User:KDS4444/List of parasites (feline)
Appearance
Heartworm Roundworm Toxoplasmosis Cytauxzoonosis
Endoparasites
[edit]Protozoan organisms
[edit]Common name of organism or disease | Latin name (sorted) | Body parts affected | Diagnostic specimen | Prevalence | Source/ Transmission (Reservoir/ Vector) | Treatment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Toxoplasmosis | Toxoplasma gondii | Whole body, but symptoms are usually very mild | Blood sample | worldwide | Raw meat (prey animals, birds & rodents) | Clindamycin |
Cytauxzoonosis | Cytauxzoon felis | Blood cells | Blood smear | Central and southeastern US | Ticks | Imidocarb dipropionate and a combination of atovaquone and azithromycin |
Heartworm | Dirofilaria immitis | Heart & lungs | Blood smear, antigen testing, and x-rays | Worldwide where mosquitoes live | Mosquitoes | Melarsomine dihydrochloride |
Balantidiasis | Balantidium coli | intestinal mucosa, may become invasive in some patients | stool (diarrhea=ciliated trophozoite; solid stool=large cyst with horseshoe shaped nucleus) | ingestion of cyst, zoonotic infection acquired from pigs (feces) | ||
Blastocystosis | Blastocystis | intestinal | direct microscopy of stool (PCR, anti body) | 2 - 20% of population [1] | eating food contaminated with feces from an infected human or animal | |
Coccidia, cryptosporidiosis | Cryptosporidium | intestines | stool | widespread | ingestion of oocyst (sporulated), some species are zoonotic (e.g. bovine fecal contamination) | |
Dientamoebiasis | Dientamoeba fragilis | intestines | stool | up to 10% in industrialized countries | ingesting water or food contaminated with feces | |
Amoebiasis | Entamoeba histolytica | Intestines (mainly Large, can go to extraintestinal sites) | stool (fresh diarrheic stools have amoeba, solid stool has cyst) | areas with poor sanitation, high population density and tropical regions | fecal-oral transmission of cyst, not amoeba | |
Giardiasis | Giardia lamblia | lumen of the small intestine | stool | widespread | ingestion of cysts in fecal contaminated water or food, can be zoonotic (deer, beavers) | |
Isosporiasis | Isospora belli | epithelial cells of small intestines | stool | worldwide - less common than Toxoplasma or Cryptosporidium | fecal oral route - ingestion of sporulated oocyst | |
Leishmaniasis | Leishmania | cutaneous, mucocutaneous, or visceral | visual identification of lesion or microscopic stain with Leishman's or Giemsa's stain | Visceral leishmaniasis- Worldwide; Cutaneous leishmaniasis - Old World; Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis - New World | Phlebotomus Lutzomyia- bite of several species of phlebotomine sandflies | |
Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) [2][3] | Naegleria fowleri | brain | culture | rare but deadly | Nasal insufflation of contaminated warm fresh water, poorly chlorinated swimming pools, hot springs, soil | |
Malaria | Plasmodium falciparum (80% of cases), Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium knowlesi | red blood cells, liver | Blood film | tropical - 250 million cases/year | Anopheles mosquito, bites at night | |
Rhinosporidiosis | Rhinosporidium seeberi | nose, nasopharynx | biopsy | India and Sri Lanka | nasal mucosa came into contact with infected material through bathing in common ponds | |
Sarcocystosis | Sarcocystis bovihominis,Sarcocystis suihominis | intestine, muscle | muscle biopsy | widespread | ingestion of uncooked/undercooked beef/pork with Sarcocystis sarcocysts | |
Toxoplasmosis - Parasitic pneumonia | Toxoplasma gondii | eyes, brain, heart, liver | blood and PCR | widespread - up to one third of all humans | ingestion of uncooked/undercooked pork/lamb/goat with Toxoplasma bradyzoites, ingestion of raw milk with Toxoplasma tachyzoites, ingestion of contaminated water food or soil with oocysts in cat feces that is more than one day old | |
