User:KYPark/Self

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Gigantic views

w: Standing on the shoulders of giants

Dwarfs standing on the shoulders of giants (Latin: nanos gigantium humeris insidentes) is a Western metaphor meaning "One who develops future intellectual pursuits by understanding the research and works created by notable thinkers of the past," a contemporary interpretation.

; [[w:Socrates|Socrates]] : Know yourself. ; [[w:Lao Tzu|Lao Tzu]] : He who knows does not speak, he who speaks does not know. ; [[w:John Locke|John Locke]] : Men content themselves with the same words as other people use, as if the very sound necessarily carried the same meaning. ; [[w:Jeremy Bentham|Jeremy Bentham]] : Error is never so difficult to be destroyed as when it has its roots in Language. ; [[w:Henry James|Henry James]] : All life comes back to the question of our speech -- the medium through which we communicate. ; [[w:Arthur Schuster|Arthur Schuster]] : Scientific controversies constantly resolve themselves into differences about the meaning of words. ; [[w:C. K. Ogden|C. K. Ogden]] & [[w:I. A. Richards|I. A. Richards]] ([[1923/Ogden|1923]]) : All experience ... is either enjoyed or interpreted ... or both, and very little of it escapes some degree of interpretation. ; [[w: H. G. Wells| H. G. Wells]] ([[1938/Wells|1938]]) : The human individual is born now to live in a society for which his fundamental instincts are altogether inadequate.

The human context

overt  cultural  design  World 2 subject  covert  natural  sign coding coping project World 3 meaning   object World 1

cf. René Magritte (1933) The Human Condition (painting).

However constant the meaning of a statement may be intended by the author, it may vary from context to context, that is, depending on the projective, subjective, and objective states of affairs, as may be suggested by the uniformly gray strip whose shade appears as variant as our sight prefers a sharper contrast with the color-gradient background so as to see it clearer.

Our intuitive illusions, delusions, and cognitive biases in general are born and grown (natured and nurtured, or programmed and progressed) to render ecologically conditioned reflexes, however subjective and selective. We may not do without selection. We may be blessed and cursed to live by unaccountable modular prejudices or points of view.

The subject looks like walking on two legs, coping and coding. Or, the coping and coding subject keeps:

• coping in general with implicit natural signs, and
• coding in particular with explicit cultural designs.

The coping with interpretivism, including thinking, knowing, learning, understanding, interpreting, and so on, is simply experience and experiment with life. The coding with symbolism, including encoding and decoding, is simply an explicit, meaningful abstraction of the coping. We are learning (by being conditioned) by coping and coding.

Meaning

Subject coding coping Project meaning Object

overt Subject covert coding coping cultural natural Project Object design meaning sign

The meaning subject keeps: coding with the overt design of cultural projects, while coping with the covert sign of natural objects.

Ceci n'est pas une pipe.

This is not a pipe. A parody of Magritte (1929) The Treachery of Images

The meaning may be defined as the sum of the vectors, the coding and coping sides. That is, the meaning of the symbolist coding on the left hand may be so uncertain that it should be supplemented or complemented by the interpretivist coping (with life in general) on the right.

Analytic philosophers, logicians, philologists, grammarians, lexicographers, judiciaries, scriptural fundamentalists, and so on try to confine or define the meaning of words and statements radically invariant and crystal-clear.

For example, Putnam (1975) argued for semantic externalism such that water should be nothing but H₂O exactly. His dictum reads "Meanings just ain't in the head," hence no room for any subjectivity. So reacted he at the moment when a number of scholars suddenly started rethinking symbolism especially in favor of subjectivism and metaphors as its main symphtom, as probably much affected by Pirsig (1974) who argued that the unjust subject-object divide should disappear. In this perspective, Pirsig was revolutionary whereas Putnam was reactionary, as may be suggested in the following:

The late philosopher of mind and language Donald Davidson, despite his many differences of opinion with Putnam, wrote that semantic externalism constituted an "anti-subjectivist revolution" in philosophers' way of seeing the world. Since the time of Descartes, philosophers had been concerned with proving knowledge from the basis of subjective experience. Thanks to Putnam, Tyler Burge and others, Davidson said, philosophy could now take the objective realm for granted and start questioning the alleged "truths" of subjective experience. (Excerpt from w: Hilary Putnam)

It may be that the subject or self entails the meaning, which is simply a mind map, or orthogonal projection of a subject engaged in coding (encoding and decoding) with the project on the one hand and coping with the object on the other. That is to say, it is not only projective and objective but, perhaps most vitally, subjective from the practical perspective.

