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USP9X

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USP9X
Identifiers
AliasesUSP9X, DFFRX, FAF, FAM, MRX99, MRXS99F, ubiquitin specific peptidase 9, X-linked, ubiquitin specific peptidase 9 X-linked, XLID99
External IDsOMIM: 300072; MGI: 894681; HomoloGene: 3418; GeneCards: USP9X; OMA:USP9X - orthologs
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez
Ensembl
UniProt
RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_001039590
NM_001039591
NM_004652
NM_021906

NM_009481

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001034679
NP_001034680

NP_033507

Location (UCSC)Chr X: 41.09 – 41.24 MbChr X: 12.94 – 13.04 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Probable ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase FAF-X is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the USP9X gene.[5][6]

Function

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This gene is a member of the peptidase C19 family and encodes a protein that is similar to ubiquitin-specific proteases. Though this gene is located on the X chromosome, it escapes X-inactivation.

Depletion of USP9X from two-cell mouse embryos halts blastocyst development and results in slower blastomere cleavage rate, impaired cell adhesion and a loss of cell polarity. It has also been implicated that USP9X is likely to influence developmental processes through signaling pathways of Notch, Wnt, EGF, and mTOR. USP9X has been recognized in studies of mouse and human stem cells involving embryonic, neural and hematopoietic stem cells.[7] High expression is retained in undifferentiated progenitor and stem cells and decreases as differentiation continues. USP9X is a protein-coding gene that has been implicated either directly through mutations or indirectly in a number of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. Three mutations have been connected with X-linked intellectual disability through disrupted neuronal growth and cell migration. Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease, have also been linked to USP9X. Specifically, USP9X has been implicated in the regulation of the phosphorylation and expression of the microtule-associated protein tau, which forms pathological aggregates in Alzheimer's and other tauopathies.[8] Scientists have generated a knockout model where they isolated hippocampal neurons from an USP9X-knockout male mouse, which showed a 43% reduction in axonal length and arborization compared to wild type.[9]

Interactions

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USP9X has been shown to interact with:

USP9X Syndrome

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Variants of the USP9X gene have been found to cause a neurodevelopmental USP9X syndrome in both males and females. USP9X is strongly evolutionarily conserved in humans and is intolerant to variation. This is due to the important role of the USP9X enzyme, which reverses protein ubiquitylation, thereby decreasing the enzymatic degradation and increasing the longevity of those proteins.[15] Being on the X chromosome, USP9X syndrome manifests differently in females compared to males. In females, loss of function variations in one copy of the gene results in haploinsufficiency. This is because USP9X escapes the usually-protective process of X-inactivation. As a result, even “carrier” females exhibit the syndrome.

Variants found in females with USP9X syndrome include whole or partial deletions of one copy of the USP9X gene, as well as mis-sense mutations or small in-frame deletion mutations.[15] Symptoms in females include intellectual disability, facial dysmorphia, and language impairment. Less common symptoms include short stature, scoliosis, polydactyly, and changes to dentition.[16] Females have a wider range of symptoms than males, likely due to their wider variety of USP9X gene variants compared to males. Other symptoms sometimes found in females but rarely or never in males include hip dysplasia, heart dysmorphia, hearing problems and abnormal skin pigmentation.[15]

USP9X variants seen in surviving males cause loss of function in brain-specific processes only, since total loss of function of this gene is fatal in the embryonic stage. Males are hemizygous for this gene because they possess only one X chromosome. Symptoms seen in affected males include intellectual disability, problems with language, speech, behaviour and sight, and facial dysmorphia. Specific brain abnormalities include white matter disturbances, a thin corpus callosum, and widened ventricles.[17]