Trichomoniasis | Trichomonas vaginalis | female urogenital tract (males asymptomatic) | microscopic examination of genital swab | 7.4 million Americans | sexually transmitted infection - only trophozoite form (no cyst) | |
Sleeping sickness | Trypanosoma brucei | blood lymph and central nervous systems | microscopic examination of chancre fluid, lymph node aspirates, blood, bone marrow | 50,000 to 70,000 people | tsetse fly, day biting fly of the genus Glossina | |
Chagas disease | Trypanosoma cruzi | colon, esophagus, heart, nerves, muscle and blood | Giemsa stain - blood | Mexico, Central America, South America - 16-18 million | Triatoma/Reduviidae - "Kissing bug" Insect Vector, feeds at night |
Helminths organisms (worms)
[edit]- Tapeworms
Common name of organism or disease | Latin name (sorted) | Body parts affected | Diagnostic specimen | Prevalence | Transmission/Vector |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tapeworm - Tapeworm infection | Cestoda, Taenia multiceps | intestine | stool | rare | |
Diphyllobothriasis - tapeworm | Diphyllobothrium latum | intestines, blood | stool (microscope) | Europe, Japan, Uganda, Peru, Chile | ingestion of raw fresh water fish |
Echinococcosis - tapeworm | Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis, E. vogeli, E. oligarthrus | liver, lungs, kidney, spleen | imaging of hydatid cysts in the liver, lungs, kidney and spleen | Mediterranean countries | as intermediate host, ingestion of material contaminated by feces from a carnivore; as definite host, ingestion of uncooked meat (offal) from a herbivore |
Hymenolepiasis[4] | Hymenolepis nana, Hymenolepis diminuta | ingestion of material contaminated by flour beetles, meal worms, cockroaches | |||
Beef tapeworm | Taenia saginata | Intestines | stool | worldwide distribution | ingestion of undercooked beef |
Pork tapeworm | Taenia solium | ingestion of undercooked pork | |||
Bertielliasis | Bertiella mucronata, Bertiella studeri | Intestines | Stool | Rare | Contact with non human primates |
Sparganosis | Spirometra erinaceieuropaei | ingestion of material contaminated with infected dog or cat faeces (humans: dead-end host) |
- Flukes
Common name of organism or disease | Latin name (sorted) | Body parts affected | Diagnostic specimen | Prevalence | Transmission/Vector |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clonorchiasis | Clonorchis sinensis; Clonorchis viverrini | ||||
Lancet liver fluke | Dicrocoelium dendriticum | gall bladder | rare | ingestion of ants | |
Liver fluke - Fasciolosis [5] | Fasciola hepatica, Fasciola gigantica | liver, gall bladder | stool | Fasciola hepatica in Europe, Africa, Australia, the Americas and Oceania; Fasciola gigantica only in Africa and Asia, 2.4 million people infected by both species | freshwater snails |
Fasciolopsiasis - intestinal fluke [6] | Fasciolopsis buski | intestines | stool or vomitus (microscope) | East Asia - 10 million people | ingestion of infested water plants or water (intermediate host:amphibic snails) |
Gnathostomiasis [7] | Gnathostoma spinigerum, Gnathostoma hispidum | subcutaneous tissues (under the skin) | physical examination | rare - Southeast Asia | ingestion of raw or undercooked meat (e.g., freshwater fish, chicken, snails, frogs, pigs) or contaminated water |
Metagonimiasis - intestinal fluke | Metagonimus yokogawai | stool | Siberia, Manchuria, Balkan states, Israel, Spain | ingestion of undercooked or salted fish | |
Chinese Liver Fluke | Opisthorchis viverrini, Opisthorchis felineus, Clonorchis sinensis | bile duct | 1.5 million people in Russia | consuming infected raw, slightly salted or frozen fish | |
Paragonimiasis, Lung Fluke | Paragonimus westermani; Paragonimus africanus; Paragonimus caliensis; Paragonimus kellicotti; Paragonimus skrjabini; Paragonimus uterobilateralis | lungs | sputum, feces | East Asia | ingestion of raw or undercooked freshwater crabs crayfishes or other crustaceans |
