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX" title="Pope Leo IX">Leo IX</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_I" title="Pope Lucius I">Lucius I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellinus" title="Pope Marcellinus">Marcellinus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_I" title="Pope Marcellus I">Marcellus I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark" title="Pope Mark">Mark</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_I" title="Pope Martin I">Martin I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Miltiades" title="Pope Miltiades">Miltiades</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Nicholas I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_I" title="Pope Paschal I">Paschal I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_I" title="Pope Paul I">Paul I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_I" title="Pope Pius I">Pius I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pius V</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pontian" title="Pope Pontian">Pontian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Sergius I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Silverius" title="Pope Silverius">Silverius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simplicius" title="Pope Simplicius">Simplicius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Siricius" title="Pope Siricius">Siricius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_I" title="Pope Sixtus I">Sixtus I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_II" title="Pope Sixtus II">Sixtus II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_III" title="Pope Sixtus III">Sixtus III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Soter" title="Pope Soter">Soter</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_I" title="Pope Stephen I">Stephen I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IV" title="Pope Stephen IV">Stephen IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Sylvester I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Symmachus" title="Pope Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Telesphorus" title="Pope Telesphorus">Telesphorus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_I" title="Pope Urban I">Urban I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Victor I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vitalian" title="Pope Vitalian">Vitalian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zachary" title="Pope Zachary">Zachary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zosimus" title="Pope Zosimus">Zosimus</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agabus" title="Agabus">Agabus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Amos_(prophet)" title="Amos (prophet)">Amos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anna_the_Prophetess" title="Anna the Prophetess">Anna</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_ben_Neriah" title="Baruch ben Neriah">Baruch ben Neriah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Habakkuk" title="Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Haggai" title="Haggai">Haggai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hosea" title="Hosea">Hosea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joel_(prophet)" title="Joel (prophet)">Joel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Barsabbas" title="Judas Barsabbas">Judas Barsabbas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Malachi" title="Malachi">Malachi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Melchizedek" title="Melchizedek">Melchizedek</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Micah_(prophet)" title="Micah (prophet)">Micah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nahum" title="Nahum">Nahum</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah" title="Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Woman_with_seven_sons" title="Woman with seven sons">Seven Maccabees and their mother</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(Hebrew_prophet)" title="Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)">Zechariah (prophet)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah (NT)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zephaniah" title="Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agatha_of_Sicily" title="Agatha of Sicily">Agatha of Sicily</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Rome" title="Agnes of Rome">Agnes of Rome</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Angela_of_the_Cross" title="Angela of the Cross">Angela of the Cross</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelthryth" title="Æthelthryth">Æthelthryth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Soubirous" title="Bernadette Soubirous">Bernadette Soubirous</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Brigid_of_Kildare" title="Brigid of Kildare">Brigid of Kildare</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Labour%C3%A9" title="Catherine Labouré">Catherine Labouré</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Cecilia" title="Saint Cecilia">Cecilia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Clare_of_Assisi" title="Clare of Assisi">Clare of Assisi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eulalia_of_M%C3%A9rida" title="Eulalia of Mérida">Eulalia of Mérida</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Euphemia" title="Euphemia">Euphemia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_Kowalska" title="Faustina Kowalska">Faustina Kowalska</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Genevieve" title="Genevieve">Genevieve</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kateri_Tekakwitha" title="Kateri Tekakwitha">Kateri Tekakwitha</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucy" title="Saint Lucy">Lucy of Syracuse</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goretti" title="Maria Goretti">Maria Goretti</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Teresa of Calcutta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Narcisa_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Narcisa de Jesús">Narcisa de Jesús</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Lima" title="Rose of Lima">Rose of Lima</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Causes_of_Saints" title="Congregation for the Causes of Saints">Congregation for the Causes of Saints</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Holy_Helpers" title="Fourteen Holy Helpers">Fourteen Holy Helpers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Military_saint" title="Military saint">Military saints</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athleta_Christi" title="Athleta Christi">Athleta Christi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Christianus" title="Miles Christianus">Miles Christianus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Church Militant</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Virtuous_pagan" title="Virtuous pagan">Virtuous pagan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="image"><img alt="046CupolaSPietro.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/File:Gloriole_blur.svg" class="image"><img alt="Gloriole blur.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/16px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/24px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints portal</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="People_and_things_in_the_Quran" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist wraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Template:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Template talk:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="People_and_things_in_the_Quran" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People and things in the Quran</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Characters" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_characters_and_names_mentioned_in_the_Quran" title="List of characters and names mentioned in the Quran">Characters</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-humans</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Allāh</a> ("The <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>")
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam#List_of_names_and_attributes_of_God_as_found_in_the_Quran" title="Names of God in Islam">Names</a> of <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> found in the Quran, such as <i>Karīm</i> (Generous)</li></ul></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animals</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Baqarah#Overview" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baqarah">baqarah</a></i> (cow) of Israelites</li>
<li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam#The_plot_against_Joseph" title="Joseph in Islam">dhiʾb</a></i> (wolf) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph</li>
<li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Fil" title="Al-Fil">fīl</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">elephant</a>) of the Abyssinians</li>
<li><i>Ḥimār</i> (Domesticated donkey)</li>
<li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam#Reign" title="Solomon in Islam">hud-hud</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hoopoe" title="Hoopoe">hoopoe</a>) of Solomon</li>
<li>The <i>kalb</i> (dog) of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Islam" title="Seven Sleepers">sleepers of the cave</a></li>
<li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam#Reign" title="Solomon in Islam">namlah</a></i> (female ant) of Solomon</li>
<li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Jonah#The_fish" title="Jonah">nūn</a></i> (fish or whale) of Jonah</li>
<li>The <i><a href="/wiki/She-Camel_of_God" title="She-Camel of God">nāqat</a></i> (she-camel) of Saleh</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-related</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i>ʿAnkabūt</i> (Female <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spider</a>)</li>
<li><i>Dābbat al-Arḍ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a>)</li>
<li><i>Ḥimār</i> (<a href="/wiki/Onager" title="Onager">Wild ass</a>)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Honey#Ancient_times" title="Honey">Naḥl</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">Honey bee</a>)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Qaswarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaswarah">Qaswarah</a></i> ("<a href="/wiki/Asiatic_lion" title="Asiatic lion">Lion</a>", "beast of prey" or "hunter")</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Malāʾikah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li>Angels of Hell
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maalik" title="Maalik">Mālik</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Zabaniyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Zabaniyya">Zabāniyah</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bearers_of_the_Throne" title="Bearers of the Throne">Bearers of the Throne</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Harut_and_Marut" title="Harut and Marut">Harut and Marut</a></li>
<li><i>Kirāman Kātibīn</i> (Honourable Scribes)
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raqib" class="mw-redirect" title="Raqib">Raqib</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atid" title="Atid">Atid</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Munkar_and_Nakir" title="Munkar and Nakir">Munkar and Nakir</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ri%E1%B8%8Dwan" title="Riḍwan">Riḍwan</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Archangels" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archangel#Islam" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel#Islam" title="Gabriel">Jibrīl</a> (Gabriel, chief)
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_(Islam)#The_Spirit,_al-Ruh,_in_the_Quran" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Spirit (Islam)">Ar-Rūḥ</a></i> ("The Spirit")
<ul><li><i>Ar-Rūḥ al-Amīn</i> ("The Trustworthy Spirit")</li>
