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D R A F T part C Modernization of the Army over the 6 priorities (by CFT and PEO)

United States Army Futures Command
Founded1 July 2018
Country United States
Branch United States Army
TypeArmy Command
Garrison/HQAustin, TX
Motto(s)"Forge the future"[1]
Websitearmy.mil/futures
armyfuturescommand.com
Commanders
Commanding General[3]GEN John M. Murray
Deputy Commanding Generals[3]LTG James M. Richardson
LTG Thomas H. Todd[2]
Command Sergeant Major[3]CSM Michael A. Crosby
Insignia
Distinctive unit insignia[1]

United States Army Futures Command (AFC)[4][5] is a United States Army command aimed at modernizing the Army.[6] [7][8] It currently focuses on six priorities:[Note 1] 1— long-range precision fires,[9][10] 2— next-generation combat vehicle,[11] 3— future vertical lift platforms,[12] 4— a mobile & expeditionary Army network,[13] 5— air & missile defense capabilities,[14] and 6— soldier lethality.[15][16] AFC's cross-functional teams (CFTs)[17] are Futures Command's vehicle for sustainable reform of the acquisition process for the future.[18][19] [20]

Futures Command (AFC) was established in 2018 as a peer of FORSCOM, TRADOC, and Army Materiel Command (AMC), the other Army commands (ACOMs—providing forces, training and doctrine, and materiel respectively).[21][22] the test support level from ATECCite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). for competition with near-peers, who have updated their capabilities.[23][24]

AFC declared its Full Operational Capability (FOC) in July 2019,[25][26] after an initial one-year period.[27] The FY2020 budget allocated $30 billion for the top six modernization priorities over the next five years.[28] The $30 billion came from $8 billion in cost avoidance and $22 billion in terminations.[28][29] Over 30 projects[30][31] are envisioned to become the materiel basis needed for overmatching any potential competitors in the continuum of conflict over the next ten years,[32][33] in Multi-domain operations (MDO).[34][35][36][37][38]

Transition to multi-domain operations (MDO)

[edit]

We're moving out and there's no turning back. We've shown the will to act over the last year, and now we have to show the will to follow through.

— Then-Under Secretary of the Army Ryan McCarthy[39][40]
Friendly forces (denoted in black)[41] operating in Multi-domains (gray, yellow, light blue, dark gray, and dark blue) —Space, Cyber, Air, Land, and Maritime respectively— cooperate across domains, working as an integrated force against adversaries (denoted in red). These operations will disrupt these adversaries, and present them multiple simultaneous dilemmas to encourage adversaries to return to competition rather than continue a conflict.[42]

According to Secretary McCarthy, there will be three elements in Futures Command:[43]

  1. Futures and Concepts: assess gaps (needs versus opportunities,[44] given a threat).[43] Concepts for realizable future systems (with readily harvestable content)[45][46]: for definitions of terms, such as '6.3'  will flow into TRADOC doctrine, manuals, and training programs.
  2. Combat Development: stabilized concepts.[45][46] Balance the current state of technology and the cash-flow requirements of the defense contractors providing the technology, that they become deliverable experiments, demonstrations, and prototypes, in an iterative process of acquisition.[47] (See #Value stream)
  3. Combat Systems: experiments, demonstrations, and prototypes.[48] Transition to the acquisition, production, and sustainment programs of AMC.[48][49]

Then-Secretary of the Army, Mark Esper emphasized that the 2018 administrative infrastructure for the Futures and Concepts Center (formerly ARCIC) and United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command (CCDC) (formerly RDECOM) remains in place at their existing locations.[50] What has changed or will change is the layers of command (operational control, or OPCON)[51] needed to make a decision.[50]

You've got to remain open to change, you've got to remain flexible, you've [got] to remain accessible. That is the purpose of this command.

— Secretary Esper[50][52]

Cross-Functional Teams (CFTs)

[edit]

Under Secretary McCarthy characterized a Cross-Functional Team (CFT) as a team of teams, led by a requirements leader, program manager, sustainer and tester.[53] Each CFT must strike a balance for itself amid constraints: the realms of requirements, acquisition, science and technology, test, resourcing, costing, and sustainment. A balance is needed in order for a CFT in order to produce a realizable concept before a competitor achieves it.[17]

CFTs[17][54] for materiel and capabilities were first structured in a task force, in order to de-layer the Army Commands. Each CFT addresses a capability gap, which the Army must now match for its future: there can be a Capability Development Integration Directorate (CDID), for each CFT.[Note 1] Initially, the CFTs were placed as needed; eventually they might each co-locate at a Center of Excellence (CoE) listed below. For example, the Aviation CoE at Fort Rucker, in coordination with the Aviation Program Executive Officer (PEO), also contains the Vertical Lift CFT and the Aviation CDID. Modernization reform is the priority for AFC, in order to achieve readiness for the future.

The CFTs will be involved in all three of AFC's elements: Futures and concepts, Combat development, and Combat systems.[55] "We were never above probably a total of eight people" — BG Wally Rugen, Aviation CFT.[56] Four of the eight CFT leads have now shifted from dual-hat jobs to full-time status. Each CFT lead is mentored by a 4-star general.[56]

Although AFC and the CFTs are a top priority of the Department of the Army, as AFC and the CFTs are expected to unify control of the $30 billion-dollar modernization budget,[57][26] "The new command will not tolerate a zero-defects mentality. 'But if you fail, we'd like you to fail early and fail cheap,' because progress and success often builds on failure." —Ryan McCarthy:[58] Holland notes that prototyping applies to the conceptual realm ('harvestable content') as much as prototyping applies to the hardware realm.[45][46]

A 2019 Government Accountability Office (GAO) report[59] cautions that lessons learned from the CFT pilot[17] are yet to be applied; Holland notes that this organizational critique applies to prototyping hardware, a different realm than concept refinement ("scientific research is a fundamentally different activity than technology development").[45][46]

Relevance for modernization

[edit]

The CFTs,[Note 1] as prioritized 1 through 6 by the Chief of Staff of the Army (CSA), each have to consider constraints: a balance of requirements, acquisition, science and technology, test, resourcing, costing, and sustainment.[17][53]

The Doctrine, Organization, Training, Materiel, Leadership and education, Personnel and Facilities (DOTMLPF) method of mission planning was instituted to quantify tradeoffs in joint planning.[51] TRADOC's Mission Command CoE uses DOTMLPF.[60] DOTMLPF will be used for modernization of the Army beyond materiel alone, which (as of 2019) is the current focus of the CFTs.[61][62] The updated modernization strategy, to move from concept to doctrine as well, will be unveiled by summer 2019.[61] DOTMLPF (doctrine, organization, training, materiel, leadership and education, personnel, and facilities) itself is planned as a driver for modernization.[63][61] The plan is to have an MDO-capable Army by 2028, and an MDO-ready Army by 2035.[61][64]

TRADOC, ASA (ALT), and AFC are tied together in this process, according to Vice Chief McConville.[65] AFC will have to be "a little bit disruptive [but not upsetting to the existing order]" in order to institute reforms within budget in a timely way.[66]

The ASA(ALT), or Assistant Secretary of the Army for acquisition, logistics, and technology is currently (2018) Dr. Bruce Jette. The ASA (ALT) is the civilian executive overseeing both the acquisition and the sustainment processes of the Department of the Army. The ASA(ALT) will coordinate the acquisition portion of modernization reform with AFC.[67]: Para. 1c [19]

Congress has given the Army Other Transaction Authority (OTA),[68][Note 2] which allows the PEOs to enter into Full Rate Production quicker by permitting the services to control their own programs of record, rather than DoD.[69] This strips out one layer of bureaucracy as of 2018.[69][70][71] MTA (middle tier acquisition authority) is another tool available to Program Managers and Contracting Officers.[72]

Besides the AFC CFTS, the Army Requirements Oversight Council (AROC)[73][74][75] could also play a part in acquisition reform;[76][77] as of September 2018 the Deputy Chief of Staff G-8 (DCS G-8), who leads AROC and JROC (Joint Requirements Oversight Council) has aligned with the priorities of AFC.[78] The DCS G-8 is principal military advisor to the ASA (FM&C).[79]

In addition, the Program Executive Officers (PEOs) of ASA (ALT) are to maintain a dotted-line relationship[Note 1] (i.e., coordination) with Futures Command.[80][43]

There is now a PEO for Rapid Capabilities, to get rapid turnaround. The Rapid Capabilities Office (RCO)'s PEO gets two program managers, one for rapid prototyping, and one for rapid acquisition, of a capability.[81] The Rapid capabilities office (RCO) does not develop its own requirements; rather, the RCO gets the requirements from the Cross-functional team (CFT).[82] Rapid Capabilities (RCO) was headed by Tanya Skeen as PEO RCO[80] but Skeen moved to DoD, in late 2018.[83] In 2019 RCO became the Rapid Capabilities and Critical Technologies Office (RCCTO)[84] Redstone Arsenal, headed by LTG L. Neil Thurgood,[85] lately of ASA (ALT)'s Army Hypersonics office.[86][87]

Progress toward MDO

[edit]