References

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  1. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000124486Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000031010Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ^ Jones MH, Furlong RA, Burkin H, Chalmers IJ, Brown GM, Khwaja O, Affara NA (1996). "The Drosophila developmental gene fat facets has a human homologue in Xp11.4 which escapes X-inactivation and has related sequences on Yq11.2". Hum. Mol. Genet. 5 (11): 1695–701. doi:10.1093/hmg/5.11.1695. PMID 8922996.
  6. ^ "Entrez Gene: USP9X ubiquitin specific peptidase 9, X-linked".
  7. ^ Murtaza M, Jolly LA, Gecz J, Wood SA (2015-01-01). "La FAM fatale: USP9X in development and disease". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 72 (11): 2075–2089. doi:10.1007/s00018-015-1851-0. ISSN 1420-682X. PMC 4427618. PMID 25672900.
  8. ^ Köglsberger S, Cordero-Maldonado ML, Antony P, Forster JI, Garcia P, Buttini M, Crawford A, Glaab E (2016-12-01). "Gender-Specific Expression of Ubiquitin-Specific Peptidase 9 Modulates Tau Expression and Phosphorylation: Possible Implications for Tauopathies". Molecular Neurobiology. 54 (10): 7979–7993. doi:10.1007/s12035-016-0299-z. PMC 5684262. PMID 27878758.
  9. ^ "OMIM Entry - * 300072 - UBIQUITIN-SPECIFIC PROTEASE 9, X-LINKED; USP9X". www.omim.org. Retrieved 2016-04-12.
  10. ^ a b Taya S, Yamamoto T, Kanai-Azuma M, Wood SA, Kaibuchi K (Dec 1999). "The deubiquitinating enzyme Fam interacts with and stabilizes beta-catenin". Genes Cells. 4 (12): 757–67. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2443.1999.00297.x. PMID 10620020. S2CID 85747886.
  11. ^ a b Al-Hakim AK, Zagorska A, Chapman L, Deak M, Peggie M, Alessi DR (Apr 2008). "Control of AMPK-related kinases by USP9X and atypical Lys(29)/Lys(33)-linked polyubiquitin chains" (PDF). Biochem. J. 411 (2): 249–60. doi:10.1042/BJ20080067. PMID 18254724. S2CID 13038944.
  12. ^ Taya S, Yamamoto T, Kano K, Kawano Y, Iwamatsu A, Tsuchiya T, Tanaka K, Kanai-Azuma M, Wood SA, Mattick JS, Kaibuchi K (Aug 1998). "The Ras target AF-6 is a substrate of the fam deubiquitinating enzyme". J. Cell Biol. 142 (4): 1053–62. doi:10.1083/jcb.142.4.1053. PMC 2132865. PMID 9722616.
  13. ^ Wang S, Kollipara RK, Srivastava N, Li R, Ravindranathan P, Hernandez E, Freeman E, Humphries CG, Kapur P, Lotan Y, Fazli L, Gleave ME, Plymate SR, Raj GV, Hsieh JT, Kittler R (2014). "Ablation of the oncogenic transcription factor ERG by deubiquitinase inhibition in prostate cancer". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 111 (11): 4251–6. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111.4251W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1322198111. PMC 3964108. PMID 24591637.
  14. ^ Li X, Song N, Liu L, Liu X, Ding X, Song X, Yang S, Shan L, Zhou X (2017-03-31). "USP9X regulates centrosome duplication and promotes breast carcinogenesis". Nature Communications. 8: 14866. Bibcode:2017NatCo...814866L. doi:10.1038/ncomms14866. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5380967. PMID 28361952.
  15. ^ a b c Jolly LA, Parnell E, Gardner AE, Corbett MA, Pérez-Jurado LA, Shaw M, Lesca G, Keegan C, Schneider MC, Griffin E, Maier F, Kiss C, Guerin A, Crosby K, Rosenbaum K (2020-12-09). "Missense variant contribution to USP9X-female syndrome". npj Genomic Medicine. 5 (1): 53. doi:10.1038/s41525-020-00162-9. ISSN 2056-7944. PMC 7725775. PMID 33298948.
  16. ^ "USP9X". Simons Searchlight. Retrieved 2023-02-22.
  17. ^ Johnson BV, Kumar R, Oishi S, Alexander S, Kasherman M, Vega MS, Ivancevic A, Gardner A, Domingo D, Corbett M, Parnell E, Yoon S, Oh T, Lines M, Lefroy H (2020-01-15). "Partial loss of USP9X function leads to a male neurodevelopmental and behavioural disorder converging on TGFβ signalling". Biological Psychiatry. 87 (2): 100–112. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.05.028. ISSN 0006-3223. PMC 6925349. PMID 31443933.

Further reading

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