<li><i>Ar-Rūḥ al-Qudus</i> ("The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>")</li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li>Angel of the Trumpet (<a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Isrāfīl</a> or <a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a>)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Azrael#In_Islam" title="Azrael">Malakul-Mawt</a></i> (Angel of Death, Azrael)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)#Islam" title="Michael (archangel)">Mīkāil</a> (Michael)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></i> (Genies)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jann_(legendary_creature)" title="Jann (legendary creature)">Jann</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ifrit#Islamic_scripture" title="Ifrit">ʿIfrīt</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Qareen" title="Qareen">Qarīn</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Shaitan" title="Shaitan">Shayāṭīn</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demons</a> or Devils)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblīs</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Satan#Islam" title="Satan">ash-Shayṭān</a></i> (the (chief) <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devil</a>)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Marid" title="Marid">Mārid</a></i> ("Rebellious one")</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilmān</a></i> or <i>Wildān</i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Houri" title="Houri">Ḥūr</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_in_Islam" title="Adam in Islam">Ādam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Al-Yasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Yasa">Al-Yasa</a>ʿ (<a href="/wiki/Elisha" title="Elisha">Elisha</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Job_in_Islam" title="Job in Islam">Ayyūb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Job" title="Job">Job</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David_in_Islam" title="David in Islam">Dāwūd</a> (<a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Kifl" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhul-Kifl">Dhūl-Kifl</a> (Ezekiel?)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aaron#Islam" title="Aaron">Hārūn</a> (Aaron)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)" title="Hud (prophet)">Hūd</a> (Eber?)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Idris_(prophet)" title="Idris (prophet)">Idrīs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enoch_(ancestor_of_Noah)" title="Enoch (ancestor of Noah)">Enoch</a>?)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Elijah#Elijah_in_Islam" title="Elijah">Ilyās</a> (Elijah)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joachim#In_Islam" title="Joachim">ʿImrān</a> (Joachim the father of Maryam)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_in_Islam" title="Isaac in Islam">Isḥāq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ishmael_in_Islam" title="Ishmael in Islam">Ismāʿīl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a>)
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binding_of_Isaac#Muslim_views" title="Binding of Isaac">Dhabih Ullah</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lot_in_Islam" title="Lot in Islam">Lūṭ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lot_(biblical_person)" title="Lot (biblical person)">Lot</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saleh" title="Saleh">Ṣāliḥ</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shuaib" title="Shuaib">Shuʿayb</a> (Jethro, Reuel or <a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_biblical_figures#Hobab" class="mw-redirect" title="List of minor biblical figures">Hobab</a>?)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam" title="Solomon in Islam">Sulaymān</a> ibn Dāwūd (<a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> son of David)</li>
<li>ʿ<a href="/wiki/Uzair" title="Uzair">Uzair</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a>?)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist#Islam" title="John the Baptist">Yaḥyā</a> ibn Zakariyyā (<a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> the son of Zechariah)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_in_Islam" title="Jacob in Islam">Yaʿqūb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>)
<ul><li>Isrāʾīl (Israel)</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jonah#Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah">Yūnus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a>)
<ul><li><i>Dhūn-Nūn</i> ("He of the <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">Fish</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">Whale</a>)" or "Owner of the Fish (or Whale)")</li>
<li><i>Ṣāḥib al-Ḥūt</i> ("Companion of the Whale")</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam" title="Joseph in Islam">Yūsuf</a> ibn Ya‘qūb (<a href="/wiki/Joseph" title="Joseph">Joseph</a> son of Jacob)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)#In_Islam" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zakariyyā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah</a>)</li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ulu-l-%E2%80%98Azm" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulu-l-‘Azm">Ulul-ʿAzm</a></i><br />("Those of the Perseverance and Strong Will")</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_the_Quran" title="Muhammad in the Quran">Muḥammad</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad" title="Ahmad">Aḥmad</a></li>
<li>Other <a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Muhammad" title="Names and titles of Muhammad">names and titles of Muhammad</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">ʿĪsā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>)
<ul><li><i>Al-Masīḥ</i> (The <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>)</li>
<li><i>Ibn Maryam</i> (Son of Mary)</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam" title="Moses in Islam">Mūsā Kalīmullāh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> He who spoke to God)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> Friend of God)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">Nūḥ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Debatable ones</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhūl-Qarnain</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luqman" title="Luqman">Luqmān</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Maryam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Talut" title="Talut">Ṭālūt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gideon" title="Gideon">Gideon</a>?)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah#Islamic_views" title="Jeremiah">Irmiyā</a> (Jeremiah)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Samuel#Islam" title="Samuel">Ṣamūʾīl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joshua#In_Islam" title="Joshua">Yūshaʿ ibn Nūn</a> (Joshua, companion and successor of Moses)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_characters_and_names_mentioned_in_the_Quran#Contemporaries,_relatives_or_followers_of_Prophets" title="List of characters and names mentioned in the Quran">People of Prophets</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Good ones</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li>Adam's immediate relatives
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel_in_Islam" title="Cain and Abel in Islam">Martyred son</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eve#Islamic_view" title="Eve">Wife</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Habib_the_Carpenter" title="Habib the Carpenter">Believer of Ya-Sin</a></li>
<li>Family of Noah
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamech_(father_of_Noah)" title="Lamech (father of Noah)">Father Lamech</a></li>
<li>Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos</li></ul></li>
<li>Luqman's son</li>
<li>People of Aaron and Moses
<ul><li>Egyptians
<ul><li>Believer (Hizbil or Hizqil ibn Sabura)</li>
<li><i>Imraʾat Firʿawn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Asiya" title="Asiya">Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim</a> the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh%27s_daughter_(Exodus)#In_Muslim_tradition" title="Pharaoh's daughter (Exodus)">Wife of Pharaoh</a>, who adopted Moses)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam#Confrontation_with_sorcerers" title="Moses in Islam">Magicians of the Pharaoh</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Khidr" class="mw-redirect" title="Khidr">Wise, pious man</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zipporah" title="Zipporah">Moses' wife</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leah" title="Leah">Moses' sister-in-law</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jochebed#The_Islamic_view_of_Jochebed" title="Jochebed">Mother</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Miriam#Quranic_account" title="Miriam">Sister</a></li></ul></li>
<li>People of Abraham
<ul><li>Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hagar_in_Islam" title="Hagar in Islam">Ishmael's mother</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sarah#Islam" title="Sarah">Isaac's mother</a></li></ul></li>
<li>People of Jesus
<ul><li>Disciples (including <a href="/wiki/Peter_in_Islam" title="Peter in Islam">Peter</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne#In_Islam" title="Saint Anne">Mary's mother</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)#In_Islam" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Zechariah's wife</a></li></ul></li>
<li>People of Joseph
<ul><li>Brothers (including <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin in Islam">Binyāmin</a> (Benjamin) and <a href="/wiki/Simeon_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Simeon (son of Jacob)">Simeon</a>)</li>
<li>Egyptians
<ul><li><i>ʿAzīz</i> (<a href="/wiki/Potiphar" title="Potiphar">Potiphar</a>, Qatafir or Qittin)</li>
<li><i>Malik</i> (King Ar-Rayyān ibn Al-Walīd))</li>
<li>Wife of <i>ʿAzīz</i> (<a href="/wiki/Zuleikha_(tradition)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuleikha (tradition)">Zulaykhah</a>)</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Rachel in Islam">Mother</a></li></ul></li>
<li>People of Solomon
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathsheba#Islam" title="Bathsheba">Mother</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba#Qur'anic_account" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Asif_ibn_Barkhiya" title="Asif ibn Barkhiya">Vizier</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Harithah" title="Zayd ibn Harithah">Zayd</a> (Muhammad's adopted son)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Evil ones</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam#Family" title="Abraham in Islam">Āzar</a> (possibly <a href="/wiki/Terah#Islamic_tradition" title="Terah">Terah</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pharaohs_in_the_Bible" title="Pharaohs in the Bible">Firʿawn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> of Moses' time)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Haman_(Islam)" title="Haman (Islam)">Hāmān</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Goliath#Islam" title="Goliath">Jālūt</a> (Goliath)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Korah#Quranic_reference" title="Korah">Qārūn</a> (Korah, cousin of Moses)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Samiri_(Islamic_figure)" title="Samiri (Islamic figure)">As-Sāmirī</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Lahab" title="Abū Lahab">Abū Lahab</a></li>
<li>Slayers of Saleh's she-camel (Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda' ibn Dahr)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied or<br />not specified</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraha" title="Abraha">Abraha</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Balaam#Balaam_in_the_Quran" title="Balaam">Bal'am/Balaam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bar%E1%B9%A3%C4%AB%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Barṣīṣā">Barṣīṣā</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Caleb#Quranic_account" title="Caleb">Caleb or Kaleb</a> the companion of Joshua</li>
<li>Luqman's son</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod">Nimrod</a></li>
<li>Rahmah the wife of Ayyub</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shaddad" title="Shaddad">Shaddad</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Jannah</i>
<ul><li>People of Paradise</li>
<li>People of the Burnt Garden</li></ul></li>
<li><i>Aṣḥāb as-Sabt</i> (Companions of the <a href="/wiki/Sabbath" title="Sabbath">Sabbath</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostles">Christian apostles</a>
<ul><li><i>Ḥawāriyyūn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Disciples of Jesus</a>)</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Companions of Noah's Ark</a></li>
<li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Kahf war-Raqīm</i> (<a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Islam" title="Seven Sleepers">Companions of the Cave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sahab,_Jordan#Famous_places_in_Sahab" title="Sahab, Jordan">Al-Raqaim?</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fil" title="Al-Fil">Companions of the Elephant</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia#Al-Ukhd.C5.ABd_Archeological_Area" title="Ancient towns in Saudi Arabia">People of al-Ukhdūd</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Ya-Sin" title="People of Ya-Sin">People of a township in Surah Ya-Sin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Medina#Pre-Islamic_times" title="Medina">People of Yathrib</a> or <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a></li>
<li><i>Qawm Lūṭ</i> (People of Sodom and Gomorrah)</li>