The CG of Army Futures Command (AFC) is set to announce full operational capability (FOC) 31 July 2019.[88][89]

XM1299[90][91] Extended Range Cannon Artillery (ERCA) a descendant of the Paladin self-propelled howitzer. Picatinny Arsenal In September 2020 an AI kill chain used a hypervelocity munition launched from such a howitzer to intercept a cruise missile surrogate.[92]

The Army G8 is monitoring just how producible (Milestone C) the upcoming materiel will be; for the moment, the G8 is funding the materiel.[31] Follow-up on Modernization reviews is forthcoming, on a regular basis, according to the G8.[93][94][95]

The progress in the top six priorities being:[Note 1][49][32][96][97][37][98]

  1. Long Range Precision Fires (LRPF) is a systematic program to extend the artillery's range.[99] In 2018 tests showed the range was doubled.[100][101]
    • The current Paladin (M109A6) cannon range is doubling (M109A7).[102]: minute 2:30 [103] An operational test of components of Long range cannon (LRC) is scheduled for 2020.[104] LRC is complementary to Extended range cannon artillery (ERCA),[104][99] the XM1299 Extended Range Cannon Artillery howitzer.[90][105][91] Investigations for ERCA in 2025: rocket-boosted artillery shells:[100] Tests of the Multiple launch rocket system (MLRS) XM30 rocket shell have demonstrated a near-doubling of the range of the munition, using the Tail controlled guided multiple launch rocket system, or TC-G.[106] The TRADOC capability manager (TCM) Field Artillery Brigade - DIVARTY has been named a command position.[Note 3]
      • An autoloader for ERCA's 95-pound shells is under development at Picatinny Arsenal,[90] to support a sustained firing rate of 10 rounds a minute from ERCA.[105] A robotic vehicle for carrying the shells is a separate prototyping effort at Futures Command's Army Applications Lab.[90][107]
    • The Precision Strike Missile (PrSM) is slated to replace the Army Tactical Missile System (ATACMS) in 2023.[100] PrSM flight testing is delayed beyond 2 August 2019, the anticipated date for the expiration of the INF Treaty, which set 499 kilometer limits on intermediate-range missiles.[108] (David Sanger and Edward Wong project that the earliest test of a longer range missile could be a ground-launched version of a Tomahawk cruise missile,[109] followed by a test of a mobile ground launched IRBM with a range of 1800–2500 miles before year-end 2019.[109][110]) The 2020 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA)[111] was approved 9 December 2019, which allows the Pentagon to continue testing such missiles in FY2020; Paul McCleary points out that Congress will still need an Analysis of Alternatives (AoA) for the prospective missile acquisitions.[110] The Lockheed PrSM prototype flew its 10 December 2019 first launch at White Sands Missile Range, in a 150-mile test, and an overhead detonation; the Raytheon PrSM prototype is delayed from its planned November launch,[112] and Raytheon has now withdrawn from the PrSM risk reduction phase.[113] The PrSM's range and accuracy, the interfaces to HIMARS launcher, and test software, met expectations.[112][114][115]
    • For targets beyond the PrSM's range, the Army's RCCTO will seek a mid-range missile prototype by 2023, with a reach from 1000 to 2000 miles.[116]
    • The Long range hypersonic weapon (LRHW) will use precision targeting data against anti-access area denial (A2AD) radars and other critical infrastructure of near-peer competitors by 2023.[117][71] LRHW does depend on stable funding.[94][118][119]
      • Advanced Field Artillery Tactical Data System (AFATDS) 7.0 is the vehicle for an Multi-domain task force's artillery battery very similar to a THAAD battery: beginning in 2020, these batteries will train for a hypersonic glide vehicle which is common to the Joint forces.[87] The Long range hypersonic weapon (LRHW)[117] glide vehicle is to be launched from transporter erector launchers.[87][120][118] Tests of the Common hypersonic glide body (C-HGB) to be used by the Army and Navy were meeting expectations in 2020.[121]
      • In August 2020 the director of Assured precision navigation and timing (APNT) CFT announced tests which integrate the entire fires kill chain, from initial detection to final destruction. William B. Nelson announced the flow of satellite data from the European theater (Germany), and AI processing of AFATDS targeting data to the fires units.[122][123]
        • In September 2020 an AI kill chain was formulated in seconds; a hypervelocity (speeds up to Mach 5) munition,[124] launched from a descendant of the Paladin, intercepted a cruise missile surrogate.[92] [125]
      • Three flight tests of LRHW are scheduled in 2021.[126]
  2. Next Generation Combat Vehicle (NGCV) portfolio:[127][128][129][130] [131]
    • At Yuma Proving Ground (YPG), Firestorm (a Project Convergence AI node)[132][133][134] sent targeting coordinates to Remote Weapons Stations, which were proxies for the Robotic Combat Vehicles and Optionally Manned Fighting Vehicles. A CROWS was slewed to the aimpoint, awaiting the human commander's order to fire.[135] Firestorm aids and partakes of the Common operational picture (COP) shared by the AI hub at Joint Base Lewis-McChord.[135][136] Satellite-based, F-35 based, and Army ground-based targeting data were shared in real-time during Firestorm's operation with the AI hubs to produce effects at YPG.[137][138]
    • Firestorm was made possible by a mesh network — improvising an MEO (medium earth orbit at 1200 mile altitude), and then a GEO (geosynchronous earth orbit at 22,000 mile altitude) satellite link between JBLM (Joint Base Lewis-McChord) to YPG (Yuma Proving Ground).[139]
    • Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle (AMPV): in Limited User Tests[128] General purpose variant supports Blue force tracking[49]: p.40 
      • An Advanced Powertrain Demonstrator, compact enough for AMPVs, Bradleys, OMFVs, or RCVs, can generate 1,000 horsepower from diesel.[140] Alternatively, the demonstrator can generate electrical power: 160 kiloWatts for SHORAD high-energy lasers, or for propulsion of a 50-ton vehicle in quiet mode, for brief periods.[140]
    • A ground mobility vehicle competition, bids closing 26 October 2018[141]
      • The JLTV was approved for full rate production in June 2019.[142] Joint Modernization Command (JMC) is supporting a TCM Stryker study on the optimum number of JLTVs for light infantry brigades.[143]
        • AFC's Futures and concepts center is proposing a strategy to guide the electrification of the GCVs, using the JLTV as an example for a step-by-step pathway and transition plan for electrification.[144][145][45][46]
        • The Maneuver CDID (MCDID) is undertaking the requirements development for electrification of Tactical and Combat Vehicles in September 2020;[146] General Wesley had previously announced a plan in April 2020 for the modernization of Tactical and Combat Vehicles using the JLTV electrification plan as a prototype template of the electrification process.[146][45]
    • Mobile Protected Firepower (MPF):[147][148] approved by joint requirements oversight council.[128] Two vendors were selected to build competing prototype light tanks (MPF), with contract award in 2022.[149] A unit of 82nd Airborne Division will begin assessment of prototype MPFs beginning in March 2020.[150]
    • Optionally Manned Fighting Vehicle (OMFV):[96] soliciting input, in requirements definition stage; the 2018 requirement was that 2 OMFVs fit in a C-17.[128][151][45][46] A request for proposal (RFP) for a vehicle prototype was placed 29 March 2019.[96][152] On 16 January 2020 the Optionally Manned Fighting Vehicle solicitation was cancelled, as a middle tier acquisition in its early stage; the requirements and schedule are being revisited.[153] The FY2021 budget request has been adjusted accordingly.[154][155]
      • An Army development team will not be an OMFV competitor as of 17 September 2020.[156]
    • Robotic Combat Vehicles (RCVs):[157][96] General Murray envisions that by FY2023 critical decisions will be made on RCVs after years of experimentation.[158][159]
    • Next Generation main battle tank:[160] § Futures
  3. Future Vertical Lift (FVL)[45][12][161]
    • The FVL CFT has secured approval for the requirements in all four of its Lines of Effort:[162][163]
      1. Future Vertical Lift will use the DoD modular open systems approach (MOSA),[12][164] an integrated business and technical strategy in FARA,[165][166][167][168][169] and in FLRAA:[170][171][172] Both FLRAA and FARA are to enter service by Fiscal Year 2030.[173]
      2. Joint Multi-Role Technology Demonstrator (JMR-TD): prototypes by two teams to replace UH-60 with Future Long-Range Assault Aircraft (FLRAA).[174] The tilt-rotor FLRAA demonstrator by Bell is flying unmanned (October 2019); it logged 100 hours of flight testing by April 2019.[175] Both Bell and Sikorsky-Boeing received contract awards to compete in a risk reduction effort (CDRRE) for FLRAA in March 2020.[176][175][177] The risk reduction effort will be a 2-phase, 2-year competition. The competition will transition technologies (powertrain, drivetrain and control laws) from the previous demonstrators (JMR-TDs) of 2018–2019 to requirements, conceptual designs, and acquisition approach for the weapon system.[176][178] The Aviation PEO would then be able to present an acquisition strategy to the Acquisition Executive (potentially a full and open competition for FLRAA in a future Fiscal Year).[176][179][180]