The (en- and de-) coding deals with the design of projects, while the coping with the sign of objects. While the cultural design may be explicitly or uniformly recognized, the natural sign that is mostly implicit may not. Simply, the design is not the sign. Or, the project is not the object. In other words:

Words mean nothing by themselves. (Ogden et al. 1923) This [image] is not a pipe. (Magritte 1929) The map is not the territory. (Korzybski 1933) The word is not the thing. (Krishnamurti 1975) That is, minds have words mean things.

minds make words mean things

All these suggest that the meaning is variable in principle and variant in practice from context to context. Unwise is to confine or define it rigid. So is to refine so that it should not be:

1. subjective as per subjectivism or interpretivism, but
2. projective as per cognitivism, literalism or textualism, and
3. objective as per objectivism or semantic externalism.

Chronology

• Barbour, Karen (2011). Dancing Across the Page: Narrative and Embodied Ways of Knowing. Intellect Books, 2011. ^{[^]}
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• Kochen, Manfred, ed. (1989). The Small World: A Volume of Recent Research Advances Commemorating Ithiel de Sola Pool, Stanley Milgram, Theodore Newcomb. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corp. (January 1, 1989). ^{[^]}
• Tomkins, Silvan (1987). "Script Theory." In: Joel Arnoff, A. I. Rabin & Robert A. Zucker. eds. The Emergence of Personality. New York: Springer Publishing Company, 1987. pp. 147-216. ^{[^]}
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• Philip N. Johnson-Laird (1983). Mental Models: Toward a Cognitive Science of Language, Inference and Consciousness. Harvard University Press. ^{[^]}
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• Lakoff, George & Mark Johnson (1980). Metaphors We Live By. University of Chicago Press. ^{[^]}
• Maturana, Humberto and Francisco Varela (1980). Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization of the Living. Boston: Reidel. ^{[^]}
• Schank, Roger C.; Janet L. Kolodner & Gerald DeJong (1980). "Conceptual Information Retrieval." Proceedings of the 3rd annual ACM conference on research and development in information retrieval (SIGIR '80, Cambridge, England, 1980) Kent, UK: Butterworth, 1981. pp. 94-116. ^{[^]}
• Literature/1980/Searle ^{[^]}
• James S. Albus (1979). "Mechanisms of Planning and Problem Solving in the Brain". Mathematical Biosciences 45: 247-293. ^{[^]}
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• Ortony, Andrew, ed. (1979). Metaphor and Thought, Cambridge University Press. 2nd. ed. 1993. ^{[^]}
• Rorty, Richard (1979). Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature. Princeton University Press. ^{[^]}
• Argyris, Chris and Schön, Donald (1978). Organizational Learning: A Theory of Action Perspective. New York: Addison-Wesley, 1978. ISBN 0-201-00174-8 ^{[^]}
• Pool, Ithiel de Sola & Manfred Kochen (1978). "Contacts and Influence." Social Networks, 1, pp. 1-51. ^{[^]}
• Sacks, Sheldon, ed. (1978). Critical Inquiry, vol. 5, no. 1 (Special Issue: On Metaphor), University of Chicago. ^{[^]}
• Tomkins, Silvan (1978). "Script Theory: Differential Magnification of Affects." In: Richard A. Deinstbier. ed. Nebraska Symposium On Motivation 1978. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1979. pp. 201-236. ^{[^]}
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• Gibson, Jame J. (1977). "The Theory of Affordances," pp. 67-82. In: Robert Shaw & John Bransford, eds. Perceiving, Acting, and Knowing: Toward an Ecological Psychology. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. ^{[^]}
• Johnson-Laird, Philip N. & Peter Cathcart Wason eds. (1977). Thinking: Readings in Cognitive Science. Cambridge University Press. ^{[^]}
• Popper, Karl and Eccles, John (1977). The Self and Its Brain: An Argument for Interactionism. Routledge, 1983. ^{[^]}
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• Boyd, John (1976). Destruction and Creation. Goal Systems International. ^{[^]}
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• Belkin, Nicholas J. & Stephen E. Robertson (1976). "Information Science and the Phenomenon of Information," Journal of the American Society for Information Science (Jul-Aug 1976) 27 (4): 197-204. ^{[^]}
• Literature/1976/Brameld ^{[^]}
• Chisholm, Roderick (1976). Person and Object: A Metaphysical Study. London: G. Allen & Unwin. ^{[^]}
• Literature/1976/Conrad ^{[^]}
