User:RChavez515/sandbox
Potential Edits[edit]
Under “Select ethnic groups targeted - Yahi”
1.Even prior to the Gold Rush that began with the discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill in January 1848, the U.S military had been involved in the destruction of California Natives which included the Yana people. The processes included removals of people from ancestral land, massacres, confinement to small reservations, and the separation of families. In California, miners, ranchers, farmers, and businessmen engaged in acts outlined in the Genocide Convention [1].
Under “Select ethnic groups targeted - Yuki”
2. The Yuki people experienced catastrophe by the events of 1847-1853. The United States took possession of California from Mexico in January of 1847, with the Gold Rush arriving swiftly in 1848. Hundreds of thousands came in the search of wealth, placing pressure on Indigenous Californians[2]
Under “Background - Indigenous Peoples”
3. Many practices were used to manage the land without tremendous destruction in other ways including tillage, pruning, seed broadcasting, transplanting, weeding, irrigation, and fertilizing[3]. These groups worked to stimulate the growth and diversity of floral resources across landscapes. Traditional practices allowed for the extraordinarily successful management of natural resources available to Native Californian tribes[4].
Under “Background - Contact”
4. Artifacts found at an archaeological site in the San Clemente Islands suggested that a group of Indigenous people were practicing traditional ways after the arrival of Europeans and Americans in other parts of California, and until potentially the 1850s[1]. The artifacts included subsistence remains, middens, and flaked stone tools[5].
Under “Economic aspects of genocide in Southern California”
5. Due to Economic expansion because of the increased need for mining, even Indigenous groups in remote locations, such as those in the Coso Range, were incorporated into the economy[5].
Under “Land theft and value”
6. According to scholar Tony Platt, the dark history of California needs to be commemorated by educational institutions due to the last impacts on indigenous communities from colonialism[6].
Under “Response following statehood”
7. According to scholar Andrew Shaler, a factor that largely contributed to violence and genocidal acts against indigenous Californians during the Gold Rush was that many settlers and other people who came to California in the search for gold viewed native Californians as nothing more than obstacles between them and potential wealth, which led to many of them being killed[7]
Under “California Genocide” (at the end of the first paragraph):
8. According to scholars Weronika Tomczyk & Nathan P. Acebo, colonial acts of genocide against indigenous Californians also came with many large ecological implications; managing the land and engaging with traditional practices of subsistence became increasingly difficult when populations declined and more areas became occupied by colonists[8].
Under “List of recorded Massacres”
9. Year: 1832, Date: –, Name: Puhú Massacre, Current Location: Black Star Canyon Indian Village Site in Orange County, Southern California, Description: Colonists killed many people of the Puhú village in retaliation after members of the village allegedly stole livestock from them. Reported casualties: –. References: [Enduring Dimensions of Indigenous Foodways in the Southern Alta California Mountain Hinterlands][7].
References[edit]
- ^ Hitchcock, R. K., & Flowerday, C. (2020). Ishi and the California Indian Genocide as Developmental Mass Violence. Humboldt Journal of Social Relations, 42, 69–85. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26932596
- ^ Madley, B. (2008). California’s Yuki Indians: Defining Genocide in Native American History. Western Historical Quarterly, 39(3), 303–332. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25443732
- ^ Lightfoot, K. G., Cuthrell, R. Q., Striplen, C. J., & Hylkema, M. G. (2013). RETHINKING THE STUDY OF LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG HUNTER-GATHERERS IN NORTH AMERICA. American Antiquity, 78(2), 285–301. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23486319
- ^ Keeley, J. E. (2002). Native American Impacts on Fire Regimes of the California Coastal Ranges. Journal of Biogeography, 29(3), 303–320. http://www.jstor.org/stable/827540
- ^ a b Allika Ruby & Adrian R. Whitaker (2019) Remote Places As Post-Contact Refugia, California Archaeology, 11:2, 205-233, DOI: 10.1080/1947461X.2019.1655624
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
:1was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b Shaler, Andrew. “Indigenous Peoples and the California Gold Rush: Labour, Violence and Contention in the Formation of a Settler Colonial State.” Postcolonial Studies 23, no. 1 (2020): 79–98. doi:10.1080/13688790.2020.1725221.
- ^ Tomczyk, Weronika, and Nathan P. Acebo. “Enduring Dimensions of Indigenous Foodways in the Southern Alta California Mountain Hinterlands.” California Archaeology 13, no. 2 (2021): 171–201. doi:10.1080/1947461X.2021.1997515.