      3. The Future Attack Reconnaissance Aircraft (FARA) is smaller than FLRAA. The Army issued requests for proposals (RFPs) for FARA.[181] RFPs were due in December 2018;[182][183][166][184] in April 2019, the Army awarded 5 Other transaction authority (OTA) contracts[185] to vendors with a Milestone C in 2028.[186][187] Each agreement spans the entire acquisition process, from design, to prototype, to flight test, to low-volume production, to fielding, to full-rate production (Milestone C);[186][188] but each agreement is subject to cancellation, if need be. Competing FARA demonstrators will also be built by Bell, and by Sikorsky, in three year efforts beginning in 2020.[189][190]
      4. Future tactical unmanned aircraft systems (FTUAS): drones which do not require runways.[191][192][193][194]
    • Under Secretary McCarthy notes that Soldier feedback remains an item for discussion in the Future Vertical Lift CFT.[195][41] UH-60s are serving as surrogate FARAs for experiments designed to pierce the enemy's anti-access/area denial (A2AD) environment, and bring a mesh network forward.[163]
  4. Mobile, Expeditionary Network: In Fiscal Year 2019, the network CFT will leverage Network Integration Evaluation 18.2[196] for experiments with brigade level scalability.[197] Integrated Tactical Network (ITN) "is not a new or separate network but rather a concept"—PEO C3T.[198] Avoid overspecifying the requirements for Integrated Tactical Network[49][198][199][200][201][202][203] Information Systems Initial Capabilities Document. Instead, meet operational needs,[204][197][205] such as interoperability with other networks,[206][207]: minute 26:40 [203] and release ITN capabilities incrementally.[208][49][198]
    • Up through 2028, every two years the Army will insert new capability sets for ITN (Capability sets '21, '23, '25, etc.).[209][49][198] and take feedback from Soldier-led experiment & evaluation.[210][211][212][13][213]
    • Firestorm was made possible by a mesh network — improvising an MEO, and then a GEO satellite link between JBLM to YPG.[139] There are plans to have a Project Convergence 2021.[214]
    • Five Rapid Innovation Fund (RIF) awards have been granted to five vendors via the Network CFT and PEO C3T's request for white papers. That request, for a roll-on/roll-off kit that integrates all functions of mission command on the Army Network, was posted at the National Spectrum Consortium and FedBizOpps, and yielded awards within eight months.[215][Note 2] Two more awards are forthcoming.
    • The Rapid Capabilities Office (RCO)'s Emerging Technologies Office structured a competition to find superior AI/Machine Learning algorithms for electronic warfare, from a field of 150 contestants, over a three-month period.[216][Note 2]
    • The Multi-Domain Operations Task Force (MDO TF) is standing up an experimental Electronic Warfare Platoon to prototype an estimated 1000 EW soldiers needed for the 31 BCTs of the active Army.[217][218]
    • An Army leader dashboard from PEO Enterprise Information Systems is underway.[219][220] The dashboard has been renamed Vantage.[221] Cloud-service-provider agnostic abstraction layers are in use, which allows merging the staff work in G-3/5/7 for cyber/EW (electronic warfare), mission command, and space.[222] The "seamless, real-time flow of data" across multiple domains (land, sea, air, space, and cyberspace) is an objective for G-6, as well as the sensor-to-shooter work at Futures command.[223][222][224]
    • Fort Irwin, Fort Hood, Joint Base San Antonio, and Joint Base Lewis McChord have 5G experiments on wireless connectivity between forward operating bases and tactical operations centers, as well as nonaircraft Augmented reality support of maintenance and training.[225]
  5. Air, Missile Defense (AMD):[226][227][228][14]
    Schematic 6-layer Air Defense dome, one of multiple arrays linked by Integrated Air and Missile Defense Battle Command System(IBCS)
    • Integrated Air and Missile Defense Battle Command System (IBCS)[49]: p.42  second limited user test is scheduled to take place in the fourth quarter of FY20.[228][229] On 1 May 2019 an Engagement Operations Center (EOC) for the Integrated Air and Missile Defense (IAMD) Battle Command System (IBCS) was delivered to the Army, at Huntsville, Alabama.[230] IAMD[231][232] is intended to integrate the following:
      • Lower tier air and missile defense sensor (LTAMDS)[228] —PEO RCO is accelerating LTAMDS experimentation by downselecting to two competitors with award by 2023[233][Note 2][234] The fielding aim for LTDAMDS is 2022.[235]
        • LTAMDS uses gallium nitride (GaN) RF elements. It replaces the Patriot radar,[236] fits on a C-17, and feeds data to IBCS.[234][235]
      • Indirect fire protection capability (IFPC) Multi-mission launcher (MML)[237][228][238][239][240]
      • Maneuver short-range air defense (MSHORAD)[228][241] with laser cannon prototypes in 2020,[242]
        High Energy Laser Tactical Vehicle Demonstrator (HEL-TVD) 2019
        fielding 50 kW lasers on Strykers[243][117] in 2021 and 2022 to two battalions per year.[244][245] [246]
      • F-35,[247] Aegis, Patriot, LTAMDS, and THAAD radars will interoperate.[236] [248] On 30 August 2019 at Reagan Test Site on Kwajalein atoll, THAAD Battery E-62 successfully intercepted a medium range ballistic missile (MRBM), using a radar which was well-separated from the interceptors;[249][250] the next step tested Patriot missiles as interceptors[231] while using THAAD radars as sensors;[249] a THAAD radar has a longer detection range than a Patriot radar.[249] THAAD Battery E-62 engaged the MRBM without knowledge of just when the medium range ballistic missile had launched.[249][250]
        • In July 2020 a Limited user test (LUT) of IBCS was initiated at WSMR; the test will run into mid-September.[251] The LUT was originally scheduled for May but was delayed to handle the COVID-19 safety protocols.[229] The first of several LUTs of IBCS, by an ADA battalion was successfully run in August 2020.[252] IBCS successfully integrated data from two sensors (Sentinel and Patriot radars), and shot down two drones (cruise missile surrogates) with two Patriot missiles in the presence of jamming;[252] In the week after, by 20 August 2020 two more disparate threats (cruise missile and ballistic missile) were launched and intercepted;[253][254] the ADA battalion then ran hundreds of drills denoting hundreds of threats for the remainder of the IBCS tests (the increased effort occupied the entire unit);[255] the real-world data serve as a sanity check for Monte Carlo simulations of an array of physical scenarios amounting to hundreds of thousands of cases.[256][257] IBCS created a "single uninterrupted composite track of each threat" and handed off each threat for separate disposition by the air and missile defense's integrated fire control network (IFCN).[258] The same battalion running the LUT, for both IBCS, and LTAMDS radar, is scheduled to run the Initial Operational Test & Evaluation (IOTE) in 2021,[251][259] and running well into 2022.[257]
    • Although on 21 August 2019 the Missile defense agency (MDA) cancelled the $5.8 billion contract for the Redesigned kill vehicle (RKV),[260][261][262][248] the Army's 100th Missile Defense Brigade will continue to use the Exo-Atmospheric Kill Vehicle (EKV). The current Ground-based Midcourse Defense (GMD) programs continue per plan, with 64 ground-based interceptors (GBIs) in the missile fields for 2019. C2BMC (Command and Control Battle Management and Communications), was developed by the Missile defense agency (as a development organization) and is integrated with GMD, as demonstrated by FTG-11 on 25 March 2019.[263]: 15:00 
      • The TRADOC capability manager (TCM) for Strategic Missile Defense (SMD) has accepted the charter for DOTMLPF for the Space and Missile Defense Command (SMDC/ARSTRAT).[264][64]
    • U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command/Army Forces Strategic Command's High Energy Laser Tactical Vehicle Demonstrator (HEL TVD) laser system, a 100 kilowatt laser demonstrator for use on the Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles, was awarded 15 May 2019.[265][85]> A 300 kilowatt laser demonstrator (HEL-IFPC) effort supersedes the HEL TVD (after the critical design review).[266][242][267] System test at White Sands Missile Range in 2023.[265][238][239][240]
  6. Soldier Lethality:[16][200][15][268][269]
    • Next-generation squad weapon: Expect 100,000 to be fielded to the Close Combat Force:[15] Infantry, Armor, Cavalry, Special Forces, and Combat engineers. Tests at Fort Benning in 2019. —Chief of Staff Milley[270]
    • Nine thousand systems, with two drones apiece are being purchased over a three-year period for the 9-man infantry squads heading to Afghanistan.[271]
    • Enhanced night vision goggles (ENVG)-B, will be fielded to an Armor brigade combat team (ABCT) going to South Korea in October 2019[272][273][15]
    • Synthetic training environment (STE)—a CFT devoted to an augmented reality system[274][275] to aid planning, using mapping techniques, even at squad level[276][277] will begin fielding by 2021.[278][279][280] In October 2019 the Synthetic Training Environment (STE) prototype is being used by Special Operations for planning actual missions.[281][282]

Enterprise campaign planning

[edit]

In 2019 DoD planners are exercising DOTMLPF in planning, per the National Defense Strategy (NDS),[283] in the shift from counterinsurgency (COIN) to competition with near-peer powers.[283] The evaluations from planners' scenarios will be determining materiel and organization by late 2020.[283][64][284][285]