• Fillmore, Charles J. (1976). "Frame Semantics and the Nature of Language," in: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences: Conference on the Origin and Development of Language and Speech. Volume 280: 20-32. ^{[^]}
• Giddens, Anthony (1976). New Rules of Sociological Method: A Positive Critique of Interpretative Sociologies. London: Hutchinson. ^{[^]}
• Jaynes, Julian (1976). The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ^{[^]}
• Literature/1976/Kauffman ^{[^]}
• Miller, George A. & Philip N. Johnson-Laird (1976). Language and Perception. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press. ^{[^]}
• Neisser, Ulric (1976). Cognition and Reality: Principles and Implications of Cognitive Psychology. WH Freeman. ^{[^]}
• Literature/1976/Skinner ^{[^]}
• Werner Abraham (1975). A Linguistic Approach to Metaphor. Lisse, Netherlands: Peter de Ridder Press. ^{[^]}
• Bobrow, Daniel G. & Allan M. Collins eds. (1975). Representation and Understanding: Studies in Cognitive Science (Language, Thought, and Culture). New York, NY: Academic Press. ^{[^]}
• Cole, Peter & Jerry L. Morgan, eds. (1975). Syntax and Semantics, Vol. 3: Speech Act. New York: Academic Press. ^{[^]}
• Collins, Allan M. & Elizabeth F. Loftus (1975). "A Spreading-Activation Theory of Semantic Processing." Psychological Review (November 1975) 82 (6): 407-428. ^{[^]}
• Douglas, Mary (1975). Implicit Meanings: Essays in Anthropology. Routledge. ^{[^]}
• Eco, Umberto (1975). A Theory of Semiotics. London: Macmillan, 1976. ^{[^]}
• Fodor, Jerry (1975). The Language of Thought. Harvard University Press. ^{[^]}
• Literature/1975/Gardner ^{[^]}
• Grice, Paul (1975). "Logic and Conversation," pp. 41-58, in: Cole, Peter & Jerry L. Morgan eds. (1975). Syntax and Semantics, Vol. 3: Speech Act. New York: Academic Press. ^{[^]}
• Hacking, Ian (1975). Why Does Language Matter to Philosophy? Cambridge University Press. ^{[^]}
• Kochen, Manfred, ed. (1975). Information for Action: from Knowledge to Wisdom. New York: Academic Press. ^{[^]}
• Literature/1975/Kolb ^{[^]}
• Leavis, Frank (1975). The Living Principle: 'English' as a Discipline of Thought. London: Chatto & Windus. ^{[^]}
• Minsky, Marvin (1975). "A Framework for Representing Knowledge," in: Winston, Patrick, ed. (1975). The Psychology of Computer Vision. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 211-77. ^{[^]}
• Nash-Webber, Bonnie L. & Roger C. Schank eds. (1975). Proceedings of the 1975 Workshop on Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing (TINLAP '75), Stroudsburg, PA: Association for Computational Linguistics. ^{[^]}
• Percy, Walker (1975). The Message in the Bottle: How Queer Man Is, How Queer Language Is, and What One Has to Do with the Other. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ^{[^]}
• Polanyi, Michael & Harry Prosch (1975). Meaning. University of Chicago Press. ^{[^]}
• Putnam, Hilary (1975). Mind, Language and Reality, Philosophical Papers Vol. 2, Cambridge University Press. ^{[^]}
• Ricoeur, Paul (1975). The Rule of Metaphor: Multi-Disciplinary Studies in the Creation of Meaning in Language. Robert Czerny, Kathleen McLaughlin & John Costello, trans., London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978. ^{[^]}
• Literature/1975/Rubin ^{[^]}
• Schank, Roger C. (1975). "The Structure of Episodes in Memory," in: Literature/1975/Bobrow pp. 237-272. ^{[^]}
• Schank, Roger (1975). "Using Knowledge to understand," in: Nash-Webber, Bonnie L. & Roger C. Schank eds. (1975). Proceedings of the 1975 Workshop on Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing (TINLAP '75), Stroudsburg, PA: Association for Computational Linguistics. pp. 117-121. ^{[^]}
• Sperber, Dan (1975). Rethinking Symbolism. Cambridge University Press. ^{[^]}
• Literature/1975/Suppes ^{[^]}
• Wilson, Edward (1975). Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. Harvard University Press. ^{[^]}
• Winston, Patrick, ed. (1975). The Psychology of Computer Vision. New York: McGraw-Hill. ^{[^]}
• Pirsig, Robert (1974). Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance: An Inquiry into Values. William Morrow & Co. ^{[^]}
• Geertz, Clifford (1973). The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays. New York: Basic Books. ^{[^]}
• Literature/1972/Bateson ^{[^]}
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• Kochen, Manfred (1972). "WISE: A World Information Synthesis and Encyclopaedia." Journal of Documentation, 28: 322-341. ^{[^]}
• Literature/1972/Popper ^{[^]}