<li>Nation of Noah</li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tribes,_ethnicitiesor_families" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribes, ethnicities<br />or families</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i>Aʿrāb</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Arabia" title="Tribes of Arabia">Arabs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouins</a>)
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BF%C4%80d" title="ʿĀd">ʿĀd</a> (people of Hud)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Rass" title="Companions of the Rass">Companions of the Rass</a></li>
<li><i>Qawm Tubbaʿ</i> (People of <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Saba_and_Himyar" title="List of rulers of Saba and Himyar">Tubba</a>)
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">People of Sabaʾ or Sheba</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thamud" title="Thamud">Thamūd</a> (people of Saleh)
<ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Ḥijr</i> ("Companions of the <a href="/wiki/Mada%27in_Saleh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mada'in Saleh">Stoneland</a>")</li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li>‘<a href="/wiki/Ajam" title="Ajam">Ajam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BBm" title="Rûm"><i>Ar-Rūm</i> (literally "The Romans")</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Banī Isrāʾīl</a></i> (Children of Israel)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah#Islamic" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Muʾtafikāt</a></i> (The overthrown cities of Sodom and Gomorrah)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">People of Ibrahim</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Elijah#Elijah_in_Islam" title="Elijah">People of Ilyas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">People of Nuh</a></li>
<li>People of Shuaib
<ul><li><i>Ahl Madyan</i> <a href="/wiki/Midian#In_the_Qur'an" title="Midian">People of Madyan</a>)</li>
<li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Aykah</i> ("Companions of the Wood")</li></ul></li>
<li><i>Qawm <a href="/wiki/Jonah#Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah">Yūnus</a></i> (People of Jonah)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#Qur'an" title="Gog and Magog">Ya'juj and Ma'juj/Gog and Magog</a></li>
<li><i>Ahl al-Bayt</i> ("People of the Household")
<ul><li>Household of Abraham
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob#Children_of_Jacob" title="Jacob">Brothers of Yūsuf</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lot%27s_daughters" title="Lot's daughters">Lot's daughters</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joachim#In_Islam" title="Joachim">Progeny of Imran</a></li>
<li>Household of Moses</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Household of Muhammad</a> <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hashim" title="Banu Hashim">ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Khadijah%27s_daughters" title="Genealogy of Khadijah's daughters">Daughters of Muhammad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_wives" title="Muhammad's wives">Muhammad's wives</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li>Household of Salih</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">People of Fir'aun</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad)</a>
<ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb Muḥammad</i> (<a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Companions of Muhammad</a>)
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Islam)" title="Ansar (Islam)">Anṣār</a> (Muslims of Medina who helped Muhammad and his Meccan followers, literally 'Helpers')</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Muhajirun" title="Muhajirun">Muhajirun</a> (Emigrants from Mecca to Medina)</li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li>People of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Jamil" title="Umm Jamil">Wife of Abu Lahab</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Job_in_Islam" title="Job in Islam">Children of Ayyub</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel_in_Islam" title="Cain and Abel in Islam">Sons of Adam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wives_aboard_Noah%27s_Ark" title="Wives aboard Noah's Ark">Wife of Nuh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lot%27s_wife" title="Lot's wife">Wife of Lut</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#Qur'an" title="Gog and Magog"><i>Yaʾjūj wa Maʾjūj</i> (Gog and Magog)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Noah#Extrabiblical_sons_of_Noah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sons of Noah">Son of Nuh</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implicitly<br />mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amalek" title="Amalek">Amalek</a></li>
<li><i>Ahl as-Suffa</i> (People of the Verandah)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Nadir" title="Banu Nadir">Banu Nadir</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Qaynuqa" title="Banu Qaynuqa">Banu Qaynuqa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Qurayza" title="Banu Qurayza">Banu Qurayza</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian people</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Dynasty</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Aws" title="Banu Aws">Aus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Khazraj" title="Banu Khazraj">Khazraj</a></li>
<li>People of <a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Quba</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious groups</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Ahl al-Dhimmah</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kāfirūn</a></i>
<ul><li>disbelievers</li></ul></li>
<li><i>Majūs</i> <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrians</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Munafiq" title="Munafiq">Munāfiqūn</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hypocrisy" title="Hypocrisy">Hypocrites</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>
<ul><li>Believers</li></ul></li>
<li><i>Ahl al-Kitāb</i> (<a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Book" title="People of the Book">People of the Book</a>)
<ul><li><i>Naṣārā</i> (<a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>(s) or People of the Injil)
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Ruhban (Christian monks)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Priest#Christianity" title="Priest">Qissis (Christian priest)</a></li></ul></li>
<li><i>Yahūd</i> (<a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>)
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakham" title="Hakham">Ahbār (Jewish scholars)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbani/Rabbi</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sabians#Islamic_reference" title="Sabians">Sabians</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheists</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia#Mecca" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Meccan polytheists</a> at the time of Muhammad</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian polytheists</a> at the time of Abraham and Lot</li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Al-Arḍ Al-Muqaddasah</a></i> ("The Holy Land")
<ul><li>'Blessed' Land</li></ul></li>
<li>In the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> (excluding Madyan)
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)#Historical_context" title="Hud (prophet)">Al-Aḥqāf</a></i> ("The Sandy Plains," or "the Wind-curved Sand-hills")
<ul><li><i>Iram dhāt al-ʿImād</i> (<a href="/wiki/Iram_of_the_Pillars" title="Iram of the Pillars">Iram of the Pillars</a>)</li></ul></li>
<li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Madīnah</a></i> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Medina#Pre-Islamic_times" title="Medina">Yathrib</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Arafat" title="Mount Arafat">ʿArafāt</a> and [<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzdalifah#The_Sacred_Monument%7CAl-Mashʿar">Al-Ḥarām</a>]</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mada%27in_Saleh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mada'in Saleh">Al-Ḥijr</a></i> (Hegra)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Badr,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Badr, Saudi Arabia">Badr</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hunayn,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Hunayn, Saudi Arabia">Ḥunayn</a></li>
<li><i>Makkah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>)
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakkah" title="Bakkah">Bakkah</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Haram_(site)" title="Haram (site)">Ḥaraman</a> Āminan</i> ("Sanctuary (which is) Secure")</li>
<li><i>Kaʿbah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a>)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Maqam_Ibrahim" title="Maqam Ibrahim">Maqām Ibrāhīm</a></i> (Station of Abraham)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Safa_and_Marwa" title="Safa and Marwa">Safa and Marwa</a></li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">Sabaʾ</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sheba" title="Sheba">Sheba</a>)
<ul><li><i>ʿArim Sabaʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Marib_Dam" title="Marib Dam">Dam of Sheba</a>)</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ar_Rass" title="Ar Rass">Rass</a></li></ul></li>
<li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Jannah" title="Jannah">Jannah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">Paradise</a>, literally "The Garden")</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Jahannam" title="Jahannam">Jahannam</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a>)</li>
<li>In <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>:
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Judi" title="Mount Judi">Al-Jūdiyy</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Munzal_Al-Mub%C4%81rak" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Munzal Al-Mubārak">Munzalanm-Mubārakan</a></i> ("Place-of-Landing Blessed")</li></ul></li>
<li><i>Bābil</i> (<a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>)</li>
<li><i>Qaryat Yūnus</i> ("Township of <a href="/wiki/Jonah_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonah in Islam">Jonah</a>," that is <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>)</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Huta" title="Bab Huta">Door of Hittah</a></li>
<li><i>Madyan</i> (<a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midian</a>)</li>
<li><i>Majmaʿ al-Baḥrayn</i></li>
<li><i>Miṣr</i> (Mainland <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</li>
<li>Salsabīl (A river in Paradise)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai Peninsula in Islam">Sinai Region</a> or Tīh Desert
<ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">Wād</a> Al-Muqaddas Ṭuwan</i> (The Holy <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Tuwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley of Tuwa">Valley of Tuwa</a>)
<ul><li><i>Al-Wādil-Ayman</i> (The valley on the 'righthand' side of the Valley of Tuwa and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a>)
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Buq%E2%80%98ah_Al-Mub%C4%81rakah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Buq‘ah Al-Mubārakah">Al-Buqʿah Al-Mubārakah</a></i> ("The Blessed Place")</li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tabor" title="Mount Tabor">Mount Tabor</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Religious_locations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious locations</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Bayʿa</a></i> (Church)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Miḥrāb</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">Monastery</a></li>
<li><i>Masjid</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a>, literally "Place of <a href="/wiki/Sujud" title="Sujud">Prostration</a>")
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Mash%27ar_Al-Haram" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mash'ar Al-Haram">Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām</a></i> ("The Sacred Grove")</li>
<li><i>Al-Masjid Al-Aqṣā</i> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Mosque" title="Al-Aqsa Mosque">Al-Aqsa Mosque</a>, literally "The Farthest Place-of-Prostration")</li>
<li><i>Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām</i> (The <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Mecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mosque of Mecca">Sacred Mosque</a> of Mecca)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_Masjid_al-Dirar" title="Demolition of Masjid al-Dirar">Masjid al-Dirar</a></li>
<li>A Mosque in the area of Medina, possibly:
<ul><li><i>Masjid Qubāʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Quba Mosque</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">The Prophet's Mosque</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Salat (Synagogue)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Arabia
<ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Ḥijāz</a></i> (literally "The Barrier")
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Stone" title="Black Stone">Black Stone (Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad)</a> & <a href="/wiki/Al-Hijr_of_Ishmael" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hijr of Ishmael">Al-Hijr of Isma'il</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Hira" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave of Hira">Cave of Hira</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Thawr#Cave" title="Jabal Thawr"><i>Ghār ath-Thawr</i> (Cave of the Bull)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Hudaybiyyah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27if" title="Ta'if">Ta'if</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ayla_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayla (city)">Ayla</a></li>
<li>Barrier of Dhul-Qarnayn</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-Muqaddas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayt al-Muqaddas">Bayt al-Muqaddas</a> & <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">'Ariha</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_in_the_Quran" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamia in the Quran">Bilād ar-Rāfidayn</a></i> (Mesopotamia)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Location_of_the_cave_and_duration_of_stay" title="Seven Sleepers">Cave of Seven Sleepers</a></li>
<li><i>Dār an-Nadwa</i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> River</li>
<li>Palestine River</li>
<li>Paradise of <a href="/wiki/Shaddad" title="Shaddad">Shaddad</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plant matter</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i>Baṣal</i> (Onion)</li>
<li><i>Fūm</i> (Garlic or wheat)</li>
<li><i>Shaṭʾ</i> (Shoot)</li>
<li><i>Sūq</i> (Plant stem)</li>
<li><i>Zarʿ</i> (Seed)</li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fruits</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i>ʿAdas</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">Lentil</a>)</li>
<li><i>Baql</i> (Herb)</li>
<li><i>Ḥabb dhul-ʿaṣf</i> (Corn of the husk)</li>
<li><i>Qith-thāʾ</i> (Cucumber)</li>
<li><i>Rummān</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">Pomegranate</a>)</li>
<li><i>Tīn</i> (Fig)</li>
<li><i>Ukul khamṭ</i> (Bitter fruit or food of Sheba)</li>
<li><i>Zaytūn</i> (Olive)</li>
<li>In Paradise
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit#Islamic_tradition" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden fruit of Adam</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bushes, trees<br />or plants</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li>Plants of Sheba
<ul><li><i>Athl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tamarix" title="Tamarix">Tamarisk</a>)</li>
<li><i>Sidr</i> (<a href="/wiki/Celtis_australis" title="Celtis australis">Lote-tree</a>)</li></ul></li>
<li><i>Līnah</i> (Tender <a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">Palm tree</a>)</li>
<li><i>Nakhl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">Date palm</a>)</li>
<li><i>Rayḥān</i> (Scented plant)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sidrat_al-Muntaha" title="Sidrat al-Muntaha">Sidrat al-Muntahā</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zaqqum" title="Zaqqum">Zaqqūm</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy books</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Gospel_in_Islam" title="Gospel in Islam">Injīl</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> of Jesus)</li>
<li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qurʾān</a></i> (The Book of Muhammad)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Scrolls_of_Abraham" title="Scrolls of Abraham">Ṣuḥuf-i Ibrāhīm</a></i> (Scroll(s) of Abraham)</li>
<li><i>At-<a href="/wiki/Torah_in_Islam" title="Torah in Islam">Tawrāt</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>)
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Scrolls_of_Moses" title="Scrolls of Moses">Ṣuḥuf-i-Mūsā</a></i> (Scroll(s) of Moses)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tablets_of_Stone" title="Tablets of Stone">Tablets of Stone</a></li></ul></li>
<li><i>Az-<a href="/wiki/Zabur" title="Zabur">Zabūr</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> of David)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Quran" title="Heavenly Quran">Umm al-Kitāb</a></i> ("Mother of the Book(s)")</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects of people<br />or beings</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Heavenly Food of Christian Apostles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Staff_of_Moses" title="Staff of Moses">Staff of Musa</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant#Quran" title="Ark of the Covenant">Tābūt as-Sakīnah</a></i> (Casket of Shekhinah)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba#Qur'anic_account" title="Queen of Sheba">Throne of Bilqis</a></li>
<li>Trumpet of Israfil</li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mentioned_idols(cult_images)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned idols<br />(cult images)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li>'Ansāb</li>
<li><i>Jibt</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Taghut" title="Taghut">Ṭāghūt</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/False_god" title="False god">False god</a>)</li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Israelites</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baal#In_Islam" title="Baal">Baʿal</a></li>
<li>The <i>ʿijl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Golden_calf" title="Golden calf">golden calf</a> statue) of Israelites</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Noah's people</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasr_(deity)" title="Nasr (deity)">Nasr</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Suwa%27" title="Suwa'">Suwāʿ</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wadd" title="Wadd">Wadd</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yagh%C5%ABth" title="Yaghūth">Yaghūth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27uq" title="Ya'uq">Yaʿūq</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Quraysh</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Lat" title="Al-Lat">Al-Lāt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uzza" title="Al-Uzza">Al-ʿUzzā</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Manat_(goddess)" title="Manat (goddess)">Manāt</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celestial bodies</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><i>Maṣābīḥ</i> (literally 'lamps'):
<ul><li><i>Al-Qamar</i> (The Moon)</li>
<li><i>Kawākib</i> (Planets)
<ul><li><i>Al-Arḍ</i> (The Earth)</li></ul></li>
<li><i>Nujūm</i> (Stars)
<ul><li><i>Ash-Shams</i> (The Sun)</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Liquids</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<li><i>Māʾ</i> (Water or fluid)
<ul><li><i>Nahr</i> (River)</li>
<li><i>Yamm</i> (River or sea)</li></ul></li>
<li><i>Sharāb</i> (Drink)</li>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events, incidents,<br />occasions or times</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li>Incident of Ifk</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Qadr" class="mw-redirect" title="Laylat al-Qadr">Laylat al-Qadr</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Event_of_Mubahala" title="Event of Mubahala">Event of Mubahala</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Sayl_al-%27Arim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayl al-'Arim">Sayl al-ʿArim</a></i> (Flood of the Great Dam of <a href="/wiki/Ma%27rib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'rib">Ma'rib</a> in Sheba)</li>
<li>The <a href="/wiki/Farewell_Pilgrimage" title="Farewell Pilgrimage">Farewell Pilgrimage</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Treaty of Hudaybiyyah</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Battles_ormilitary_expeditions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles or<br />military expeditions</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench" title="Battle of the Trench">Battle of <i>al-Aḥzāb</i></a> ("the Confederates")</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badr" title="Battle of Badr">Battle of Badr</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hunayn" title="Battle of Hunayn">Battle of Hunayn</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">Battle of Khaybar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud" title="Battle of Uhud">Battle of Uhud</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Tabuk" title="Expedition of Tabuk">Expedition of Tabuk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Mecca" title="Conquest of Mecca">Conquest of Mecca</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Days</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Jumu%27ah" title="Jumu'ah">Jumuʿah</a></i> (The Friday)</li>
<li><i>As-<a href="/wiki/Sabbath#Islam" title="Sabbath">Sabt</a></i> (The Sabbath or Saturday)</li>
<li>Days of battles</li>
<li>Days of Hajj</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Doomsday</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Months of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">12 months:
<ul><li>Four holy months
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Hijjah" title="Dhu al-Hijjah">Ash-Shahr Al-Ḥarām</a> (The Sacred or Forbidden Month)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramaḍān</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pilgrimages</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Ḥajj</a></i> (literally "The Pilgrimage", the Greater Pilgrimage)</li>
<li><i>Al-ʿ<a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">Umrah</a></i> (The Lesser Pilgrimage)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Times for prayer<br />or remembrance</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">Times for <i><a href="/wiki/Dua" title="Dua">Duʿāʾ</a></i> ('<a href="/wiki/Invocation" title="Invocation">Invocation</a>'), <i><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Ṣalāh</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a></i> ('Remembrance', including <i><a href="/wiki/Alhamdulillah" title="Alhamdulillah">Taḥmīd</a></i> ('Praising'), <i><a href="/wiki/Takbir" title="Takbir">Takbīr</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tasbih" title="Tasbih">Tasbīḥ</a></i>):
<ul><li><i>Al-ʿAshiyy</i> (The Afternoon or the Night)</li>
<li><i>Al-Ghuduww</i> ("The Mornings")
<ul><li><i>Al-Bukrah</i> ("The Morning")</li>
<li><i>Aṣ-Ṣabāḥ</i> ("The Morning")</li></ul></li>
<li><i>Al-Layl</i> ("The Night")
<ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Isha_prayer" title="Isha prayer">ʿIshāʾ</a></i> ("The Late-Night")</li></ul></li>
<li><i>Aẓ-<a href="/wiki/Zuhr_prayer" title="Zuhr prayer">Ẓuhr</a></i> ("The Noon")</li>
<li><i>Dulūk ash-Shams</i> ("Decline of the Sun")
<ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Maghrib_prayer" title="Maghrib prayer">Masāʾ</a></i> ("The Evening")</li>
<li><i>Qabl al-<a href="/wiki/Maghrib_prayer" title="Maghrib prayer">Ghurūb</a></i> ("Before the Setting (of the Sun)")
<ul><li><i>Al-Aṣīl</i> ("The Afternoon")</li>
<li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Asr_prayer" title="Asr prayer">ʿAṣr</a></i> ("The Afternoon")</li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><i>Qabl ṭulūʿ ash-Shams</i> ("Before the rising of the Sun")
<ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Fajr_prayer" title="Fajr prayer">Fajr</a></i> ("The Dawn")</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Event_of_Ghadir_Khumm" title="Event of Ghadir Khumm">Event of Ghadir Khumm</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Mabit" title="Laylat al-Mabit">Laylat al-Mabit</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_first_pilgrimage" title="The first pilgrimage">The first pilgrimage</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Note:</b> The names are sorted alphabetically. Standard form: Islamic name / Biblical name (title or relationship)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Book_of_Daniel" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Book_of_Daniel" title="Template:Book of Daniel"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Book_of_Daniel" title="Template talk:Book of Daniel"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Book_of_Daniel&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Book_of_Daniel" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_1" title="Daniel 1">Daniel 1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_2" title="Daniel 2">2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 3">3</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_4" title="Daniel 4">4</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 5">5</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 6">6</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_7" title="Daniel 7">7</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_8" title="Daniel 8">8</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_9" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 9">9</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 10">10</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_11" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 11">11</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_12" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 12">12</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shadrach,_Meshach,_and_Abednego" title="Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego">Abednego</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Belshazzar" title="Belshazzar">Belshazzar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)" title="Daniel (biblical figure)">Daniel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Mede" title="Darius the Mede">Darius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shadrach,_Meshach,_and_Abednego" title="Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego">Meshach</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Michael</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shadrach,_Meshach,_and_Abednego" title="Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego">Shadrach</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jehoiakim" title="Jehoiakim">Jehoiakim</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abomination_of_desolation" title="Abomination of desolation">Abomination of desolation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Belshazzar%27s_feast" title="Belshazzar's feast">Belshazzar's feast</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Four_kingdoms_of_Daniel" title="Four kingdoms of Daniel">Four kingdoms</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_in_the_lions%27_den" title="Daniel in the lions' den">Lion's den</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy_of_Seventy_Weeks" title="Prophecy of Seventy Weeks">Prophecy of Seventy Weeks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_spirit" title="Territorial spirit">Territorial spirit</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/he:%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93" class="extiw" title="wikisource:he:דניאל ניקוד">Hebrew Bible</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%94%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%AE%CE%BB" class="extiw" title="wikisource:el:Δανιήλ">Septuagint</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Biblia_Sacra_Vulgata_(Stuttgartensia)/Daniel" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Biblia Sacra Vulgata (Stuttgartensia)/Daniel">Latin Vulgate</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/Daniel" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (Wycliffe)/Daniel">Wycliffe Version</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Daniel" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/Daniel">King James Version</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Daniel" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Daniel">American Standard Version</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/Daniel" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (World English)/Daniel">World English Version</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><table style="width:100%; margin:1px;"><tbody><tr>
<td style="text-align:left; vertical-align:middle; padding:0 0.5em 0 0;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Book of Ezekiel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ezekiel_48" title="Ezekiel 48">chapter 48</a>)</td>
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<li><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/32px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/48px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/64px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></span><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td>
<td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 0 0 0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Book of Hosea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hosea_1" title="Hosea 1">chapter 1</a>) →</td>
</tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Book_of_Revelation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Book_of_Revelation" title="Template:Book of Revelation"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Book_of_Revelation" title="Template talk:Book of Revelation"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Book_of_Revelation&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Book_of_Revelation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_1" title="Revelation 1">Revelation 1</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_2" title="Revelation 2">2</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_3" title="Revelation 3">3</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_4" title="Revelation 4">4</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_5" title="Revelation 5">5</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_6" title="Revelation 6">6</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_7" title="Revelation 7">7</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_8" title="Revelation 8">8</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_9" title="Revelation 9">9</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_10" title="Revelation 10">10</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_11" title="Revelation 11">11</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_12" title="Revelation 12">12</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_13" title="Revelation 13">13</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_14" title="Revelation 14">14</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_15" title="Revelation 15">15</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_16" title="Revelation 16">16</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_17" title="Revelation 17">17</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_18" title="Revelation 18">18</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_19" title="Revelation 19">19</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_20" title="Revelation 20">20</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_21" title="Revelation 21">21</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_22" title="Revelation 22">22</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Laodicea_on_the_Lycus" title="Laodicea on the Lycus">Laodicea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Patmos" title="Patmos">Patmos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamum</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ala%C5%9Fehir" title="Alaşehir">Philadelphia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodom</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thyatira" title="Thyatira">Thyatira</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persons</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asher" title="Asher">Asher</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Balak" title="Balak">Balak</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Balaam" title="Balaam">Balaam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin" title="Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gad_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Gad (son of Jacob)">Gad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Issachar" title="Issachar">Issachar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jezebel" title="Jezebel">Jezebel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Judah_(biblical_person)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judah (biblical person)">Judah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Levi" title="Levi">Levi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Manasseh_(tribal_patriarch)" title="Manasseh (tribal patriarch)">Manasseh</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Michael</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Naphtali" title="Naphtali">Naphtali</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reuben_(biblical_person)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuben (biblical person)">Reuben</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Hebrew_Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Simeon (Hebrew Bible)">Simeon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zebulun" title="Zebulun">Zebulun</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Events_of_Revelation" title="Events of Revelation">Events</a>/<br />Terms/ Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaddon" title="Abaddon">Abaddon/Apollyon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_and_Omega" title="Alpha and Omega">Alpha and Omega</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">Beast</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Life" title="Book of Life">Book of Life</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tetramorph" title="Tetramorph">Four Living Creatures</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lake_of_Fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake of Fire">Lake of Fire</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">Number of the Beast</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_12_sign_prophecy" title="Revelation 12 sign prophecy">Revelation 12 sign prophecy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seven_bowls" title="Seven bowls">Seven bowls</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seven_churches_of_Asia" title="Seven churches of Asia">Seven churches of Asia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seven_seals" title="Seven seals">Seven seals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seven_trumpets" title="Seven trumpets">Seven trumpets</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John%27s_vision_of_the_Son_of_Man" title="John's vision of the Son of Man">Son of Man</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Three_Angels%27_Messages" title="Three Angels' Messages">Three Angels' Messages</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Woman_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Woman of the Apocalypse">Woman of the Apocalypse</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wormwood_(Bible)" title="Wormwood (Bible)">Wormwood</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Johannine_works" title="Authorship of the Johannine works">Authorship</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Patmos" title="John of Patmos">John of Patmos</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Book_of_Revelation" title="Textual variants in the Book of Revelation">Textual variants</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%88%CE%B9%CF%82_%CE%99%CF%89%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85" class="extiw" title="wikisource:el:Αποκάλυψις Ιωάννου">Greek Text</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Biblia_Sacra_Vulgata_(Stuttgartensia)/Apocalypsis" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Biblia Sacra Vulgata (Stuttgartensia)/Apocalypsis">Latin Vulgate</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/Apocalips" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (Wycliffe)/Apocalips">Wycliffe Version</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Revelation" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/Revelation">King James Version</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Revelation" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Revelation">American Standard Version</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/Revelation" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (World English)/Revelation">World English Version</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><table style="width:100%; margin:1px;"><tbody><tr>
<td style="text-align:left; vertical-align:middle; padding:0 0.5em 0 0;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Epistle of Jude</a></td>
<td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 1px;" class=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r936637989"/><div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright">
<ul>
<li><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/32px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/48px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/64px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></span><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td>