Futures Command is formulating multiyear Enterprise campaign plans, in 2019.[286][287] The planning process includes Army Test and Evaluation Command (ATEC), AFC's cross-functional teams (CFTs), Futures and Concepts (FCC), Combat Capabilities Development Command (CCDC), and Army Reserve's Houston-based 75th Innovation Command. At this stage, one goal is to formulate the plans in simple, coherent language which nests within the national security strategic documents.[286][288]

  1. ^ a b c Futures Command reveals new insignia as it 'forges' ahead; by Sean Kimmons, Army News Service; dated 6 December 2018, last accessed 3 February 2019
  2. ^ Thomas H. Todd, III (July 2020) Deputy Commanding General for Acquisition and Systems Management
  3. ^ a b c Army Futures Command: Meet Our Leadership
  4. ^ Army Futures Command Task Force (Wednesday, 28 March 2018) Army Futures Command
  5. ^ Vergun, David A. (13 July 2018). "Austin to be U.S. Army Futures Command location, says Army". Army.mil. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
  6. ^ Army Directive 2017-33 (Enabling the Army Modernization Task Force) (7 November 2017) References Decker-Wagner 2011
  7. ^ Vergun, David A. (7 December 2017). "US Army Futures Command to reform modernization, says secretary of the Army". Army.mil. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
  8. ^ Roper and Grassetti (1 October 2018) Seizing the High Ground – United States Army Futures Command
  9. ^ Capt. Steve Draheim and Maj. Paul Santamaria (22 June 2018) Long-range, short term
  10. ^ Ed Lopez (21 June 2018) Picatinny Arsenal, PEO (AMMO) Army modernization advances with early team collaboration
  11. ^ John Liang (27 August 2018) Inside the Army highlights
  12. ^ a b c New Army aircraft will be durable, lethal, unmanned for modern conflicts
  13. ^ a b Maj. Gen. Cedric T. Wins, U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command (22 July 2019) CCDC's road map to modernizing the Army: the network 4th in a series
  14. ^ a b MG Cedric T. Wins (09.10.2019) CCDC’S road map to modernizing the Army: air and missile defense DVIDS release
  15. ^ a b c d Bridgett Siter, Communications Director, Soldier Lethality CFT (10 September 2019) Soldier Lethality team delivers first big win for AFC Enhanced night vision goggle - binocular (ENVG-B) significantly aids marksmanship by the Close Combat Force
  16. ^ a b Maj. Gen. John A. George, U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command (2 January 2020) CCDC's Road Map to Modernizing the Army: Soldier lethality
  17. ^ a b c d e (6 Oct 2017) Army Directive 2017-24 (Cross-Functional Team Pilot In Support of Materiel Development)
  18. ^ Phillip B. Fountain, U.S. Army Futures Command (8 October 2019) Army Futures Command to highlight modernization efforts at 2019 AUSA
  19. ^ a b Matthew Cox (14 Sep 2018) Head of Army Futures Command Fields Tough Questions From Congress
  20. ^ Michael A. Grinston, James C. McConville, and Ryan McCarthy (October 2019) 2019 Army Modernization Strategy as cited by Sydney Freedberg, Jr. (16 October 2019) Army Launches 16-Year Plan To Tackle Russia, China Summary
  21. ^ Source: Organization, United States Army. For detail, see AR10-87
  22. ^ Army Commands, Army Service Component Commands, and Direct Reporting Units ARN2541_AR10-87_WEB_Final.pdf section 20-2a, p.27
  23. ^ Gen. David G. Perkins, U.S. Army (Nov-Dec 2017) Multi-Domain Battle: The Advent of Twenty-First Century War
  24. ^ Sébastien Roblin (11 Oct. 2019) China's stealth drones and hypersonic missiles surpass — and threaten — the U.S.
  25. ^ Scott Maucione (19 July 2019) Army Futures Command fully operational, dinged by GAO on announcement
  26. ^ a b Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (10 July 2019) Embracing a new culture at Army Futures Command
  27. ^ DVIDs video, 24 August 2018 press conference
  28. ^ a b Army Devon L. Suits, Army News Service (26 February 2019) FY20 budget proposal realigns $30 billion
  29. ^ Sydney J Freedberg Jr (29 May 2019) Army Big 6 Gets $10B More Over 2021-2025
  30. ^ Michael A. Grinston, James C. McConville, and Ryan McCarthy(2019) 2019 Army Modernization Strategy revision 7, CFTs' 31 signature efforts
  31. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (19 September 2019) Can Army Control Costs Of Its New Weapons? Currently the Army has 692 programs of record
  32. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (14 March 2019) Army ‘Big Six’ Ramp Up in 2021: Learning From FCS
  33. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (11 January 2019) 12 Moments Of Truth For Army Modernization In 2019
  34. ^ TRADOC Pamphlet 525-3-1 (6 December 2018) The U.S. Army in Multi-Domain Operations 2028 The MDO Concept "describes how US Army forces, as part of the Joint Force, will militarily compete, penetrate, dis-integrate, and exploit our adversaries in the future."
  35. ^ APG News (13 June 2018) News Briefs: The U.S. Army Modernization Strategy
  36. ^ CRS Insight (IN11019) (17 January 2019) The U.S. Army and Multi-Domain Operations
  37. ^ a b Yasmin Tadjdeh (10/10/2018) Army to Focus on Defeating Enemies’ Standoff Capabilities Summary of standoff
  38. ^ Sydney Freedberg, Jr. (14 January 2020) Army Chief Seeks ‘Minimally Manned’ Vehicles, Joint C2 LRPF, ITN, IBCS, FARA, FLRAA, and "We need a joint command and control system" —Army Chief of Staff James C. McConville
  39. ^ Sean Kimmons (October 9, 2018) After hitting milestones, Futures Command looks ahead to more
  40. ^ AUSA 2018 CMF #1: Army Futures Command Unifies Force Modernization DVIDS video of panelists Gen. Murray, Sec. McCarthy, Dr. Jette, and Trae Stephens
  41. ^ a b US Army (2020) AMERICA’S ARMY: READY NOW,INVESTING IN THE FUTURE FY19-21 accomplishments and investment plan
  42. ^ Andrew Smith (9 Apr 2020) Convergence within SOCOM – A Bottom-Up Approach to Multi Domain Operations
  43. ^ a b c Sydney Freedberg, Jr. (26 March 2018) Army Outlines Futures Command; Org Chart In Flux
  44. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (25 October 2017) Can The Pentagon Protect Young Innovators? Fixing the 'up or out' culture, which favors generalists
  45. ^ a b c d e f g h Lt. Col. Thomas "Bull" Holland, PhD, U.S. Army (15 January 2019) Proposed Army Futures Command Process Tenets
    1. 'Scientific research is a fundamentally different activity than technology development';
    2. Incorporate 'scientific research into "Appendix C: Functional Concepts" and specify pathways for technology development';
    3. Buy into the 'fail fast' mentality;
    4. '6.3-funded projects to produce knowledge (technical data) that can be consumed by requirements developers as opposed to PMs';
    5. Use 'evidence-based requirements process' (early hypothesis testing) with citations for evidence:
      • All projects will be executed in no less than two increments.
      • No new requirements once an increment is started.
    6. Summary: 'advances on the battlefield requires comprehensive, coordinated changes in the entire acquisition system';
  46. ^ a b c d e f The RAND Corporation (2000) Discovery and Innovation: Federal Research and Development in the Fifty States, District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico RAND MR1194 Appendix B: Government-Wide and DOD Definitions of R&D See Appendix B p.615 for DOD Financial Management Regulation (Volume 2B, Chapter 5)
  47. ^ Neil Hollenbeck and Benjamin Jensen (6 December 2017) Why the Army needs a Futures Command Enable a culture of experimentation, and develop concepts and technology together.
  48. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (13 Sep 2018) Futures Command Won’t Hurt Oversight, Army Tells Congress
  49. ^ a b c d e f g ASA(ALT) Weapon Systems Handbook 2018 update Page 32 lists how this handbook is organized. 440 pages.
    • By Modernization priority
    • By Acquisition or Business System category (ACAT or BSC). The Weapon systems in each ACAT are sorted alphabetically by Weapon system name. Each weapon system might also be in several variants (Lettered); a weapon system's variants might be severally and simultaneously in the following phases of its Life Cycle, namely — °Materiel Solution Analysis; °Technology Maturation & Risk Reduction; °Engineering & Manufacturing Development; °Production & Deployment; °Operations & Support
    • ACAT I, II, III, IV are defined on page 404
  50. ^ a b c Sydney Freedberg (7 May 2018) Permanent Evolution: SecArmy Esper On Futures Command
  51. ^ a b JP-1 p.xxi has the definition of operational control (OPCON). Note that "command authority may not be delegated" (COCOM being command authority). p.xxii has the definition of administrative control (ADCON): one application being coordinating authority.
  52. ^ Army R&D Chief: ‘I Don’t Think We Went Far Enough’ – But Futures Command Can
  53. ^ a b Scott Maucione (14 Sep 2018) Army leaders ask for trust in lieu of metrics for Futures Command
  54. ^ David Vergun, Army News Service (13 October 2017) Cross-functional teams to spearhead modernization, says McCarthy: allocated money in Program Objective Memorandum (POM) to protect resources.