• Kochen, Manfred (1969). "Stability in the Growth of Knowledge." American Documentation, 20 (3): 186-197. ^{[^]}
• Popper, Karl (1963), Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge,. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. ^{[^]}
• Quine, Willard (1960). Word and Object. MIT Press. ^{[^]}
• Chomsky, Noam (1959). "A Review of B. F. Skinner's Verbal Behavior." Language, 35(1): 26-57. ^{[^]}
• Gellner, Ernest (1959). Words and Things: A Critical Account of Linguistic Philosophy and a Study in Ideology. London: Gollancz. ^{[^]}
• Cherry, Colin (1957). On Human Communication: A Review, a Survey, and a Criticism . The M.I.T. Press, 1966. ^{[^]}
• Russell, Bertrand (1957). "Mr Strawson on Referring." Mind 66: 385-389. ^{[^]}
• Skinner, B. F. (1957). Verbal Behavior. Acton, Massachusetts: Copley Publishing Group. ^{[^]}
• Austin, J. L. (1955). How to Do Things with Words. The William James Lectures delivered at Harvard University in 1955, ed. by J. O. Urmson. Oxford: Clarendon, 1962. ^{[^]}
• McCarthy, John; Marvin Minsky; Nathan Rochester & Claude Shannon (1955). A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence. ^{[^]}
• Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1953). Philosophical Investigations. Blackwell Publishing. ^{[^]}
• Strawson, Peter (1950). "On Referring." Mind, vol. 59, no. 235, pp. 320-344. ^{[^]}
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• Ryle, Gilbert (1949). The Concept of Mind. University Of Chicago Press. ^{[^]}
• Shannon, Claude E. & Warren Weaver (1949). The Mathematical Theory of Communication. University of Illinois Press. ^{[^]}
• Wiener, Norbert (1948). Cybernetics: or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. 2nd ed., The MIT Press, 1965. ^{[^]}
• Korzybski, Alfred (1933). Science and Sanity: An Introduction to Non-Aristotelian Systems and General Semantics. 5th ed., Institute of General Semantics, 1994. ^{[^]}
• Magritte, René (1933). The Human Condition (La condition humaine). National Gallery of Art, Washington DC. ^{[^]}
• Empson, William (1930). Seven Types of Ambiguity, 2nd ed., London: Chatto & Windus, 1949. ^{[^]}
• Frank, Jerome (1930). Law and the Modern Mind. Peter Smith, 1930. ^{[^]}
• Magritte, René (1929). The Treachery of Images (La trahison des images). Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, California. ^{[^]}
• Ogden, C. K. & I. A. Richards (1923). The Meaning of Meaning: A Study of the Influence of Language upon Thought and of the Science of Symbolism. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. ^{[^]}
• Russell, Bertrand (1921). The Analysis of Mind. London: George Allen & Unwin. ^{[^]}
• Watson, John B. (1913). "Psychology as the behaviorist views it," Psychological Review, 20, pp. 158-177. ^{[^]}
• Welby, Victoria Lady (1911). Significs and Language: The Articulate Form of Our Expressive and Interpretive Resources. H. Walter Schmitz, ed., John Benjamins, 1985. ^{[^]}
• Russell, Bertrand (1905). "On Denoting." Mind, vol. 14, pp. 479-493. ^{[^]}
• Wells, H. G. (1905). A Modern Utopia. New York, NY: Penguin Group, 2005. ^{[^]}
• Literature// ^{[^]}

See also

w: Significs w: Triangle of reference w: General semantics w: Pirsig's metaphysics of quality w: Reflective practice

w: Gödel, Escher, Bach w: Chinese room w: The Mind's I w: Self-reference w: Philosophy of perception

Notes

• The subject looks like walking on two legs, coding and coping.
• The meaning may be defined as the sum of the vectors, coding and coping.
• We are learning (by being conditioned) by coding in particular and coping in general.
• The coding is simply an explicit, meaningful abstraction of the coping, experience and experiment with life.

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The shade of the bar looks invariant in isolation but variant in context, in (favor of) sharp contrast with the color gradient background, hence an innate illusion we have to reasonably interpret and overcome as well as the mirage. Such variance appearing seasonably from context to context may not only be the case with our vision but worldview in general in practice indeed, whether a priori or a posteriori. Perhaps no worldview from nowhere, without any point of view or prejudice at all! Ogden & Richards (1923) said, "All experience ... is either enjoyed or interpreted ... or both, and very little of it escapes some degree of interpretation." H. G. Wells (1938) said, "The human individual is born now to live in a society for which his fundamental instincts are altogether inadequate."