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<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Private_revelation_in_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Private_revelation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:Private revelation in the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template" style="background-color:gold;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Private_revelation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:Private revelation in the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="background-color:gold;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Private_revelation_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="background-color:gold;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Private_revelation_in_the_Catholic_Church" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Private_revelation" title="Private revelation">Private revelation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_revelation" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrine of revelation">Revelations</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apparitional_experience" title="Apparitional experience">Apparitional experience</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Locution_(paranormal)" title="Locution (paranormal)">Locution</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interior_locution" title="Interior locution">interior</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Marian apparition</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_ecstasy" title="Religious ecstasy">Religious ecstasy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vision_(spirituality)" title="Vision (spirituality)">Vision (spirituality)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Visions_of_Jesus_and_Mary" title="Visions of Jesus and Mary">Visions of Jesus and Mary</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Tuam_Cathedral_of_the_Assumption_Sacred_Heart_Detail_2009_09_14.jpg" class="image" title="Stained glass at Tuam Cathedral, depicting Marguerite Marie Alacoque when she receives a revelation of the Sacred Heart"><img alt="Stained glass at Tuam Cathedral, depicting Marguerite Marie Alacoque when she receives a revelation of the Sacred Heart" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Tuam_Cathedral_of_the_Assumption_Sacred_Heart_Detail_2009_09_14.jpg/100px-Tuam_Cathedral_of_the_Assumption_Sacred_Heart_Detail_2009_09_14.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="105" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Tuam_Cathedral_of_the_Assumption_Sacred_Heart_Detail_2009_09_14.jpg/150px-Tuam_Cathedral_of_the_Assumption_Sacred_Heart_Detail_2009_09_14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Tuam_Cathedral_of_the_Assumption_Sacred_Heart_Detail_2009_09_14.jpg/200px-Tuam_Cathedral_of_the_Assumption_Sacred_Heart_Detail_2009_09_14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="517" data-file-height="543" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Miracle#Catholic_Church" title="Miracle">Miracles</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilocation" title="Bilocation">Bilocation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_gift" title="Spiritual gift">Charism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gift_of_miracles" title="Gift of miracles">Gift of miracles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gifts_of_healing" title="Gifts of healing">Gifts of healing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Glossolalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossolalia">Glossolalia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Interpretation_of_tongues" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpretation of tongues">Interpretation of tongues</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Word_of_Knowledge" title="Word of Knowledge">Word of Knowledge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Word_of_wisdom" title="Word of wisdom">Word of wisdom</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_miracle" title="Eucharistic miracle">Eucharistic miracle</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miracle_of_Lanciano" title="Miracle of Lanciano">Miracle of Lanciano</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Levitation" title="Levitation">Levitation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lourdes_water" title="Lourdes water">Lourdes water</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Miracle_of_the_Sun" title="Miracle of the Sun">Miracle of the Sun</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Odour_of_sanctity" title="Odour of sanctity">Odour of sanctity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stigmata" title="Stigmata">Stigmata</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tabor_Light" title="Tabor Light">Tabor Light</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thaumaturgy" title="Thaumaturgy">Thaumaturgy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Weeping_statue" title="Weeping statue">Weeping statue</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Discernment#Christianity" title="Discernment">Discernment</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decree_(canon_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Decree (canon law)">Documents</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Code of canon law</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Haurietis_aquas" title="Haurietis aquas">Haurietis aquas</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Normae_Congregationis" title="Normae Congregationis">Normae Congregationis</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Tribus_circiter" title="Tribus circiter">Tribus circiter</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Magisterium" title="Magisterium">Magisterium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_Faith" title="Rule of Faith">Rule of Faith</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Sensus_fidelium" title="Sensus fidelium">Sensus fidei</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bridal_theology" title="Bridal theology">Bridal theology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mystical_theology" title="Mystical theology">Mystical theology</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_reparation" title="Acts of reparation">Acts of reparation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Immaculate Heart of Mary">Immaculate Heart of Mary</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consecration_and_entrustment_to_Mary" title="Consecration and entrustment to Mary">Consecration</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/First_Saturdays_Devotion" title="First Saturdays Devotion">First Saturdays Devotion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Miraculous_Medal" title="Miraculous Medal">Miraculous Medal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Sorrows" title="Our Lady of Sorrows">Seven Dolors</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">Rosary</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Martha_Chambon" title="Marie Martha Chambon">Rosary of the Holy Wounds</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart" title="Sacred Heart">Sacred Heart</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Mercy" title="Divine Mercy">Divine Mercy</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaplet_of_the_Divine_Mercy" title="Chaplet of the Divine Mercy">Chaplet of the Divine Mercy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Mercy_novena" title="Divine Mercy novena">Divine Mercy novena</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_adoration" title="Eucharistic adoration">Eucharistic adoration</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/First_Friday_Devotion" title="First Friday Devotion">First Friday Devotion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Hour" title="Holy Hour">Holy Hour</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saint Michael</a> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Saint Michael in the Catholic Church">in the Catholic Church</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaplet_of_Saint_Michael" title="Chaplet of Saint Michael">Chaplet of Saint Michael</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_to_Saint_Michael" title="Prayer to Saint Michael">Prayer to Saint Michael</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Devotional_scapular" class="mw-redirect" title="Devotional scapular">Scapular</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_shrines" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian shrines">Shrines</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_church_buildings" title="Catholic Marian church buildings">Marian shrines</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe">Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral-Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Pillar" title="Cathedral-Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar">Cathedral-Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Miraculous_Medal" title="Chapel of Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal">Chapel of Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Knock_Shrine" title="Knock Shrine">Knock Shrine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Sanctuary of Fátima">Sanctuary of Our Lady of Fátima</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes">Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_Good_Help" title="National Shrine of Our Lady of Good Help">Shrine of Our Lady of Good Help</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Our_Lady_of_Graces_of_Onuva" title="Sanctuary of Our Lady of Graces of Onuva">Sanctuary of Our Lady of Graces of Onuva</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Hens" title="Shrine of Our Lady of the Hens">Shrine of Our Lady of the Hens</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_the_Virgin_of_the_Rosary_of_Pompei" title="Shrine of the Virgin of the Rosary of Pompei">Shrine of the Virgin of the Rosary of Pompei</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary_of_San_Nicol%C3%A1s" title="Our Lady of the Rosary of San Nicolás">Sanctuary of Our Lady of the Rosary of San Nicolás</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Mercy_Sanctuary,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Divine Mercy Sanctuary, Kraków">Sanctuary of the Divine Mercy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Christ_the_King_(Almada)" title="Christ the King (Almada)">Sanctuary of Christ the King</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus_(Ermesinde)" title="Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus (Ermesinde)">Shrine of the Sacred Heart of Jesus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Monte_Sant%27Angelo" title="Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo">Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="image"><img alt="046CupolaSPietro.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Coptic_saints" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Coptic_saints" title="Template:Coptic saints"><abbr title="View this template" style="background-color: gold;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Coptic_saints" title="Template talk:Coptic saints"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="background-color: gold;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Coptic_saints&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="background-color: gold;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Coptic_saints" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Coptic_saints" title="List of Coptic saints">Coptic saints</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Coptic_cross.svg" class="image" title="Coptic cross"><img alt="Coptic cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Coptic_cross.svg/100px-Coptic_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Coptic_cross.svg/150px-Coptic_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Coptic_cross.svg/200px-Coptic_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="606" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hosea" title="Hosea">Hosea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Amos_(prophet)" title="Amos (prophet)">Amos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Micah_(prophet)" title="Micah (prophet)">Micah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joel_(prophet)" title="Joel (prophet)">Joel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah" title="Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nahum" title="Nahum">Nahum</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Habakkuk" title="Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zephaniah" title="Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Haggai" title="Haggai">Haggai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(Hebrew_prophet)" title="Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)">Zechariah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Malachi" title="Malachi">Malachi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_ben_Neriah" title="Baruch ben Neriah">Baruch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)" title="Daniel (biblical figure)">Daniel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, Our Lady of</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Assiut" title="Our Lady of Assiut">Assiut</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Warraq" title="Our