  55. ^ Arpi Dilanian and Matthew Howard (31 August 2018) Modernizing at the speed of relevance: An interview with Under Secretary of the Army Ryan McCarthy
  56. ^ a b Sydney Freedberg, Jr. (14 August 2018) Inside Army Futures Command: CFT Chiefs Take Charge
  57. ^ Sydney Freedberg (29 August 2018) Army Futures Command: $100M, 500 Staff, & Access To Top Leaders
  58. ^ (22 April 2018) New Army Futures Command success hinges on relationship building
  59. ^ GAO report: GAO-19-132 (23 Jan 2019) ARMY MODERNIZATION: Steps Needed to Ensure Army Futures Command Fully Applies Leading Practices
  60. ^ Mission Command Center of Excellence (MCCoE)
  61. ^ a b c d Connie Lee (3/26/2019) NEWS FROM AUSA GLOBAL: Army Fleshing Out Updated Modernization Strategy
  62. ^ Headquarters, Dept of the Army (July 2019) ADP 6-0 Mission Command: Command and Control of Army Forces 4 chapters. See also ADP 3-0; ADP 6-22; FM 6-22; ADP 1-1; and ADP 5-0
  63. ^ Arpi Dilanian and Matthew Howard (1 April 2019) The number one priority: An interview with Gen. Mark Milley: Readiness (both current and future)
  64. ^ a b c Arpi Dilanian and Matthew Howard (31 August 2018) An interview with retired Gen. David McKiernan
  65. ^ Lauren C. Williams (21 Aug 2018) PEO structure survives Army Futures reorg, for now
  66. ^ Sydney Freeberg (6 September 2018) ‘A Little Bit Disruptive’: Murray & McCarthy On Army Futures Command
  67. ^ Secretary of the Army, Mark T. Esper, ESTABLISHMENT OF UNITED STATES ARMY FUTURES COMMAND Army General order G.O.2018-10
  68. ^ AcqNotes (17 Jan 2017) Other Transaction Authority (OTA) Guide – 17 Jan 2017
  69. ^ a b Ms. Audra Calloway (Picatinny) (19 September 2018) With new Army Futures Command, senior acquisition leader discusses role of Program Executive Offices
  70. ^ Paul McCleary (31 December 2018) Amidst Turmoil, Pentagon Persists On Acquisition Reform: Ellen Lord
  71. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (30 August 2019) Hypersonics: Army Awards $699M To Build First Missiles For A Combat Unit prototypes— Dynetics: Common hypersonic glide body (C-HGB); Lockheed: Long range hypersonic weapon (LRHW)
  72. ^ Mr. Kinsey Kiriakos (ASA (ALT)) (20 November 2019) Army Acquisition Leaders Must "Speak Truth To Power" MTA and OTA
  73. ^ Jen Judson (10 Oct 2018) Army in final stages of hashing out Stryker lethality requirements at an AROC council in January 2019
  74. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (14 December 2018) Army Bradley Brigade Will Get Israeli Anti-Missile System: Iron Fist
  75. ^ Lt. Gen. John M. Murray, deputy chief of staff, G-8 (8 September 2016) Modernization vital to joint force success
  76. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (27 August 2018) Can Army Futures Command Overcome Decades Of Dysfunction?
  77. ^ HQ Dept of the Army (22 July 2011) Army Acquisition Policy Army Regulation 70–1
  78. ^ Devon L. Suits (19 September 2018) New G-8 embraces streamlining tech acquisition
  79. ^ Army Directive 2018-15 (U.S. Army Futures Command Relationship With the Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army (Acquisition, Logistics and Technology) and DCS G-8, 27 August 2018
  80. ^ a b Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army (Acquisition, Logistics and Technology) ASA(ALT)Org Chart as of May 2020 see also February 2020, and 11/5/19, as well as Org Chart as of 11/26/18
  81. ^ Jen Judson (26 March 2018) The next Army program executive office will be the Rapid Capabilities Office
  82. ^ Jen Judson (7 Oct 2018) Army Rapid Capabilities Office realigned to focus on top modernization priorities
  83. ^ RCCTO (2019) About Us
  84. ^ RCCTO (2019) Army Rapid Capabilities and Critical Technologies Office
  85. ^ a b Colin Clark (24 May 2019) Army Moves Out On Lasers, Hypersonics: Lt. Gen. Thurgood
  86. ^ Jen Judson (13 March 2019) Army Rapid Capabilities Office is getting a new name and mission
  87. ^ a b c Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (31 May 2019) Joint hypersonic weapon tests to start next year
  88. ^ Jon Harper (7/17/2019) BREAKING: Army Futures Command to Reach Full Operational Capability by End of Month
  89. ^ Matt Beinart (21 July 2019) U.S. Army Futures Command To Announce It’s Fully Operational
  90. ^ a b c d Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (6 March 2020) New Army Cannon Doubles Range; Ramjet Ammo May Be Next BAE delivers 18 ERCA howitzers by 2023
  91. ^ a b US Army (27 May 2020) Excalibur Round Precision Hit From 65 kilometers at U.S. Army Yuma Proving Ground Both the Excalibur precision guided munition and the XM1113 rocket-assisted high explosive projectile were fired from an XM1299 howitzer in March 2020
  92. ^ a b c d Theresa Hitchens (3 Sep 2020) ABMS Demo Proves AI Chops For C2
  93. ^ Joe Lacdan (19 September 2019) G-8: Army operations in the Pacific crucial to future battlefield success Follow-up on Modernization Reviews is forthcoming, on a regular basis.
  94. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (20 September 2019) Congress’ Budget Gridlock Threatens Army Hypersonics G8 is posing a heuristic to get beyond delay in NDAA (national defense authorization act) for 2020 (get Army funding by calendar year-end)
  95. ^ Follow-up FY2021 Budget Request: Thomas Brading, Army News Service (5 March 2020) Hypersonic tests, modernization top Army budget request for funding of the top 6 modernization priorities; progress on the spend plan for tests of the prototypes vs actual spending
  96. ^ a b c d Gary Sheftick, Army News Service (3 April 2019) Army 'Shark Tank' enabling quick prototyping of new systems
  97. ^ Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (18 July 2019) Futures Command showcases efforts ahead of upcoming FOC
  98. ^ Kerensa Crum, CCDC Aviation & Missile Center Public Affairs (14 August 2019) Leader updates Army’s modernization priorities Standoff
  99. ^ a b Defense updates (14 Dec 2018) EXTENDED RANGE CANNON ARTILLERY OF U S ARMY- FULL ANALYSIS 5:00 clip. XM1113 shell and XM657 propellant on XM907
  100. ^ a b c Maj. Gen. Cedric T. Wins, CG RDECOM (25 September 2018) RDECOM's road map to modernizing the Army: Long-range precision fires
  101. ^ Daniel Cebul (8 October 2018) Army looks to a future of integrated fire LRPF in an Integrated Network of fires, targeting hubs, and sensors: artillery & MSHORAD, IBCS, Patriot, and THAAD radars
  102. ^ M109A7 has 30-foot barrel and double the range
  103. ^ David Vergun, Army News Service (13 September 2018) Cross-functional teams already producing results, says Futures Command general, House Armed Services Sub-committee hearing, 13 September 2018
  104. ^ a b Nancy Jones-Bonbrest, Army Rapid Capabilities Office (20 September 2018) Army doubles cannon range in prototype demo
  105. ^ a b Todd South (11 Mar 2020) The Army is ‘making artillery great again’ Landed within 1 meter from over 65 kilometers range. Press conference.
  106. ^ Devon L. Suits, Army News Service (8 May 2019) Army demonstrates extended ranges for precision munitions
  107. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (27 January 2020) Artillery Seeks Robot Ammo Haulers Field Artillery Autonomous Resupply
  108. ^ Paul McLeary (19 July 2019) Army Readies Long-Range Missile Tests — Post INF
  109. ^ a b David Sanger and Edward Wong The New York Times (2 August 2019) US ends cold war missile treaty, to counter arms buildup by China. p.A7
  110. ^ a b Paul McCleary (12 Dec 2019) US Busts INF Wall With Ballistic Missile, Puts Putin & Xi On Notice
  111. ^ NATIONAL DEFENSE AUTHORIZATION ACT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2020 Senate report 116-48
  112. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (10 December 2019) Direct Hit: Army Test-Fires Lockheed Precision Strike Missile EXCLUSIVE
  113. ^ Jen Judson (25 Mar 2020) Raytheon exits precision strike missile competition by mutual decision of Raytheon's DeepStrike and the LRPF CFT
  114. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (19 Mar 2020) PRSM: Lockheed Long-Range Missile Passes Short-Range Stress Test 3 layers of LRPF are scheduled to enter service in limited numbers in 2023; also explains its relationship to Future vertical lift (FVL) and Mobile & expeditionary network
  115. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (30 Apr 2020) Army: Lockheed PrSM Missile Aces Third Flight Test
    • 2023 goal is to deliver 30 PrSMs with 500 km range
    • 2025 goal is to use multi-mode seekers against moving targets
    • Use open architecture to allow multiple vendors to offer upgrades
    • Provide extended range (beyond 650-700 km) within the existing HIMARS MLRS form factor
  116. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (08 September 2020) Army Seeks New Mid-Range Missile Prototype By 2023
  117. ^ a b c Ryan Pickrell (5 June 2019) The US Army says it will have hypersonic missiles and laser weapons ready for combat in less than 4 years LRHW announcement
