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User:ChyranandChloe/Workshop 17

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Some of my online notes. Source.[1]

Uses the four tier hierarchy explained in User:ChyranandChloe/Workshop 15. Major conclusions by the Surgeon general on the health effects of tobacco consumption and:

Sufficient

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  • Lung cancers, laryngeal cancers, oral cavity and pharyngeal cancers, esophageal cancers, pancreatic cancers, bladder and kidney cancers, cervical cancers, endometrial cancers, stomach cancers, and acute myeloid leukemia
  • subclinical atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, stroke, abdominal aortic aneurysm
  • acute respiratory illnesses
  • smoking during pregnancy and a reduction of lung function in infants
  • active smoking and impaired lung growth during childhood and adolescence
  • early onset of lung function decline during late adolescence and early adulthood
  • active smoking in adulthood and a premature onset of and an accelerated age-related decline in lung function
  • respiratory symptoms in children and adolescents, including coughing, phlegm, wheezing, and dyspnea
  • smoking and asthma-related symptoms
  • all major respiratory symptoms among adults, including coughing, phlegm, wheezing, and dyspnea
  • poor asthma control
  • chronic obstructivepulmonary disease morbidity and mortality
  • reduced fertility in women
  • premature rupture of the membranes, placenta previa, and placental abruption
  • maternal active smoking and a reduced risk for preeclampsia
  • preterm delivery and shortened gestation.
  • maternal active smoking and fetal growth restriction and low birth weight
  • sudden infant death syndrome and maternal smoking during and after pregnancy
  • diminished health status that may manifest as increased absenteeism from work and increased use of medical care services
  • increased risks for adverse surgical outcomes related to wound healing and respiratory complications
  • in postmenopausal women smoking, low bone density
  • smoking and hip fractures
  • nuclear cataract
  • peptic ulcer disease in persons who are Helicobacter pylori positive

Suggestive

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  • colorectal cancers, prostate cancer, liver cancer
  • acute respiratory infections among persons with preexisting chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
  • maternal smoking during pregnancy and an increase in the frequency of lower respiratory tract illnesses during infancy
  • maternal smoking during pregnancy and an increased risk for impaired lung function in childhood and adulthood
  • poorer prognosis for children and adolescents with asthma
  • increased nonspecific bronchial hyper-responsiveness
  • maternal active smoking and ectopic pregnancy
  • maternal active smoking and spontaneous abortion
  • maternal smoking and oral clefts
  • In older men smoking and low bone density
  • root-surface caries.
  • erectile dysfunction.
  • smoking cessation reduces the risk of nuclear opacity
  • exudative (neovascular) age-related macular degeneration
  • atrophic age-related macular degeneration
  • ophthalmopa-thy associated with Graves’ disease
  • risk of peptic ulcer complications, although this effect might be restricted to nonusers of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Inadequate

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  • Ovarian Cancer
  • in people with asthma: acute asthma exacerbation
  • physician-diagnosed asthma in childhood and adolescence
  • asthma in adults
  • lower machine-measured cigarette tar and a lower risk for cough and mucus hypersecretion
  • idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
  • sperm quality.
  • maternal smoking and congenital malformations in general
  • maternal smoking and physical growth and neurocognitive development of children.
  • reduced bone density before menopause in women and in younger men
  • fractures at sites other than the hip
  • coronal dental caries
  • glaucoma
  • peptic ulcer disease in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug users or in those who are Helicobacter pylori negative
  • treatment and recurrence of Helicobacter pylori-negative ulcers

Suggestive of no causal relationship

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  • adult brain cancer, breast cancer
  • retinopathy in persons with diabetes