Lady of Warraq">Warraq</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Zeitoun" title="Our Lady of Zeitoun">Zeitoun</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Seven_Archangels" title="Seven Archangels">Seven Archangels</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Michael</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sariel" title="Sariel">Suriel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zadkiel" title="Zadkiel">Zedekiel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sarathiel" title="Sarathiel">Sarathiel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Haniel" title="Haniel">Aniel</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostles">Apostles</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James, son of Alphaeus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James, son of Zebedee</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Jude</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Matthias" title="Saint Matthias">Matthias</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philemon_(biblical_figure)" title="Philemon (biblical figure)">Philemon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla and Aquila</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silvanus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyrs" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian martyrs">Martyrs</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_kidnapping_and_beheading_of_Copts_in_Libya" title="2015 kidnapping and beheading of Copts in Libya">21 martyrs in Libya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C4%81m%C5%ABn_of_Tarn%C5%ABt" title="Abāmūn of Tarnūt">Abāmūn</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C4%81m%C5%ABn_of_Tukh" title="Abāmūn of Tukh">Abāmūn</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abanoub" title="Abanoub">Abanoub</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abaskhiron_the_Soldier" title="Abaskhiron the Soldier">Abaskhiron</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2011_Alexandria_bombing" title="2011 Alexandria bombing">Alexandrian Martyrs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Apollonia" title="Saint Apollonia">Apollonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barbara" title="Saint Barbara">Barbara</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bashnouna" title="Bashnouna">Bashnouna</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Basilides_and_Potamiana" title="Basilides and Potamiana">Basilides</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Alexandria" title="Catherine of Alexandria">Catherine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chiaffredo" title="Chiaffredo">Chiaffredo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chrysanthus_and_Daria" title="Chrysanthus and Daria">Chrysanthus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Colluthus" title="Saint Colluthus">Colluthus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian_and_Justina" title="Cyprian and Justina">Cyprian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_and_John" title="Cyrus and John">Cyrus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_the_Martyr" title="Sarah the Martyr">Sarah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Damian_of_Alexandria" title="Damian of Alexandria">Damian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chrysanthus_and_Daria" title="Chrysanthus and Daria">Daria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dasya" title="Dasya">Dasya</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">George</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anba_George" title="Anba George">George Bishop of Assiut</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Demiana" title="Demiana">Demiana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_of_Alexandria" title="Dorothea of Alexandria">Dorothea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Epimachus_of_Pelusium" title="Epimachus of Pelusium">Epimachus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Faustus,_Abibus_and_Dionysius_of_Alexandria" title="Faustus, Abibus and Dionysius of Alexandria">Faustus, Abibus and Dionysius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Felix_and_Regula" title="Felix and Regula">Felix and Regula</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Abdel_El-Metgaly" title="Gabriel Abdel El-Metgaly">Gabriel Abdel El-Metgaly</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Gallicanus" title="Saint Gallicanus">Gallicanus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_El_Mozahem" title="George El Mozahem">George El Mozahem</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gereon" title="Gereon">Gereon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theban_Legion" title="Theban Legion">Theban Legion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Varus" title="Saint Varus">Varus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_and_Didymus" title="Theodora and Didymus">Theodora and Didymus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Stratelates" title="Theodore Stratelates">Theodore Stratelates</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hor,_Besoy,_and_Daydara" title="Hor, Besoy, and Daydara">Hor, Besoy, and Daydara</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Otimus" title="Otimus">Otimus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Memnon" title="Saint Memnon">Memnon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Rais" title="Saint Rais">Rais</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/2011_Imbaba_church_attacks" title="2011 Imbaba church attacks">Imbaba Martyrs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_and_John" title="Cyrus and John">John</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Moura" title="Saint Moura">Moura</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Senhout" title="John of Senhout">John of Senhout</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Elias_and_companions" title="Elias and companions">Elias and four companions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian_and_Justina" title="Cyprian and Justina">Justina</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kosheh_massacres" title="Kosheh massacres">Kosheh martyrs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_the_Virgin" title="Margaret the Virgin">Saint Marina the Martyr</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Master_Malati" title="Master Malati">Malati</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maspero_demonstrations" title="Maspero demonstrations">Maspero Martyrs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Maurice" title="Saint Maurice">Maurice</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Menas" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Menas">Menas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mohrael" title="Mohrael">Mohrael</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_massacre" title="Nag Hammadi massacre">Nag Hammadi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philomena" title="Philomena">Philomena</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Philotheos" title="Saint Philotheos">Philotheos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Basilides_and_Potamiana" title="Basilides and Potamiana">Potamiana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Felix_and_Regula" title="Felix and Regula">Regula</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sidhom_Bishay" title="Sidhom Bishay">Sidhom Bishay</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thecla" title="Thecla">Thecla</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Theoclia" title="Saint Theoclia">Theoclia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Febronia_of_Syria" title="Febronia of Syria">Veronica</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wanas" title="Wanas">Wanas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wadamoun" title="Wadamoun">Wadamoun</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pope_of_the_Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" title="Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Popes</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anianus_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Anianus of Alexandria">Anianus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Avilius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Avilius of Alexandria">Avilius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Kedron_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Kedron of Alexandria">Kedron</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Justus_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Justus of Alexandria">Justus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eumenes_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Eumenes of Alexandria">Eumenes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Markianos_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Markianos of Alexandria">Markianos</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celadion_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Celadion of Alexandria">Celadion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agrippinus_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Agrippinus of Alexandria">Agrippinus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julian_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Julian of Alexandria">Julian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Demetrius_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Demetrius I of Alexandria">Demetrius I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Heraclas_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Heraclas of Alexandria">Heraclas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dionysius of Alexandria">Dionysius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theonas_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Theonas of Alexandria">Theonas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_I" title="Pope Felix I">Felix of Rome</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Peter_I_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Peter I of Alexandria">Peter I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Alexander I of Alexandria">Alexander I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Peter_II_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Peter II of Alexandria">Peter II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Timothy_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Timothy I of Alexandria">Timothy I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theophilus_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Theophilus of Alexandria">Theophilus I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dioscorus_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dioscorus I of Alexandria">Dioscorus I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Timothy_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Timothy II of Alexandria">Timothy II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Peter_III_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Peter III of Alexandria">Peter III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dioscorus_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dioscorus II of Alexandria">Dioscorus II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_IV_of_Alexandria" title="Timothy IV of Alexandria">Timothy III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodosius_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Theodosius I of Alexandria">Theodosius I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Peter_IV_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Peter IV of Alexandria">Peter IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damian_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Damian of Alexandria">Damian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Anastasius of Alexandria">Anastasius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Andronicus_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Andronicus of Alexandria">Andronicus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benjamin_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Benjamin I of Alexandria">Benjamin I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agatho_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Agatho of Alexandria">Agathon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simeon_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Simeon I of Alexandria">Simeon I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Alexander II of Alexandria">Alexander II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodoros_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Theodoros I of Alexandria">Theodore I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Michael_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Michael I of Alexandria">Michael I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_IV_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John IV of Alexandria">John IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Mark