  118. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (28 Feb 2020) Army Ramps Up Funding For Laser Shield, Hypersonic Sword In FY2021 HELs funding is up 209 percent; LRHW funding is up 86 percent. RCCTO spending is $1 billion in 2021.
  119. ^ Corey Dickstein (3 March 2020) Army to fire two hypersonic test shots this year, McCarthy says
  120. ^ Nancy Jones-Bonbrest, Army Rapid Capabilities and Critical Technologies Office (RCCTO) (12 February 2020) Virtual Reality helps Soldiers shape Army hypersonic weapon prototype LRHW
  121. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (20 Mar 2020) Hypersonics: Army, Navy Test Common Glide Body "The U.S. Navy and U.S. Army jointly executed the launch of a common hypersonic glide body (C-HGB), which flew at hypersonic speed to a designated impact point"
  122. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (5 August 2020) Army Tests New All Domain Kill Chain: From Space To AI
    1. Initially, satellites feed data to TITAN.
    2. Prometheus, which is AI software, combs through the data for potential threats and targets.
    3. SHOT, which is also software, tracks each target on a custody list, correlating each target's current location, signature, and threat assessment, with a list of candidate fires countermeasures, ranked by capability, range to the target, kill radius, etc. "SHOT then computes the optimal match of weapons to targets", and passes the list to AFATDS.
    4. Human commanders choose whether to fire, or not, from the list of fires assets (Nelson notes that ERCA and Grey Eagle drones are to be added to the list of fires assets— currently M777 howitzers and MLRS 270 rocket launchers in the upcoming tests, August 2020).
    5. satellites perform Battle damage assessment, to update the list of threats and targets.
  123. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (14 August 2020) Can Army Intel Data Feed The Kill Chain? Quickly pooling data will take AI and cloud—"Project Convergence"
  124. ^ / Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (26 January 2018) $86,000 + 5,600 MPH = Hyper Velocity Missile Defense
  125. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (10 September 2020) Target Gone In 20 Seconds: Army Sensor-Shooter Test
  126. ^ Matthew Cox (5 Aug 2020) Army to Speed Up Testing of Planned Hypersonic Missile
  127. ^ GVSC Public Affairs (7 October 2019) Virtual experiments helping shape Next-Generation Combat Vehicle
  128. ^ a b c d Bob Purtiman, NGCV Cross-Functional Team (17 September 2018) Preparing for future battlefields: The Next Generation Combat Vehicle
  129. ^ (11 Oct 2017) US Army's Bassett on Trophy Active Protection Decision, AMPV, Future Vehicle Tech
  130. ^ Marty Beckerman (17 October 2018) A serious participation Trophy
  131. ^ Defense & Aerospace Report (12 Oct 2016) US Army Ground Combat Systems Chief on Armored Vehicle Programs
  132. ^ Spc. Carlos Cuebas Fantauzzi, 22nd Mobile Public Affairs Detachment (11 September 2020) Next Generation Combat Vehicle Cross-Functional Team converges efforts during Project Convergence 20 Shortened time developing Common operating picture to 30 seconds
  133. ^ Sgt. 1st Class Will Reinier (10 September 2020) Campaign of learning: U.S. Army, AFC introduce Project Convergence
  134. ^ Army Futures Command (Monday, 14 September 2020) Project Convergence
  135. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (16 September 2020) A Slew To A Kill: Project Convergence
  136. ^ Matthew Cox (20 Sep 2020) Army’s New Target Tracking System Aims to Quicken Artillery Kills "artificial intelligence to improve human decision-making; autonomy; and robotics"
  137. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (24 September 2020) Marine F-35s Share Targeting Data With Army: Project Convergence
  138. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (23 September 2020) Pushing Data ‘From Space To Mud’: Project Convergence
  139. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (21 Sep 2020) ‘Improvised Mode’: The Army Network Evolves In Project Convergence used a mesh network —50th Expeditionary Signal Battalion – Enhanced (ESB-E) was able to improvise a MEO satellite link in June 2020, to complete the link from JBLM to YPG
  140. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (12 Dec 2019) Army Revs Up High-Tech Tank Engine
  141. ^ Jen Judson (9 October 2018) US Army triggers start of possible ground mobility vehicle competition after long delay
  142. ^ Program Executive Office for Combat Support & Combat Service Support (21 June 2019) Army approves JLTV Full-Rate Production
  143. ^ Jonathan Koester, Joint Modernization Command (10 September 2019) Newest Army vehicle arrives on Fort Bliss
  144. ^ Matthew Cox (22 April 2020) Army Officials Working on Proposal That Could Lead to Electric JLTVs
  145. ^ Jen Judson (17 Mar 2020) US Army ventures down path to electrify the brigade
  146. ^ a b Matthew Cox (22 Sep 2020) Army Takes First Step Toward Equipping Tactical, Combat Vehicles with Electric Engines
  147. ^ Jen Judson (10 Oct 2018) Decision coming soon on who will build prototypes for a new Army light tank
  148. ^ Youtube: MPF
  149. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (17 December 2018) Army Picks BAE, GD For MPF Light Tank Prototypes: Upstart SAIC Is Out
  150. ^ Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (27 June 2019) 82nd Airborne infantry Soldiers to test light tank next year
  151. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (7 February 2020) Army Reboots OMFV, 2026 Deadline Dropped OMFV project starts over again; drops requirement that 2 fit on a C-17 as premature, does not insist on 2026 deadline; approach is less top-down
  152. ^ Andrew Feickert, CRS Report for Congress, R45519 (10/10/2019) Army's Optionally Manned Fighting Vehicle (OMFV) Program: Background and Issues for Congress --Updated 10 October 2019 abstract. Details in pdf
  153. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (21 January 2020) Army ‘Fully Committed To Replacing The Bradley’: Gen. McConville Bradley fighting vehicle replacement is still a project
  154. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (10 February 2020) Army Boosts Big Six 26%, But Trims Bradley Replacement FY2021 budget request
  155. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (10 April 2020) Army Revamps OMFV Bradley Replacement For Russian Front OMFV digital designs by 2023, prototypes by 2025, operational by 2028
  156. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (18 Sep 2020) OMFV: Army Team Won’t Compete For Bradley Replacement
  157. ^ Army ALT Magazine, Commentary (20 March 2019) Driving the Future
  158. ^ Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (25 June 2019) Robotic combat vehicles could change way Army looks, fights
  159. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (20 November 2019) The Army’s Got A Universal Robot Driver
  160. ^ David Vergun, Army News Service (9 October 2018) Next Generation Combat Vehicles to replace Bradley starting fiscal year 2026
  161. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (April 2019) Army Aviation Modernization $57 billion to modernization 2019-2024. $4.7 billion to Aviation 2019-2024
  162. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (25 February 2020) Future Vertical Lift: Army’s Aerial Vanguard LRPF will be the prime customer for the AI targeting data provided via FVL. The Joint force is also a consumer of this data, provided by FVL's manned or unmanned missions.
  163. ^ a b Sean Kimmons, Army News Service (11 June 2020) Future Vertical Lift pushes forward with new requirements
  164. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (13 March 2020) MOSA: The Invisible, Digital Backbone Of FVL Modular Open System Architecture
  165. ^ DoD Modular Open Systems Architecture (MOSA)
  166. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (3 October 2018) Army Wants Revolutionary Scout Aircraft For $30 Million, Same As Apache E FARA Solicitation
  167. ^ Eric Adams (5 July 2019) The Pirouetting S-97 Raider Makes Your Helicopter Look Lazy
  168. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. and Richard Whittle (23 October 2019) Tilting Wings, Tilting Tailprop, But Not A Tiltrotor: Karem’s FARA Design
  169. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. and Richard Whittle (23 October 2019) Bell 360: Will Slower & Steadier Win The Race For FARA?
  170. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (28 March 2019) FVL: Next Steps For UH-60 & Shadow Replacements In ‘Weeks’
  171. ^ Sean Kimmons (24 October 2018) Future Vertical Lift projects to build on recent progress FVL Deliverables— 1: Joint Multi-Role Technology Demonstration (JMR). 2: Analysis of alternatives (AoA). Phase II award— 2020-2023
  172. ^ Jen Judson (4 April 2019) US Army plans to field a future long-range assault helicopter by 2030 FLRAA
    • RFI posted on the Federal Business Opportunities, 4 April
    • Contract award: fourth quarter of FY21
    • preliminary design review (PDR) second quarter of FY23
    • first flight in the third quarter of FY24