Schistosomiasis - bilharzia, bilharziosis or snail fever (all types) | Schistosoma sp. | Africa, Caribbean, eastern South America, east Asia, Middle East - 200 million people | skin exposure to water contaminated with infected fresh water snails | ||
intestinal schistosomiasis | Schistosoma mansoni | intestine, liver, spleen, lungs, skin | stool | Africa, Caribbean, South America, Asia, Middle East - 83 million people | skin exposure to water contaminated with infected Biomphalaria fresh water snails |
urinary schistosomiasis | Schistosoma haematobium | kidney, bladder, ureters, lungs, skin | urine | Africa, Middle East | skin exposure to water contaminated with infected Bulinus sp. snails |
Schistosomiasis by Schistosoma japonicum | Schistosoma japonicum | intestine, liver, spleen, lungs, skin | stool | China, East Asia, Philippines | skin exposure to water contaminated with infected Oncomelania sp. snails |
Asian intestinal schistosomiasis | Schistosoma mekongi - | South East Asia | skin exposure to water contaminated with infected Neotricula aperta - fresh water snails | ||
Echinostoma echinatum | small intestine | Far East | ingestion of raw fish, mollusks, snails | ||
Swimmer's itch | Trichobilharzia regenti, Schistosomatidae | skin exposure to contaminated water (snails and vertebrates) |
- Roundworms
Common name of organism or disease | Latin name (sorted) | Body parts affected | Diagnostic specimen | Prevalence | Transmission/Vector |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ancylostomiasis/Hookworm | Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus | lungs, small intestine, blood | stool | common in tropical, warm, moist climates | penetration of skin by L3 larva |
Angiostrongyliasis | Angiostrongylus costaricensis | intestine | stool | ingestion of infected faeces or infected slugs | |
Anisakiasis [8] | Anisakis | allergic reaction | biopsy | incidental host | ingestion of raw fish, squid, cuttlefish, octopus |
Roundworm - Parasitic pneumonia | Ascaris sp. Ascaris lumbricoides | Intestines, liver, appendix, pancreas, lungs, Löffler's syndrome | stool | common in tropical and subtropical regions | |
Roundworm - Baylisascariasis | Baylisascaris procyonis | Intestines, liver, lungs, brain | rare: North America | stool from raccoons | |
Roundworm-lymphatic filariasis | Brugia malayi, Brugia timori | lymph nodes | blood samples | tropical regions of Asia | Arthropods |
Dioctophyme renalis infection | Dioctophyme renale | kidneys (typically the right) | Urine | Rare | Ingestion of undercooked or raw freshwater fish |
Guinea worm - Dracunculiasis | Dracunculus medinensis | subcutaneous tissues, muscle | skin blister/ulcer | South Sudan (eradication ongoing) | |
Pinworm - Enterobiasis | Enterobius vermicularis, Enterobius gregorii | intestines, anus | stool; tape test around anus | widespread; temperate regions | |
Loa loa filariasis, Calabar swellings | Loa loa filaria | Connective tissue, lungs, eye | blood (Giemsa, haematoxylin, eosin stain) | rain forest of West Africa - 12-13 million people | Tabanidae - horse fly, bites in the day |
Mansonelliasis, Filariasis | Mansonella streptocerca | subcutaneous layer of skin | insect | ||
River blindness | Onchocerca volvulus, Onchocerciasis | skin, eye, tissue | bloodless skin snip | Africa, Yemen, Central and South America near cool, fast flowing rivers | Simulium/Black fly, bite during the day |
Strongyloidiasis - Parasitic pneumonia | Strongyloides stercoralis | Intestines, lungs, skin (Larva currens) | stool, blood | skin penetration | |
Toxocariasis | Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati | liver, brain, eyes (Toxocara canis - Visceral larva migrans, Ocular larva migrans) | blood, ocular examination | worldwide distribution | pica, unwashed food contamined with Toxocara eggs, undercooked livers of chicken |
Trichinosis | Trichinella spiralis, Trichinella britovi, Trichinella nelsoni, Trichinella nativa | muscle, periorbital region, small intestine | blood | more common in developing countries due to improved feeding practices in developed countries. | ingestion of undercooked pork |