II of Alexandria">Mark II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Jacob_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Jacob of Alexandria">James</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simeon_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Simeon II of Alexandria">Simeon II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Joseph_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Joseph I of Alexandria">Joseph I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Michael_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Michael II of Alexandria">Michael II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cosmas_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cosmas II of Alexandria">Cosmas II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Michael_III_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Michael III of Alexandria">Michael III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gabriel_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Gabriel I of Alexandria">Gabriel I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cosmas_III_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cosmas III of Alexandria">Cosmas III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Abraham_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Abraham of Alexandria">Abraham</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zacharias_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Zacharias of Alexandria">Zacharias</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cyril_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cyril II of Alexandria">Cyril II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Macarius_II_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Macarius II of Alexandria">Macarius II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Matthew_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Matthew I of Alexandria">Matthew I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gabriel_VII_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Gabriel VII of Alexandria">Gabriel VII</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIV_of_Alexandria" title="Pope John XIV of Alexandria">John XIV</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cyril_V_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cyril V of Alexandria">Cyril V</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Macarius_III_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Macarius III of Alexandria">Macarius III</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cyril_VI_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria">Cyril VI</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">Bishops</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abadiu_of_Antinoe" title="Abadiu of Antinoe">Abadiu of Antinoe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abraam,_Bishop_of_Faiyum" title="Abraam, Bishop of Faiyum">Abraam of Faiyum</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Jerusalem" title="Alexander of Jerusalem">Alexander of Jerusalem</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Amun" title="Saint Amun">Amun of Scetes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius of Caesarea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Thaumaturgus" title="Gregory Thaumaturgus">Gregory of Neocaesarea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_of_Nisibis" title="Jacob of Nisibis">Jacob of Nisibis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James of Jerusalem</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Niki%C3%BB" title="John of Nikiû">John of Nikiû</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_II,_Bishop_of_Jerusalem" title="John II, Bishop of Jerusalem"> John of Jerusalem</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_Karas" title="Bishop Karas">Karas of California</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Mikhail_of_Asyut" title="Metropolitan Mikhail of Asyut">Mikhaeil of Asyut</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Narcissus_of_Jerusalem" title="Narcissus of Jerusalem">Narcissus of Jerusalem</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Nicholas of Myra</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paphnutius_the_Bishop" title="Paphnutius the Bishop">Paphnutius of Scetes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paphnutius_of_Thebes" title="Paphnutius of Thebes">Paphnutius of Thebes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp of Smyrna</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_of_Gaza" title="Porphyry of Gaza">Porphyry of Gaza</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Psote" title="Psote">Psote of Ebsay</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sacramentary_of_Serapion_of_Thmuis" title="Sacramentary of Serapion of Thmuis">Serapion of Thmuis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Severian_of_Gabala" title="Severian of Gabala">Severian of Gabala</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yousab_El_Abah" title="Yousab El Abah">Yousab el-Abah of Girga</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">nuns</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Dwarf" title="John the Dwarf">Ababius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abdel_Messih_El-Makari" title="Abdel Messih El-Makari">Abdel Messih El-Makari</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abib_and_Apollo" title="Abib and Apollo">Abib and Apollo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_of_Farshut" title="Abraham of Farshut">Abraham of Farshut</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_of_Scetes" title="Abraham of Scetes">Abraham of Scetes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Amun" title="Saint Amun">Amun</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_the_Great" title="Anthony the Great">Anthony the Great</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Awgin" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Awgin">Awgin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bashnouna" title="Bashnouna">Bashnouna</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hilarion" title="Hilarion">Hilarion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_of_Nineveh" title="Isaac of Nineveh">Isaac of Nineveh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Pelusium" title="Isidore of Pelusium">Isidore of Pelusium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">John Climacus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Dwarf" title="John the Dwarf">John the Dwarf</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Macarius_of_Alexandria" title="Macarius of Alexandria">Macarius of Alexandria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Macarius_of_Egypt" title="Macarius of Egypt">Macarius of Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marina_the_Monk" title="Marina the Monk">Marina the Monk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moses_the_Black" title="Moses the Black">Moses the Black</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Irini" title="Mother Irini">Mother Irini</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hospitius" title="Hospitius">Hospitius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nilus_of_Sinai" title="Nilus of Sinai">Nilus of Sinai</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pachomius_the_Great" title="Pachomius the Great">Pachomius the Great</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pambo" title="Pambo">Pambo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Parsoma" title="Parsoma">Parsoma</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Patapios" title="Patapios">Patapios of Thebes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Thebes" title="Paul of Thebes">Paul of Thebes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tammah" title="Paul of Tammah">Paul of Tammah</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Simple" title="Paul the Simple">Paul the Simple</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pishoy" title="Pishoy">Pishoy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Poemen" title="Poemen">Poemen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_the_Confessor" title="Samuel the Confessor">Samuel the Confessor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tekle_Haymanot" title="Tekle Haymanot">Tekle Haymanot</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sisoes_the_Great" title="Sisoes the Great">Sisoes the Great</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theodorus_of_Tabennese" title="Theodorus of Tabennese">Theodorus of Tabennese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_of_Alexandria" title="Theodora of Alexandria">Theodora of Alexandria</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anchorite" title="Anchorite">Anchorites</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Karas" title="Saint Karas">Karas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Egypt" title="Mary of Egypt">Mary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Misael_the_Anchorite" title="Misael the Anchorite">Misael</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Onuphrius" title="Onuphrius">Onuphrius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paphnutius_the_Ascetic" title="Paphnutius the Ascetic">Paphnutius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Thebes" title="Paul of Thebes">Paul</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pijimi" title="Pijimi">Pijimi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shenoute" title="Shenoute">Shenouda</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Hermit" title="Thomas the Hermit">Thomas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zosimas_of_Palestine" title="Zosimas of Palestine">Zosimas</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Other saints</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_of_Alexandria" title="Ambrose of Alexandria">Ambrose</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Didymus_the_Blind" title="Didymus the Blind">Didymus the Blind</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Euphrosyne_of_Alexandria" title="Euphrosyne of Alexandria">Euphrosyne</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Habib_Girgis" title="Habib Girgis">Habib Girgis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Candidus" title="Saint Candidus">Candidus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Tanner" title="Simon the Tanner">Simon the Tanner</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Prayer_of_Azariah_and_Song_of_the_Three_Holy_Children" title="The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children">Three Holy Children</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saints_Maximus_and_Domatius" title="Saints Maximus and Domatius">Maximus and Domatius</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Verena" title="Verena">Verena</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color: gold"><div>
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<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BNF_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="BNF (identifier)">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15124791g">cb15124791g</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15124791g">(data)</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/GND_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="GND (identifier)">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118733591">118733591</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISNI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISNI (identifier)">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000079950674">0000 0000 7995 0674</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n2001096929">n2001096929</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/NTA_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="NTA (identifier)">NTA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p160767962">160767962</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/PLWABN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PLWABN (identifier)">PLWABN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mak.bn.org.pl/cgi-bin/KHW/makwww.exe?BM=1&NU=1&IM=4&WI=9810614445105606">9810614445105606</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/SUDOC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SUDOC (identifier)">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/165119047">165119047</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/VIAF_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="VIAF (identifier)">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/49524228">49524228</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/WorldCat_Identities_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WorldCat Identities (identifier)">WorldCat Identities</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n2001096929">lccn-n2001096929</a></span></li></ul>
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</div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1621804982 |