    • critical design review (CDR) in the fourth quarter of FY24
    • fielding to first unit in second quarter of FY30
  173. ^ Steve Trimble (24 July 2020) U.S. Army Upgrades Vision For Future Vertical Lift Programs
  174. ^ FLRAA, JMR-TD: Flight test
  175. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (15 October 2019) 4 Flights, 3 Hours, 20 Knots: Defiant Inches Ahead
  176. ^ a b c Jen Judson (16 Mar 2020) Army selects companies to continue in long-range assault aircraft competition
  177. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (20 February 2020) We’ve Got Enough Data On Defiant: Sikorsky & Boeing
  178. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (26 February 2020) FVL: Can Army Break The Comanche Curse?
  179. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (17 March 2020) FVL: Bell, Sikorsky-Boeing Split $181M To Finalize FLRAA Designs Leverage the MOSA approach to scale the technical data from the demonstrators for the digital engineering. Use two phases for risk reduction. Present the acquisition strategy to ASA(ALT)— timing and program schedule for fielding in 2030.
  180. ^ PEO Aviation Public Affairs (18 March 2020) PEO Aviation announces Future Long Range Assault Aircraft Awards under OTA (Other transaction authority) for risk reduction in the design competition for FLRAA program of record scheduled for 2022
  181. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (25 June 2019) Sikorsky Be Nimble: S-97 Raider Shows Off For Army FARA S-97 demo
  182. ^ Yasmin Tadjdeh (10/11/2018) Army Sees Progress with Future Vertical Lift Projects
  183. ^ Jen Judson (10 October 2018) Can the Army pull off buying two new helicopters back to back?
  184. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (28 March 2019) Don’t Panic About Apaches: Army Not Junking Gunships
  185. ^ U.S. Army Futures Command (23 April 2019) Army announces attack reconnaissance aircraft prototype award
  186. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (23 April 2019) FARA: Army Awards 5 Design Contracts; Winner Enters Production in 2028—Awards for Future Attack Reconnaissance Aircraft designs went to Bell, Boeing, Karem, Sikorsky, and a partnership of AVX and L-3.
  187. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (2 October 2019) Bell Unveils Army Scout Helicopter — With Wings
  188. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (3 March 2020) FVL: Boeing Unveils FARA Scout Design All 5 FARA system designs are now revealed
  189. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (27 March 2020) FVL: Army Picks Bell & Sikorsky For FARA Scout "rival prototypes in flight by 2023"
  190. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (26 March 2020) FVL: The Army’s 10-Year Plan For FARA Scout "The Army is urgently developing new air-launched drones, long-range missiles, and electronic architecture to go on the Future Attack Reconnaissance Aircraft that Bell and Sikorsky are vying to build."
  191. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (29 March 2019) Textron, Martin Win $99.5M For Army Scout Drone: FTUAS
  192. ^ Jen Judson (29 March 2019) US Army picks 2 drones to test as Shadow replacement
  193. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (12 Dec 2019) Rival Shadow Drone Replacements Head To Combat Units For Tests
  194. ^ Sarah Tate (9 April 2020) Fort Riley Brigade Combat Team kicks off Unmanned Aircraft System Assessment Vertical takeoff and landing drone for replacement of RQ-7 Shadow
  195. ^ Myers (27 March 2018) Abrams: Army units will be tasked to work on each of Futures Command’s priorities
  196. ^ PEO C3T 30 May 2018
  197. ^ a b Justin Eimers, PEO C3T (3 October 2018) Network Cross-Functional Team, acquisition partners experimenting to modernize tactical network In 2018 MG Bassett became (Program Executive Office Command Control Communications-Tactical) PEO C3T)
  198. ^ a b c d PEO C3T (2018) Integrated Tactical Network "is not a new or separate network but rather a concept"
  199. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (18 November 2019) New Army Network ‘A Revolution’ For Airborne: Commander ITN full brigade Network equipment: PEO slide showing connectivity from BCT command post, down to Fire Team leaders cell phones
  200. ^ a b Kathryn Bailey, PEO C3T Public Affairs (19 November 2019) The Army's tactical network empowers advanced goggle platform IVAS is under STP 2-- "In July 2020, STP 3 will fully integrate the ITN with IVAS"
  201. ^ Jared Serbu (24 August 2018) Army experimenting with SOF-tested equipment while building long-term tactical network plan
  202. ^ U.S. Army (30 April 2019) Profile: Program Executive Office for Command, Control and Communications-Tactical (PEO C3T)
  203. ^ a b Mark Pomerleau (1 April 2019) How the Army will sustain its tactical network of the future ITN to take advantage of Tobyhanna depot. 5-3-1 model
  204. ^ Mark Pomerleau (21 Jan 2020) What a deployment to the Middle East means for testing a new Army network An operational deployment begun 1 Jan 2020, which won't be instrumented, will provide some Soldier feedback, but instrumented testing is deferred until after redeployment.
  205. ^ Dan Lafontaine, CCDC C5ISR Center Public Affairs (7 November 2019) Army leaders get firsthand look at C5ISR Center research, development projects
  206. ^ Joe Lacdan, Army News Service (25 October 2018) Interoperability a key focus in building the Army's future network
  207. ^ DoD (16 May 2018) Army Officials Testify on FY 2019 Budget Request
  208. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (3 April 2019) Multi-Domain Networks: The Army, The Allies & AI: Incremental ITN Capability sets '21, '23, '25
  209. ^ Devon L. Suits, Army News Service (21 June 2019) New tech, accessibility to improve Army tactical networks
  210. ^ Amy Walker, PEO C3T (18 June 2019) Modernizing the Network
  211. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (27 August 2019) Uncle Sam Wants YOU To Compete For Army Network Upgrade: CS 21 Multiple Expeditionary Signal Battalion – Enhanced (ESB-E) network hardware sets are being fielded simultaneously to individual companies in the 50th Expeditionary Signal Battalion of 35th Signal Brigade/82nd Airborne Division in 2020, to allow maximum testing.
  212. ^ Amy Walker, PM Tactical Network, PEO C3T (4 December 2019) Global network design unifies Army modernization efforts GAIT: worldwide network mesh —CS21
  213. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (29 August 2019) The Fraying Edge: Limits Of The Army’s Global Network
  214. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (25 Sep 2020) Longer-Range Missiles & More AI: Project Convergence 2021 PrSM, AFATDS to F-35
  215. ^ Kathryn Bailey, PEO C3T Public Affairs (17 October 2018) New players bring novel approaches to the Army's network modernization goals
  216. ^ Nancy Jones-Bonbrest, Army Rapid Capabilities Office (8 November 2018) Cutting through the noise: Army, industry work together to speed up signal detection
  217. ^ SYDNEY J. FREEDBERG JR. (19 November 2018) Can Army Afford The Electronic Warfare Force It Wants?
  218. ^ Anthony Small, U.S. Army Futures Command (13 March 2019) Futures Command Deputy Commanding General talks the U.S. Army's Future at South by Southwest U.S. Army Lt. Gen. Eric Wesley, Deputy Commanding General (DCG), Army Futures Command describes 'convergence'.
  219. ^ Ellen Summey, PEO EIS (1 July 2019) Army Leader Dashboard, creating insight-driven decisions
  220. ^ Lizette Chapman (13 December 2019) Palantir Wins New Pentagon Deal With $111 Million From the Army HR, supply chain, et. al.
  221. ^ Billy Mitchell (DEC 26, 2019) Inside Palantir’s support of the Army’s massive data problem
  222. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (29 July 2020) Army Future Ops Depend On Cloud – But Not On JEDI
  223. ^ Army Multi-Domain Targeting Center (16 July 2019) Target Mensuration Only
  224. ^ Kelsey Atherton (7 August 2020) Pentagon Code Library Will Support Multiple Clouds
  225. ^ U.S. Army Public Affairs (3 June 2020) Two Army Installations selected for 5G testing and experimentation
  226. ^ AARON MAK (MAY 12, 2019) Report: Missile System and Surveillance Plane Funding Will Go Towards the Border Wall
  227. ^ Jason Cutshaw (SMDC/ARSTRAT) (22 March 2019) Army's senior air defender talks future of air, missile defense
  228. ^ a b c d e Gary Sheftick, Army News Service (13 March 2019) FY20 budget to boost air & missile defense
  229. ^ a b Sydney J Freedberg (7 Apr 2020) COVID-19: Army Delays Missile Defense Network Test EXCLUSIVE IBCS: "The test had been scheduled to begin May 15". An ADA battalion training at WSMR has been sent home.
  230. ^ Sydney J Freedberg (1 May 2019) IBCS: Northrop Delivers New Army Missile Defense Command Post 11 EOCs as well as 18 IBCS integrated fire control network (IFCN) relays by year-end 2019
  231. ^ a b U.S. Army (12 December 2019) Army Integrated Air and Missile Defense System successfully intercepts test targets
  232. ^ USAASC (2020) Army Integrated Air and Missile Defense (IAMD)