Whipworm | Trichuris trichiura, Trichuris vulpis | large intestine, anus | stool (eggs) | common worldwide | accidental ingestion of eggs in dry goods such as beans, rice, and various grains or soil contaminated with human feces |
ElephantiasisLymphatic filariasis | Wuchereria bancrofti | lymphatic system | thick blood smears stained with hematoxylin. | Tropical and subtropical | mosquito, bites at night |
Other organisms
[edit]Common name of organism or disease | Latin name (sorted) | Body parts affected | Diagnostic specimen | Prevalence | Transmission/Vector |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acanthocephaliasis | Archiacanthocephala, Moniliformis moniliformis | Gastrointestinal tract, peritoneum, eye | Faeces, parasite itself | worldwide | ingestion of intermediate hosts |
Halzoun Syndrome | Linguatula serrata | nasopharynx | physical examination | Mid East | ingestion of raw or undercooked lymph nodes (e.g., meat from infected camels and buffalos) |
Myiasis | Oestroidea, Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae | dead or living tissue | |||
Chigoe flea | Tunga penetrans | Subcutaneous tissue | physical examination | Central and South America | |
Human Botfly | Dermatobia hominis | Subcutaneous tissue | physical examination | Central and South America | Mosquitoes and biting flies |
Ectoparasites
[edit]Common name of organism or disease | Latin name (sorted) | Body parts affected | Diagnostic specimen | Prevalence | Transmission/Vector |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bedbug | Cimicidae Cimex lectularius | skin | visual | Worldwide | sharing of clothing and bedding |
Head louse - Pediculosis | Pediculus humanus | hair follicles | visual identification under magnification | Common worldwide | head-to-head contact |
Body louse - Pediculosis | Pediculus humanus corporis | visual identification under magnification (Vagabond's disease) | Worldwide | skin-to-skin contact such as sexual activity and via sharing clothing or bedding | |
Crab louse - Pediculosis | Phthirus pubis | pubic area, eyelashes | visual identification under magnification | Worldwide | skin-to-skin contact such as sexual activity and via sharing clothing or bedding |
Demodex - Demodicosis | Demodex folliculorum/brevis/canis | eyebrow, eyelashes | Microscopy of eyelash or eyebrow hair follicle | Pandemic, worldwide | prolonged skin-to-skin contact |
Scabies | Sarcoptes scabiei | skin | microscopy of surface scrapings | Worldwide | skin-to-skin contact such as sexual activity and via sharing clothing or bedding |
Screwworm, Cochliomyia | Cochliomyia hominivorax | skin and wounds | visual | North America (eradicated), Central America, North Africa | direct contact with fly |
Flea, Siphonaptera | Pulex irritans | skin | visual identification under magnification | Worldwide | environment |
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Amin OM (2002). "Seasonal prevalence of intestinal parasites in the United States during 2000". Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 66 (6): 799–803. PMID 12224595.
- ^ Cogo PE, Scaglia M, Gatti S, Rossetti F, Alaggio R, Laverda AM, et al. Fatal Naegleria fowleri Meningoencephalitis, Italy Emerging Infectious Diseases [serial on the Internet]. 2004 Oct; accessed Jan 2009
- ^ Bennett, Nicholas John State University of New York Upstate Medical University Domachowske, Joseph; Khan, Asad A Louisiana State University Health Science Center; King, John W; Cross, J Thomas Naegleria eMedicine; accessed Jan 2009
- ^ Tolan, Robert W Jr Hymenolepiasis eMedicine; updated Feb 2008
- ^ Yılmaza, Hasan; Gödekmerdan, Ahmet Human fasciolosis in Van province, Turkey doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2004.04.009
- ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Fasciolopsiasis
- ^ Tolan, Robert W Gnathostomiasis eMedicine, updated Feb 2008
- ^ Anisakiasis
External links
[edit]- A List of Human Intestinal Parasites accessed May 2008