  233. ^ Jen Judson (8 Oct 2018) What’s the rush? US Army races to get missile defense radar early LTAMDS
  234. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (17 October 2019) LTAMDS: Raytheon To Build Linchpin Of Army Air & Missile Defense
  235. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (19 March 2020) Raytheon: Robotized Factory Speeds Up Army LTAMDS Radar Avoids DoD5000 by using "Other Transaction Authority (OTA) and Section 804 Mid-Tier Acquisition processes"
  236. ^ a b Jen Judson (27 March 2019) Army debuts missile defense framework in move to counter drones, hypersonic threats
  237. ^ Jen Judson (11 Oct 2018) Army nearing strategy on way ahead for Indirect Fire Protection Capability
  238. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (5 March 2020) Iron Dome Doesn’t Work For Army: Gen. Murray: Interoperability with IBCS is critical
  239. ^ a b Anna Ahronheim (9 MARCH 2020) US Army: Iron Dome cannot be integrated into our air defense systems: Iron Dome offers 12 launchers, two sensors, two battle management centers and 240 interceptors, but US Army's IAMD needs access to Iron Dome Source Code for interoperability w/ IFPC, IBCS
  240. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (9 March 2020) New Missiles Must Work With IBCS Network: Bruce Jette (Exclusive) Each shooter must accept targeting data and firing commands from IBCS, at brassboard level at least
  241. ^ Army rebuilding short-range air defense Gary Sheftick, Army News Service (2 July 2019) Army rebuilding short-range air defense Manpad training for 19K MOS using synthetic training environment (STE)
  242. ^ a b Claire Heininger, U.S. Army (1 August 2019) Army awards laser weapon system contract RCCTO has awarded Other Transaction Authority (OTA) contract 26 July 2019 for $203 million to two subcontractors, for prototype high energy lasers (HELs) for MSHORAD
  243. ^ Devon L. Suits, Army News Service (7 June 2019) Army accelerates delivery of directed energy, hypersonic weapon prototypes
  244. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (7 March 2019) US ‘Gets Its Ass Handed To It’ In Wargames: Here’s A $24 Billion Fix Army prepositioned stocks (APS) vulnerability
  245. ^ Joe Lacdan (22 October 2018) Army to fuse laser technology onto air defense system
  246. ^ Sydney J Freedberg (17 Sep 2020) Lockheed Aims For Laser On Fighter By 2025
  247. ^ Jen Judson (6 August 2019) F-35 talks to US Army’s missile command system, says Lockheed
  248. ^ a b Jen Judson (20 August 2019) US Missile Defense Agency boss reveals his goals, challenges on the job Increase the discrimination of the radars and other sensors. Use Large aperture sensors. Use Space-based missile sensors. An SM-3 Block IIA missile test against ICBM is scheduled for 2020. Plan out the detection, control and engagement; the sensors, the command-and-control, the fire control, and the weapons (the kill vehicles).
  249. ^ a b c d Paul McCleary (30 August 2019) Army Tests Dispersed THAAD; Beginning Of Modular Missile Defense? A step toward IBCS
  250. ^ a b MDA NEWS Release (30 August 2019) THAAD System Successfully Intercepts Target in Missile Defense Flight Test Flight Test THAAD (FTT)-23 image: https://www.mda.mil/global/images/system/thaad/FTT-23_THAAD_01.jpg at Kwajalein
  251. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (6 July 2020) IBCS: Army Launches Massive Army Missile Defense Test LUT is prerequisite for a Milestone C decision in the acquisition process.
  252. ^ a b Sydney J Freedberg (13 August 2020) IBCS: Army Missile Defense Passes Most Complex Test Yet
  253. ^ Matthew Cox (20 August 2020) Army Destroys Cruise and Ballistic Missile Targets in 2nd Test of New Defense System
  254. ^ Jason Cutshaw USASMDC (27 August 2020) SMDC target team supports Army IBCS tests Zombie launched to test IBCS
  255. ^ Lt. Col. David P. McCoy, Test Division Chief, Air and Missile Defense Test Directorate, U.S. Army Operational Test Command (11 September 2020) Ft. Bliss Air Defense Soldiers provide data testing new Integrated Air and Missile Defense system
  256. ^ Todd South (20 Aug 2020) Army missile defenders defeat cruise and ballistic missiles nearly simultaneously The test created terabytes of data to be queried.
  257. ^ a b Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (21 August 2020) IBCS Defeats 2 Missiles in Flight – But 100s In Simulation
  258. ^ Defense Brief Editorial (20 August 2020) US Army IBCS intercepts ballistic, cruise missile targets in second LUT test "IBCS integrated the data to form a single uninterrupted composite track of each threat, impossible with any single sensor, which then informed engagement solutions with the best interceptors to engage both incoming threats"
  259. ^ Sydney J Freedberg (3 August 2020) Live-Fire Tests In August For Army Air & Missile Defense
  260. ^ Paul McCleary (21 August 2019) Pentagon Cancels Multi-Billion $ Boeing Missile Defense Program
  261. ^ Theresa Hitchens (17 December 2019) Lawmakers Question R&E Oversight; Pump MDA Funding RKV cancellation is prompting an NDAA mandate for a federally funded R&D center (FFRDC) study, whether to move the oversight of MDA
  262. ^ Paul McCleary (6 September 2019) Pentagon Issues Classified RFP For New Missile Interceptor No Refund of Monies expected. Rework is To Be Determined
  263. ^ AUSA (12 Mar 2020) Army SMD Hot Topic 2020 - VADM Jon Hill - Dir, Missile Defense Agency
  264. ^ Jason Cutshaw U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command/Army Forces Strategic Command (7.24.2019) SMDC colonel accepts TCM SMD Assumption of Charter from AMD to SMD
  265. ^ a b Jen Judson (15 May 2019) Dynetics-Lockheed team beats out Raytheon to build 100-kilowatt laser weapon
  266. ^ Sydney J Freedberg (5 August 2019) New Army Laser Could Kill Cruise Missiles Demonstrator lasers in test 2023, with fielding in 2024
  267. ^ Daniel Wasserbly (14 October 2019) AUSA 2019: Lockheed Martin weighs options for achieving a 250-300 kW air-defence laser Addresses IFPC requirements
  268. ^ AFC (21 Nov 2019) Soldier feedback driving Army modernization used 10 soldier touchpoints
  269. ^ Argie Sarantinos-Perrin, CCDC Public Affairs (29 March 2019) CCDC technology to increase Soldier readiness in multi-domain operations: capabilities by 2023
  270. ^ David Vergun (8 October 2018) Next-generation squad weapon to be very capable, lethal, says Army chief of staff
  271. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (17 June 2019) Army Buys 9,000 Mini-Drones, Rethinks Ground Robots
  272. ^ Joe Lacdan, Army News Service (4 April 2019) Army to field new night vision goggles
  273. ^ Robert Purtiman (21 September 2018) Lethality Cross-Functional Team bringing next generation technologies to Soldiers ENVG-B, Next Generation Squad Weapons, and the Adaptive Soldier Architecture
  274. ^ By Patrick D Morgan (TRADOC) (18 March 2019) STE CFT Cuts Ribbon in Orlando
  275. ^ Joe Lacdan (3 June 2019) Army testing synthetic training environment platforms Reconfigurable Virtual Collective Trainer-Air (RVCT-A), -Ground (RVCT-G), and 3-D terrain database (One World)
  276. ^ Devon L. Suits, Army News Service (22 March 2018) Synthetic training environment to enhance Soldier lethality
  277. ^ Joe Lacdan (16 July 2019) One World Terrain (OWT) to allow Soldiers to train anywhere
  278. ^ The Army Strategy 2018
  279. ^ Jacqueline M. Hames and Margaret C. Roth (14 January 2019) Virtual battlefield represents future of training Training as a service; more content at scale needed.
  280. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (15 May 2019) Let The (War) Games Begin: Army Buying High-Tech Training Sims
  281. ^ Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (13 October 2019) Special Ops Using Army’s Prototype 3D Maps On Missions: Gervais
  282. ^ Jen Judson (17 May 2019) US Army’s jumping to the next level in virtual training reconfigurable virtual collective trainers (RVCTs)
  283. ^ a b c Paul McCleary (16 April 2019) Esper: Chinook & JLTV ‘Designed For a Different Conflict’
  284. ^ Joe Lacdan (25 September 2019) More joint efforts likely as the Army prepares for multi-domain operations A speedup in tempo, as driven by the CFTs is needed, according to Lt. Gen. Wesley
  285. ^ "Clearly define roles, responsibilities and processes in order to identify the right efforts and get ahead of need." —William B King (AMC) (18 February 2020) Conference focuses on Army modernization, equipping Soldiers Equipping Enterprise (AMC) + Modernization Enterprise (AFC)
  286. ^ a b Phil Fountain, U.S. Army Futures Command (7 August 2019) Army Futures Command charts a campaign plan No uniforms
  287. ^ Jen Judson (26 February 2018) US Army’s war-gaming is under-resourced, three-star says
  288. ^ Gen. David Goldfein and Gen. Jay Raymond (28 Feb 2020) America’s future battle network is key to multidomain defense JADC2: " We cannot yet share data in a seamless and simultaneous way between the Army, Air Force, Navy, Marine Corps or the Space Force"


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